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Table 2. Changes in the hectarage planted with rice in relation to the changes in the number of tractors and buffalo population in the World, Asia and Southeast Asia. Geographioal Changes in area planted with Changes in the number of tractors and buffaloes in 1993 locations rice in 1993 over 1979-81 over 1979-81 Tractor Buffalo Area (1 000ha) % No. % (1 000 head) % World Asia SE Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam +92 1 +16.5 +14,172 +62.1 +646 +28.0 Adapted from: 1994 Production Yearbook (FAO, 1995) U f P
Buffah production systems in South East Asia (4) as a means for quick transportation. However, buEalo raising will still remain an integral part of the farming systems of the smallholder fmers because of some of the advantages the farmer derives in keeping buflFaloes. A mature buffalo may void 5-7 MT of fresh manure per annum which could fkhlize the soil. Raising buffaloes will not entail extra expense to the fanner but may even help to utihze excess family labour and farm waste products more efficiently. Moreover, even with the use of a hand tractor for tillage, the buffalo is still used to plough the rice paddy close to the dike. Management of buffaloes under rice-based fkmhg systems is considered a very simple, less strenuous task and it is usually assigned t o w members like children, women or old folks who cannot do hard work. The buffaloes are tethered and allowed to graze along roadsides, vacant lots or communal grazing lands and in paddy fields after the harvest of primary or secondary crops, to utilize rice straw, corn stover, groundnut hay, soybean hay and other fodder or grasses as feed. In coconut, oil palm or sugar canebased farming systems, buffaloes are used to transport coconuts, bunches of fiesh hit, oil palm nuts or sugar cane stalks to loading areas. Castrated bulls are usually preferred for such tasks because of their size, strength and docility. In Thailand, buffalo bulls are usually castrated at the age of 2.5 to 3.0 years (Chantalakhana and Bunyavejchewin, 1989); and in the Philippines, at amean age of 3.3 years with a range of 1.8 - 4.8 years (De Guzman and Pereq 1981 cited by Momongan, 1992). When not used for work, buffaloes are tethered or allowed to graze under coconut or oil palm trees. Under sugar cane-based farming systems, buffaloes are tethered under trees or under shelter and fed with sugar cane tops or young sugar cane plants or other crop residues. Mating occurs in communal grazing areas, usually after the crop harvest. As a result the farmer may not know which buffalo bull mated the cow. With the onset of the rainy season when the paddy fields are prepared and planted for the next cropping season, the buffaloes are tied near or under the house of the farmer and fed rice straw or freshly-cut grasses. Concentrate supplements are not normally given, except table
Page 1 and 2: The Role of the Buffalo in Rural De
Page 3 and 4: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P
Page 5 and 6: This publication contains the r&ear
Page 7 and 8: Transfer of technology in smallhold
Page 9 and 10: The nutritional status ofindigenous
Page 11 and 12: SESSION VI - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMM
Page 13 and 14: In order to dissentinate the knowle
Page 15 and 16: Address by Prof. Priyani E. Soysa (
Page 17 and 18: Address by Dr. Aha1 Sher (Represent
Page 19 and 20: Address by Mr. Bernard Soysa (Hon.
Page 21 and 22: with other people and to see that w
Page 23 and 24: Development Board, the Mahaweli Aut
Page 25 and 26: Buffalo production systems in South
Page 27: Buffalo production systems in South
Page 31 and 32: Table 3. World, Asia and Southeast
Page 33 and 34: ~ Table 5. World, Asia and Southeas
Page 35 and 36: Buflalo production systems in South
Page 41 and 42: BufJh.10 production systems in Sout
Page 43 and 44: Project on dhsemination of informat
Page 45 and 46: Project on dissemination of informa
Page 47 and 48: Project on dbsemination of informat
Page 49 and 50: DISCUSSION Q: C. Devendra - Thank y
Page 51 and 52: General session Q: D.K. Singh - If
Page 53 and 54: Relevance and importance of crop-an
Page 65 and 66: Relevance and importance ofcrop-ani
Page 67 and 68: Table 4. Average economic performan
Page 69 and 70: Relevance and importance ofcrop-ani
Page 77 and 78: The use of female buflaloei for on-
Page 79 and 80:
The use offem ale buflaaloes for on
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m Table 3. Animal numbers and calvi
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3 3 9 Table 4. Use of pngnant buffa
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The use offemale buflaloes for on-f
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TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY IN SMALLHOLD
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. base of t
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. benefits
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. of undere
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. (CuSO,.SH
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. W. Feedin
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. many year
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. owners (2
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. haemorrha
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. Milk yiel
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. Birth wei
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. change th
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References H. Abeygunawardena et al
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H. Abeygunawardena et al. Nolan, J.
