Encyclopedia of

320 Grape Seed Extract
8. Krueger, C.G.; Dopke, N.C.; Treichel, P.M.;
Folts, J.; Reed, J.D. Matrix-assisted laser
9.
desorption=ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
of polygalloyl polyflavan-3-ols in grape
seed extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48,
1663–1667.
Bagchi, D.; Garg, A.; Krohn, R.L.; Bagchi, M.;
Tran, M.X.; Stohs, S.J. Oxygen free radical
scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a
grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro.
Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1997,
95 (2), 179–189.
10. Plumb, G.W.; De Pascual-Teresa, S.;
Santos-Buelga, C.; Cheynier, V.; Williamson,
G. Antioxidant properties of catechins and
proanthocyanidins: effect of polymerisation,
galloylation and glycosylation. Free Radic.
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Res. 1998, 29 (4), 351–358.
Shafiee, M.; Carbonneau, M.A.; Urban, N.;
Descomps, B.; Leger, C.L. Grape and grape
seed extract capacities at protecting LDL against
oxidation generated by Cu2þ, AAPH or
12.
SIN-1 and at decreasing superoxide THP-1 cell
production. A comparison to other extracts or
compounds. Free Radic. Res. 2003, 37 (5),
573–584.
Carini, M.; Stefani, R.; Aldini, G.; Ozioli, M.;
Facino, R.M. Procyanidins from Vitis vinifera
seeds inhibit the respiratory burst of activated
human neutrophils and lysosomal enzyme
13.
release. Planta Med. 2001, 67 (8), 714–717.
Aldini, G.; Carini, M.; Piccoli, A.; Rossoni, G.;
Facino, R.M. Procyanidins from grape seeds
protect endothelial cells from peroxynitrite
damage and enhance endothelium-dependent
relaxation in human artery: new evidences
14.
for cardio-protection. Life Sci. 2003, 73 (22),
2883–2898.
Yoshimura, Y.; Nakazawa, H.; Yamaguchi, F.
Evaluation of the NO scavenging activity of
procyanidin in grape seed by use of the TMA-
PTIO=NOC 7 ESR system. J. Agric. Food
Chem. 2003, 51 (22), 6409–6412.
15. Gao, J.; Tang, H.; Li, Y.; Liu, H.; Zhao, B. EPR
study of the toxicological effects of gas-phase
cigarette smoke and the protective effects of
grape seed extract on the mitochondrial
16.
membrane. Appl. Magn. Reson. 2002, 22 (4),
497–511.
Shao, Z.-H.; Becker, L.B.; Vanden Hoek, T.L.;
Schumacker, P.T.; Li, C.-Q.; Zhao, D.; Wojcik,
K.; Anderson, T.; Qin, Y.; Dey, L.; Yuan,
Ch.-S. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract
attenuates oxidant injury in cardiomyocytes.
Pharmacol. Res. 2003, 47 (6), 463–469.
17. Fuhrman, B.; Lavy, A.; Aviram, M. Consumption
of red wine with meals reduces the susceptibility
of human plasma and low-density
lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. Am. J. Clin.
Nut. 1995, 61, 549–554.
18. Teissedre, P.-L.; Landrault, N. Wine phenolics:
contribution to dietary intake and bioavailability.
Food Res. Int. 2000, 33, 461–467.
19. Auger, C.; Caporiccio, B.; Landrault, N.;
Teissedre, P.L.; Laurent, C.; Cros, G.; Besancon,
P.; Rouanet, J.M. Red wine phenolic compounds
reduce plasma lipids and apolipoprotein B and
prevent early aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic
golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus
auratus). J. Nutr. 2002, 132, 1207–1213.
20. Deckert, V.; Desrumaux, C.; Athias, A.;
Duverneuil, L.; Palleau, V.; Gambert, P.;
Masson, D.; Lagrost, L. Prevention of a-tocopherol
consumption, cholesterol oxidation, and
vascular endothelium dysfunction by red wine
polyphenolic compounds. Atherosclerosis 2002,
165, 41–50.
21. Facino, R.M.; Carini, M.; Aldini, G.; Berti, F.;
Rossoni, G.; Bombardelli, E.; Morazzoni, P.
Diet enriched with procyanidins enhances
antioxidant activity and reduces myocardial
post-ischaemic damage in rats. Life Sci. 1999,
64 (8), 627–642.
22. Tebib, K.; Rouanet, J.M.; Besancon, P. Antioxidant
effects of dietary polymeric grape seed tannins
in tissues of rats fed a high, cholesterol
vitamin E-deficient diet. Food Chem. 1997,
59 (1), 135–141.
23. Koga, T.; Moro, K.; Nakamori, K.; Yamakoshi,
J.; Hosoyama, H.; Kataoka, S.; Ariga, T.
Increase of antioxidative potential of rat plasma
by oral administration of proanthocyanidin-rich
extract from grape seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem.
1999, 47, 1892–1897.
24. Vinson, J.A.; Proch, J.; Bose, P. Meganatural((R))
gold grapeseed extract: in vitro
antioxidant and in vivo human supplementation
studies. J. Med. Food 2001, 4 (1), 17–26.
25. Chopra, M.; Fitzsimons, P.E.; Strain, J.J.;
Thurnham, D.I.; Howard, A.N. Nonalcoholic
red wine extract and quercetin inhibit LDL
oxidation without affecting plasma antioxidant
vitamin and carotenoid concentrations. Clin.
Chem. 2000, 46 (8 Pt 1), 1162–1170.
26. Nuttall, S.L.; Kendall, M.J.; Bombardelli, E.;
Morazzoni, P. An evaluation of the antioxidant