Exploring the Role of 'Visual Catalysts' on Influencing People's Attraction and Use of Place
Undergraduate Thesis // Keegan Lovell // Bachelor of Landscape Architecure // UNSW 2016
Undergraduate Thesis // Keegan Lovell // Bachelor of Landscape Architecure // UNSW 2016
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EXPLORING THE ROLE OF<br />
'VISUAL CATALYSTS'<br />
ON INFLUENCING PEOPLE'S ATTRACTION AND USE OF PLACE<br />
KEEGAN GLENN LOVELL
Keegan Glenn Lovell Course: LAND1422 S2 2016<br />
Submitted in partial requirement for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> degree <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bachelor <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> L<strong>and</strong>scape Architecture<br />
Supervisors: Dr Kate Bishop & Dr Katrina Sim<strong>on</strong><br />
Faculty <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Built Envir<strong>on</strong>ment, UNSW, Sydney, Australia November 2016
ABSTRACT<br />
Acts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking animate our public spaces more than ever before. There are<br />
more spaces that flicker with light shows, buzz with community workshops, <strong>and</strong> provoke with<br />
transient cultural murals. There has been a significant growth in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <strong>and</strong> scope <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
this phenomen<strong>on</strong>, as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are thought to enhance <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised<br />
public places. Yet, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been limited research into whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se temporary placebased<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s can actually enhance <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (Arlt 2006). This is<br />
a significant gap in knowledge as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> movement is underpinned by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> asserti<strong>on</strong> that it can<br />
‘shape <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social <strong>and</strong> physical character <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place around arts <strong>and</strong> cultural assets’ with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
positive outcomes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> greater vibrancy <strong>and</strong> livability (Nicodemus 2013).<br />
The purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore to identify <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for ‘visual catalysts’, being a form<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking, to influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. Supplementary aims <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
this are to seek underst<strong>and</strong>ing into if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is altered, what attributes<br />
are altered <strong>and</strong> does this remain altered, <strong>and</strong> to underst<strong>and</strong> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r ‘visual catalysts’ can<br />
potentially promote a greater attachment to place as a c<strong>on</strong>sequential result.<br />
Based <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place-centred behaviour mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two case<br />
studies part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID 2016 festival in Sydney, ‘visual catalysts’ can, <strong>and</strong> do, have influence<br />
over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. So much so <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can fundamentally transform <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place both physically <strong>and</strong> socially. Physically, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> enhanced attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use can transform<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>, narrative <strong>and</strong> hierarchy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place. Socially, it is enhanced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
influencing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <strong>and</strong> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in a place. ‘Visual catalysts’ however have<br />
limited ability to provide an enduring, altered use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y have been removed, yet<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can act as a catalyst for future l<strong>on</strong>g term changes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place. ‘Visual catalysts’ also have<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to promote greater place attachment, as many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> factors that enhance <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can promote, or be building blocks, for place attachment. However,<br />
it is vital to underst<strong>and</strong> that creative placemaking is a diverse phenomen<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> that some<br />
forms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ will influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘success’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place more dramatically than o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs.<br />
This <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis, as a result, aims to shed light <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for ‘visual catalysts’ to influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong> provide insight for fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> research into<br />
how this form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong> can fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r an engaging, <strong>and</strong> positive<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ship with our public places.<br />
ETHICS APPROVAL<br />
This research project c<strong>on</strong>tains <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> human behaviour. Approval for this type<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research was granted by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Human Research Ethics Advisory (HREA) Panel E: Built<br />
Envir<strong>on</strong>ment (number HC16331).<br />
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
This <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis would have been difficult to do without <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> assistance <strong>and</strong> inspirati<strong>on</strong> I have<br />
received from many people.<br />
I would like to express my gratitude to all my family <strong>and</strong> friends for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir support, <strong>and</strong> extend<br />
my apologies to my roommate for having to put up with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘organised mess’ that overtook<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> kitchen table during this study – I promise <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> table will <strong>on</strong>e day be used for n<strong>on</strong>-research<br />
related activities.<br />
My sincerest thanks go to my fantastic supervisors Dr Kate Bishop <strong>and</strong> Dr Katrina Sim<strong>on</strong>. Their<br />
patience, time, passi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> encouragement made this <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis possible, <strong>and</strong> ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r enjoyable.<br />
Thank you.<br />
II
Table <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
TABLE Table <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> OF C<strong>on</strong>tents CONTENTS<br />
PART 1 Introducti<strong>on</strong> ............................................................................................................................................................................ PART 1 Introducti<strong>on</strong> 1-5<br />
Research Project Overview ................................................................................................................................................................ Research Project Overview 2<br />
Aims ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... Aims 3<br />
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................................................ Objectives 4<br />
Rati<strong>on</strong>ale <strong>and</strong> Significance ................................................................................................................................................................ Rati<strong>on</strong>ale <strong>and</strong> Significance 5<br />
PART 2 Literature Review PART ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Literature Review 6-15<br />
Overview ............................................................................................................................................................................................. Overview 7<br />
<strong>Place</strong>making ................................................................................................................................................................................... <strong>Place</strong>making 7-11<br />
Creative <strong>Place</strong>making ................................................................................................................................................. Creative <strong>Place</strong>making 10-11<br />
’Visual Catalysts’ .............................................................................................................................................. ’Visual Catalysts’ 11<br />
<strong>Place</strong> Attachment ........................................................................................................................................................................ <strong>Place</strong> Attachment 12-15<br />
Physical <strong>and</strong> Social Dimensi<strong>on</strong>s Physical ................................................................................................................................ <strong>and</strong> Social Dimensi<strong>on</strong>s 12-13<br />
Scale <strong>and</strong> Scope ............................................................................................................................................................... Scale <strong>and</strong> Scope 13<br />
Time <strong>and</strong> Temporality ..................................................................................................................................................... Time <strong>and</strong> Temporality 14<br />
Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................................................. Theoretical Framework 15<br />
C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> ........................................................................................................................................................................................ C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> 15<br />
PART 3 Methodology <strong>and</strong> PART Method 3 .............................................................................................................................................. Methodology <strong>and</strong> Method 16-31<br />
Research Questi<strong>on</strong>s ......................................................................................................................................................................... Research Questi<strong>on</strong>s 17<br />
Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................................ Methodology 17-19<br />
Quantitative Research ..................................................................................................................................................... Quantitative Research 18<br />
Case Study Research ....................................................................................................................................................... Case Study Research 19<br />
C<strong>on</strong>text <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Study .......................................................................................................................................................................... C<strong>on</strong>text <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Study 19-25<br />
VIVID Festival ............................................................................................................................................................... VIVID Festival 20-21<br />
Case Study 1 : Underfoot ........................................................................................................................................... Case Study 1 : Underfoot 22-23<br />
Case Study 2 : EORA – The L<strong>and</strong> Case ................................................................................................................................ Study 2 : EORA – The L<strong>and</strong> 24-25<br />
Method ......................................................................................................................................................................................... Method 26-28<br />
<strong>Place</strong>-Centred Behavioural Mapping <strong>Place</strong>-Centred ............................................................................................................................. Behavioural Mapping 26<br />
Method C<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s .................................................................................................................................................. Method C<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s 26<br />
Fieldwork Procedure .................................................................................................................................................. Fieldwork Procedure 27-28<br />
Ethical C<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s ..................................................................................................................................................... Ethical C<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s 28<br />
Data Analysis Process ...................................................................................................................................................................... Data Analysis Process 30<br />
Research Design Diagram ............................................................................................................................................................... Research Design Diagram 31<br />
PART 4 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................................................................... PART 4 Data Analysis 32-55<br />
Findings ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Findings 33-55<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> Data ................................................................................................................................................................ Sessi<strong>on</strong> Data 33-45<br />
Before VIVID ............................................................................................................................................... Before VIVID 34-37<br />
During VIVID ............................................................................................................................................... During VIVID 38-41<br />
After VIVID ................................................................................................................................................... After VIVID 42-45<br />
Data Triangulati<strong>on</strong> ...................................................................................................................................................... Data Triangulati<strong>on</strong> 46-52<br />
III
ata Analysis Process ...................................................................................................................................................................... Data Analysis Process 30<br />
30<br />
esearch Design Diagram ............................................................................................................................................................... Research Design Diagram 31<br />
31<br />
alysis ..................................................................................................................................................................... PART 4 Data Analysis 32-55<br />
32-55<br />
indings ........................................................................................................................................................................................ Findings 33-55<br />
33-55<br />
Sessi<strong>on</strong> Data ................................................................................................................................................................ Sessi<strong>on</strong> Data 33-45<br />
33-45<br />
Before VIVID ............................................................................................................................................... Before VIVID 34-37<br />
34-37<br />
During VIVID ............................................................................................................................................... During VIVID 38-41<br />
38-41<br />
After VIVID ................................................................................................................................................... After VIVID 42-45<br />
42-45<br />
Data Triangulati<strong>on</strong> ...................................................................................................................................................... Data Triangulati<strong>on</strong> 46-52<br />
46-52<br />
Patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Observati<strong>on</strong> ............................................................................................................................ Patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Observati<strong>on</strong> ............................................................................................................................ 46-49<br />
46-49<br />
Number <strong>and</strong> Flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> People ..................................................................................................................... Number <strong>and</strong> Flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> People ..................................................................................................................... 50-51<br />
50-51<br />
Durati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Stay’........................................................................................................................................ Durati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 50-51<br />
50-51<br />
Displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Affecti<strong>on</strong> ....................................................................................................................................... Displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Affecti<strong>on</strong> ....................................................................................................................................... 52<br />
52<br />
Findings Significance for Research Findings Questi<strong>on</strong>s Significance ......................................................................................................... for Research Questi<strong>on</strong>s ......................................................................................................... 53-55<br />
53-55<br />
i<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> PART 5 .............................................................................................................................................. Discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> 56-63<br />
56-63<br />
iscussi<strong>on</strong> .................................................................................................................................................................................... Discussi<strong>on</strong> 57-62<br />
57-62<br />
Aim One - .................................................................................................................................................................... Aim One - 57-59<br />
57-59<br />
Physical: Functi<strong>on</strong>, Narrative, <strong>and</strong> Physical: Hierarchy Functi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Place</strong> Narrative, ............................................................................ <strong>and</strong> Hierarchy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Place</strong> ............................................................................ 57-58<br />
57-58<br />
Social: Quantity <strong>and</strong> Behaviour <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Social: People Quantity ............................................................................................... <strong>and</strong> Behaviour <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> People ............................................................................................... 58-59<br />
58-59<br />
Aim Two ....................................................................................................................................................................... Aim Two 59-60<br />
59-60<br />
Aim Three .................................................................................................................................................................... Aim Three 61-63<br />
61-63<br />
Reframing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Existing Relati<strong>on</strong>ship Reframing with <strong>Place</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ........................................................................................... Existing Relati<strong>on</strong>ship with <strong>Place</strong> ........................................................................................... 61<br />
61<br />
Memories ......................................................................................................................................................... Memories 61<br />
61<br />
Time <strong>and</strong> Temporality ............................................................................................................................... Time <strong>and</strong> Temporality ............................................................................................................................... 61-62<br />
61-62<br />
Pers<strong>on</strong>al Investment ....................................................................................................................................... Pers<strong>on</strong>al Investment ....................................................................................................................................... 62<br />
62<br />
ecommendati<strong>on</strong>s ........................................................................................................................................................................... Recommendati<strong>on</strong>s 62<br />
62<br />
<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> ................................................................................................................................................................................... C<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> 62-63<br />
62-63<br />
List ........................................................................................................................................................................ Reference List 64-68<br />
64-68<br />
A – Behaviour Map Appendix Plan ........................................................................................................................................... A – Behaviour Map Plan 69<br />
69<br />
B – Behaviour Map Appendix C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s B Table – Behaviour ..................................................................................................................... Map C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s Table ..................................................................................................................... 70<br />
70<br />
C – Behaviour Map Appendix Observati<strong>on</strong>s C – Behaviour Table ................................................................................................................ Map Observati<strong>on</strong>s Table ................................................................................................................ 71<br />
71<br />
D – Timeline .............................................................................................................................................................. Appendix D – Timeline 72<br />
72<br />
IV
LIST OF FIGURES<br />
Figure 2.1 – Eleven Principles Figure 2.1 <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> – Eleven <strong>Place</strong>making Principles .......................................................................................................................... <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Place</strong>making 9<br />
Figure 2.2 – Framework Figure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2.2 Creative – Framework <strong>Place</strong>making <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Creative Attributes <strong>Place</strong>making ................................................................................................ Attributes 11<br />
Figure 4.1 – Map <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Figure Study Area 4.1 –................................................................................................................................................ Map <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Study Area 20<br />
Figure 4.2 – Map <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Figure VIVID festival 4.2 – Map ............................................................................................................................................ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival 21<br />
Figure 4.4 – Photos <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Figure ‘Underfoot’ 4.4 – Photos ........................................................................................................................................... <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Underfoot’ 23<br />
Figure 4.5 – Photos <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Figure ‘EORA 4.5 –– The Photos L<strong>and</strong>’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ............................................................................................................................... ‘EORA – The L<strong>and</strong>’ 25<br />
Figure 4.6 – Behaviour Figure Map 4.6 Plan – Behaviour ............................................................................................................................................ Map Plan 29<br />
Figure 4.7 – Behaviour Figure Map 4.7 Observati<strong>on</strong>s – Behaviour Table Map Observati<strong>on</strong>s .................................................................................................................. Table 29<br />
Figure 5.1 – Before VIVID Figure – 5.1 Observed – Before L<strong>and</strong>marks/Features VIVID – Observed L<strong>and</strong>marks/Features Diagram ................................................................................ Diagram 35<br />
Figure 5.2 – Before VIVID Figure – 5.2 Movement – Before Pattern VIVID – Diagrams Movement ................................................................................................... Pattern Diagrams 35<br />
Figure 5.3 – S1 (1) – Figure Observati<strong>on</strong> 5.3 – S1 Patterns (1) – Observati<strong>on</strong> Diagram ............................................................................................................. Patterns Diagram 36<br />
Figure 5.4 – S1 (2) – Figure Observati<strong>on</strong> 5.4 – S1 Patterns (2) – Observati<strong>on</strong> Diagram ............................................................................................................. Patterns Diagram 37<br />
Figure 5.5 – During VIVID Figure – 5.5 Observed – During L<strong>and</strong>marks/Features VIVID – Observed L<strong>and</strong>marks/Features Diagram ................................................................................ Diagram 39<br />
Figure 5.6 – During VIVID Figure – 5.6 Movement – During Pattern VIVID – Diagrams Movement ................................................................................................... Pattern Diagrams 39<br />
Figure 5.7 – S2 (1) – Figure Observati<strong>on</strong> 5.7 – S2 Patterns (1) – Observati<strong>on</strong> Diagram ............................................................................................................. Patterns Diagram 40<br />
Figure 5.8 – S2 (2) – Figure Observati<strong>on</strong> 5.8 – S2 Patterns (2) – Observati<strong>on</strong> Diagram ............................................................................................................. Patterns Diagram 41<br />
Figure 5.9 – After VIVID Figure – Observed 5.9 – After L<strong>and</strong>marks/Features VIVID – Observed L<strong>and</strong>marks/Features Diagram ................................................................................... Diagram 43<br />
Figure 5.10 – After VIVID Figure – Movement 5.10 – After Pattern VIVID – Diagrams Movement .................................................................................................... Pattern Diagrams 43<br />
Figure 5.11 – S3 (1) – Figure Observati<strong>on</strong> 5.11 – S3 Patterns (1) – Observati<strong>on</strong> Diagram ........................................................................................................... Patterns Diagram 44<br />
Figure 5.12 – S3 (2) – Figure Observati<strong>on</strong> 5.12 – S3 Patterns (2) – Observati<strong>on</strong> Diagram ........................................................................................................... Patterns Diagram 45<br />
Figure 5.13 – Observati<strong>on</strong> Figure Diagram 5.13 – Observati<strong>on</strong> ........................................................................................................................................ Diagram 47<br />
Figure 5.14 – Behaviour Figure Mapping 5.14 – Behaviour Sessi<strong>on</strong> Diagrams Mapping Side Sessi<strong>on</strong> by Side Diagrams ..................................................................................... Side by Side 48<br />
Figure 5.15 – Compressed Figure 5.15 Observati<strong>on</strong> – Compressed Patterns Observati<strong>on</strong> Diagram ................................................................................................. Patterns Diagram 49<br />
Figure 5.16 – Flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Figure People 5.16 ..................................................................................................................................................... – Flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> People 51<br />
Figure 5.17 - Durati<strong>on</strong> Figure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Stay 5.17 Diagram - Durati<strong>on</strong> .................................................................................................................................. <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Stay Diagram 51<br />