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SUPPLY RESPONSE OF MILK AND MANAGEM
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C. Bogahawatte resulted in a price
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where, Si = Supply of milk of i th
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C. Bogahawatte Table 2. Supply resp
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C. Bogahawatte yield of cattle and
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C. Bogahawatte Table 6. Technical e
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ean itnportmt ifidvefor mill< produ
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Appendix Table 1. Yield equations f
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A FlELD SURVEY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL
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K.K. Pathirana er al. of Ruhunu cur
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Microbiological Studies K.K. Pathir
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Some Management Practices K.K. Path
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K.K. Pathirana et al. when availabl
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Lactic Starter Culture Organisms K.
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K.K. Pathirana et al. 1985), substa
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K.K. Pathirana et al. of healthy pe
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K.K. Pathirana et al. Lie, J.L. and
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Persistence of milkyield in the buf
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Pershtence of milk yield in the buf
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Persirtence ofm flkyield in the buf
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Persistence of milkyield in the buf
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Factors affecting carcms and meat q
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Factors aflecting carcms and meat q
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Factors affecting carcass and meat
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Factbrs aflecting carcasf and meat
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Factors agecting carcass and meat q
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Session I - Production Systems and
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Discussion Q : S.K. Ranj han - What
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Discussion Comment: W. Perera - As
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Breeding strategies for rural buffa
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Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Breeding strategies for rural bufal
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' Breeding strategies for rural buf
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Breeding strategies for rural bufal
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Breeding strategies for rural bufSa
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Physiological responses of Lankan b
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Page 197 and 198:
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Physiological respomes of Lankan bu
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Effectiveness of cooling in heat st
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Effectiveness ofcooling in heat str
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Efectiveness of cooling in heat str
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF LANKAN B
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Session I/ - Genotype and environme
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Session II - Genotype and environme
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NEW CONCEPI'S. AND STRATEGIES IN TH
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N. V. Thu 'relatively sophisticated
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N. V. Thu renewable resources will
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Feeding the Rumen Microbes N. V. Th
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N. V. Thu barrier to digestion (Dav
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e increased by 200% by fermentation
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References N. V. Thu Acharya, R M (
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N. V. Thu Thu, N.V., Dong, N.T.K.,
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Development of supplementary feedin
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Development ofsupplementary feeding
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Development of supplementaly feedin
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Natural and alternate feed sources
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Page 244 and 245:
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Natural und alternate feed sources
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Page 250 and 251:
SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF PROGESTERON
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R Sivakanesan et al. Being herbivor
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RESULTS R Sivakanesan et al. Postpa
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R Sivakanesan et al. Table 2. Serum
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DISCUSSION R Sivakanesan et al. The
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R. Sivakanesan et al. Carr, B.R, Ma
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CHANGES IN GROWTH, RUMEN CHARACTERI
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E.R.K. Perera and A.N.F. Perera dry
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E.RK. Perera and A.N.F. Perera Tabl
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E.RK. Perera and A.N.F. Perera non-
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E.RK. Perera and A.N.F. Perera Masa
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Nutritional packages in bufalo prod
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Nutritional packages in buflalo pro
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Nutritional packages in buffalo pro
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Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
STUDY OF THE GRAZING BEHAVIOUR AND
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H. Peiris and A. Perera ruminating
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H. Peiris and A. Perera Table 3. Th
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H. Peiris and A. Perera In conclusi
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Nutritional status of selected micr
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Session 111 - ~utrition and feeding
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Session 111 - Nutrition and feeding
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THE IMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFI
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S. N. H. Shah have been registered,
