Airplane Flying Handbook

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V YSE . Best rate-of-climb speed with one engine inoperative. This airspeed provides the most altitude gain in a given period of time in a light, twin engine airplane following an engine failure. W Wake turbulence. Wingtip vortices that are created when an airplane generates lift. When an airplane generates lift, air spills over the wingtips from the high pressure areas below the wings to the low pressure areas above them. This flow causes rapidly rotating whirlpools of air called wingtip vortices or wake turbulence. Waste gate. A controllable valve in the tailpipe of an aircraft reciprocating engine equipped with a turbocharger. The valve is controlled to vary the amount of exhaust gases forced through the turbocharger turbine. Weathervane. The tendency of the aircraft to turn into the relative wind. Weight. A measure of the heaviness of an object. The force by which a body is attracted toward the center of the Earth (or another celestial body) by gravity. Weight is equal to the mass of the body times the local value of gravitational acceleration. One of the four main forces acting on an aircraft. Equivalent to the actual weight of the aircraft. It acts downward through the aircraft’s center of gravity toward the center of the Earth. Weight opposes lift. Weight and balance. The aircraft is said to be in weight and balance when the gross weight of the aircraft is under the max gross weight, and the center of gravity is within limits and will remain in limits for the duration of the flight. Wheelbarrowing. A condition caused when forward yoke or stick pressure during takeoff or landing causes the aircraft to ride on the nosewheel alone. Wind correction angle. Correction applied to the course to establish a heading so that track will coincide with course. Wind direction indicators. Indicators that include a wind sock, wind tee, or tetrahedron. Visual reference will determine wind direction and runway in use. Windsock. A truncated cloth cone open at both ends and mounted on a freewheeling pivot that indicates the direction from which the wind is blowing. Wing. Airfoil attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight. Wing area. The total surface of the wing (square feet), which includes control surfaces and may include wing area covered by the fuselage (main body of the airplane), and engine nacelles. Wing span. The maximum distance from wingtip to wingtip. Wingtip vortices. The rapidly rotating air that spills over an airplane’s wings during flight. The intensity of the turbulence depends on the airplane’s weight, speed, and configuration. It is also referred to as wake turbulence. Vortices from heavy aircraft may be extremely hazardous to small aircraft. Wing twist. A design feature incorporated into some wings to improve aileron control effectiveness at high angles of attack during an approach to a stall. Y Yaw. Rotation about the vertical axis of an aircraft. Yaw string. A string on the nose or windshield of an aircraft in view of the pilot that indicates any slipping or skidding of the aircraft. Z Zero fuel weight. The weight of the aircraft to include all useful load except fuel. Zero sideslip. A maneuver in a twin-engine airplane with one engine inoperative that involves a small amount of bank and slightly uncoordinated flight to align the fuselage with the direction of travel and minimize drag. Zero thrust (simulated feather). An engine configuration with a low power setting that simulates a propeller feathered condition. Wind shear. A sudden, drastic shift in windspeed, direction, or both that may occur in the horizontal or vertical plane. Windmilling. When the air moving through a propeller creates the rotational energy. G-20
Index A Abnormal engine instrument indication......................17-13 Absence of propeller Drag...........................................................................15-7 Effect.........................................................................15-6 Slipstream..................................................................15-6 Academic material (knowledge and risk management).................................................................4-20 Prevention through ADM and risk management.......4-21 Prevention through proportional counter-response......4-21 Recovery....................................................................4-22 Accelerated stalls..........................................................4-10 Accelerate-go distance..................................................12-9 Accelerate-stop distance...............................................12-9 After-landing.................................................................2-18 After-landing roll..........................................................13-6 Airframe and systems...................................................16-5 Airplane-based UPRT...................................................4-22 Airplane configuration..................................................17-4 Airplane equipment and lighting..................................10-4 Airport and navigation lighting aids.............................10-5 Airport traffic patterns and operations............................7-2 All-attitude/all-envelope flight training methods..........4-23 All-engine service ceiling of multiengine airplanes.....12-9 Alternator/generator......................................................12-7 Angle of attack...................................................... 4-2, 13-2 Anti-icing/deicing.........................................................12-8 Approach.......................................................................17-5 Approach and landing....................................... 10-8, 16-12 Night emergencies.....................................................10-9 Approaches to stalls (impending stalls), power‐on or power-off.........................................................................4-8 Attitude and sink rate control........................................17-4 Attitude flying.................................................................3-4 B Ballooning during round out.........................................8-30 Bank control....................................................................3-5 Basic safety concepts....................................................17-2 Before start and starting engine..................................16-10 Before-takeoff check.....................................................2-17 Avionics....................................................................2-18 Electrical system.......................................................2-17 Engine operation.......................................................2-17 Flight controls...........................................................2-17 Flight instruments......................................................2-18 Fuel system................................................................2-17 Takeoff briefing.........................................................2-18 Trim...........................................................................2-17 Vacuum system.........................................................2-18 Bouncing during touchdown.........................................8-31 Brakes.............................................................................2-8 C Cabin fire......................................................................17-8 Captain’s briefing........................................................15-22 Cascade reversers........................................................15-16 Chandelle........................................................................9-5 Climb gradient..............................................................12-9 Climbs and climbing turns............................................3-16 