Figure 5.18 – Displays Figure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Affecti<strong>on</strong> 5.18 – Displays Diagram <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> .......................................................................................................................... Affecti<strong>on</strong> Diagram 52<br />
LIST OF TABLES<br />
Table 4.1 – Timetable Table <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Behaviour 4.1 – Timetable Mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Behaviour Sessi<strong>on</strong>s ........................................................................................................ Mapping Sessi<strong>on</strong>s 27<br />
V
PART ONE _<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
1
RESEARCH PROJECT OVERVIEW<br />
The practice <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking has spread like wildfire around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> developed world<br />
in recent years. Although being a movement which seeks to ‘shape <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social <strong>and</strong> physical<br />
character <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place around arts <strong>and</strong> cultural assets’, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been limited research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking <strong>on</strong> influencing people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (Nicodemus 2013).<br />
Being a relatively new phenomen<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has also been limited research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
temporality in people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se transient forms to<br />
promote greater attachment to place. So this research project asks, does manifestati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
creative placemaking (specifically ‘visual catalysts’) in public space influence people’s attracti<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong> if so, does this remain c<strong>on</strong>sistent after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ is g<strong>on</strong>e, <strong>and</strong><br />
can this form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking potentially promote greater attachment to place?<br />
This research proposal c<strong>on</strong>tains five parts. Part <strong>on</strong>e c<strong>on</strong>tains <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research project overview,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aims, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> objectives, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rati<strong>on</strong>ale <strong>and</strong> significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study. The aims are to<br />
underst<strong>and</strong> if ‘visual catalysts’ can influence people’s attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
underst<strong>and</strong> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r ‘visual catalysts’ can potentially promote greater attachment to place.<br />
The objectives detail <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> specific way <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se aims can be fulfilled, specifically in relati<strong>on</strong> to<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cepts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking <strong>and</strong> place attachment. The objectives are centred around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
research being able to add depth to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> body <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature <strong>on</strong> creative placemaking.<br />
Part two, being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature review, analyses <strong>and</strong> syn<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sises <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two significant fields <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
research for this project – placemaking <strong>and</strong> place attachment. It also provides insight into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
gaps <strong>and</strong> opportunities for research, what significant frameworks <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ories can be utilised,<br />
<strong>and</strong> how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se two fields can be fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>red through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> explorati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this research project.<br />
Part three is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> methodology <strong>and</strong> methods. This part outlines <strong>and</strong> justifies <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research<br />
questi<strong>on</strong>s for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis. It gives specific focus <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se questi<strong>on</strong>s being<br />
<strong>on</strong>es which are yet to be meticulously researched in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> field, <strong>and</strong> are a way to link fields <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
research which are yet to be widely researched in parallel. This part also discusses <strong>and</strong> details<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> primary research paradigm; with this including <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> methodology, research design diagram,<br />
c<strong>on</strong>text <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> study, methods, sample <strong>and</strong> data analysis process. It gives rati<strong>on</strong>ale for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research<br />
being a case study, provides insight into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> procedure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping research,<br />
provides a brief discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sample <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study <strong>and</strong> outlines <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way data is analysed<br />
through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quantitative analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour.<br />
Part four is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> data analysis. It c<strong>on</strong>tains <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> presentati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> syn<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings<br />
obtained from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>s. The findings are presented in parallel with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
research questi<strong>on</strong>s outlined earlier in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study.<br />
Part five c<strong>on</strong>tains <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> discussi<strong>on</strong>, recommendati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research project.<br />
The discussi<strong>on</strong> is presented in parallel with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research aims outlined earlier in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study.<br />
Following this, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis is c<strong>on</strong>cluded with a research timeline, reference list <strong>and</strong> an appendix<br />
c<strong>on</strong>taining examples <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research.<br />
2
AIMS<br />
Three aims have been established for this research project. These aims centre around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
ambiti<strong>on</strong> to gain fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r insight into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> impacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, to underst<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sustained impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
phenomen<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is an ability for creative placemaking to ignite a positive<br />
relati<strong>on</strong> with underutilised public places. The three aims are:<br />
1 To underst<strong>and</strong> if creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s, such as ‘visual catalysts’, make<br />
places more attractive to people <strong>and</strong> increases <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised public places<br />
2 To underst<strong>and</strong> if any increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised places induced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
temporary interventi<strong>on</strong> is sustained after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> has c<strong>on</strong>cluded<br />
3 To underst<strong>and</strong> if creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s could be used to ignite place<br />
attachment in underutilised public places<br />
For <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first aim, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intenti<strong>on</strong> is to gain fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r insight into whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r creative placemaking can<br />
influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an underutilised public place. The specific type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative<br />
placemaking chosen for this aim, being ‘visual catalysts’ as coined by Lyd<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Garcia (2015),<br />
can be understood as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> visual improvements that ‘shape <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social <strong>and</strong> physical character <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
a place around arts <strong>and</strong> cultural assets’ (Nicodemus 2013). This type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking<br />
was chosen as it is widely adopted throughout Sydney; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> city where this study is taking place.<br />
Likewise, it is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten used to remediate <strong>and</strong> invigorate run down public places through shifting<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place.<br />
For <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sec<strong>on</strong>d aim, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intenti<strong>on</strong> is to gain insight into whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a sustained use<br />
that is exhibited after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> removal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ as part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a creative placemaking<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>. This aim seeks to explore whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r creative placemaking can provide a shift in use<br />
bey<strong>on</strong>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir transient lifespan; an aspect which correlates directly with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> claim <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative<br />
placemaking being able to establish l<strong>on</strong>g term outcomes through short term phenomena<br />
(Moran et al. 2014).<br />
The third aim seeks to gain underst<strong>and</strong>ing whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r a greater attachment to place can be<br />
promoted in underutlised public places as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s; such<br />
as ‘visual catalysts’. This aim seeks to add knowledge into an area <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research which is currently<br />
limited in scope <strong>and</strong> depth.<br />
3
OBJECTIVES<br />
To narrow down <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> scope <strong>and</strong> specificity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> three proposed aims, three objectives have<br />
been established. These objectives are:<br />
1 To compare <strong>and</strong> analyse <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place before, during, <strong>and</strong> after<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Underfoot’ <strong>and</strong> ‘EORA – The L<strong>and</strong>’ as part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID 2016<br />
festival in Sydney<br />
2 To analyse whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a sustained increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <strong>and</strong> interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
bey<strong>on</strong>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’, <strong>and</strong> to articulate what attributes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
use have <strong>and</strong> have not changed<br />
3 To c<strong>on</strong>sider whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Underfoot’ <strong>and</strong> ‘EORA - The L<strong>and</strong>’ could<br />
potentially promote greater attachment to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> immediate underutilised place<br />
The first objective involves <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparis<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place during different<br />
time periods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s being exhibited as part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID<br />
2016 festival in Sydney. The comparis<strong>on</strong> involves <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> different behaviour patterns in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space through place-centred behaviour mapping, <strong>and</strong> as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this an underst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ can influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can emerge.<br />
The sec<strong>on</strong>d objective similarly involves <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparis<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place before, during<br />
<strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> determined ‘visual catalysts’. This aim however seeks to find out<br />
whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, if influenced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’, remains influenced after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s have been removed. It is <strong>on</strong>e which centres around<br />
analysing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporality in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong> discusses what<br />
attributes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place remain after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The third aim <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n seeks to c<strong>on</strong>sider whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r ‘visual catalysts’ can promote greater<br />
attachment to place. Taking knowledge ga<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>red from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> previous two aims, this aim explores<br />
what potential aspects that ‘visual catalysts’ produce which can also be linked with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment; <strong>on</strong>e which is c<strong>on</strong>sidered in both a physical <strong>and</strong> social c<strong>on</strong>text.<br />
The three objectives have been purposefully phrased in a way that lends <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research project<br />
to being underpinned primarily by a quantitative methodological paradigm. A quantitative<br />
was selected as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a great desire for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cepts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking <strong>and</strong><br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place to be measurable; something which is currently holding back <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> far-reaching physical <strong>and</strong> social impacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se c<strong>on</strong>cepts. To be able<br />
to establish specific research questi<strong>on</strong>s which can help fulfil <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> outlined objectives, a greater<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking <strong>and</strong> place attachment need to be studied through a<br />
comprehensive literature review.<br />
4
RATIONALE AND SIGNIFICANCE<br />
Creative placemaking is a relatively new phenomen<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> it is <strong>on</strong>e that is growing in scope<br />
<strong>and</strong> number. More <strong>and</strong> more creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s are popping up around our<br />
cities, yet <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been very little research into underst<strong>and</strong>ing how, <strong>and</strong> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
transient forms can actually influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way public spaces are used. In particular, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is<br />
little underst<strong>and</strong>ing as to whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can fundamentally transform <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
underutilised public spaces; being a key prop<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> movements purpose to reshape <strong>and</strong><br />
reinvigorate dull public places with greater vibrancy <strong>and</strong> meaning.<br />
Therefore, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> main significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this project is to identify whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an underutilised public place is influenced by a creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong> to build<br />
some knowledge into this currently existing gap <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival in<br />
Sydney is an internati<strong>on</strong>ally recognised attracti<strong>on</strong>s but has had very little research into how<br />
it can potentially influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place; as such providing some thorough<br />
behaviour mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two case studies for this festival will also provide fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r insight into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s from a physical <strong>and</strong> social perspective.<br />
This is a project which focuses <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> inquiry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised public<br />
places which are to be activated by creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s, as such <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
quantitative methodology will provide a measurable source to ground <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place-centred behaviour mapping. This will provide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> foundati<strong>on</strong> for more in depth<br />
qualitative research to sprout from to provide more detailed insight into how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is influenced by creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
5
PART TWO _<br />
LITERATURE REVIEW<br />
6
OVERVIEW<br />
The establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> public realm is a growing phenomen<strong>on</strong><br />
around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> developed world (Bishop & Williams 2012). Although still in its infancy, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
movement is <strong>on</strong>e that is broad in scope; both in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> scale <strong>and</strong> purpose. Manifestati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> practice can range from small-scale murals, to large-scale tactical art strategies. Likewise,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can arise out <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> forms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> activism, harm<strong>on</strong>y, creativity or cultural expressi<strong>on</strong> (Lyd<strong>on</strong> &<br />
Garcia 2015). Yet, even with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> vast range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> scale <strong>and</strong> purpose, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are two c<strong>on</strong>stant<br />
overarching <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mes that are at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> core <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> movements resolve; that being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> revival, <strong>and</strong><br />
engagement, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people <strong>and</strong> place.<br />
Research thus far <strong>on</strong> creative placemaking has fallen logically into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se two broad domains;<br />
with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> vast majority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research having been focused <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> envir<strong>on</strong>mental <strong>and</strong> ec<strong>on</strong>omic<br />
benefits, <strong>and</strong> detriments, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical place. Yet, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been limited research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
enduring social outcomes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se transient forms. In particular, underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role<br />
temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s can have <strong>on</strong> influencing people’s attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place, as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir attachment to place. As such, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature review sets out to cover <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interrelated people-place topics <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking <strong>and</strong> place attachment.<br />
In relati<strong>on</strong> to placemaking, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> review explores <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> background <strong>and</strong> meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept to<br />
examine <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role it can play in influencing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <strong>and</strong> purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally,<br />
this secti<strong>on</strong> explores <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> phenomen<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking <strong>and</strong> examines <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
specific form which is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten used in Sydney; with that being ‘visual catalysts’.<br />
In relati<strong>on</strong> to place attachment, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature review explores its meaning <strong>and</strong> background,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong> social dimensi<strong>on</strong>s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> scale <strong>and</strong> scope, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporality <strong>and</strong> time, <strong>and</strong><br />
existing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework. In additi<strong>on</strong> to providing a str<strong>on</strong>g grounding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept<br />
itself, this secti<strong>on</strong> outlines some opportunities <strong>and</strong> gaps in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> field <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research, <strong>and</strong> shows <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
link between temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> impacting people’s attachment to place.<br />
PLACEMAKING<br />
By <strong>and</strong> large, placemaking can be understood as a people-place paradigm which enhances<br />
a group/individual relati<strong>on</strong> to place through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> promoti<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> installati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> community<br />
driven strategies (Project for Public Spaces 2009). However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking<br />
as a grounded c<strong>on</strong>struct is still somewhat ambiguous. This is partially due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> multifaceted<br />
nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> it being a philosophy <strong>and</strong> process, as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> imbued subjectivity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what defines<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> term ‘place’ (Pascucci 2015). This people-place paradigm has been comparatively studied<br />
very little in parallel with people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, yet <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are both significant c<strong>on</strong>structing<br />
agents in underst<strong>and</strong>ing how people relate, <strong>and</strong> b<strong>on</strong>d, with place (Friedmann 2010).<br />
In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1960s, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept emerged from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jane Jacobs <strong>and</strong> William Whyte in<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>se to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> modernist movement (Alle 2012; Gehl 2006). Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmore, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
7
Kevin Lynch solidified <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking as an early emerging place-based c<strong>on</strong>struct<br />
through his studies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> how people underst<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir surroundings (Lynch 1960). Parallel with<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comm<strong>on</strong> criticism <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> modernist form not relating to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human scale, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se researchers<br />
pursued explorati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what particular qualities in public places make <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people<br />
more enjoyable, liveable <strong>and</strong> meaningful (Jacobs 1961; Whyte 1980). Whyte <strong>and</strong> Jacobs<br />
exposed (through divergent methods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research) that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical quality <strong>and</strong> form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
impacted <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way people use, <strong>and</strong> imbue, meaning to those spaces (Project for Public Spaces<br />
2009). C<strong>on</strong>sequently, this was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> seminal research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> where, <strong>and</strong> what, people do to<br />
‘make’ places.<br />
Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, Whyte (1980) through his research also revealed some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social attributes<br />
which can alter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong> what can ‘make’ a place. As observed by Whyte<br />
(1980), people attract people, but people also tend to do what o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r people do. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally,<br />
Whyte (1980) observed that people, for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most part, tend to follow <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>sistent <strong>and</strong><br />
predictable accepted place scripts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a designated place. For example, Whyte is well<br />
recognised for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong> that “people tend to sit where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are places to sit”. This<br />
is significant in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sense that placemaking can be a mechanism which disrupts a space in<br />
terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> form <strong>and</strong> functi<strong>on</strong>, which can subsequently disrupt <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in a<br />
space (D<strong>on</strong>ald & Canter 1994). Yet, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re still remains a gap in knowledge into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> specific<br />
social behaviours that change as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> as such how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
changes in social behaviours can influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place.<br />
In recent times, placemaking has exp<strong>and</strong>ed to new dimensi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research; particularly<br />
heightened in breadth <strong>and</strong> depth through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> growth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> globalisati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> urbanisati<strong>on</strong><br />
(Markusen & Gadwa 2010). For that reas<strong>on</strong>, placemaking has taken <strong>on</strong> an array <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> meanings,<br />
as has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place itself. Stewart (2010) defines <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> idea <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place as being dynamic,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong>e in which individuals <strong>and</strong> communities can change at will; a definiti<strong>on</strong> that is somewhat<br />
similar to that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Friedmann (2010), who argues that place is made <strong>and</strong> remade <strong>on</strong> a daily<br />
basis, yet retains a form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tinuity <strong>and</strong> order in setting <strong>and</strong> identity. This suggests that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time <strong>and</strong> temporality is significant in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong> that fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
research is needed to greater underst<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role it plays in influencing people’s use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place.<br />
Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking has also become extensively c<strong>on</strong>tested. Wight<br />
(2005) simply defines placemaking as practical <strong>and</strong> suitable planning, whereas Brunnberg <strong>and</strong><br />
Frigo (2012) argue that placemaking is an extensi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> urban planning which is community<br />
driven to create meaningful, social places. The Project for Public Spaces (2009) is more<br />
expansive with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir definiti<strong>on</strong>, seeing it as “community-driven, visi<strong>on</strong>ary, functi<strong>on</strong> before form,<br />
adaptable, flexible, culturally aware, ever changing, multi-disciplinary, inspiring, collaborative<br />
<strong>and</strong> sociable”. In additi<strong>on</strong> to this, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Project for Public Spaces, being a key organisati<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
movement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking, has also established ‘eleven principles for placemaking’ (as shown<br />
by figure 2.1). This framework takes clear, overarching c<strong>on</strong>tinuities that define placemaking<br />
(with a vital <strong>on</strong>e being community) <strong>and</strong> allows a solid grounding for research to divert from;<br />
such as underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s. However, for<br />
placemaking to grow as a discipline a clearer, more coherent definiti<strong>on</strong> will need to emerge for<br />
a <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework to be widely adopted (Wyck<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f 2015).<br />
8
1 The community is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
expert<br />
2 Create a place, not a<br />
design<br />
3 Look for partners<br />
4 You can see a lot by<br />
just observing<br />
5 Have a visi<strong>on</strong> 6 Lighter, cheaper, quicker<br />
7 Triangulate 8 It can be d<strong>on</strong>e!<br />
9 Form supports functi<strong>on</strong> 10 M<strong>on</strong>ey is not <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> issue<br />
11 You are never finished<br />
Figure 2.1 - The eleven principles <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking (Project for Public Spaces 2009).<br />
9
CREATIVE PLACEMAKING<br />
In recent years, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>struct <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking has been fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r broken down into three<br />
specific categories. These are strategic placemaking, tactical placemaking <strong>and</strong> creative<br />
placemaking (Wyck<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f 2015). For this literature review, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> particular importance is<br />
creative placemaking; that being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> process <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> shaping a neighbourhood, town, tribe, city or<br />
regi<strong>on</strong> through artistic <strong>and</strong>/or cultural impressi<strong>on</strong>s with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intenti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> impacting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical,<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omic <strong>and</strong> social outcomes experienced in that space (Lyd<strong>on</strong> & Garcia 2015).<br />
This form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking is gaining a large amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> momentum in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> developed world, yet<br />
creative placemaking is also recognised as still being a ‘fuzzy c<strong>on</strong>cept’ (Nicodemus 2013). This<br />
has allowed creative placemaking <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e h<strong>and</strong> to be appealing <strong>and</strong> attractive in uptake<br />
due it having limited restricti<strong>on</strong>s, yet it is also criticised heavily for this very noti<strong>on</strong> as being<br />
vague which supports individual ideals, unsubstantive development <strong>and</strong> gentrificati<strong>on</strong> ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
than social equity (Frank 2012).<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sequently, this ambiguity is placing particular scrutiny <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> movement in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
difficulty to underst<strong>and</strong> an interventi<strong>on</strong>s’ success. Its success in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being able to catalyse<br />
social cohesi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> community collaborati<strong>on</strong>, or whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r it is failing this <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sequently<br />
acting as a ‘stop-gap’ soluti<strong>on</strong> for major city-wide issues which <strong>on</strong>ly exacerbate social<br />
disparities (Bedoya 2012). The ability to provide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> measurement <strong>and</strong> evaluati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> success<br />
is seen as a vital step forward to alleviating this problem, however this has also sparked<br />
c<strong>on</strong>troversy <strong>and</strong> debate due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> complexity this would involve. To address this, a basic<br />
framework which outlines <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> significant aspired properties <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking has been<br />
established by The Nati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>sortium for Creative <strong>Place</strong>making (2012) as seen in figure 2.2.<br />
As described by Nicodemus (2013), <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se attributes need to be fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r scrutinised <strong>and</strong> broken<br />
down through detailed research into whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are being fulfilled; such as whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r creative<br />
placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s do focus <strong>on</strong> creating c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s, not just objects. An important<br />
step for this to be understood is to first observe whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r people resp<strong>on</strong>d to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> changes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
a place due to creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> to provide insight into whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r this<br />
change <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour <strong>and</strong>/or experience has parallels with aspects which pertain to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> positive<br />
outcomes stated by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> movement (Lehtovuori & Ruoppila 2012).<br />
As a result, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> challenge for creative placemaking for its growth <strong>and</strong> livelihood is clear. As<br />
described by Nicodemus (2013), ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r ‘mature <strong>and</strong> gain substance, or shrivel up under<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> heat <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> scrutiny’. There needs to be greater research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human experience within<br />
creative placemaking spaces, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re needs to be greater measurability <strong>and</strong> accuracy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this<br />
research, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re needs to be a widely adopted <strong>and</strong> established framework that provides<br />
greater depth for research to be more cohesive <strong>and</strong> collaborative with all stakeholders (Bishop<br />
& Williams 2012). For Sydney, this type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research can be fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>red through observing a<br />
specific form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking that exists; ‘visual catalysts’ (Lyd<strong>on</strong> & Garcia 2015).<br />
10
Figure 2.2 - A rudimentary framework <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> key attributes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking<br />
(The Nati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>sortium for Creative <strong>Place</strong>making 2012) .<br />
'VISUAL CATALYSTS'<br />
Lyd<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Garcia (2015) describe ‘visual catalysts’ as being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> visual improvements that<br />
humanise public spaces. Visual catalysts, being <strong>on</strong>e specific form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking,<br />
are wide in scope; ranging from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> graffiti <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> blank walls to installati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> vertical artwork in<br />
laneways. However, what makes this form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking noteworthy is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir claim<br />
to act as stimuli for revealment <strong>and</strong> l<strong>on</strong>g term change through simple, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten cost effective<br />
temporal interventi<strong>on</strong>ism.<br />
As noted by Bishop <strong>and</strong> Williams (2012), ‘visual catalysts’ are able to achieve this through<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir short term ‘punch’ - something which creates a noticeable mark in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> public domain<br />
<strong>and</strong> draws <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> immediate attenti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> community to facilitate discussi<strong>on</strong>. In additi<strong>on</strong>,<br />
many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> forms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking in Australia are ‘visual catalysts’. Yet, as it is<br />
such a new phenomen<strong>on</strong>, little has been researched or written about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir influence over<br />
people’s underst<strong>and</strong>ing, <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place; <strong>and</strong> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir influence translates to l<strong>on</strong>g term<br />
outcomes for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> betterment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place.<br />
11
PLACE ATTACHMENT<br />
For <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most part, place attachment can be understood as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “affective b<strong>on</strong>d or link between<br />
people <strong>and</strong> specific places” (Hidalgo & Hern<strong>and</strong>ez 2001). However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
attachment is not necessarily so clear-cut. The c<strong>on</strong>cept is still largely ambiguous, principally<br />
due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expansive variati<strong>on</strong> in research perspectives, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a clearly adopted<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>temporary state <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cepts evoluti<strong>on</strong> (Katlenborn &<br />
Bjerke 2002).<br />
Humanistic geographers <strong>and</strong> envir<strong>on</strong>mental psychologists were <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first to study <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept.<br />
Having been inspired by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attachment <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>orist Bowlby in 1969, academics<br />
argued that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment centred around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> link with space as a comm<strong>on</strong><br />
emoti<strong>on</strong>al b<strong>on</strong>d that fulfils essential human needs (Relph 1976; Tuan 1977). This c<strong>on</strong>cept was<br />
subsequently explored fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r; with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Schroeder (1991) <strong>and</strong> Altman & Low (1992)<br />
who proposed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> clear distincti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment being centred around ‘meaning’,<br />
ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘preference’.<br />
In turn, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment has maintained this view at its core, yet has<br />
diversified in c<strong>on</strong>tent as experts across various fields have sought to explore <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept<br />
fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r in more niche, focused ways (Lewicka 2010). Researchers, such as Stedman (2003),<br />
sought to argue that place attachment was in fact a smaller fragment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> to<br />
place; with place c<strong>on</strong>taining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> various sub-categories <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place identity, attachment <strong>and</strong><br />
dependence. O<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs have focused <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir work <strong>on</strong> place attachment pivoting around idea<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> desire (Hay 1998), <strong>and</strong> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs have looked at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> various scales <strong>and</strong> settings in<br />
specifying attachment to place; ranging from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> home (Giuliani 1993), to expansive l<strong>and</strong>scape<br />
<strong>and</strong> recreati<strong>on</strong>al spaces (Fishwick & Vining 2003; Katlenborn & Bjerke 2002; Kyle, Graefe &<br />
Manning 2005; Hammitt, Backlund & Bixler 2006).<br />
This has led to an extensive breadth <strong>and</strong> depth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research <strong>on</strong> place attachment. Yet, at<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same time <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> disunity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaning has, in many respects, created more questi<strong>on</strong>s than<br />
answers <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fundamental underst<strong>and</strong>ings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment (Lewicka 2010). Current<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>orists have aimed to create greater clarity around what place attachment means, <strong>and</strong> what<br />
elements can be universally applicable (Hidalgo & Hern<strong>and</strong>ez 2001; Scannell & Gifford 2010).<br />
PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS<br />
Hidalgo <strong>and</strong> Hern<strong>and</strong>ez (2001) proposed that place attachment should be understood as<br />
part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two broad <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical categories; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong> social dimensi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. The<br />
social dimensi<strong>on</strong> refers to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human experience <strong>and</strong> cogniti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, whereas <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical<br />
dimensi<strong>on</strong> refers to a more grounded form – <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> actualities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place that are graspable <strong>and</strong><br />
visualised (Burley 2007). Research has included both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intertwinement <strong>and</strong> segregati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two dimensi<strong>on</strong>s, yet for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most part <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been a vast c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social<br />
dimensi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature (Scannell & Gifford 2010).<br />
12
This is substantially a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> imbued meaning behind <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place; a word which<br />
lends itself to a more meaningful associati<strong>on</strong> with people ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than form (Gustafs<strong>on</strong> 2001).<br />
This segregati<strong>on</strong> between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social <strong>and</strong> physical is also a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> researchers being skewed<br />
to having interest, or priority, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r. Likewise, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is also some purpose in<br />
segregating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two, as Lewicka (2010) notes “<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> majority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment researchers<br />
assume that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two dimensi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place are worth distinguishing as that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y may play<br />
different roles in attachment processes.”. Although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is certainly value in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> distinguishing<br />
between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong> social elements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, it is also arguable that in fact this<br />
dichotomy is damaging <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> progressi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a str<strong>on</strong>ger, more coherent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework<br />
(Burley 2007).<br />
As such, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a growing c<strong>on</strong>sensus that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re needs to be a greater focus <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interrelati<strong>on</strong>ship between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong> social dimensi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place when looking to gain<br />
depth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledge <strong>on</strong> place attachment (Lewicka 2010; Williams & Vaske 2003).<br />
SCALE AND SCOPE<br />
In relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong> social dimensi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is also <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
segregati<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> associati<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> scale <strong>and</strong> scope; that specifically being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> setting<br />
<strong>and</strong> demographic. Early work <strong>on</strong> place attachment focused primarily <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship<br />
between residents <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir home (Altman & Low 1992). The scale <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research has since<br />
exp<strong>and</strong>ed, as researchers now look at people’s attachment to place in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
neighbourhood <strong>and</strong> city (Hidalgo & Hern<strong>and</strong>ez 2001). In fact, this three tier system <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
home, neighbourhood <strong>and</strong> city is still a widely adopted matrix. Yet, it’s <strong>on</strong>ly been in recent<br />
years that this matrix has been challenged, as globalisati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> urbanisati<strong>on</strong> has become<br />
more pr<strong>on</strong>ounced (Lewicka 2010).<br />
Researchers are now looking towards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> everyday public realm in underst<strong>and</strong>ing<br />
place attachment; with a particular focus <strong>on</strong> tourist, recreati<strong>on</strong>al <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>scape spaces<br />
(Fishwick & Vining 1992; Kaltenborn & Bjerke 2002). Although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been a growth in<br />
research <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se places, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is still a distinct gap in research <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> smaller scale spaces;<br />
such as streets, parks, plazas <strong>and</strong> beaches (Lewicka 2010). Likewise, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is an evident gap<br />
in research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role, or lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> role, that underutilised public space plays in people’s<br />
attachment to place; specifically in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what happens when that space becomes activated<br />
<strong>and</strong> deactivated through placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmore, research has exp<strong>and</strong>ed from simply looking at residents attachment to place to<br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r demographics; such as certain cultures, tourists, newcomers, <strong>and</strong> specific age groups<br />
such as children (Trentleman 2009). This has, in turn, led to an expansive range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> new types<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research, particularly in regards to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparis<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> different groups in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
attachment to place, <strong>and</strong> as to how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time can alter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir intensity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attachment.<br />
13
TIME AND TEMPORALITY<br />
The role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporality, <strong>and</strong> time, in place attachment has been understood as significant<br />
since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Altman <strong>and</strong> Low (1992). They identified that attachment to place can<br />
undergo temporal variati<strong>on</strong>; <strong>on</strong>e in which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship can fluctuate depending <strong>on</strong> a range<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> internal <strong>and</strong> external factors (Altman & Low 1992). Yet, since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus in<br />
research has been around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> length <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time towards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place,<br />
<strong>and</strong> less about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical mechanisms that can cause <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se temporal variati<strong>on</strong>s (Kyle, Graefe<br />
& Manning 2005).<br />
To illustrate this, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Hay (1998) <strong>and</strong> Smald<strong>on</strong>e (2006) focused <strong>on</strong> testing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> widely<br />
held view that time spent at a place correlates str<strong>on</strong>gly with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intensity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e’s attachment<br />
to that place. They argued that, for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most part, people who have spent insignificant<br />
amounts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time in places have a weaker affective c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong> compared to those who have<br />
spent a l<strong>on</strong>ger time in a place (Hay 1998; Smald<strong>on</strong>e 2006). As a result, Smald<strong>on</strong>e (2006)<br />
puts forward <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> that people who have spent limited time in a place tend to have a<br />
somewhat superficial ‘attracti<strong>on</strong>’ to place, ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than an attachment. In o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r words, limitedtime<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>s tend to have a greater b<strong>on</strong>d with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical form <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a site,<br />
ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than any imbued affective c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>. However, Smald<strong>on</strong>e (2006) also indicated that<br />
place attachment can be impacted significantly dependant <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intensity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience,<br />
<strong>and</strong> that more research is needed <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical attributes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place that can cause temporal<br />
variati<strong>on</strong>s in catalysing, <strong>and</strong> deepening, attachment.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>versely, recent researchers have challenged this traditi<strong>on</strong>al viewpoint <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dependency<br />
<strong>on</strong> time for streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned attachment (Kaltenborn & Bjerke 2002; Korpela, Ylen, Tyrväinen &<br />
Silvennoinen 2009; Stedman 2006;). From research <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparis<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>g-time residents<br />
<strong>and</strong> newcomers to place, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se academics propose that it is possible for newcomers to<br />
form a pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ound attachment to place through intense, short term interacti<strong>on</strong>s. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmore,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir claims have been streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned by support <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical <strong>and</strong> empirical evidence<br />
(Brown & Raym<strong>on</strong>d 2007) which has shown <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> presence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> deep affective b<strong>on</strong>ds between<br />
newcomers <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> places <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y visit. However, a lack <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> substantial research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
mechanisms that support this still leaves open some potential for greater clarity in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ory.<br />
In particular, research has not been c<strong>on</strong>ducted to see whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r temporary place-based<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s can promote an attachment to place. Hence, to c<strong>on</strong>firm, or argue against, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
overarching value <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time being a fundamental feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> impacting people’s place attachment<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re needs to be more research <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> form in places which are not<br />
valued/depended up<strong>on</strong>. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, this needs to be compared against c<strong>on</strong>temporary, widely<br />
accepted <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e proposed by Scannell <strong>and</strong> Gifford (2010).<br />
14
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK<br />
As a result, in recent years a <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework has emerged that looks at providing a<br />
holistic approach to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> affective c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> grounded determinants<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment; with that being framework proposed by Scannell <strong>and</strong> Gifford (2010).<br />
Scannell <strong>and</strong> Gifford (2010) have collated a vast amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research <strong>on</strong> place attachment <strong>and</strong><br />
distilled <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overarching comm<strong>on</strong>alities into a <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework including three main<br />
categories; pers<strong>on</strong>, place <strong>and</strong> process.<br />
The pers<strong>on</strong> category is divided into that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> group. The main focus <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
pers<strong>on</strong> category is to underst<strong>and</strong> how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual <strong>and</strong>/or group is attached through a range<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> complementary <strong>and</strong> singular influences; that being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> influences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> religi<strong>on</strong>, history, specific<br />
milest<strong>on</strong>es, realisati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> experiences (Scannell & Gifford 2010). The category <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is<br />
divided into that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social <strong>and</strong> physical; with that being aligned with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Hidalgo &<br />
Hern<strong>and</strong>ez (2001). The process category refers to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way people are c<strong>on</strong>nected, experience,<br />
<strong>and</strong> act in place; <strong>and</strong> in turn reflect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se elements in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir ability to alter <strong>and</strong> impact <strong>on</strong>e’s<br />
