Fuels & Lubricants Magazine
Issue 1, October 2017
Issue 1, October 2017
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2017<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong><br />
&<strong>Lubricants</strong><br />
JOURNAL FOR TRIBOLOGY, LUBRICATION, APPLICATION OF LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS<br />
AND COMBUSTION ENGINEERING<br />
October 2017 IISSN 2584-4512<br />
Issue No. 1
SUCCESS<br />
TOGETHER<br />
SUCCESS<br />
TOGETHER
Editor’s Letter<br />
Dear readers,<br />
Although we love our tradition, we are more than aware of challenging, dynamic<br />
and fast pacing future in the business. Keeping that in mind, Croatian society for fuels<br />
and lubricants with 50 years of tradition made a decision to change the concept of its<br />
publication <strong>Fuels</strong> and <strong>Lubricants</strong>. The main goal of this change was to make the <strong>Fuels</strong><br />
and <strong>Lubricants</strong> more dynamic, informative and closer to you, the readers.<br />
Professional and scientific papers will remain the core of the magazine. We will continue<br />
to support professionals and scientist in publishing the results of their research<br />
and to share the experience and knowledge with us. Especially we would like to open<br />
our pages to young professionals and scientists and encourage them to enter the world<br />
of research and professional publication.<br />
Aside of professional and scientific papers, the new concept will be dynamically divided<br />
in number of short, useful, actual and informative parts. With them we would like<br />
to cover recent developments, events, interesting conferences, legislation changes and<br />
all related topics for which we are sure that will provide fast and useful information.<br />
We named them corners. Each corner is dedicated to certain topic and its main goal is<br />
to give information related to one professional field. Corners will not be fixed. We will<br />
tailor them according the content which will in our opinion be the most informative<br />
for the respective period.<br />
We also take this opportunity to welcome you to the 50th <strong>Lubricants</strong> and base oil<br />
symposium which will be held in Zagreb from 18-20 October 2017 in one of the most<br />
iconic places in Zagreb, Hotel Esplanade. The jubilee Symposium will provide the<br />
latest information in additive, base stock and lubricants development, future outlook<br />
for lubricants industry, markets and trends, highlights on the latest development in<br />
automotive lubricants and related fluids, recent movements of industrial lubricants<br />
including MWFs and greases, the newest HSE regulations impact on lubricants industry,<br />
condition monitoring, laboratory and tribological testing and practical experience<br />
in R&D and application of lubricants. The list of the speakers represents the high level<br />
of international experts and together with the extensive networking and social events<br />
the benefit of the Symposium will for sure increase.<br />
At the end we can conclude that we have something old and something new but both<br />
prepared with respect to our tradition and the obligation to look in the future. We<br />
hope that you will enjoy them together with us.<br />
Sanda Telen<br />
Editor in Chief<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 1
Contents<br />
4<br />
Metalworking fluid<br />
emulsion stability and<br />
base oil properties<br />
- some critical<br />
correlations<br />
Prof. Thomas Norrby,<br />
Dr. Pär Wedin,<br />
Linda Malm<br />
8<br />
Legislation Corner<br />
Legislation Overview<br />
Related to Oil and Gas,<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong> and <strong>Lubricants</strong><br />
Business<br />
- 2017<br />
12<br />
Interview<br />
Delayed Coking:<br />
Advanced Valve Solutions<br />
for Secure Operation<br />
18<br />
Upgrading options of<br />
heavy residues, rubber<br />
modified bitumen case<br />
study<br />
András Holló,<br />
András Geiger,<br />
Péter Gergó<br />
24<br />
Green Corner<br />
Sustainability of<br />
Bioenergy Supply Chains<br />
Workshop<br />
28<br />
Conference Report<br />
World Petroleum Congress,<br />
Istanbul 2017<br />
34<br />
Technology Corner<br />
Big Data in Oil & Gas<br />
36<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong> Corner<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong> and <strong>Fuels</strong> Processing<br />
38<br />
Lubes Corner<br />
<strong>Lubricants</strong> and Lubrication<br />
Engineering<br />
42<br />
Lab Corner<br />
Symposium of Petroleum<br />
Laboratories in the Region<br />
44<br />
Technical News<br />
ACEA & API Approved<br />
<strong>Lubricants</strong><br />
<strong>Fuels</strong> and <strong>Lubricants</strong><br />
October 2017<br />