Climbing turns...........................................................3-18 Establishing a climb..................................................3-17 Best angle of climb (V X )........................................3-16 Best rate of climb (V Y )..........................................3-16 Normal climb.........................................................3-16 Combustion heater........................................................12-6 Constant radius during turning flight..............................6-4 Construction..................................................................16-5 Aluminum..................................................................16-5 Composite..................................................................16-5 Steel tube and fabric..................................................16-5 Continuous ignition.......................................................15-4 Controllable-pitch propeller..........................................11-4 Blade angle control....................................................11-7 Climb.........................................................................11-6 Constant-speed propeller...........................................11-4 Constant-speed propeller operation...........................11-7 Cruise........................................................................11-6 I-1
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Airplane Flying Handbook 2016 U.S.
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Preface The Glider Flying Handbook
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Acknowledgments The Airplane Flying
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Table of Contents Preface..........
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Constant Radius During Turning Flig
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Short-Field Landing................
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Flight Tr
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for the certification of airmen and
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Figure 1-5 shows an example of some
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the need arises, to private individ
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Figure 1-9. FAA Form 8000-4, Air Ag
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encompassed by, the tasks within ea
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Figure 1-13. Three major areas cont
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Figure 1-18. A sample before landin
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Chapter 2 Ground Operations Introdu
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Figure 2-3. Airplane Flight Manuals
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deck reference guide is in the airc
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Figure 2-9. An AVGAS fuel filler no
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• Brakes and brake systems should
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• Take a pilot who is more experi
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the position (navigation) lights sh
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SW-2, 12 JAN 2012 to 09 FEB 2012 SW
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the weathervaning tendency is less
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• Install chocks and release park
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Chapter 3 Basic Flight Maneuvers In
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Elevator—Pitch Lateral axis Rudde
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the airplane’s vertical axis (yaw
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30 W OBS W OBS W 30 W OBS W OBS NAV
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Nose high Natural horizon reference
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D195I D212I HDG UP A212I TAS 100KT
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Skid Coordinated Turn Slip D.C. ELE
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D195I D212I HDG UP A212I 130 120 11
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Best angle-of-climb airspeed (V X )
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W W S S E E TAS 106KT OAT 7°C 2 1
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14 Too fast Best glide speed Too sl
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• Cross-controlling during glidin
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Chapter 4 Maintaining Aircraft Cont
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therefore closer to the higher spee
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• Excessive back-elevator pressur
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manufactured with a certain amount
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stall occurring during approach to
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a given airplane consistently stall
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left. With the throttle fully advan
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Stall Less stalled Incipient Spin
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Unfortunately, accident records sho
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The ability to separate time-critic
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Aerobatics vs. UPRT Flight Training
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while in flight. For these reasons,
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Chapter 5 Takeoffs and Departure Cl
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Take-off Distance vs. Density Altit
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Each type of airplane has a best pi
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Apply full aileron into wind Rudder
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• Using less than full aileron pr
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diminishes the pilot's ability to s
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point is reached and the airplane i
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Chapter 6 Ground Reference Maneuver
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clearing turns looking to the left
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Actual ground path Intended ground
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Exit Turn more than 90° rollout wi
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To perform a turn around a point, t
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the bank angle should be increased
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To successfully perform eights alon
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Wind Entry Gaining altitude Gaining
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Too high Pivotal altitude Too low F
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Chapter 7 Airport Traffic Patterns
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Crosswind WIND Entry 18 Left-Hand T
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Since in most cases the takeoff is
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Chapter 8 Approaches and Landings I
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stalling speed with power off, land
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No flaps; flatter descent angle Hal
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10° to 15° 27 Figure 8-7. To obta
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The ailerons serve the same purpose
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power. Once again, the airspeed mus
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the go-around/rejected landing is.
