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scene (there were people on hand with mobile devices, etc.) produced an entirely different story than newspapers were reporting. Bloggers poured criticism on the authorities and eventually caused the Central Committee of the Communist Party to issue a circular calling for more transparency about accidents. 122 However, in the end, China’s recognition of the importance of information flows as being at the heart of grand strategy indicates that public opinion, both internal and external, will remain a focal point into the foreseeable future. The CPC appears destined to try to erect sturdy structures and firewalls around the minds of its citizens while trying to penetrate the firewalls and minds of people abroad.
CHAPTER TWO CHINA AND INFORMATION DETERRENCE Introduction Ever since the 1990s, the topic of information deterrence has occasionally been included in conferences designed to discuss information warfare (IW) topics. American, Russian, and Chinese authors all wrote on the concept and not always in theoretical agreement. Inevitably, comparisons were made to the theory of nuclear deterrence, which has dominated strategic thought for the past fifty years. At times the discussion took strange twists and turns. For example, in 1995 a Russian theorist offered an unusual scenario with an unexpected outcome. This theorist stated that if the US, with its information dominance, initiated an information attack against Russia’s weak information infrastructure, then Russia would respond not with an information attack but with a nuclear weapon. 123 That is, the threat of a nuclear holocaust would be used as an “information attack deterrent” in place of Russia’s lack of an information attack capability. Today, some fifteen years later, many nations across the globe are more assured about the strength of their information infrastructure. As a result, the issue of information deterrence is undergoing a reexamination worldwide. The discussion has broken into several parts in some forums, such as the legal, media, and cyber aspects of information deterrence. The disparity in digital capabilities among countries has not disappeared completely, however. Clearly one size does not fit all in the evolving age of digitalization and miniaturization. This chapter will discuss how China and the US have reconsidered the use of the information deterrence concept. It is divided into two parts. First, it will discuss the emerging concept of information deterrence in China more closely. For China the concept is an extension of its peace activist agenda. Second, it will briefly look at the short history of information deterrence from the vantage point of American authors. The conclusions will examine what changes these emerging issues reveal for the concept of deterrence in general. Will it result in a new definition, in the institution of defined caveats (such as the extended and limited deterrence concepts that evolved in the nuclear age), or in the elimination of the concept of information deterrence in general as some think it should? Chinese Views on Information/Cyber Deterrence The Chinese have written on several issues related to the concept of information deterrence. This section will first examine Chinese definitions of deterrence, strategic deterrence, and information
Page 2 and 3: Cover: China’s cyber activities a
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD China’s cyber policy has
Page 6 and 7: To conduct this transformation, inf
Page 8 and 9: efforts to attain a strategic advan
Page 10 and 11: PART ONE CYBER PEACE ACTIVIST
Page 12 and 13: This chapter first will discuss the
Page 14 and 15: equal concern was that these inform
Page 16 and 17: other people.” 38 The state found
Page 18 and 19: Second, China should cultivate dive
Page 20 and 21: people’s thinking and cognitive p
Page 22 and 23: incidents from occurring. 71 Much l
Page 24 and 25: Hu Quanliang, the chief editor of t
Page 26 and 27: In another example, to offset US ex
Page 28 and 29: anticipate future developmental tre
Page 32 and 33: deterrence. It will then look at th
Page 34 and 35: strategic deterrence must be built
Page 36 and 37: Former Chinese President Jiang Zemi
Page 38 and 39: manipulate the start and conclusion
Page 40 and 41: latter controls ten of the worlds t
Page 42 and 43: analytical frameworks and a strateg
Page 44 and 45: Can retaliators hold assets of the
Page 46 and 47: characteristics that we must work w
Page 48 and 49: supercomputer that is 100 times fas
Page 50 and 51: Several other cyber or information-
Page 52 and 53: defensive Internet strategies. 229
Page 54 and 55: Shenzhen as the source of the parts
Page 56 and 57: training; and comprehensive support
Page 58 and 59: and eliminates many ground-based te
Page 60 and 61: PART TWO CYBER INTELLIGENCE ACTIVIS
Page 62 and 63: activities as soon as possible. Lef
Page 64 and 65: measures, electronic warfare, elect
Page 66 and 67: The Symantec Corporation’s analys
Page 68 and 69: publicly available.” 289 The repo
Page 70 and 71: eak into computers at US embassies
Page 72 and 73: for government agencies. 301 Markof
Page 74 and 75: termed soft psychological power. Fo
Page 76 and 77: organized integration of military a
Page 78 and 79: acquisition of US bonds; or how mig
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shi as the combination of the frien
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that in China there is the saying:
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Chinese have learned to operate in
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Mr. Henderson breaks the control me
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PART THREE CYBER ATTACK PLANNER
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key. 368 Control over war situation
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change from its original form in th
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objective: to use information techn
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is said to have information inferio
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1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military an
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completely destroy information syst
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used to produce illusions (both rea
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via rote memory from past experienc
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nation’s cultural proclivities. T
