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same time hiding them in enemy systems. 566
Thoughts on Raising Information-System-Based Maritime System of Systems Operations
Capability
Senior Captain Jiang Lei, a professor at the Naval Command Institute, wrote that specific
capabilities are required today, including maritime information gathering, transmission, processing,
countermeasure development, and support. Peacetime-wartime integration is also a must, since the
use of maritime military forces in non-war capacities is growing as more and more sea-crisis events
arise. 567
The maritime force must change from a navy-based force to a three-services force, one that creates
an all-service, all-arms joint maritime operational force. A forest of “chimneys” must be replaced by
one big integrated system capable of fighting along coastal waters or in the open sea. Maritime
operational space is now characterized by greater depth and thus requires greater integration of assets
and the extended use of space information support assets. The key to success, as in other areas, is
attaining electromagnetic control, followed by air and sea control. A comprehensive SoS operation
consists of reconnaissance and survey, information processing, firepower strikes, battlefield
maneuvering, offensive and defensive actions, command and control, and assistance and support. 568
China must create a national defense communication system that uses hubs and fixed locations as
support, uses optical cable as the primary means of communication, and supplements these means
with others. A mobile communication system that uses short wave, ultra-short wave, and microwave
relays should also be created, along with a space-based communication system that uses strategic
communication satellites and tactical communication satellites as platforms to transmit intelligence,
support, and command information about the entire maritime battlefield. 569
The SoS operation uses information to determine the release of battlefield energy at the proper time
and place and to direct material flows to proper locations. A maritime SoS operational capability
should
Make skillful use of the multi-frequency, multi-level, multi-dimensional sea, land, air, and
space-based information system and, through the use of space reconnaissance satellites,
early warning satellites, airborne early warning vehicles, large comprehensive electronic
reconnaissance ships, and pilotless reconnaissance planes, enable the various types of
intelligence and reconnaissance equipment, as well as the various levels of intelligence
reconnaissance equipment systems, of the participating forces to conduct all-hour, allweather
scouting and monitoring of the maritime battlefield and collect intelligence and
information. 570
Jiang did not ignore the cognitive aspect of maritime operations either. He wrote that networktelecommunications
integrated information warfare, public opinion warfare, and psychological
warfare have now become important forms of operations. 571