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WIND longitudinal axis aligned with
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component decreases and the relativ
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34 Obstacle clearance Effective run
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• Unstable approach • Undue del
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1 36 2 3 1. Strong Wind Set up clos
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When abreast of or opposite the des
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Spiral over landing field WIND Retr
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Intercept normal glidepath, resume
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34 Figure 8-34. Floating during rou
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Decreasing angle of attack Rapid in
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on these airplanes, any time a swer
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Chapter 9 Performance Maneuvers Int
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should realize load factors increas
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maneuver. During practice of the ma
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90° point 1. Bank 30° (approximat
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Chapter 10 Night Operations Introdu
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enlarge to receive as much of the a
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It is recommended that prior to a n
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for this possibility. Hold or lock
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to round out too high until attaini
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Chapter 11 Transition to Complex Ai
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L = 1 pV 2 SC L 2 L = Lift produced
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Center of pressure - Lift Center of
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in climb. Consequently, engine powe
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Turbocharger The turbocharger incor
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• Operate the engine in such a ma
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GEAR UP GEAR UP GEAR DOWN TAXI LAND
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the airplane could no longer be lan
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eceived to ensure a complete unders
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Chapter 12 Transition to Multiengin
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140 200 180 260 250 200 160 160 140
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1 Counterweight action 6 6 2 3 5 4
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The entire flight director/autopilo
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Performance and Limitations Discuss
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Weight and Balance The weight and b
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airplane to pivot about a stationar
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3 500 feet 1. Accelerate to cruise
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increasing application of aileron i
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from a bad bounce, as well as a go-
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operative engine is the only altern
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the airplane may not maintain altit
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Drag TAS 106KT OAT 7°C 2 1 1 2 Dra
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Stall Recovery Template 1. Wing lev
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Chapter 13 Transition to Tailwheel
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length, if desired. While taxiing,
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Landing The difference between nose
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combination of inertia acting on th
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Chapter 14 Transition to Turboprope
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The turboprop engine offers several
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NAV1 108.00 113.00 NAV2 108.00 110.
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ITT 50 TORO 0 0 PROP 0 ITT 0 FF 0 5
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The distribution of DC and AC power
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1. Before takeoff checks .. Complet
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Chapter Summary Transitioning from
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Chapter 15 Transition to Jet-Powere
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Fan air Fan air Combustion Inlet ai
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TAT 13° C 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 EPR
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In not having propellers, the jet-p
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Stick force in pounds 70 60 50 40 3
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C 19,000 lbs 18,000 lbs 17,000 lbs
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of the airplane as the stall develo
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OC Relative wind Pre-stall OC Initi
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everse thrust increases with speed;
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adequately repaired or replaced. In
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Captain’s Briefing I will advance
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• Natural contaminants (standing
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acceleration during this phase of t
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• Poor acceleration response in a
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If the flare is extended (held off)
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In the event of an engine failure i
Page 291 and 292: Chapter 16 Transition to Light Spor
Page 293 and 294: Maximum gross weight of 1,320 pound
Page 295 and 296: • After landing, parking, and sec
Page 297 and 298: [Figure 16-8] While this is not a l
Page 299 and 300: Regardless, a pilot must become fam
Page 301 and 302: Takeoff and Climb Takeoff and climb
Page 303 and 304: LSA’s controls become ineffective
Page 305 and 306: Chapter 17 Emergency Procedures Eme
Page 307 and 308: Avoiding forcible contact with inte
Page 309 and 310: from an irregularly running engine;
Page 311 and 312: 300 feet AGL 4,480 feet 180° 1,016
Page 313 and 314: two immediate demands: attacking th
Page 315 and 316: If the landing gear malfunction is
Page 317 and 318: 140 NAV1 108.00 113.00 NAV2 108.00
Page 319 and 320: point where attention is focused on
Page 321 and 322: 140 NAV1 108.00 113.00 NAV2 108.00
Page 323 and 324: Glossary Numbers and Symbols 100-ho
Page 325 and 326: Axes of an aircraft. Three imaginar
Page 327 and 328: Compressor stall. In gas turbine en
Page 329 and 330: Environmental systems. In an aircra
Page 331 and 332: Gust penetration speed. The speed t
Page 333 and 334: Limit load factor. Amount of stress
Page 335 and 336: Pivotal altitude. A specific altitu
Page 337 and 338: Shock waves. A compression wave for
Page 339 and 340: Thrust. The force which imparts a c
Page 341: Vertical stability. Stability about
Page 345 and 346: Gliding turns......................
Page 347 and 348: Initial climb......................
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