attachment to place.<br />
This <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework, as stated by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> authors, can be used for a wide range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
studies. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> framework also provides <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to build <strong>on</strong> some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> less<br />
understood elements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment; with that being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> elements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place <strong>and</strong> process<br />
(Scannell & Gifford 2010). In particular, it could be used to look at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical<br />
elements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place al<strong>on</strong>gside that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship it plays with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behavioural element <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
process in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rec<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong> (or c<strong>on</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attachment itself. Hence, it provides <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
opportunity to look at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporality in form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> impacting <strong>on</strong>e’s attachment to place.<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
As outlined, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are significant opportunities for original research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship<br />
between creative placemaking (in particular ‘visual catalysts) <strong>and</strong> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se transient<br />
forms can influence a pers<strong>on</strong>’s attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. In particular, for creative<br />
placemaking <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are significant gaps in research into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
transient interventi<strong>on</strong>s in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place both immediately <strong>and</strong> as an enduring c<strong>on</strong>struct. In<br />
parallel with this, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is limited research into how this phenomen<strong>on</strong> affects our relati<strong>on</strong>ship<br />
with place – in particular whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r it can promote an attachment to place.<br />
This opens up particular opportunity to explore a widely adopted form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking<br />
<strong>on</strong> influencing people’s attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in Sydney; that being ‘visual catalysts’. This<br />
research, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a quantitative case study, will add fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r insight into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong><br />
social implicati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se transient forms both in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> short term <strong>and</strong> l<strong>on</strong>g term.<br />
15
PART THREE _<br />
METHODOLOGY & METHOD<br />
16
RESEARCH QUESTIONS<br />
By establishing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aims <strong>and</strong> objectives <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> project, <strong>and</strong> through doing a detailed literature<br />
review <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cepts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking <strong>and</strong> place attachment, three research questi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
emerged, <strong>and</strong> solidified, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fundamental purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research project. These questi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
are:<br />
1 Do ‘visual catalysts’, as a form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>, influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place?<br />
2 Is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a sustained interest in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalyst’ after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> has ceased?<br />
3 Can temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s, such as ‘visual catalysts’, be used to ignite<br />
place attachment to underutilised public places?<br />
The first questi<strong>on</strong> revolves primarily around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> explorati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r a specific form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
creative placemaking, being ‘visual catalysts’, can or cannot influence a pers<strong>on</strong>’s attracti<strong>on</strong><br />
to, <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>, place. Much like in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aims <strong>and</strong> objectives, this research questi<strong>on</strong> emerged<br />
through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> underst<strong>and</strong>ing that little in-depth research has been c<strong>on</strong>ducted <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> grounded<br />
physical <strong>and</strong> social impacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking in relati<strong>on</strong> to place-centred experience.<br />
The sec<strong>on</strong>d research questi<strong>on</strong> delves into a gap <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledge in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature <strong>on</strong> placemaking;<br />
that being whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a sustained interest in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> has<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cluded <strong>and</strong> been removed. This questi<strong>on</strong> goes to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> heart <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> movement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative<br />
placemaking – that short term interventi<strong>on</strong>s can lead to lasting, l<strong>on</strong>g term opportunities <strong>and</strong><br />
changes.<br />
The third research questi<strong>on</strong> seeks to explore whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r creative placemaking has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability<br />
to promote greater place attachment in underutilised public places. Like <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> previous two<br />
questi<strong>on</strong>, this <strong>on</strong>e seeks to fill an existing gap in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledge around place attachment <strong>and</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> promoting a relati<strong>on</strong>ship with place.<br />
METHODOLOGY<br />
Quantitative research is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> primary methodological paradigm that has been selected for<br />
this <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis. Quantitative research is purposeful in noting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> direct use, behaviours <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
qualities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place both for people <strong>and</strong> across time; several significant elements which are<br />
interrelated with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overall objectives <strong>and</strong> aims for this people-place centred study (Creswell<br />
2005). It can provide direct answers to <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten ambiguous c<strong>on</strong>cepts, <strong>and</strong> can act as a solid<br />
footing for fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r detailed research to sprout from. As such, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> rati<strong>on</strong>ale <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
quantitative research in relati<strong>on</strong> to this is outlined, as well as a discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> suitability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a<br />
case study research perspective to ground <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research project.<br />
17
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH<br />
The study <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place has been subject to both quantitative <strong>and</strong><br />
qualitative research. Quantitative data can be understood as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> approach to research that<br />
utilises numerical <strong>and</strong> statistical data to draw c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> resolve problems, something<br />
which William Whyte (1980) first documented by observing people’s behaviours <strong>and</strong><br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> different public spaces in New York (Creswell 2005). His approach <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> simply<br />
observing, <strong>and</strong> numerically counting, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <strong>and</strong> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in a given space<br />
provided insight into what made that space excepti<strong>on</strong>al, or unexcepti<strong>on</strong>al. It provided insight<br />
into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship between place <strong>and</strong> people through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> collati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> quantitative data to<br />
provide a narrative <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people’s attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place.<br />
The data Whyte ga<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>red is c<strong>on</strong>sistent to this day with much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quantitative data collated<br />
for placemaking studies; including <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> numerical counting <strong>and</strong> tallying <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what people do,<br />
where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are, how many <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are, how old <strong>and</strong> what gender, where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y go to <strong>and</strong> from,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> particular behaviours which show a direct relati<strong>on</strong>ship to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place.<br />
Yet, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re has been little quantitative research into transient public places. In particular,<br />
quantitative data can provide insight into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se transient interventi<strong>on</strong>s through<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> paradigm to test ideas <strong>and</strong> noti<strong>on</strong>s, such as those <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposed role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
creative placemaking.<br />
In current research, qualitative research is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten used to gain a general sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a phenomena<br />
<strong>and</strong> to form <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ories, whereas quantitative research is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten used to test those c<strong>on</strong>cepts – a<br />
noti<strong>on</strong> aligned with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> methodological propositi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study. This study seeks to discover<br />
how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can be influenced through creative placemaking mechanisms, <strong>and</strong><br />
quantitative research has a str<strong>on</strong>g dispositi<strong>on</strong> to be an excepti<strong>on</strong>al paradigm when observing<br />
<strong>and</strong> comparing people <strong>and</strong> place. In particular, it has been noted as a methodical means to<br />
observe people in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir natural setting when striving to underst<strong>and</strong> social behaviours; such<br />
as people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (Trecks<strong>on</strong> 2015). This is because, as menti<strong>on</strong>ed, quantitative<br />
research strives to find answers to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘if’ <strong>and</strong> ‘whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r’, not <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘how’ <strong>and</strong> ‘why’ as <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten<br />
addressed through qualitative research. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, as this project focuses <strong>on</strong> observing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
changes in behaviour over time in a fixed setting, it hence makes sense to take a quantitative<br />
approach to allow for detailed <strong>and</strong> incremental comparative analysis.<br />
Moreover, in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> third proposed aim <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is also great potential in<br />
exploring <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment through using a <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework within a<br />
quantitative research paradigm. Scannell <strong>and</strong> Gifford (2010) proposed a <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>oretical framework<br />
to use for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment. This framework, still relatively new, has yet to be<br />
widely tested from a quantitative research paradigm. As such, for this research topic utilising<br />
this framework can not <strong>on</strong>ly streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> depth <strong>and</strong> applicability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings, but can also<br />
add depth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> knowledge to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> field <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place attachment. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> answers obtained<br />
from this quantitative research can lead to fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r interrogati<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future into a qualitative<br />
based study that interrogates place attachment more in-depth.<br />
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CASE STUDY RESEARCH<br />
The use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> case study research has been widely adopted in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> investigati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking<br />
<strong>and</strong> people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (Stake 1995). Case study research is used to ground <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a complex phenomen<strong>on</strong>, <strong>and</strong> to analyse <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> specific cause <strong>and</strong> effect<br />
relati<strong>on</strong>ship <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place/event <strong>on</strong> a pers<strong>on</strong> or group <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people (Yin 1984). This type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research<br />
has been utilised for many years across a wide spectrum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> disciplines; particularly in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
fields <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong>scape architecture <strong>and</strong> sociology. For this <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis, this type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research will act as<br />
a grounding mechanism to explore complex behavioural meanings <strong>and</strong> affective relati<strong>on</strong>ships<br />
in a people-place paradigm, <strong>and</strong> will serve as a methodical way to compare <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
time <strong>and</strong> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> direct observati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> two ‘visual catalysts’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID 2016 festival in Sydney.<br />
Case study research, being a fundamental people-place technique, provides insight into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
daily physical/behavioural c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a site which cannot be obtained through o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r forms<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research. For example, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a day, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
makeup <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> social groups, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> possibility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> unc<strong>on</strong>sidered external influences can all significantly<br />
alter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> propensity for a pers<strong>on</strong> to engage with a site; thus changing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement <strong>and</strong><br />
experience with place itself (Creswell 2005). These factors al<strong>on</strong>e cannot be determined without<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> case study research. This is significant when studying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cepts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking<br />
<strong>and</strong> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place; <strong>on</strong>e which is subject, <strong>and</strong> dependant, <strong>on</strong> external forces <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> influence.<br />
Likewise, it is quite necessary to have a physical place to document <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people; a<br />
case study allows this whereas o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research rely <strong>on</strong> accounts <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> descripti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people.<br />
Case study analysis is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten criticised for being something which is broad <strong>and</strong> lacks reliability<br />
(Flyvbjerg 2006). However, in this matter it is important to note that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a case study for<br />
this research is that it should be seen as a piece <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a larger puzzle – it is <strong>on</strong>e piece <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research<br />
that explores <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place <strong>and</strong> creative placemaking<br />
through direct <strong>and</strong> unobtrusive observati<strong>on</strong>s. Moreover, it would be more detrimental for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
study to not use a case study for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research, as to underst<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behavioural inferences<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir relati<strong>on</strong>ships with place it is integral to have some form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>temporary<br />
observati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> account for validity <strong>on</strong> what is an ever-changing associati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
CONTEXT OF STUDY<br />
The site chosen for this study is located in Walsh Bay, Sydney, Australia. It c<strong>on</strong>sists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
area under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney Harbour Bridge. The site is currently used<br />
predominantly as a transiti<strong>on</strong> space; <strong>on</strong>e where people move through without stopping. It<br />
is linear in form, <strong>and</strong> Hicks<strong>on</strong> Road runs straight through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> middle <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space which is<br />
bounded by two c<strong>on</strong>crete pathways <strong>on</strong> ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r side. The site is currently underutilised, <strong>and</strong><br />
does not c<strong>on</strong>tain any opportunities for seating or recreati<strong>on</strong>al activities. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site has<br />
many vantage points <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> out across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour. These include various l<strong>and</strong>marks <strong>and</strong><br />
19
distinctive ic<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney such as Luna Park, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney Harbour Bridge, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Opera House<br />
<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour itself. The locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site can be seen through observing figure 4.1.<br />
VIVID FESTIVAL<br />
The VIVID festival, held in Sydney every year since 2009, is an outdoor lighting festival with<br />
immersive light installati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> projecti<strong>on</strong>s (NSW Government 2016). The festival, held during<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> winter m<strong>on</strong>ths from May till June, also includes performances from local <strong>and</strong> internati<strong>on</strong>al<br />
artists <strong>and</strong> an ideas exchange forum which features public talks <strong>and</strong> debates from renowned<br />
creative thinkers. Initially, VIVID began as a way to raise awareness for energy efficiency,<br />
however it has evolved over recent years to <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most significant annual events that<br />
occur in Sydney. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival in 2012, over 500,000 visitors attended which generated<br />
an around $10 milli<strong>on</strong> in income for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> state. Underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival has<br />
to create revenue, it was exp<strong>and</strong>ed greatly in scope in 2014 which saw light shows <strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Opera House, Circular Quay, The Rocks, North Sydney, Walsh Bay, Darling Harbour,<br />
The Star, <strong>and</strong> Carriageworks (NSW Government 2016). This can be seen through figure 4.2.<br />
Since <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival has grown substantially to become an internati<strong>on</strong>al tourist attracti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
During 2016, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival was attended by more than 2.3 milli<strong>on</strong> people; a figure which<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinues to grow year after year.<br />
Due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> popularity <strong>and</strong> scope <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID, this is an extreme case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking. The<br />
sheer scale <strong>and</strong> widespread knowledge <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> event likely has an impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expectati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people going, just as it changes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> way that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> central city as a whole is occupied. The<br />
aura <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reputati<strong>on</strong> that surrounds <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> event has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity to alter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place itself, <strong>and</strong> how people behave during <strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> event as shown by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
following chapter.<br />
Figure 4.1 - The study area as delineated by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> blue outline c<strong>on</strong>sists <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
sou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Harbour Bridge where Hicks<strong>on</strong> Road runs underneath<br />
(Destinati<strong>on</strong> NSW 2016 c).<br />
20
Figure 4.2 - A map <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2016 VIVID festival in Sydney. It shows <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> large number <strong>and</strong> scope <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s that<br />
occur al<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour fr<strong>on</strong>t <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney. The two case studies chosen for this project are shown by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> blue outlines<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> numbers 38 <strong>and</strong> 40 (Destinati<strong>on</strong> NSW 2016 c).<br />
21
CASE STUDY 1 : UNDERFOOT<br />
One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case studies selected for this <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> light display known as Underfoot,<br />
by Australian artists Indermühle + Indermühle (Destinati<strong>on</strong> NSW a 2016). The creative<br />
placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong> (fitting under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> category <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a ‘visual catalyst’) by Aly Indermühle <strong>and</strong><br />
Balthasar Indermühle was exhibited during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID 2016 festival in Sydney. This festival ran<br />
from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> May to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 18th <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> June, <strong>and</strong> was active during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> times <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 18:00 to 23:00.<br />
The interventi<strong>on</strong> was located at Walsh Bay in Sydney; directly under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour bridge footing<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g Hicks<strong>on</strong> Road. To underst<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>ceptual grounding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> project, a descripti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case study from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> artists can be read below:<br />
“Underfoot celebrates <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> blending <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> light that occurs when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> warm, rich t<strong>on</strong>es <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an<br />
Australian sunset interact with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> colours <strong>and</strong> textures <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> s<strong>and</strong>st<strong>on</strong>e supports <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney Harbour Bridge. The resulting artwork highlights <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> everyday foundati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Sydney’s l<strong>and</strong>marks <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> materials from which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> city is built.<br />
The installati<strong>on</strong> lies <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> boundary between light sculpture <strong>and</strong> facade illuminati<strong>on</strong>;<br />
it explores complex interacti<strong>on</strong>s between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> viewer, light <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> surrounding space<br />
<strong>and</strong> brings new emphasis to this part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bridge’s structure <strong>and</strong> its locati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
me<strong>and</strong>ering Hicks<strong>on</strong> Road drive way. This scenic road <strong>and</strong> its paved footpath hug <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
harbour foreshore, yet are <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten overlooked by visitors.<br />
With <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir keen sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> atmosphere, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Indermühles have created a work that takes an<br />
everyday illuminati<strong>on</strong> point <strong>and</strong> elevates it to light art.” (Destinati<strong>on</strong> NSW a 2016)<br />
The installati<strong>on</strong> was chosen for study for its applicability to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research aims <strong>and</strong> objectives;<br />
that being to underst<strong>and</strong> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r a ‘visual catalyst’ in a public space can influence a pers<strong>on</strong>’s<br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. This case study was located in a site which is currently underutilised,<br />
so an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r an experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> site can be cultivated can also emerge.<br />
Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wanting to change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship <strong>and</strong> attracti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
as stated in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> project descripti<strong>on</strong> is a noti<strong>on</strong> which links str<strong>on</strong>gly with this research project<br />
which seeks to explore <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> relati<strong>on</strong>ship <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporality <strong>and</strong> interventi<strong>on</strong>ism. It was also chosen<br />
due to it being in Sydney; a place <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> proximity <strong>and</strong> also a place which has not underg<strong>on</strong>e<br />
significant research into creative placemaking outcomes.<br />
22
23<br />
Figure 4.3 - Photos <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case study Underfoot (Destinati<strong>on</strong> NSW a 2016).