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HERD HEALTH PROGRAMME (HHP) S. N. H
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S. N. H. Shah Ware, F. (1942) A fur
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Reproduction and productive charact
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Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Variations in testicular characteri
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Page 320 and 321:
Variations in testicular characterb
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Variatiom in testicular characteris
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Variations in testicular character&
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Effects ofsuckling on postpartum fe
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Effects of suckling on pospartum fe
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Effects of suckling on postpartum f
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Effects ofsuckling on postpartum fe
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Page 340 and 341:
Effects of suckling on pmtpartum fe
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Page 344 and 345:
Effects of exogenous hormones on po
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Efiects of exogenous hormones on po
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Effects ofexogenous hormones on pos
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ESfects of exogenous hormones on po
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Session IV - Reproduction Panel Dis
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Discussion is essential is to impro
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FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. The immunolo
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. intervals in
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. Figure 1. To
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M. C.L. de Alwis et al. Table 2. Is
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. Table 4. The
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. Table 7. The
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. the host. Th
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. immune respo
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. organism is
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M.C.L. de Alwis et al. Gupta, B.K.
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CJMRAGTERI[ZATION OF S-S OF BUFFALO
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MATERIALS AND METHODS U. Ariyaratne
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U. Ariyaratne and S. Mahalingam Fig
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DISCUSSION U. Ariyaratne and S. Mah
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U. Ariyaratne and S. Mahalingam Her
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Markers of injlammation in buffalo
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Markers of inflammation in buffalo
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Markers of injlammation in buffalo
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Markers of infammation in buffalo m
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Prevalence of leptospiral antibodie
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Prevalence ofleptospiral antibodies
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Table 5. Percentage distribution of
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Schistosoma nasale infectiom in ver
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Schistosoma nasale infections in ve
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Sch&tosoma nasale infections in ver
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Schirtosoma nasale infections in ve
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Schktosoma nasale infections in ver
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Schhtosomcr nasale infectiom in ver
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Haematological and biochemical prof
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Haematological and biochemicalpro$l
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Page 451 and 452:
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Haematological and biochemical pro$
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"Domosedan" as a sedative analgesic
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"Domosedan" as a sedative analgesic
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f!Domosedanf' as a sedative analges
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Functional efficiency of buffa neut
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Functional efiiciency of buflalo ne
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Functional efficiency of buffalo ne
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Functional efpciency of buffalo neu
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Functional eficiency of buffalo nea
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Page 475 and 476:
STUDIES ON Explanatum (Gigantocotyl
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LS. Abeygunawardena et al. The para
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I.S. Abeygunawardena et al. Table 2
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I.S. Abeygunawardena et al. The pre
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1.S. Abeygunawardena et al. Figure
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DISCUSSION LS. Abeygunawardena et a
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Acknowledgments I.S. Abeygunawarden
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SESSION V - Health and Diseases Pan
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Discussion Comment: D.K. Singh - It
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Discussion A: I.D. Silva - We check
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Session VI 1.2. Recommendations 1.2
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Session VI maintain reproductive pe
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Session VI 4.1.3. Studies on the ep
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Session C/I :. groups should be pro
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Abstracts of Theses as seen in the
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A bs tracfs oJ Theses requ~ted to p
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Abstracts of Theses The composition
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Abstracts ofTheses Buffalo calf ser
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Abstracts of Theses Eighteen plurip
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Abstracts of Theses usmg four weekl
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Abstracts of Theses unchanged. Expe
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Absfracts of Theses Using post infe
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Kendaragama, K.M.T. Kodituwakku, A.
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Authors Index ;) Abayawansa, W.D. 2
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