Ultrasonic Chemical Reactors

Ultrasonic Chemical Reactors
Ultrasonic Chemical Reactors
Igor I. Savin, Sergey N. Tsyganok, Andrey N. Lebedev, Student member, IEEE, Dmitry V. Genne,
Student Member, IEEE, Elena S. Smerdina, Student Member, IEEE
Biysk Technological Institute (branch) of Altay State Technical University after I.I. Polzunov, Biysk,
Russia
Abstract— The article is devoted to different types ultrasonic
chemical reactors for laboratory and industrial using.
Experimental results are given.
Index Terms—ultrasonic, sonochemistry, ultrasonic reactor,
cavitations.
I.INTRODUCTION
The present-day industrial enterprises continuously
increase tempo of industrial production. Usually, for this
purpose it is necessary to modernize or completely to change
the process flowsheet. It is widely known, that using of high
intensity ultrasonic oscillations allows intensifying many
technological processes, such as impregnating of composite
materials, drilling of brittle and extra-hard materials,
dissolution, extraction, emulsification, washing and clearing.
[1,2]
A plenty of researches being carried out at present moment
specify that speed of passing the majority of chemical
reactions increases under action of an acoustic field and that
some reactions do not pass without action of ultrasonic
oscillations [3-5].
Cavitation is considered as a major factor which influences
on reaction speed. The temperature inside cavitation bubbles
while collapsing attains approximately 5000 K, pressure
attains approximately 100 MPa and velocity of a collapse
attains about 400 km/h. At such bubble collapsing the
powerful shockwave [3] is created.
Providing of similar requirements is possible at intensity of
ultrasonic action from 100 W/cm2. Since the acoustic
oscillations of audio frequency and high intensity providing is
rather difficult, using of ultrasonic frequency oscillations
(above 20 kHz) obtains wide extending.
For implementation of such technological processes there
is a special class of technological apparatus called ultrasonic
reactors; and for providing researches of reaction passing
under action of acoustic oscillations there is a science called
acoustic chemistry.
II.ULTRASONIC REACTORS FOR LABORATORY
Now there is a lot of ultrasonic reactors types, which differ
from each other with intensity of ultrasonic oscillations
introducing into a fluid and possibility or impossibility of the
flowing processing [4,6] (fig. 1).
Figure 1 - Existing types of ultrasonic reactors [4]
The peak of ultrasonic action provides with the ultrasonic
reactor represented in figure 2.
Figure 2 - Embodiment and appearance of ultrasonic reactor «UZOR»
Such reactors are able to process about 300 ml of liquid
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Ultrasonic Chemical Reactors
with intensity up to 200 W/cm 2 .
In cases when for experimental purpose it is enough to
process several tens of milliliters the ultrasonic apparatus for
processing liquid in test tubes is used. Distinguishing feature
of such apparatus is presence of two replaceable working
tools for a ultrasonic oscillatory system. One working tool is
intended for direct input of oscillations in the test tube, and
another one is for noncontact processing of liquids. The
working tool has shape of the hollow cylinder in which test
tube with reagents is placed, in space between walls of test
tube and the working tool there is a liquid through which
transmission of oscillations to test tube walls is carried out
(figure 3).
Figure 3 - The ultrasonic reactor for processing liquids in test tubes
Due to small volumes of the processing liquid it is possible
to achieve the intensity of ultrasonic action about 300 W/cm 2 .
III.ULTRASONIC REACTORS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
The major drawback of the foresaid reactors is the small
processing volume per unit of time. For laboratory it is not a
major drawback, but for the industrial applications the other
embodiment of the reactor is required. In this case, the
optimal solution is the flowing processing of liquid.
The laboratory of ultrasonic processes and apparatus
designs a lot of apparatus for the flowing processing of liquid
mediums with power from 400 VA up to 6000 VA (fig. 4).
Distinguishing feature of apparatus with power more than
2000 VA is use of the working tool with the extended
radiating surface. The working tool is the series joined
several step-radial concentrators; such form of the working
tool allows to extend the radiating surface in several times in
comparison with classical single- and two-half-wave
oscillatory systems. (fig. 5)
Figure 5 - The ultrasonic oscillatory system in technological volume
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
a) ultrasonic apparatus «MUSA» (400 VA), b) ultrasonic apparatus «Potok» (630 VA), c) ultrasonic apparatus «Crystal - 2» (1000 VA), d) ultrasonic apparatus
«Potok-3» (1000 VA), e) ultrasonic apparatus «Bulava», model 1000-3 (3000 VA), f) ultrasonic apparatus «Bulava», model 1000-6 (6000 VA)
Figure 4 - Ultrasonic reactors of various powers
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Ultrasonic Chemical Reactors
For providing super intensive action on liquid mediums, it
is promising to design the embodiment of ultrasonic reactor
for the flowing processing in form of truncated dodecahedron
with piezoceramic assemblies on its hexangular sides. Using
of such radiator embodiment will allow achieving the
intensity of 500 W/cm 2 [7] (fig. 6).
1 - technological volume, 2 - ultrasonic transducer, 3 - the channel for delivery of
initial components and evacuation of reaction product, 4 - the piezoelectric
elements, 5 - reflective frequency- dropping patches.
Figure 6 - the Ultrasonic reactor of ultrahigh intensity
IV.EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES
The experimental researches on processing milk and
sewage with ultrasonic oscillations of high intensity have
been carried out using apparatuses designed.