CASE STUDY 2 : EORA - THE LAND<br />
The sec<strong>on</strong>d case study selected was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> light display known as ‘EORA – The L<strong>and</strong>’, by Stephen<br />
Page <strong>and</strong> Jacob Nash as part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bangarra Dance Theatre (Destinati<strong>on</strong> NSW b 2016). The<br />
creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong> (fitting under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> category <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a ‘visual catalyst’) was exhibited<br />
during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID 2016 festival in Sydney. This festival ran from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 27th <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> May to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 18th <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
June, <strong>and</strong> was active during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> times <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 18:00 to 23:00. The interventi<strong>on</strong> was located at Walsh<br />
Bay in Sydney, <strong>and</strong> was directly projected <strong>on</strong>to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn s<strong>and</strong>st<strong>on</strong>e pyl<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney<br />
Harbour Bridge. To underst<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>ceptual grounding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> project, a descripti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
case study from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> artists can be read below:<br />
“One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Australia’s leading performing arts companies, Bangarra Dance Theatre, creates a<br />
work that gives visitors an insight into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Eora Aboriginal people <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ways that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
deep spiritual <strong>and</strong> cultural c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> have sustained <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m over thous<strong>and</strong>s<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> years.<br />
Eora people are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> traditi<strong>on</strong>al owners <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a territory that encompasses most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> city<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> surrounding coastal areas <strong>and</strong> parts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> greater Sydney. It includes river<br />
systems, bushl<strong>and</strong>, s<strong>and</strong>st<strong>on</strong>e cliffs, beaches, bays <strong>and</strong> caves. For thous<strong>and</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> years <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Eora people have shared a vital relati<strong>on</strong>ship with this l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> its flora <strong>and</strong> fauna. They<br />
regard it as a source <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir life force, spirituality <strong>and</strong> internal strength.<br />
The installati<strong>on</strong> uses animati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> latest digital technology to light up <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sou<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn<br />
pyl<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney Harbour Bridge <strong>and</strong> illuminate <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rich history <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Eora Nati<strong>on</strong>; to<br />
depict how, for thous<strong>and</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> years, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y looked after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sacred place we live <strong>on</strong> today.<br />
Bangarra’s artistic director Stephen Page <strong>and</strong> head designer Jacob Nash have created a<br />
breathtaking work inspired by creati<strong>on</strong> stories <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> waratah <strong>and</strong> cockatoo; it also depicts<br />
how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> people lived with natural elements showing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir vital relati<strong>on</strong>ship with flora<br />
<strong>and</strong> fauna. The li<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ochre-covered bodies <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dancers represent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> its living<br />
c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s to all things in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> natural world.” (Destinati<strong>on</strong> NSW b 2016)<br />
The installati<strong>on</strong> was chosen for study for its applicability to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research aims <strong>and</strong> objectives;<br />
that being to underst<strong>and</strong> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r a ‘visual catalyst’ in a public space can influence a pers<strong>on</strong>’s<br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, this case study was chosen as it presents a c<strong>on</strong>cept<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place which is greater than a physical idea; it presents <strong>on</strong>e which is narrative driven <strong>and</strong><br />
culturally engaging. It was also chosen due to it being in Sydney; a place <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> proximity <strong>and</strong> also<br />
a place which has not underg<strong>on</strong>e significant research into creative placemaking outcomes –<br />
particularly through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place-centred behaviour mapping as a method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research.<br />
24
25<br />
Figure 4.4 - Photos <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case study EORA - The L<strong>and</strong> (Destinati<strong>on</strong> NSW b 2016).
METHOD<br />
PLACE CENTRED BEHAVIOUR MAPPING<br />
Behaviour mapping is a form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> systematic observati<strong>on</strong> research that tracks behaviour over<br />
time <strong>and</strong> space (Sommer & Sommer 2001). It involves <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> entry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> data into ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r a simple<br />
table <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> significant tallied attributes (such as gender <strong>and</strong> people sitting down) or/as well<br />
as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> data drawn <strong>on</strong> a scaled site outline. This tool, predominantly used by<br />
envir<strong>on</strong>mental psychologists, urban designers <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong>scape architects, developed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> late<br />
1960s <strong>and</strong> early 1970s (Barker 1968; Ittels<strong>on</strong> et al. 1976). This method takes two main forms;<br />
<strong>on</strong>e being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus <strong>on</strong> a place, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus <strong>on</strong> a pers<strong>on</strong>. These two forms<br />
are known as place-centred <strong>and</strong> pers<strong>on</strong> or individual-centred mapping respectively (Manzo &<br />
Devine-Wright 2016).<br />
Behaviour mapping is generally understood as a quantitative approach to research, however it<br />
is equally plausible to use it as a method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> qualitative research (Cosco et al. 2010). A primarily<br />
quantitative approach, such as for this <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis, aims to observe what happens in a place, <strong>and</strong><br />
provide hard data to record this to turn into substantial finding in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> prescribed<br />
research focus (Ng 2016). In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case for this project, that would be exploring whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r people’s<br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is influenced by ‘visual catalysts’. As such, this lends <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis<br />
towards it being a place-centred paradigm, ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than individual centred.<br />
Behaviour mapping is also <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>ly methods able to measure detailed changes in<br />
behaviour <strong>and</strong> space in parallel with time; a core feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study as it aims to determine<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporality in people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (Hill 1984). Hence, through observing<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> changes in behaviour during different time periods (such as before, during, <strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>) a broad spectrum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings can be collated <strong>and</strong> analysed comparatively.<br />
METHOD CONSIDERATIONS<br />
In terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> limitati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping as a method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> study, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a substantial<br />
reliance <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interpretati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> results from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> researcher (Brown et al. 2015). By observing<br />
what people do in space this can provide insight into whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
is influenced by catalytic interventi<strong>on</strong>s, however <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is no significant comparative work to<br />
compare <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se observati<strong>on</strong>s against in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> previous research or studies c<strong>on</strong>ducted. Yet,<br />
as this <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis is solely focused <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underst<strong>and</strong>ing if, <strong>and</strong> how l<strong>on</strong>g, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is influenced, ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> extent or reas<strong>on</strong>ing, behaviouramapping provides <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
fundamental source <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> informati<strong>on</strong> required through comparative analysis <strong>and</strong> observati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
If in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> future this project were to be fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r researched, an obvious progressi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this<br />
method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research would be to interlace o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r forms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> qualitative based research to gain<br />
greater underst<strong>and</strong>ing into what causes a pers<strong>on</strong>’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place to be influenced,<br />
ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than simply observing if it does.<br />
26
FIELDWORK PROCEDURE<br />
The procedure for behaviour mapping involves <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong>, tallying <strong>and</strong> note taking <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
what is happening in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case study during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> allotted times. These observati<strong>on</strong><br />
periods, being over two time slots in three sessi<strong>on</strong>, will provide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> informati<strong>on</strong> needed to<br />
analyse, <strong>and</strong> compare, whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ have an influence over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. Each period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping involved <strong>on</strong>e hour <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong>. As such, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
behaviour mapping will occur before, during <strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> installati<strong>on</strong> as shown by table table<br />
4.1 below:<br />
Table 4.5 - Timetable for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>s. The blue outline delineates <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID displays were in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> study.<br />
The selecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dates, days <strong>and</strong> time blocks were determined by several factors. The most<br />
significant factor was that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary public space installati<strong>on</strong> being active during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
early weeks <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> June <strong>and</strong> during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> evening – hence why evening recordings are prevalent in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> m<strong>on</strong>th <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> June. Ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r factor was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> desire to also observe <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> changes in behaviours<br />
across different times <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> days <strong>and</strong> during busy periods when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s are not active –<br />
hence why early afterno<strong>on</strong> recordings are prevalent. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time blocks <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e hour<br />
shall be sufficient for observati<strong>on</strong> purposes due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> small scale <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site. Lastly, for stage<br />
three <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se specific dates were chosen due to it being several weeks after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> event; with this being important to determine whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place has<br />
endured as asked by <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research questi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The behaviour mapping involves <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong>, mapping, tallying <strong>and</strong> note taking. The<br />
wea<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, site c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r unforeseen phenomena will also be noted <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> arrival<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each period to use for later comparis<strong>on</strong> if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y have any effective relati<strong>on</strong>ship with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
results. Likewise, following <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping some c<strong>on</strong>cluding notes<br />
will be taken <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> thoughts <strong>and</strong> significant behaviours observed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> period. A tallying <strong>and</strong><br />
shorth<strong>and</strong> system will be implemented for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping <strong>and</strong> observati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> key characteristics<br />
27
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place – such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir movement patterns, gender, acti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y<br />
spent in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. These are all significant factors in determining, <strong>and</strong> comparing, people’s<br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. A detailed outline <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> table used to record results <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> map is<br />
shown by figures 4.5 <strong>and</strong> 4.6 <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following page, <strong>and</strong> full page images <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each can be found<br />
in appendix A <strong>and</strong> appendix C.<br />
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS<br />
As this form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research is passive <strong>and</strong> unobtrusive in nature, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are limited opportunities<br />
for problematic situati<strong>on</strong>s or ethical c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>s. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are some important<br />
factors to be c<strong>on</strong>sidered for this project:<br />
• Research will be c<strong>on</strong>ducted during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> event which will likely involve a significant<br />
amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in a small space – c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong> is needed to place <strong>on</strong>eself away<br />
from main movement lines as to not interfere or obstruct <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people to<br />
not cause potential injury or c<strong>on</strong>tact with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> general public<br />
• An<strong>on</strong>ymity will be enforced during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> research – to protect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> identity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people<br />
<strong>and</strong> to not disclose pers<strong>on</strong>al informati<strong>on</strong> about particular individuals or groups<br />
• To not follow or c<strong>on</strong>fr<strong>on</strong>tati<strong>on</strong>ally observe <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people – this may<br />
cause unease for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> participants <strong>and</strong> also skew results<br />
28
Figure 4.5 - The map used for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
Figure 4.6 - The table used for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
29
DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS<br />
For this <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> analysis will centre around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparative examinati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> results<br />
from three different stages <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case study (that being before, during,<br />
<strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> installati<strong>on</strong>). The analysis will primarily be a comparis<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> observed behaviours,<br />
<strong>and</strong> will draw out in-depth patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in relati<strong>on</strong> to how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y use<br />
a space when a ‘visual catalyst’ is active, <strong>and</strong> when it is not.<br />
To go into detail, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> results will involve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparis<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> times <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> day, gender,<br />
movement patterns, activity <strong>and</strong> behaviour patterns, amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time spent in place, social<br />
interacti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> engagement with site c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. These details will be analysed quantitatively<br />
through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> tallying <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> numbers, <strong>and</strong> a statistical comparis<strong>on</strong> to allow for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <strong>and</strong> behaviours observed in that place have changed <strong>and</strong>/or be<br />
influenced. However, this, al<strong>on</strong>g with incremental notetaking during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> stages <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping,<br />
will also provide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> basis for a narrative to emerge. Likewise, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> results will not<br />
just involve <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparis<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> drawn maps, but also <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparis<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> written notes <strong>on</strong><br />
observati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
To structure this analysis, <strong>and</strong> to help determine important findings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> value, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Creswell (2005) will help establish this through his six steps <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> data analysis. Those steps<br />
include:<br />
• Organising <strong>and</strong> preparing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> data for analysis<br />
• Reading through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> data<br />
• Beginning detailed analysis with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coding process (spreadsheet individual<br />
sessi<strong>on</strong>s)<br />
• <strong>Use</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coding process to generate a descripti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> setting or people as well<br />
as categories for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se for analysis – linking significant data in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
• Advance <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> triangulati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> data <strong>and</strong> present findings<br />
• Interpret <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> data parallel to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature<br />
As such, from using Creswell’s (2005) method for analysis findings will provide <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> basis<br />
to compare <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> key data obtained from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>s in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attachment to place. Through observing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour,<br />
such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> engagement, form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time spent doing an<br />
activity, an underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place has been influenced can become<br />
apparent as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>. C<strong>on</strong>sequently, findings can <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n<br />
be established <strong>and</strong> presented.<br />
30
RESEARCH DESIGN DIAGRAM<br />
DEFINE RESEARCH TOPIC<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Exploring</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ <strong>on</strong> influencing people's<br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
LITERATURE REVIEW<br />
<strong>Place</strong> Attachment<br />
Creative placemaking<br />
Gaps <strong>and</strong> Opportunities ?<br />
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES<br />
1 To underst<strong>and</strong> if creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s, such as ‘visual catalysts’, make places more<br />
attractive to people <strong>and</strong> increases <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised<br />
2 To underst<strong>and</strong> if any increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised places induced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> is sustained after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> has c<strong>on</strong>cluded<br />
3 To underst<strong>and</strong> if creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s could be used to ignite place attachment in<br />
underutilised public places<br />
1 To compare <strong>and</strong> analyse <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place before, during, <strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual<br />
catalysts’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Underfoot’ <strong>and</strong> ‘EORA – The L<strong>and</strong>’ as part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID 2016 festival in Sydney<br />
2 To analyse whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a sustained increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <strong>and</strong> interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place bey<strong>on</strong>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’, <strong>and</strong> to articulate what attributes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use have <strong>and</strong> have not<br />
changed<br />
3 To c<strong>on</strong>sider whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Underfoot’ <strong>and</strong> ‘EORA - The L<strong>and</strong>’ could potentially<br />
promote greater attachment to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> immediate underutilised place<br />
RESEARCH QUESTIONS<br />
1 Do ‘visual catalysts’, as a form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>, influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place?<br />
2 Is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a sustained interest in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalyst’ after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong><br />
has ceased?<br />
3 Can temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s, such as ‘visual catalysts’, be used to ignite place<br />
attachment to underutilised public places?<br />
METHODOLOGY & ETHICS<br />
Quantitative Case Study<br />
METHODS<br />
<strong>Place</strong> Centred Behaviour Mapping<br />
2 x BEFORE 2 x DURING 2 x AFTER<br />
DATA ANALYSIS<br />
An analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> results from each behaviour mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n triagulated <strong>and</strong> compared<br />
against <strong>on</strong>e ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
SYNTHESIS & WRITE UP<br />
Distillati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings into results, discussi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> final c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
31
PART FOUR _<br />
DATA ANALYSIS<br />
32
FINDINGS<br />
This chapter c<strong>on</strong>tains <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings obtained from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designated method <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research; placecentred<br />
behaviour mapping. Summaries <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each sessi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping are presented<br />
– <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se sessi<strong>on</strong>s were completed before, during, <strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival. Then each<br />
sessi<strong>on</strong> is comparatively presented through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> triangulati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings. This triangulati<strong>on</strong><br />
explores <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observed behaviour that ‘visual catalysts’ have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity to stimulate, <strong>and</strong><br />
redirect, attenti<strong>on</strong> to different reference points <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place both physically <strong>and</strong> socially. This is<br />
seen through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> comparative analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> data which presents observati<strong>on</strong> patterns, durati<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘stay’ in place, amount <strong>and</strong> flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people, <strong>and</strong> ‘displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong>’ presented in place.<br />
Following this, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings are <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n addressed through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> three established research<br />
questi<strong>on</strong>s:<br />
1 Do ‘visual catalysts’, as a form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>, influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place?<br />
2 Is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a sustained interest in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalyst’ after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> has ceased?<br />
3 Can temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s, such as ‘visual catalysts’, be used to ignite<br />
place attachment to underutilised public places?<br />
This chapter c<strong>on</strong>cludes with a summati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings to prelude <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> discussi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se<br />
findings corresp<strong>on</strong>d, <strong>and</strong> potentially embolden, our underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual<br />
catalysts’ in people’s attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place.<br />
SESSION DATA<br />
The behaviour mapping was separated into three main sessi<strong>on</strong>s with two periods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> fieldwork<br />
– two periods before <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival, two during, <strong>and</strong> two after. One period in each sessi<strong>on</strong><br />
included mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time period from 1:30-2:30PM, whilst <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each<br />
sessi<strong>on</strong> included <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time period from 6:15-7:15PM. Data collated included <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
tallying <strong>and</strong> note taking <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> gender, number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people, grouping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people, wea<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong>-site<br />
c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s, speed <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> movement, displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong>, observati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> photos taken by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
sample, <strong>and</strong> any o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r behavioural patterns that are determined to be <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> significance during<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>s. Each period is presented <strong>and</strong> compared in parallel with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same sessi<strong>on</strong>, which is in turn triangulated with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r sessi<strong>on</strong>s to present <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
overall findings.<br />
33
BEFORE VIVID<br />
The first period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping for sessi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>e, known as S1 (1), took place <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 22nd<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> May 2016 from 6:15-7:15PM. On this Sunday evening, a total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 153 people were observed<br />
during this hour with a proporti<strong>on</strong>ally even split <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> gender. The sec<strong>on</strong>d period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour<br />
mapping for sessi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>e, known as S1 (2), took place <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 25th May 2016 from 1:30-2:30PM.<br />