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his 48th Blue Force victory. The Bl
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two journalists reported, went to t
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The South Sea Fleet has also engage
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CHAPTER NINE: CHINA’S SYSTEM OF S
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vogue in the PLA, as General Dai’
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decision-making, and sabotaging ene
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e one of the big differences betwee
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6. “A Study on Improving Core Log
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integration and for assisting decis
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psychological, public opinion, and
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same time hiding them in enemy syst
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A precondition for commanding SoS o
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nuclear, biological, and chemical (
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CHAPTER TEN BEYOND CYBER: CHINA’S
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eing developed or are not yet used
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guns, coil guns, and reconnection g
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China, according to a Taipei Times
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CHAPTER ELEVEN: COMPARING CHINESE A
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control, and precision attacks—re
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its impact on the conscience of the
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The Concept of Information Deterren
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Escalation models Civil infrastruct
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PART FOUR CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIXE
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There is a strong Chinese focus on
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as well. The Chinese write that the
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APPENDIX ONE: IW ARTICLES IN CHINA
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Number 5, 2010 “Theme Forum: Theo
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Number 4, 2009 “Air Superiority i
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meant to be thought-provoking. It i
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Natural resources (in the case of t
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subjective and objective is a diale
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are not the same thing. Thinking
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Stratagems When US planners gather
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Li Qi believes that the development
Page 176 and 177:
thinking has such shortcomings and
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Diqing, Campaign Course Materials,
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circumstances to victory. 734 So, h
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an opponent’s deterrence capabili
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A 2009 article in China Military Sc
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world affairs. He states: The devel
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and social security issues. Chairma
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Yao provides a glimpse of the growi
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ole in international relationships
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for its developmental needs and to
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presence and a deterrence posture o
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stirring up confrontation (read “
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with layers of “island chains”
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a strategy of regional defense. 844
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Li Jinming, Professor with the Rese
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University, stated that Vietnam int
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High-Technology Company is aiming t
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Meanwhile, rare-earth industry down
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Simultaneously, Japan is trying to
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instead of the US method of killing
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an enemy’s telephone networks, oi
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Grand Strategies; A Grand Panoramic
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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Footnotes 1 Fang Binxing, in Richar
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44 Wu Jiao and Ai Yang, “Putting
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90 Ibid. 91 Ibid. 92 Ding Chunguang
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Science, issue number is unknown, 2
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183 Roger Barnett, “Information O
Page 232 and 233:
225 Wang Dongpin and Liu Gang, “G
Page 234 and 235:
265 Ibid., p. 12. 266 Bryan Krekel
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303 David Barboza, “Hacking Inqui
Page 238 and 239:
Publishing House, 2005. The section
Page 240 and 241:
393 Ibid., pp. 95-96. 394 Ibid., p.
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Information Warfare,” Jiefangjun
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478 Ding Haiming, Wang Yongxiao, Zh
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Bao Online, 24 September 2010. 513
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of Systems Operations,” China Mil
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601 Song and Geng, p. 300. 602 Ibid
Page 252 and 253:
646 Mike McConnell, Michael Chertof
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Systems Operations,” China Milita
Page 256 and 257:
739 Ibid., pp. 42-43. 740 Ibid., p.
Page 258 and 259:
Comprehensive National Power Plus S
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842 Ibid. 843 Cao Wenzhen, “US-Ch
Page 262 and 263:
February 2009. 888 “Revised Progr
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