By means of apparatus «MUSA» examination of influence
the ultrasonic oscillations on taste property, biological
parameters of milk and its storage stability was carried out.
Results of test have shown that the radiated milk is kept
longer than not processed one.
Thus the amount of bacteria in milk drops from initial
15000 unities to 5000 in the end of the first processing cycle
and to 1000 in the end of the third cycle (table 1).
TABLE 1
RESULTS OF ULTRASONIC MILK PROCESSING
Experiment amount of
bacteria
Milk 15000
Milk first cycle 2 minutes 10500
Milk first cycle 5 minutes 7000
Milk first cycle 10 minutes 5000
Milk second cycle 2,5 minutes 1000
Milk second cycle 7,5 minutes 6500
Milk third cycle 2,5 minutes 2000
Milk third cycle 7,5 minutes 1500
Milk third cycle 10 minutes 1000
Also it is determined that decrease in processing velocity
from 1 l/min to 0,5 l/min allows to essentially reduce quantity
of milk operation cycles to 1-2 with amount of bacteria in
milk 1000-2000 unities without losses of taste properties.
Changing in the amount of bacteria in milk on the second
cycle of processing are related with variation of productivity
from 1 l/min to 0,5 l/min.
The inoculation of milk was made with Kessler and
Kmafanm mediums, produced by Obninsk-city on GOST
procedures.
The sewage processing was provided with apparatus
«Bulava», model 1000-3 (table 2), the represented results
show efficiency of ultrasonic oscillations using for water
purification.
TABLE 2
RESULTS OF SEWAGE PROCESSING WITH ULTRASONIC OSCILLATIONS OF HIGH INTENSITY
Water parameters input output
рН 7,6 7,7
UEP 0,102 0,0577
Suspended matter >2000 122,2
Solid residue 612,2 305,6
BPK5 276 15,6
Permanganate oxidability 191,8 18,8
Ammonium 46,5 19,5
Phosphates 0,95 0,2
Sulfates 28,9 10,4
APAV 3,21 2,23
Nitrites, nitrates, clarity below the rate
V.CONCLUSION
The represented embodiments allow satisfying the
requirements both the industrial enterprises and the research
organizations. The presented experimental results confirm a
possibility and promising of using the ultrasonic technologies
both in industrial plants and laboratory researches.
REFERENCES
[1] Khmelev V.N., Popova О.V. Multiurpose ultrasonic apparatuses and their
application in conditions of small manufactures, agricultural and
housekeeping: the scientific monography / AltGTU. - Barnaul: AltGTU
[2] Khmelev V.N., Barsukov R.V., Tsyganok S.N. "Drylling of brittle and
hard materials". Barnaul: AltGTU, 1999
[3] Kenneth S. Suslick. "Sonochemistry" Kirk-Othmer Encyclodpedia of
Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, vol. 26; John Willey&Sons, Inc.:
New York, 1998, pp.516-541
[4] Design of Ultrasound Reactors: Choice of Working Conditions and Sound
Fields for Precipitation, Particle Fragmentation and Organometal
Reactions, Christian Horst, Yuh Shuh Chen, Jost Kruger, Ulrich
Kunz,Andreas Rosenplnter and Ulrich Hoffmann, Plenary Lecture.
[5] M.G.Sulman Influence of ultrasound on catalysis processes, "Uspehi
Himii", 69(2), 2000, pp.178-191.
[6] C.Horst, A.Lindermeir, U.Hoffman. Design of ultrasound reactors for
techical scale organometallic and electrochemical synthesis, TU Hamburg-
Harburg Reports on Sanitary Engineering 35, 2002.
[7] Ultrasonic Chemical Reactor, claim of Russian patent №2007101744/15
by 29.11.2006
Igor I. Savin, Ph.D (ultrasound) —
principal engineer of MSIA
department of Biysk technological
institute. Laureate of Russian
Government premium for
achievements in science and
engineering. Area of scientific
interests is application of ultrasound
for an intensification of
technological processes. IEEE
student member since 2001, IEEE
member since 2006.
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Ultrasonic Chemical Reactors
Sergey N. Tsyganok was born in
Biysk, Russia, 1975. Now he is
Ph.D (Machinery), he received
degree on information measuring
engineering and technologies from
Altay State Technical University,
key specialist of electronics.
Laureate of Russian Government
premium for achievements in science
and engineering. His main research
interest are development of high
-effective multifunctional oscillators
for ultrasonic technological devices.
Andrey N. Lebedev (S'03) was
born in Kiselevsk, Russia in 1983.
He received degree on information
measuring engineering and
technologies from Biysk
Technological Institute of AltSTU.
He is post-graduate student of Biysk
Technological Institute.. His
research interests is finite-element
modeling.
Genne V. Dmitry (S’06) was born
in Biysk, Russia in 1982. He
received degree on information
measuring engineering and
technologies from Biysk
Technological Institute of AltSTU.
He is post-graduate student of Biysk
Technological Institute. His main
research interest are development of
high -power electronic generators for
ultrasonic technological devices.
Elena S. Smerdina (S’06) was born in
Pobrade, Lithuania, 1983. She received
degree on Information science and
measuring engineering in Altay State
Technical University. Member of "Woman
in Engineering" IEEE work group since
2006.
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