On this Tuesday afterno<strong>on</strong>, a total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 176 people were observed during this hour with also a<br />
proporti<strong>on</strong>ally even split <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> gender.<br />
Approximately 29% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S1 (1) were determined to have observed some element <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir envir<strong>on</strong>ment around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m with direct intent; something which is observed for l<strong>on</strong>ger<br />
than a passing glance or brief moment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest. Similarly, 26% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S1 (2) were<br />
determined to have observed some element <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir envir<strong>on</strong>ment around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m. As shown<br />
by figure 5.1, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most observed l<strong>and</strong>mark/feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both periods was <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour, which<br />
was determined by people looking out towards <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> water <strong>and</strong> observing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong>,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour. The harbour was observed by 16% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people is S1 (1), <strong>and</strong> 20% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S1<br />
(2). This included people observing boats, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> water itself, as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lights reflected <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
water during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> evening period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping.<br />
As such, people were most directed to an outward experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place during this sessi<strong>on</strong>;<br />
<strong>on</strong>e which saw people less interested in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir immediate, intimate relati<strong>on</strong>ship with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place,<br />
but ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <strong>on</strong>e which saw <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> majority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people engaging with l<strong>and</strong>marks/features that were<br />
measurably far<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r away; such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour. A diagrammatic plan <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what l<strong>and</strong>marks/<br />
features were observed for both periods S1 (1) <strong>and</strong> S1 (2) can be seen by figures 5.3 <strong>and</strong> 5.4.<br />
The amount <strong>and</strong> flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people observed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se two periods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping<br />
was also comparable in findings. As shown by figure 5.2, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> main type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> movement observed<br />
in this space was walking, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two less comm<strong>on</strong> types were running <strong>and</strong> cycling. Likewise,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most comm<strong>on</strong> speed <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space was classified as fast,<br />
meaning <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y were moving through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space with intent <strong>and</strong> at a reas<strong>on</strong>able pace alike to<br />
that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> any o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r typical transiti<strong>on</strong> space. Whereas some people moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space at<br />
a moderate pace, <strong>and</strong> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs slowly at a me<strong>and</strong>ering pace stopping frequently <strong>and</strong> observing<br />
around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m.<br />
The observed pattern <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people moving through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space at a fast speed is a reflecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> space it is; <strong>on</strong>e which is predominantly used as a transiti<strong>on</strong> space where people move<br />
through undistracted. This is heightened by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical attributes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space - <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is no<br />
place to sit, it is lineal in nature, <strong>and</strong> has a flat ground plane. This is fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r underscored by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
finding that <strong>on</strong>ly 20% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people is S1 (1) <strong>and</strong> 19% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S2 (2) stopped anywhere in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place at any point during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping.<br />
34
Figure 5.1 - Most observed l<strong>and</strong>marks/features for S1 (1) <strong>and</strong> S1 (2).<br />
FAST MODERATE SLOW<br />
Figure 5.2 - Movement type <strong>and</strong> speed for S1 (1) <strong>and</strong> S1 (2). Most people walked, <strong>and</strong> most<br />
people moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site at a fast speed.<br />
35
Figure 5.3 - The observati<strong>on</strong> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designated study area for S1 (1) - before<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival. The larger <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coloured areas<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more people, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> brighter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> colour <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
l<strong>on</strong>ger amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time people spent observing that<br />
feature/l<strong>and</strong>mark.<br />
36
Figure 5.4 - The observati<strong>on</strong> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designated study area for S1 (2) - before<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival. The larger <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coloured areas<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more people, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> brighter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> colour <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
l<strong>on</strong>ger amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time people spent observing that<br />
feature/l<strong>and</strong>mark.<br />
37
DURING VIVID<br />
The first period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping for sessi<strong>on</strong> two, known as S2 (1), took place <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 12th<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> June 2016 from 6:15-7:15PM. This was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> period when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place was observed when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
VIVID festival was active. On this Sunday evening, a total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 599 people were observed during<br />
this hour. The sec<strong>on</strong>d period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping for sessi<strong>on</strong> two, known as S2 (2), took<br />
place <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 14th <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> June 2016 from 1:30-2:30PM. This was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> period when VIVID was <strong>on</strong>, but<br />
was not active due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> day. On this Tuesday afterno<strong>on</strong>, a total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 185 people were<br />
observed during this hour. Both periods had a proporti<strong>on</strong>ally even split in gender.<br />
Approximately 55% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S2 (1) were determined to have observed some element <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir envir<strong>on</strong>ment around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m with direct intent, with a large proporti<strong>on</strong> observing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID<br />
displays that were c<strong>on</strong>tained in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site. In c<strong>on</strong>trast, 38% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S2 (2) were determined<br />
to have observed some element <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir envir<strong>on</strong>ment around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m with direct intent. This<br />
shows a reas<strong>on</strong>ably significant decrease in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people observing some element<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir envir<strong>on</strong>ment around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m with direct intent when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival ceased to be<br />
active. As shown by figure 5.5, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most observed l<strong>and</strong>mark/feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> S2 (1) was spread<br />
reas<strong>on</strong>ably evenly across people observing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir immediate surroundings, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney Harbour<br />
Bridge, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney Opera House, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID display <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> s<strong>and</strong>st<strong>on</strong>e footing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
bridge known as ‘Eora’. In c<strong>on</strong>trast, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> least observed l<strong>and</strong>marks/features were <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour<br />
<strong>and</strong> Luna Park. The harbour was <strong>on</strong>ly observed by 6% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people is S2 (1), yet it was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> main<br />
observed l<strong>and</strong>mark/feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S2 (2) with 19% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people observing.<br />
As such, in relati<strong>on</strong> to place for S2 (1), people were most directed to where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID displays<br />
were occurring – being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘Underfoot’ in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> immediate surroundings, ‘EORA<br />
– The L<strong>and</strong>’ <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> footing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> bridge, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney Opera House in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> distance, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Sydney Harbour Bridge directly above. In c<strong>on</strong>trast, for S2 (2) <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> majority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people were<br />
seen to observe less <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir immediate c<strong>on</strong>text <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space, but ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r more<br />
people observed somewhere with an outward directi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest; such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour. This<br />
suggests a shift in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> immediacy; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival drew in<br />
more people to a clearly directed experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place through temporary interventi<strong>on</strong>s which<br />
people seek out to observe, whereas <strong>on</strong> a typical day with typical c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place remained c<strong>on</strong>sistent with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observed behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people being more interested in<br />
observing elements which can be seen from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site, not <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site itself. Two diagrammatic<br />
plans <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what l<strong>and</strong>marks/features were observed for both periods S2 (1) <strong>and</strong> S2 (2) can be<br />
seen by figures 5.7 <strong>and</strong> 5.8 which show this clear distincti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The observed pattern <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> more people moving through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space at a moderate <strong>and</strong> slow pace<br />
in S2 (1) can be linked with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> change in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> normal, as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>gested nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> exhibiti<strong>on</strong> due to substantial pedestrian traffic. This c<strong>on</strong>trast between<br />
S2 (1) <strong>and</strong> S2 (2) is fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r underscored by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> finding that 36% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people stopped at any point<br />
during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping, compared to 25% respectively. This is shown by figure 5.6.<br />
These findings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <strong>and</strong> speed <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people during VIVID have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to alter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
38
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place quite dramatically. The sheer number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who go to see VIVID has<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place by crowding <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour fr<strong>on</strong>t. This not <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
can act as a deterrent to look out across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour through blocking viewpoints, but it also<br />
can cause people to redirect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir attenti<strong>on</strong> to what every<strong>on</strong>e else is observing – a trend which<br />
was seen in period S2 (1) which people tended to follow <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
people around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m.<br />
Figure 5.5 - Most observed l<strong>and</strong>marks/features for S1 (1) <strong>and</strong> S1 (2).<br />
FAST MODERATE SLOW<br />
Figure 5.6 - Movement type <strong>and</strong> speed for S2 (1) <strong>and</strong> S2 (2). Most people walked, <strong>and</strong> most<br />
people moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site at a fast speed, although less than <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r sessi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
39
Figure 5.7 - The observati<strong>on</strong> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designated study area for S2 (1) - during<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival. The larger <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coloured areas<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more people, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> brighter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> colour <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
l<strong>on</strong>ger amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time people spent observing that<br />
feature/l<strong>and</strong>mark.<br />
40
Figure 5.8 - The observati<strong>on</strong> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
designated study area for S2 (2) - during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID<br />
festival (but not active). The larger <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coloured areas<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more people, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> brighter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> colour <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>ger<br />
amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time people spent observing that feature/<br />
l<strong>and</strong>mark.<br />
41
AFTER VIVID<br />
The first period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping for sessi<strong>on</strong> three, known as S3 (1), took place <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
17th <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> July 2016 from 6:15-7:15PM. On this Sunday evening, a total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 173 people were<br />
observed during this hour. The sec<strong>on</strong>d period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping for sessi<strong>on</strong> three, known<br />
as S3 (2), took place <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 19th <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> July 2016 from 1:30-2:30PM. On this Tuesday afterno<strong>on</strong>, a<br />
total <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 215 people were observed during this hour. There was a proporti<strong>on</strong>ally even split <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
gender in both observed periods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping.<br />
Approximately 29% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S3 (1) <strong>and</strong> 36% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S3 (2) were determined to have<br />
observed some element <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir envir<strong>on</strong>ment around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m with direct intent. As shown by<br />
figure 5.9, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most observed l<strong>and</strong>mark/feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> both periods was <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour. The<br />
harbour was observed by 19% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people is S3 (1), <strong>and</strong> 16% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in S3 (2). In relati<strong>on</strong><br />
to place, people were had similar observati<strong>on</strong> patterns to that seen before <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID<br />
festival was active. People were more interested in looking at things which were not in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
immediate place, but were ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r interested in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> typical l<strong>and</strong>marks <strong>and</strong> ic<strong>on</strong>s that Sydney is<br />
syn<strong>on</strong>ymous for; being <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Opera House, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney Harbour Bridge <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour itself. A<br />
diagrammatic plan <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what l<strong>and</strong>marks/features were observed for both periods S3 (1) <strong>and</strong> S3<br />
(2) can be seen by figures 5.11 <strong>and</strong> 5.12 <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following spread.<br />
The amount <strong>and</strong> flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people observed was also similar between <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two periods <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
behaviour mapping. As shown by figure 5.10, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> main type <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> movement observed in this<br />
space was walking, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two less comm<strong>on</strong> types were running <strong>and</strong> cycling. Likewise, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
most comm<strong>on</strong> speed <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space was classified as fast.<br />
These observati<strong>on</strong>s were similar to those observed before <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival was active, <strong>and</strong><br />
suggest <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <strong>and</strong> flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people returned to what it<br />
was like prior to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’. This is fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r underscored by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> finding that <strong>on</strong>ly 23%<br />
<strong>and</strong> 29% respectively stopped at any point during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S3 (1) <strong>and</strong> S3 (2);<br />
similar findings to those seen prior to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID installati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
42
Figure 5.9 - Most observed l<strong>and</strong>marks/features for S1 (1) <strong>and</strong> S1 (2).<br />
FAST MODERATE SLOW<br />
Figure 5.10 - Movement type <strong>and</strong> speed for S3 (1) <strong>and</strong> S3 (2). Most people walked, <strong>and</strong> most<br />
people moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site at a fast speed.<br />
43
Figure 5.11 - The observati<strong>on</strong> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designated study area for S3 (1) - after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
VIVID festival. The larger <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coloured areas <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
more people, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> brighter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> colour <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
l<strong>on</strong>ger amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time people spent observing that<br />
feature/l<strong>and</strong>mark.<br />
44
Figure 5.12 - The observati<strong>on</strong> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
designated study area for S3 (2) - after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival.<br />
The larger <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> coloured areas <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more people, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
birhgter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> colour <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>ger amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time people<br />
spent observing that feature/l<strong>and</strong>mark.<br />
45
DATA TRIANGULATION<br />
The core finding is that ‘visual catalysts’ have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity to influence, <strong>and</strong> redirect, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
attenti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place to different reference points <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest. This can be c<strong>on</strong>cluded<br />
through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> collective analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sessi<strong>on</strong>s in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong> patterns, durati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
‘stay’ in place, amount <strong>and</strong> flow <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people, <strong>and</strong> ‘displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong>’ presented in place. These<br />
findings also suggest that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is some potential for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place to ‘linger’ bey<strong>on</strong>d<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’, however c<strong>on</strong>clusive evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this is not presented as<br />
fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r discussi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this noti<strong>on</strong> is needed in parallel with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> existing literature. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmore,<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings also suggest that an attachment to place is possible to be catalysed <strong>and</strong> cultivated<br />
as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s; many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings that have been<br />
presented have a str<strong>on</strong>g overlap with that <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attributes needed to establish an attachment<br />
to place (such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> formati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> memories, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increased durati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time spent in place,<br />
<strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong>ate displays). The first data that has been triangulated to present<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is influenced is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what people observed.<br />
PATTERNS OF OBSERVATIONS<br />
As presented in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sessi<strong>on</strong> breakdown <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong> patterns show <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is<br />
a significant c<strong>on</strong>trast in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who observed something, <strong>and</strong> what <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y<br />
observed, during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> periods before <strong>and</strong> after VIVID compared to when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival was<br />
occurring. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> period where VIVID was active in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was a significant<br />
rise in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who observed something – over half <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sample as shown by<br />
figure 5.13. This can likely be attributed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fundamental basis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID being a festival<br />
which centres around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>cept <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> visual appeal. It aims to attract people towards certain<br />
reference points <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> light <strong>and</strong> illuminati<strong>on</strong>. People come to VIVID<br />
with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expectati<strong>on</strong> to observe, <strong>and</strong> as such are likely to seek out things to observe.<br />
The increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who observed something during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival is also<br />
likely due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re being a change in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> normal c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place, causing people to take<br />
more time to observe <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> form <strong>and</strong> rec<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed elements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. This has ramificati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
for people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival shifting <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> focus <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
space from <strong>on</strong>e which is predominantly about movement, to <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> passive observati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
However, it is important to note that under half <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sample did not do any form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
observati<strong>on</strong> whilst moving through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival. This suggests that even<br />
acts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking are limited in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir ability to change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> understood experience<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place. This statistic could also have been exacerbated due to part <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space being<br />
barricaded by fencing <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> prevalence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> security; two features which have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity to<br />
cause people to move faster <strong>and</strong> take less time to observe <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir envir<strong>on</strong>ment around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m.<br />
This statistic may not represent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> normal findings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r spaces found in Sydney where<br />
VIVID exhibiti<strong>on</strong>s were being held.<br />
46
In additi<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re being an increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who observed something<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was also a shift in what l<strong>and</strong>marks/features were observed as shown<br />
by figures 5.14 <strong>and</strong> 5.15 <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following spread. Figure 5.15 shows that during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> before<br />
<strong>and</strong> after sessi<strong>on</strong>s people were primarily observing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Opera House <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Sydney Harbour Bridge. These three features are arguably <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> core characteristic <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney,<br />
which suggest <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in very much dependant <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> viewpoints <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
has. It creates <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place which is not immediate, but ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r outward looking.<br />
However, during VIVID, as shown by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ight aqua glowing areas, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> outward observing<br />
patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people reversed <strong>and</strong> became more inward looking as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attenti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people<br />
shifted to small scale, illuminated displays in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir direct proximity. As such, a greater spread <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
observati<strong>on</strong>s was seen across all l<strong>and</strong>marks <strong>and</strong> envir<strong>on</strong>mental features.<br />
S1 (1) - Before VIVID<br />
S1 (2) - Before VIVID<br />
S2 (1) - During VIVID (whilst active)<br />
S2 (2) - During VIVID<br />
S3 (1) - After VIVID<br />
S3 (2) - After VIVID<br />
Figure 5.13 - Amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who observed a l<strong>and</strong>mark or feature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each behaviour<br />
mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>. During VIVID <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re were more people who observed something than any<br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r sessi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
47
S1 (1) S1 (2) S2 (1) - During VIVID<br />
S2 (2) S3 (1) S3 (2)<br />
