ENFORCEMENT
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Office of the Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator<br />
31<br />
See, e.g., International Chamber of Commerce, “Controlling<br />
the Zone: Balancing Facilitation and Control to Combat Illicit<br />
Trade in the World’s Free Trade Zones,” at p. 9 (May 2013),<br />
accessed from http://www.iccwbo.org/advocacy-codes-andrules/bascap/international-engagement-and-advocacy/freetrade-zones/.<br />
32<br />
See, e.g., Organization for Economic Cooperation and<br />
Development, “The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and<br />
Piracy,” at p. 85 (June 2008) (stating that free trade areas have<br />
emerged as facilitators of intellectual property rights abuses,<br />
and that the lack of controls in these areas has made them<br />
attractive locations for parties engaging in trade of counterfeit<br />
and pirated products), accessed from http://www.oecd.org/sti/<br />
ind/theeconomicimpactofcounterfeitingandpiracy.htm.<br />
33<br />
See, e.g., International Trademark Association, “INTA Model<br />
Free Trade Agreement: Measures To Halt The Transshipment<br />
And Transit Of Counterfeit Goods In Free Trade Zones,” at<br />
pp. 29-30 (May 2011), accessed from http://www.inta.org/<br />
Advocacy/Documents/INTAModelFreeTradeAgreement.pdf.<br />
34<br />
See, e.g., United Nations Conference on Trade and<br />
Development, “UNCTAD Trust Fund for Trade Negotiations,<br />
Technical Note No. 3: Use of Customs Automation Systems,” at<br />
p. 4 (January 2011) (“the Automated System for Customs Data<br />
Management (ASYCUDA) is a computerized customs management<br />
system, developed by UNCTAD, which is fully integrated and<br />
covers the complete clearance process. The system handles<br />
manifests and customs declarations, accounting procedures, and<br />
transit and suspense procedures. ASYCUDA generates trade data<br />
that can be used for statistical economic analysis. It has been<br />
implemented in more than 90 countries and territories worldwide.<br />
A web-based version, ASYCUDA World, integrates state-of-the-art<br />
ICT technologies”), accessed from http://unctad.org/en/Docs/<br />
TN03_CustomsAutomationSystems.pdf.<br />
the intellectual property rights holder pays the expenses<br />
associated with the destruction of counterfeit goods, but these<br />
expenses can be recovered from the infringer), accessed from<br />
https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/documents/11370/80606/<br />
Observatory+update+on+storage+and+destruction.<br />
38<br />
See, e.g. International Trademark Association, “INTA Bulletin:<br />
Customs Border Measures Around the Mediterranean” (January<br />
2011) (as one court in Israel opined, it is “inconceivable that a<br />
person whose rights were infringed will also be compelled to<br />
cover storage and destruction costs when he is not involved in<br />
the importation and only seeks to prevent the infringement of his<br />
rights”), accessed from http://www.inta.org/INTABulletin/Pages/<br />
CustomsBorderMeasuresAroundtheMediterranean.aspx (quoting<br />
Dior v. Evivi et al., C.F. 6949-12-08 (March 11, 2009) (Israel)).<br />
39<br />
See, e.g., International Chamber of Commerce, “BASCAP 25<br />
Best Practices for IPR Enforcement,” at p. 2 (September 2015),<br />
accessed from http://www.iccwbo.org/Data/Documents/Bascap/<br />
International-engagement-and-advocacy/Country-Initiatives/<br />
BASCAP-25-Best-practices-for-IPR-Enforcement-Version-24-<br />
September-2015/.<br />
40<br />
See, e.g. World Intellectual Property Organization, “The WIPO<br />
Disposal Study,” at p. 11 (November 2013) (“Adjusted to include<br />
goods carried by air-cargo, the physical volume of infringing<br />
goods can be assumed to be the equivalent of 2.39 million<br />
TEU [a TEU is a full 20-foot maritime container]; or 6500 full 20ft<br />
containers passing through official controls each day.”), accessed<br />
from http://artnet.unescap.org/tid/projects/infringing-goodsdavid.pdf.<br />
41<br />
See, e.g., Soentgen, Judith, “Disposing Of Counterfeit<br />
Goods: Unseen Challenges,” WIPO Magazine (November<br />
