Encyclopedia of

808 Index
Glucosamine (contd.)
clinical trials, 283–284
disease modification, 284
dose, 283, 284
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 279, 283
and osteoarthritis (OA), 279–284
cartilage, 279, 280, 283, 284
osteoarthritis therapy, use in, 280–281
pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, 280
preparations, 281
cocrystals and coprecipitates, 282
comparison, 283
glucosamine hydrochloride, 282
glucosamine sulfate, 281
glucosamine with sulfate, 281–282
physical mixtures, 282–283
safety, 284
adverse effects, 281, 283
Glucosamine=chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial.
See GAIT.
Glutamine, 287–296
biochemistry and functions, 287–288
biological synthesis and utilization, 287–288
metabolic functions, 288
catabolic disease, 290–291
catabolic states, 290–291
interorgan transport, 291
description, general, 287
glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), 288, 290
glutaminase (GA), 288, 290
hepatic glutaminase (hGA), 288
kidney glutaminase (kGA), 288
glutaminolysis, 288
nutritional supplementation, 291–293
athletic performance enhancement, 292
immune system enhancement, 293
intestinal renewal and function, 292
sickle cell disease, 292
total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 291–292
in very-low-birth-weight infants, 292
physiology, 288–289
cell proliferation, 288–289
cellular functions, 288
synthesis, 288, 290, 291
systemic metabolism, 289–290
acidosis, control of, 290
cycling in brain and liver, 289–290
production by muscle and lung, 290
Glutamine synthetase (GS), 287, 289, 290
Glycyrrhiza glabra. See Licorice.
Glycones, and quercetin, 577, 578
Glycosaminoglycans. See GAGs.
Goldenseal, 297–308
berberine, 297, 298, 302, 303, 304, 305
chemistry, 299
alkaloids, 299
formulation and analysis, 299
clinical studies on berberine, 302
cardiovascular and circulatory disorders, 302–303
cirrhosis, 303
diarrhea, 303
digestive, hepatic, and gastrointestinal disorders, 303
parasitic disease, 303
contraindications, 303
description, 297
yellow root, 297
dosage and toxicity, 303
drug interactions, 304
history and traditional uses, 298–299
immunostimulatory effect, 298
b-hydrastine, 297, 299, 300, 302
precautions, 304–305
preclinical studies on berberine, 300–302
adrenal functions, 301
antiarrhythmic effects, 301
antiproliferative activity, 300
cancer, 300
cardiotonicity and cardioprotection, 301
cardiovascular and circulatory functions,
and berberine, 301
chemopreventive activity, 300
chemotherapy adjunct activity, 300
congestive heart failure, 301
connective, tissue functions, 302
cytotoxicity, 300
diarrhea, 301
digestive, hepatic, and gastrointestinal functions, 301
endocrine and hormonal functions, 301
fungal infections, 301
hepatic functions, 301
hypertension, 301
immunology, 301
infectious diseases, 301–302
integumentary, muscular, and skeletal functions, 302
microbial infections, 301
osteoporosis, 302
parasitic infections, 302
receptor and neurotransmitter mediated functions, 302
respiratory and pulmonary functions, 302
preclinical studies on goldenseal and berberine, 299–300
antimicrobial and antifungal activity, 300
cardiovascular and circulatory functions, 299
immune functions, 299–300
respiratory and pulmonary functions, 300
pregnancy and lactation, use in, 304
toxicity, 304
Grape seed extract, 309–325
angiotensin, 316
anthocyanidin, 309, 314
catechin, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319
chemical composition, 309–311
endothelial cells and, 313, 316, 317
endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (EDR), 313
epicatechin, 310, 313, 314, 316, 318
mechanisms of action, 311–313
anti-inflammatory, 312–313
antioxidant, 311–312
immunostimulatory, antiviral, and anticancer, 313
vasodilation, 313
oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), 310, 314, 318
pharmacokinetics, 314
animal and human studies, 314
pharmacology, 314–318
anticarcinogenic and anticancer effects, 314
energy metabolism, effects on, 318
hair growth effects, 316
hepatoprotective and tissue protective effects, 316
inflammation and allergy protective effects, 316
metabolic and nutritional effects, 315–316
obesity management, 318
postoperative edema effects, 317
premenstrual syndrome effects, 316
renal and cardioprotective effects, 315–316
skin and wound healing effects, 317