Figure 5.14 - All <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behvaiour mapping sessi<strong>on</strong>s side by side.<br />
48
Figure 5.15 - The observati<strong>on</strong> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designated study area for all sessi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour<br />
mapping. The coloured areas represent all sesis<strong>on</strong>s<br />
that were observed, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> light aqua glow represent<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most significant points <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID<br />
festival.<br />
49
NUMBER AND FLOW OF PEOPLE<br />
Ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r factor which increased in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> designated space during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival was <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people that were observed in, or moving through, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> periods<br />
before <strong>and</strong> after VIVID, a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 153 to 215 people were counted in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
VIVID festival, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was 599 people; more than double <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> any period that was<br />
recorded o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rwise. A comparative analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this data is shown by figure 5.16. This suggests<br />
that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> shift in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability to cause a swelling <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who engage<br />
with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place through sheer curiosity <strong>and</strong> interest. This is particularly exacerbated in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study, as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival is an internati<strong>on</strong>ally marketed, premiere event that<br />
Sydney runs every year. This alters <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place quite dramatically in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> how<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people change, as discussed fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r in parallel with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
following chapter.<br />
The percentage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people that moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space slowly during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival was<br />
also larger in proporti<strong>on</strong> compared to when it was not active. During VIVID, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> percentage<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people that moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space slowly was 27%; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> highest am<strong>on</strong>gst all <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> periods<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping. This, in part, is due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gested nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> event causing people to get<br />
stuck behind o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs. However, it is also likely a direct link to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival, <strong>on</strong>e<br />
which aims for people to stop, engage <strong>and</strong> observe with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> envir<strong>on</strong>ment around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m. The<br />
implicati<strong>on</strong>s for this in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong>, use <strong>and</strong> attachment to place is discussed<br />
fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following chapter al<strong>on</strong>gside <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> understood literature.<br />
DURATION OF 'STAY' IN PLACE<br />
During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> period when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival was active, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time spent by each<br />
individual or group in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space increased. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> period which <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival was<br />
active, 36% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people stopped at any point in time in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space. This compared to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
sessi<strong>on</strong>s is dramatically higher, as shown by figure 5.17. This is a reflecti<strong>on</strong> again <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> intent<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival; it is something which aims to get people to stop <strong>and</strong> be engaged with a place<br />
<strong>and</strong> ideas. There was slightly more people who stopped in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival<br />
compared to those before <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival. This may potentially be a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lingering<br />
effects <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival that cause people to stay more in a place as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir positive<br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y had during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival, however future research is needed to be<br />
able to determine <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> validity <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this noti<strong>on</strong>. It is also likely that this trend is apparent due to<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increase in warmer wea<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r as it gets closer to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> warmer seas<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
There is significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time a pers<strong>on</strong> stays in a place in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> to place. It is directly related to how much some<strong>on</strong>e pers<strong>on</strong>ally ‘invests’ into a place;<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>on</strong>ger some<strong>on</strong>e is in a place, generally <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> more vivid <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> memory <strong>and</strong> interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
(Stedman 2003). Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival causes people to spend more time in place<br />
a c<strong>on</strong>sequential effect can be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> building <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an attachment to a place as described fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r is<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> discussi<strong>on</strong> chapter.<br />
50
153<br />
176<br />
599<br />
173<br />
185<br />
215<br />
S1 (1) - Before VIVID<br />
S1 (2) - Before VIVID<br />
S2 (1) - During VIVID (whilst active)<br />
S2 (2) - During VIVID<br />
S3 (1) - After VIVID<br />
S3 (2) - After VIVID<br />
Figure 5.16 - Number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people from each sessi<strong>on</strong> who passed through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site.<br />
37%<br />
S1 (1) S1 (2) S2 (1) S2 (2) S3 (1) S3 (2)<br />
Figure 5.17 - Number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people from each sessi<strong>on</strong> who stopped in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site.<br />
51
DISPLAYS OF AFFECTIONS<br />
Similarly, ‘displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong>’ (such as holding h<strong>and</strong>s, kissing, hugging, having <strong>on</strong>e’s arm<br />
around ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r waist/shoulder) saw a peak during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> mapping when VIVID was<br />
active, as well as a period <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> higher levels following <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> exhibiti<strong>on</strong> as shown<br />
by figure 5.18. This is significant in relati<strong>on</strong> to establishing an attachment to place; displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
affecti<strong>on</strong> generally lead to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> retenti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> memories <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a specific place <strong>and</strong> moment in time<br />
which can lead to a great relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in which that interacti<strong>on</strong> has occurred. This can<br />
also change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place by creating a more social <strong>and</strong> hospitable atmosphere by<br />
changing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> typical social behaviours in a space.<br />
S1 (1) - Before VIVID<br />
S1 (2) - Before VIVID<br />
16%<br />
S2 (1) - During VIVID (whilst active)<br />
S2 (2) - During VIVID<br />
S3 (1) - After VIVID<br />
S3 (2) - After VIVID<br />
Figure 5.18 - Number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong> from each sessi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
52
FINDINGS SIGNIFICANCE FOR RESEARCH QUESTIONS<br />
1 Do ‘visual catalysts’, as a form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>, influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place?<br />
The findings show that ‘visual catalysts’ have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to influence people’s attracti<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study it has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to fundamentally transform<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place. The place observed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study transformed from <strong>on</strong>e which was<br />
primarily a transiti<strong>on</strong>al z<strong>on</strong>e (<strong>on</strong>e where people moved through to reach a certain destinati<strong>on</strong>)<br />
to <strong>on</strong>e which became a destinati<strong>on</strong> itself. It also transformed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in a social<br />
c<strong>on</strong>text; <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people were influenced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival itself, which in turn<br />
influences <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place.<br />
The findings present <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place changing in two ways: physically <strong>and</strong><br />
socially. The ‘visual catalysts’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observed case studies for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival presented an<br />
opportunity for people to shift how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y use a space. The purpose <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID is to engage people<br />
with ideas <strong>and</strong> places through illuminati<strong>on</strong> by establishing a range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> different interventi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
around Sydney. As such, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se interventi<strong>on</strong>s change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a space, <strong>and</strong> thus change<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>. During VIVID, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re were more people that observed around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> appeal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s; this led to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place becoming much<br />
more centred <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> user at a human scale. Before <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
site acts as a space to move to <strong>and</strong> from, <strong>and</strong> it dominated by large architecture <strong>and</strong> vehicular<br />
traffic. Through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> artistic creati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> interventi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human scale ‘visual catalysts’ this<br />
redefined <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space to become <strong>on</strong>e at a more intimate, manageable scale. Hence, this is also<br />
likely <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reas<strong>on</strong>s why people were less interested in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> outlook <strong>and</strong> viewpoints <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> harbour as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y initially were before <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong> as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can<br />
relate to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place at a greater human level.<br />
In a social c<strong>on</strong>text, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place also was influenced in a transformative way;<br />
predominantly due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <strong>and</strong> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people when in a crowd. As discussed,<br />
VIVID is an event where people travel from all parts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> world to see it. It has milli<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
people that attend annually, <strong>and</strong> has grown in popularity <strong>and</strong> scope substantially in recent<br />
years. This aura <strong>and</strong> reputati<strong>on</strong> brings with it a sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour that is expected when <strong>on</strong>e<br />
goes to see VIVID, <strong>and</strong> this was seen in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings. People during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID event were more<br />
likely to behave as a cohort <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people, a reflecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> expected social norms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being in a<br />
crowd, <strong>and</strong> were more likely to be more engaged with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y were expecting to<br />
observe <strong>and</strong> see things prior to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir arrival.<br />
Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a crowd changing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place was also a substantial<br />
finding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this research. The number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space was dramatically higher during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
VIVID festival than any o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r time period observed, <strong>and</strong> this changes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dynamic <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space.<br />
People had to move slower, had more time to take in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir surroundings, <strong>and</strong> generally had to<br />
53
follow <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social expectati<strong>on</strong>s that being in a crowded space produces. This lead to two main<br />
changes in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place; it became more intimate, whilst it also became a shared<br />
experience. People revelled toge<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increased attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place.<br />
2 Is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re evidence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a sustained interest in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalyst’ after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> has ceased?<br />
The finding show that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is not a str<strong>on</strong>g sustained interest in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual<br />
catalyst’ after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> has c<strong>on</strong>cluded. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings do show that it potentially<br />
can leave a ‘lingering’ effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> certain attributes which remain. Particularly, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings present<br />
some insightful findings about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> variati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sistencies in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> patterns <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviour<br />
observed during <strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival, yet for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most part <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is changed<br />
back to what it was like prior to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
The majority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attributes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place reverted back to pre-VIVID festival<br />
patterns – such as what particular l<strong>and</strong>marks <strong>and</strong> features people were observing, how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y<br />
moved through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space, <strong>and</strong> what <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y chose to engage with when in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space. This in turn<br />
changed back <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place accordingly to what it was like prior to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival;<br />
<strong>on</strong>e which was dominated as being a thoroughfare with little interacti<strong>on</strong> or interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
immediate lace. This is noted as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people that came to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours<br />
<strong>and</strong> acti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y undertook, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> overall c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ed elements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space had reverted<br />
back to what <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y were like prior to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s were being<br />
exhibited. As such, this suggests that whatever interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place that occurred in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> period<br />
when VIVID was active may be mostly transient, <strong>and</strong> is difficult to allow for a sustained interest<br />
to occur bey<strong>on</strong>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was also a slight increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who observed, showed<br />
signs <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> spent time in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival compared to before it occurred.<br />
This finding suggests that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re may be some residual enduring effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest that<br />
occur in that space which can c<strong>on</strong>jure positive affiliati<strong>on</strong>s with place.<br />
However, whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se are a c<strong>on</strong>sequential effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival is difficult to determine<br />
as it may be a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> transiti<strong>on</strong> from cooler m<strong>on</strong>ths to hotter <strong>on</strong>es, as well as o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
various external factors that were seen to occur in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> prevalence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> security<br />
<strong>and</strong> barricades.<br />
Although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s may not have created a substantial change in interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
locati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y were in, it is possible that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival <strong>on</strong> a broader<br />
scale could have changed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sydney with l<strong>on</strong>g term c<strong>on</strong>sequences. To explore this<br />
more, a discussi<strong>on</strong> with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> existing literature is in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following chapter.<br />
54
3 Can temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s, such as ‘visual catalysts’, be used to ignite<br />
place attachment to underutilised public places?<br />
The influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ have over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can be substantial<br />
as outlined in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> previous two research questi<strong>on</strong> discussi<strong>on</strong>s. The influence it has over<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong> social attributes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place can also potentially ignite place attachment to<br />
underutilised public places, as many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> features that increased during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival, such<br />
as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people, displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> overall interest levels, can be a str<strong>on</strong>g<br />
precursor <strong>and</strong> building block for a positive relati<strong>on</strong>ship for people with place.<br />
As seen in this study, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place became more centred <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> user; something<br />
which creates a more affable <strong>and</strong> positive relati<strong>on</strong>ship with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> user. The interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> what parts<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place altered, <strong>and</strong> became more intimate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an experience with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> direct human scale.<br />
This close interacti<strong>on</strong> with place can act as a precursor to a formed attachment. People during<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID exhibiti<strong>on</strong> were also shown to be more affecti<strong>on</strong>, which is also a direct precursor to<br />
potentially igniting <strong>on</strong>e’s attachment to place. Displays <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> affecti<strong>on</strong>, such as kissing, can create<br />
a lasting memory <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place which can lead to positive recollecti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong> affiliati<strong>on</strong>s as discussed<br />
fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following chapter.<br />
People were also found to be in more groups, <strong>and</strong> engaged with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place more readily <strong>and</strong><br />
heartily. The role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> crowds <strong>and</strong> being in groups lead to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people being<br />
more sociable <strong>and</strong> interest in <strong>on</strong>e ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r, as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir place around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m. People were<br />
observed to not have earph<strong>on</strong>es <strong>on</strong> as much during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival, which can be a barrier<br />
to creating a sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place as <strong>on</strong>e is detached from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> direct experience. Hence, it is likely<br />
that people were going to ignite an attachment to place more prominently during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> festival,<br />
ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than when it was not active.<br />
All <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se attributes can potentially lead to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a greater attachment to place,<br />
however acts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking are more likely to be building block towards greater<br />
attachment to place, such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID festival provided <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> opportunity for more memories to<br />
be made, <strong>and</strong> for more pers<strong>on</strong>al investment to be established about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place.<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
The findings presented in this chapter underline <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> core <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>me <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ having<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> capacity to influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in a transformative manner for both<br />
people <strong>and</strong> place. ‘Visual catalysts’ can redirect people’s attenti<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir encompassing<br />
reference points, <strong>and</strong> created a more receptive place at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human scale. Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, this has<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to lay <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> foundati<strong>on</strong>s for attachment to place to grow from. The implicati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se statements in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people’s experience <strong>and</strong> attachment to place is fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sidered in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> following chapter, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> discussi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
55
PART FIVE _<br />
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION<br />
56
DISCUSSION<br />
This chapter c<strong>on</strong>tains <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> discussi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> three aims. Each aim is addressed separately <strong>and</strong><br />
discussed in relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature <strong>and</strong> findings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study.<br />
AIM 1 DISCUSSION<br />
1 To underst<strong>and</strong> if creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s, such as ‘visual catalysts’, make<br />
places more attractive to people <strong>and</strong> increases <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised public places<br />
As presented in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings, it is apparent that ‘visual catalysts’ can have a pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ound influence<br />
<strong>on</strong> a pers<strong>on</strong>’s attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place; particularly for underutilised public places . Similar<br />
to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking as described by Moran et al. (2014), ‘visual catalysts’<br />
can fundamentally change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong> social experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place in a transformative<br />
manner. In a social c<strong>on</strong>text, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can transform <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> amount <strong>and</strong> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people. In a<br />
physical c<strong>on</strong>text, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can transform <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong>, narrative <strong>and</strong> hierarchy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place. In this<br />
study, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se transformati<strong>on</strong>s have meant <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place has shifted from <strong>on</strong>e being<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a transiti<strong>on</strong>al, outward looking space to <strong>on</strong>e c<strong>on</strong>ducive <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a more intimate, sociable <strong>and</strong><br />
culturally prosperous experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> extent <strong>and</strong> nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for<br />
‘visual catalysts’ to transform <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place should be understood as being variable;<br />
as this form <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong> is diverse in intent <strong>and</strong> performance.<br />
PHYSICAL: FUNCTION, NARRATIVE & HIERARCHY OF PLACE<br />
‘Visual catalysts’ can influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place through redefining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> narrative to centre <strong>on</strong> two <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mes – to observe <strong>and</strong> engage with place <strong>and</strong> ideas (Lyd<strong>on</strong> &<br />
Garcia 2015). In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> narrative <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s aligned<br />
with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se two <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>mes – it changed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place from <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an outward looking, expansive<br />
spatial experience to <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> intimacy, immediacy <strong>and</strong> inward attracti<strong>on</strong> centred <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> activity<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’. It is also likely that due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reputati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> sheer scale <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> VIVID<br />
festival that this noti<strong>on</strong> is heightened in intensity <strong>and</strong> scale.<br />
Whyte (1980) observes this simple rule – where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are places to sit, people will sit. Similarly,<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study – where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are places to engage, people will engage. ‘Visual<br />
catalysts’ provide an opportunity through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> graphic appeal, illuminati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> artistic<br />
manifestati<strong>on</strong>s to achieve this. Through this, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> functi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, as found in this study,<br />
becomes much more central to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> user – <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> pers<strong>on</strong> becomes <strong>on</strong>e <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> defining factors <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that place (Wyck<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f 2015). As a result, this transforms <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place through humanising it; a transformati<strong>on</strong> which is exacerbated in underutilised <strong>and</strong><br />
inhospitable places such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e observed in this study (Desimini 2015).<br />
57
‘Visual catalysts’ also shift <strong>and</strong> highlight <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> narrative <strong>and</strong> physical hierarchy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place – <strong>on</strong>e<br />
where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s can ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r become <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dominant experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, <strong>and</strong>/or <strong>on</strong>e<br />