2012), accessed from http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/<br />
en/2012/06/article_0007.html.<br />
35<br />
See, e.g., Organization for Economic Cooperation and<br />
Development, “OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators – United<br />
States” (April 2014), accessed from https://www.oecd.org/<br />
unitedstates/united-states-oecd-trade-facilitation-indicatorsapril-2014.pdf.<br />
36<br />
See, e.g., World Intellectual Property Organization, Advisory<br />
Committee on Enforcement, Fifth Session, “Addressing Costs<br />
and Balancing Rights,” at p. 4 (September 2009), accessed<br />
from http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/enforcement/en/<br />
wipo_ace_5/wipo_ace_5_7.pdf; see also Soentgen, Judith,<br />
“Disposing Of Counterfeit Goods: Unseen Challenges,” WIPO<br />
Magazine (November 2012), accessed from http://www.wipo.<br />
int/wipo_magazine/en/2012/06/article_0007.html.<br />
37<br />
See, e.g., U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Intellectual<br />
Property: Observations on Efforts to Quantity the Economic<br />
Effects of Counterfeit and Pirated Goods,” at p. 3 (April 2010)<br />
(“the federal government also incurs costs to store and destroy<br />
counterfeit and pirated goods. Seized goods have to be<br />
secured, as they have potential value but cannot be allowed<br />
to enter U.S. commerce. Storage may be prolonged by law<br />
enforcement actions, but the goods are generally destroyed<br />
or otherwise disposed of when they are determined to be<br />
illegal and are no longer needed. According to CBP officials, as<br />
seizures have increased, the agency’s storage and destruction<br />
costs have grown and become increasingly burdensome. CBP<br />
reported that it spent about $41.9 million to destroy seized<br />
property between fiscal years 2007 and 2009”), accessed from<br />
http://gao.gov/new.items/d10423.pdf; see also Office for<br />
Harmonization in the Internal Market, “Observatory Update on<br />
Storage and Destruction,” at p. 7 (2014) (finding that in Greece,<br />
42<br />
See, e.g., World Intellectual Property Organization, “Disposal<br />
and Destruction: An Examination of Challenges and Possible<br />
Solutions Prepared for the Sixth Session of the WIPO Advisory<br />
Committee on Enforcement,” at p. 12 (September 2011),<br />
accessed from http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/aspac/en/<br />
wipo_ipr_pnh_11/wipo_ipr_pnh_11_ref_t3.pdf; see also TRIPS:<br />
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property<br />
Rights, Article 46, April 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement<br />
Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, THE<br />
LEGAL TEXTS: THE RESULTS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND OF<br />
MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS 320 (1999), 1869<br />
U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1197 (1994) (providing that intellectual<br />
property infringing goods should be “disposed of outside the<br />
channels of commerce in such a manner as to avoid any harm<br />
caused to the right holder, or, unless this would be contrary to<br />
existing constitutional requirements, destroyed,” and further,<br />
that “the simple removal of the trademark unlawfully affixed<br />
shall not be sufficient, other than in exceptional cases, to permit<br />
release of the goods into the channels of commerce”), accessed<br />
from https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf.<br />
43<br />
See, e.g., United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Focus<br />
on The Illicit Trafficking of Counterfeit Goods and Transnational<br />
Organized Crime,” at p. 4 (January 2014), accessed from<br />
https://www.unodc.org/documents/counterfeit/FocusSheet/<br />
Counterfeit_focussheet_EN_HIRES.pdf.<br />
44<br />
See, e.g., United Nations Environment Programme,<br />
“Information Note” (July 2012), accessed from http://<br />
www.unep.org/ozonaction/News/Features/2012/<br />
SoutheastAsiaexploressynergies/tabid/104354/Default.aspx.<br />
SECTION 3<br />
117