where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> can imbue a str<strong>on</strong>ger experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (Lyd<strong>on</strong> & Garcia 2015). In<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study, both statements are accurate. The two main ‘visual catalysts’ studied<br />
imbued a focused experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place through illuminating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
space, <strong>and</strong> illuminating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultural significance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place as described in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings – <strong>on</strong>e<br />
which cannot be told through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site’s normal c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s as poignantly (Brunnberg & Frigo<br />
2012).<br />
Likewise, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> possibility to be changed <strong>on</strong> a larger scope – such as<br />
observed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> study. One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s centred around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> re-engagement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place<br />
al<strong>on</strong>gside a cultural narrative. It was <strong>on</strong>e which exhibited <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Eora Aboriginal people <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
deep spiritual <strong>and</strong> cultural c<strong>on</strong>necti<strong>on</strong>s with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> l<strong>and</strong> through visual projecti<strong>on</strong>s (Destinati<strong>on</strong><br />
NSW b 2016). This changed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> immediate experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place, yet through telling a story<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place it also had <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability to have broader impacts in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> how people underst<strong>and</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> importance <strong>and</strong> history <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that place. As such, it is significant to underst<strong>and</strong> when looking<br />
at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place being influenced by ‘visual catalysts’ to underst<strong>and</strong> that broader<br />
reaching c<strong>on</strong>cepts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can also be influenced prominently (Moran et al. 2014).<br />
SOCIAL: QUANTITY & BEHAVIOUR OF PEOPLE<br />
Agnew (2011) discusses <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> that events transform not <strong>on</strong>ly places but people, not <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
physical space but also social space. As seen in this study, that statement holds significant<br />
truth. During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time a temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong> is active, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place is prominently influenced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>refore behaviour, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people it attracts.<br />
Crowds <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people inherently changes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>sistent social behaviours <strong>and</strong> acti<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people in<br />
any given space (Gehl 2006). As observed by Whyte (1980), people attract people, but people<br />
also tend to do what o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r people do. This is significant in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being in a crowd - <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place becomes <strong>on</strong>e which is more holistic <strong>and</strong> dependant <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs. Likewise, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> accepted place scripts are followed more readily which leads to a more<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sistent <strong>and</strong> predictable use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (D<strong>on</strong>ald & Carter 1994).<br />
This noti<strong>on</strong> is aligned with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours observed during this study – <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was a marked<br />
change in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> observed behaviours <strong>and</strong> social structure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place before <strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> compared to when it was active. Whilst active, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people who<br />
occupied that place sharply increased – it became crowded <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social structure <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space became dominated by groups <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than individuals. C<strong>on</strong>sequently,<br />
this changes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place to become <strong>on</strong>e which is less individualistic, <strong>and</strong> more<br />
pluralistic – <strong>on</strong>e about groups <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place <strong>and</strong> engagement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ideas with<br />
o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rs. Likewise, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> typical behaviours <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people were more homogenous during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> event<br />
as compared to before <strong>and</strong> after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s. As such, it is important to note <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
crowds when underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place artists <strong>and</strong> designers are trying to c<strong>on</strong>vey<br />
<strong>and</strong> imbue in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir designs.<br />
58
Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>s being transient <strong>and</strong> foreign this is something that causes<br />
intrigue – it causes people to slow down, observe <strong>and</strong> ultimately spend more time in place<br />
taking in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir surroundings (Project for Public Spaces 2009). It is ir<strong>on</strong>ic to note that by having<br />
something transient in a space it can act as a mechanism for people to spend more time<br />
in a place. This means <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can be more vivid <strong>and</strong> have greater depth in<br />
underst<strong>and</strong>ing – something which can build across time (Wight 2005).<br />
It is evident from this study <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> existing literature that ‘visual catalysts’ certainly have<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability to influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised public places. It is significant<br />
to note that due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> diverse nature <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’, or creative placemaking for that<br />
matter, that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can be transformed in completely different ways <strong>and</strong> to<br />
different degrees <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> success – <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten dependant <strong>on</strong> how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noted factors are understood <strong>and</strong><br />
expressed through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> means <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> observati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> engagement.<br />
AIM 2 DISCUSSION<br />
2 To underst<strong>and</strong> if any increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised places induced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
temporary interventi<strong>on</strong> is sustained after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> has c<strong>on</strong>cluded<br />
One <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most significant gaps in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> existing literature <strong>on</strong> creative placemaking is whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se transient forms can have a sustained impact <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place after<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> removal, or c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>. As described in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings, it was apparent<br />
that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> level <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s were<br />
active diminished after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> removal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m. People generally reverted back to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> normal<br />
behaviours <strong>and</strong> uses <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space prior to what <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y were like before <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s. Yet, what can be understood from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature <strong>and</strong> this study is that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interest <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place being sustaining largely depends <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> purpose <strong>and</strong> success <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual<br />
catalyst’ itself.<br />
Moran et al. (2014) notes, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> influence from ‘visual catalysts’ <strong>on</strong> place is <strong>on</strong>e that can be a<br />
catalysing event that builds an experience across time. This reflects that noti<strong>on</strong> that <strong>on</strong>ce<br />
something happens, generally it is not <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> same again; nothing is inherently temporary. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s, it is likely that even after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> removal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m that<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a c<strong>on</strong>tinuum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> presence <strong>and</strong> visibility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> that lives <strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> minds <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
people. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> behaviours <strong>and</strong> acti<strong>on</strong>s that people show in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative<br />
placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s removal does not necessarily reflect this idea; that although <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
use has not increased in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> space, that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r inherent qualities that have changed<br />
as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> experiencing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in a different manner.<br />
This reflects back to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’ being a mechanism for l<strong>on</strong>g term change<br />
through short term acti<strong>on</strong>; something which inherent in its nature aims to change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place more <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten than not to be increased <strong>and</strong> more meaningful (Lyd<strong>on</strong> & Garcia 2015). As<br />
such, ‘visual catalysts’ have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability to provide a mechanism for l<strong>on</strong>g term change, <strong>and</strong> thus<br />
59
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> change <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that place, however <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are limited in providing a sustaining change to<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> unless if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> aim <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> is to change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
place itself in an enduring way.<br />
The VIVID festival itself is also unique in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sense that it is <strong>on</strong> a gr<strong>and</strong> scale in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative<br />
placemaking, <strong>and</strong> this has implicati<strong>on</strong>s in ano<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r sense in terms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. The<br />
festival started in 2009, <strong>and</strong> has grown substantially every year. This shows that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> success<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> change <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> space, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people using that space,<br />
through temporary interventi<strong>on</strong>s has c<strong>on</strong>sequently changed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use in a sustained manner<br />
for Sydney, as now due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> events popularity it c<strong>on</strong>tinues to grow <strong>and</strong> shape how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> city is<br />
experienced every year. This means <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a greater platform for enduring changes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place<br />
to occur, <strong>and</strong> that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re will be an increase in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underutilised public places in Sydney<br />
which can bring attenti<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir significance.<br />
Additi<strong>on</strong>ally, as noted in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first aim, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary<br />
place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s activity became <strong>on</strong>e more c<strong>on</strong>ducive to intimacy, sociability <strong>and</strong><br />
cultural prosperity. These factors were short term immediate results reliant <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical<br />
change to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place itself through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong>. Just as Jacobs (1961) found <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> everyday American city was changing due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> shift in how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y are planned, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an underutilised space, such as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>e c<strong>on</strong>sidered for this study, primarily<br />
shifted in its use due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical changes that occurred. Yet, as also observed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
study <strong>and</strong> by o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r researchers <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is potential for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> increased use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> space to ‘linger’,<br />
<strong>and</strong> potentially result in a progressi<strong>on</strong> from something which is purely a change in use <strong>and</strong><br />
attracti<strong>on</strong> to <strong>on</strong>e which is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attachment (Smald<strong>on</strong>e 2006). It may not necessarily maintain a<br />
physical experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place as observed by this study, but it can imbue a lasting memory <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that place which can ‘linger’ when re-established with that place (Stewart).<br />
AIM 3 DISCUSSION<br />
3 To underst<strong>and</strong> if creative placemaking interventi<strong>on</strong>s could be used to ignite place<br />
attachment in underutilised public places<br />
As discussed in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> previous two aims, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can be prominently influenced<br />
by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> introducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalysts’. The way <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place has a transformative effect <strong>on</strong> a pers<strong>on</strong>’s immediate<br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, as well as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to imbue a ‘lingering’ experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place.<br />
Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmore, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s also have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability to promote<br />
greater place attachment, as many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> factors that influence placemaking can also be<br />
attributed to this c<strong>on</strong>cept (Hidalgo & Hern<strong>and</strong>ez 2001). These factors include <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability to<br />
positively reframe an existing relati<strong>on</strong>ship with place, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cultivati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> memories, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
time <strong>and</strong> temporality in progressing attachment, <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for pers<strong>on</strong>al investment in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> for, <strong>and</strong> <strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place. However, as observed in this study<br />
<strong>and</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> literature, ‘visual catalysts’ are not likely to be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> main reas<strong>on</strong> behind some<strong>on</strong>e<br />
60
procuring an attachment to place (Desimini 2015). However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can act as a significant<br />
building block in that process, or be a foundati<strong>on</strong> for greater attachment to occur.<br />
REFRAMING THE EXISTING RELATIONSHIP OF PLACE<br />
Whe<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r ‘visual catalysts’ can promote greater place attachment depends substantially<br />
<strong>on</strong> where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is, <strong>and</strong> what <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> existing experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that place is like before any<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> occurs. In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site chosen was <strong>on</strong>e that was inhospitable<br />
<strong>and</strong> underutilised – <strong>on</strong>e that was dominated by a main road that runs through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> site <strong>and</strong> has<br />
little features that relate to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human form. The ‘visual catalysts’ activated an underutilised<br />
site <strong>and</strong> made it more relatable to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> human form. This, in turn, has made <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place more c<strong>on</strong>ducive to human centred experiences – something which is essential to<br />
allow <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> foundati<strong>on</strong> for a positive sense <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place <strong>and</strong> attachment to occur (Altman & Low<br />
1992). On <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r h<strong>and</strong>, where a ‘visual catalyst’ is brought into an already humanised<br />
space <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is also <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> to have a pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ound impact <strong>on</strong> a pers<strong>on</strong>’s<br />
experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that place, as instead <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> being a foundati<strong>on</strong>al event it can act as a building block<br />
to that establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attachment as described by Korpela et al. (2009). Yet, it is important<br />
to note that this catalysed attachment to place may deteriorate following <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> removal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is no ‘lingering’ experiences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (Desimini 2015).<br />
MEMORIES<br />
‘Visual catalysts’ have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability to create more emotive <strong>and</strong> sociable interacti<strong>on</strong>s – as seen in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> findings <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study where people were more affecti<strong>on</strong>ate, talkative <strong>and</strong> likely to be more<br />
engrossed with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir surroundings. Although all <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se factors may not be <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> case for all ‘visual<br />
catalysts’, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir transient nature certainly pertains <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m to providing poignant <strong>and</strong> ‘punchy’<br />
experiences as described by Kaltenborn <strong>and</strong> Williams (2002) <strong>and</strong> Stedman (2006). This, as a<br />
result, can lead to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> formati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> meaningful memories. Memories are a significant factor in<br />
relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for some<strong>on</strong>e to have an attachment to place (Altman & Low 1992).<br />
TIME AND TEMPORALITY<br />
Time <strong>and</strong> temporality plays a significant role in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for ‘visual catalysts’ to promote<br />
greater place attachment. Yet, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> people having a limited amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> time in a<br />
place, such as those which are engaged with temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>s, primarily<br />
promoting attracti<strong>on</strong> ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than attachment as discussed by Smald<strong>on</strong>e (2006) is an accurate<br />
propositi<strong>on</strong> as seen through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> work <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> this study. However, what fails to be noted is that<br />
attachment can be cultivated from attracti<strong>on</strong> – a noti<strong>on</strong> which is proposed by Brown <strong>and</strong><br />
Raym<strong>on</strong>d (2007). This is because <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> simple attracti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong><br />
embodies fundamental attributes that influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> promoti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a pers<strong>on</strong>’s attachment to<br />
place. Through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir transient nature, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can instil poignant memories <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> an experience<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that place – <strong>on</strong>e which is can be treasured just as significantly than that which is not<br />
61
immediately transient; a reflecti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> our instinctual afflicti<strong>on</strong> with loss <strong>and</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> desire to<br />
maintain stability (Altman & Low 1992).<br />
PERSONAL INVESTMENT<br />
However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are limitati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> ‘visual catalyst’ establishing an attachment between place<br />
<strong>and</strong> people in relati<strong>on</strong> to time <strong>and</strong> temporality. This is not solely because <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong><br />
is a transient act, but because it is <strong>on</strong>e that is more focused <strong>on</strong> a product driven result<br />
ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than a process driven outcome (Moran et al. 2014). In some o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r forms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> creative<br />
placemaking <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is a holistic community engagement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> creati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a place which leads<br />
to a much str<strong>on</strong>ger ability to establish <strong>on</strong>e’s attachment to place due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> social investment<br />
put into that place (Marshall & Bishop 2015). The VIVID festival is not <strong>on</strong>e which engages<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> community in its establishment - <strong>on</strong>ly for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience. This limits ultimately limits its<br />
ability to form attachment to place, yet it does not exclude it from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> noti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attachment<br />
being able to occur. As such, an initial attracti<strong>on</strong> to place due to a ‘visual catalyst’ has <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
ability to lay <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> foundati<strong>on</strong>s for attachment to occur primarily dependant <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> purpose<br />
<strong>and</strong> success <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> temporary place-based interventi<strong>on</strong>.space <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is also <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
interventi<strong>on</strong> to have a pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ound impact <strong>on</strong> a pers<strong>on</strong>’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> that place, as instead <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
being a foundati<strong>on</strong>al event it can act as a building block to that establishment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> attachment<br />
as described by Korpela et al. (2009). Yet, it is important to note that this catalysed attachment<br />
to place may deteriorate following <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> removal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> interventi<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> place if <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re is no<br />
‘lingering’ experiences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place (Desimini 2015).<br />
RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
The relati<strong>on</strong>ship between creative placemaking <strong>and</strong> people’s experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is <strong>on</strong>e<br />
that requires fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r research. The use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a quantitative methodological paradigm for this<br />
research project was useful in gaining a thorough underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> how people change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />
behaviours in a place, <strong>and</strong> how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place is influenced. This underst<strong>and</strong>ing can<br />
be streng<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ned through future research with a qualitative methodological paradigm; <strong>on</strong>e<br />
which examines individuals experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> lifetime <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a creative placemaking<br />
interventi<strong>on</strong>s through interviews. This would provide pers<strong>on</strong>al insight <strong>and</strong> a social dimensi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> underst<strong>and</strong>ing into how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place can be altered across time. Likewise,<br />
this could provide fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r insight, <strong>and</strong> would be a likely next step <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> research, when wanting<br />
to delve more intently into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> how <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se transient forms can potential<br />
cultivate <strong>and</strong> catalyse an attachment to place.<br />
CONCLUSION<br />
‘Visual catalysts’ have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to change <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attracti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place in a<br />
transformative manner. They can change both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> physical <strong>and</strong> social formati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a space. As<br />
found in this study, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y can also have <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> potential to promote greater attachment to place<br />
62
through <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ability <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> experience to establish memories <strong>and</strong> positive affinities with place.<br />
Creative placemaking is a movement <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rise, so by underst<strong>and</strong>ing what <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> real social<br />
<strong>and</strong> physical outcomes are for our experience <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong>ing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> place, we can all be<br />
more prepared to utilise this phenomen<strong>on</strong> in more practical, <strong>and</strong> c<strong>on</strong>structive ways in urban<br />
planning <strong>and</strong> design.<br />
63
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APPENDIX A<br />
69
NAME __________________________________________________________________ LOCATION ______________________________________________________________________<br />
SESSION ___________________________________ DATE _______________________________________ TIME ____________________________________<br />
WEATHER<br />
(temperature, precipitati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
humidity, light levels, cloud<br />
coverage, wind, visibility etc.)<br />
SITE CONDITIONS<br />
(cleanliness, amount <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> shadow,<br />
street lights functi<strong>on</strong>al,<br />
maintenance etc.)<br />
OTHER<br />
APPENDIX B<br />
CONCLUDING NOTES<br />
(to be completed up<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> sessi<strong>on</strong> – includes overall<br />
thoughts, key observati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />
preliminary interpretati<strong>on</strong>s)<br />
70
APPENDIX C<br />
71
APPENDIX D<br />
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC<br />
PRELIM. RESEARCH + LITERATURE REVIEW UPDATE 1 UPDATE 2<br />
AIMS, OBJECTIVES & RESEARCH QUESTIONS UPDATE 1<br />
METHODOLOGY & METHODS<br />
VIVID<br />
BEHAVIOURAL MAPPING<br />
2 x BEFORE 2 x DURING 2 x AFTER<br />
INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS FINAL DATA ANALYSIS<br />
PREPERATION AND/OR ASSEMBLY PERIOD<br />
ACTIVE/IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD<br />
LITERATURE REVIEW SUBMISSION<br />
METHODOLOGY & METHODS SUBMISSION<br />
RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMISSION<br />
CONCLUSION AND FINAL REVIEW<br />
SYNTHESIS OF FINDGS & WRITE UP OF DISCUSSION<br />
FINAL SUBMISSION<br />
72