Issue No. 1<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong> and <strong>Lubricants</strong>: Journal for Tribology,<br />
Lubrication, Application of Liquid<br />
and Gaseous <strong>Fuels</strong> and Combustion<br />
Engineering<br />
Founder and Publisher:<br />
GOMA - Croatian Society for <strong>Fuels</strong><br />
and <strong>Lubricants</strong><br />
Berislavićeva 6<br />
HR-10000 Zagreb<br />
Email: goma@goma.hr<br />
Tel: +385 1 4873 549<br />
Fax: +385 1 4872 503<br />
Editorial Team:<br />
Sanda Telen, Editor in chief<br />
Ivana Lukec<br />
Bruno Novina<br />
Graphic Design:<br />
Kristina Babić<br />
Printer:<br />
Kerschoffset<br />
Abstracting & Indexing Services:<br />
EBSCO Host © , ProQuest: Technology<br />
Research Database, Engineering<br />
Research Database, Materials Research<br />
Database, Abstracts in New Technology<br />
& Engineering, Mechanical & Transportation<br />
Engineering Abstracts...<br />
All enquiries and requests for advertising<br />
should be addressed to:<br />
Bruno Novina<br />
Email: bruno@goma.hr<br />
Phone: +385 98 404 786<br />
Annual subscription: 25 € (185 kn)<br />
ISSN 2584-4512<br />
UDK 621 + 66 (05)<br />
2 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
egida<br />
Specialty oils for maximum emulsion<br />
stability and high solvency<br />
The superiority of metalworking fluids made with Nynas base oils is just one<br />
example of how a daily chore can turn into a regular delight with the right<br />
naphthenic solution. The same goes for greases and lubricants, where Nynas<br />
base oils offer high solvency and excellent low temperature properties.<br />
www.nynas.com/base-oils
Metalworking fluid emulsion<br />
stability and base oil properties<br />
- some critical correlations<br />
Prof. Thomas Norrby<br />
Nynas AB, Naphthenics<br />
TechDMS, Nynäshamn,<br />
Sweden<br />
thomas.norrby@nynas.com<br />
Dr. Pär Wedin<br />
Nynas AB, Naphthenics<br />
Research, Nynäshamn,<br />
Sweden<br />
Ms. Linda Malm<br />
Nynas AB, Naphthenics<br />
TechDMS, Nynäshamn,<br />
Sweden<br />
Introduction<br />
Metalworking fluids (MWF)<br />
are used to aid the process of metal<br />
machining, mainly by providing lubrication<br />
of the workpiece and tool,<br />
by providing cooling and corrosion<br />
protection. Many different MWF<br />
formulations are needed for the<br />
vastly differing needs under varying<br />
operating conditions!<br />
Metalworking fluids can be generally<br />
categorized as being either<br />
emulsions (“coolants”), which mainly<br />
cool and protect against corrosion,<br />
or neat oils, which can handle better<br />
high deformation, severe boundary<br />
lubrication and offer improved tool<br />
wear protection.<br />
The make-up of a typical metalworking<br />
fluid emulsion is a dilution<br />
(hence not a “neat” oil!) of 5 to 10<br />
volume-% mineral oil concentrate in<br />
water. This water could be tap water,<br />
with whatever water hardness the<br />
local source offers, of demineralised<br />
(Demin) or Reverse Osmosis (RO)<br />
water which is very soft. The mineral<br />
oils content is high, typically<br />
60-70% of the concentrate, and the<br />
remainder being oil soluble additives:<br />
Emulsifiers, Lubricity additives,<br />
Corrosion inhibitors, Biocides,<br />
Antifoams and Mist suppressants.<br />
Applications for emulsions include<br />
use as cutting fluids, corrosion<br />
protecting fluids and hot rolling<br />
fluids. Emulsions are suitable for<br />
high-speed cutting operations where<br />
much heat is generated.<br />
Naphthenic base oils provide<br />
several advantages to MWF formulations.<br />
High solvency allows for the<br />
dissolution of high amounts of additives,<br />
and contributes to increased<br />
emulsion stability. In addition, a<br />
lower density difference between<br />
naphthenic oil and water compared<br />
to paraffinic oils also provides increased<br />
emulsion stability, as gravity<br />
has less of a density difference to pull<br />
on. This also increases emulsion resistance<br />
to centrifugal forces during<br />
pumping.<br />
Emulsion stability is key to metalworking<br />
fluid (MWF) usefulness- if<br />
the emulsion breaks, it has ceased<br />
to function. Investigations of the<br />
relationship between formulation<br />
and emulsion stability thus is a first<br />
step towards better understanding<br />
of the complex chemistry of a fully<br />
formulated MWF. Test variables in<br />
the study were base oil type selection,<br />
water hardness and emulsifier<br />
chemistry and Hydrophile-Lipo-<br />
4 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
phile Balance (HLB) value selection.<br />
We sought to understand how the<br />
properties of the base oils, especially<br />
solvency (as indicated by the Aniline<br />
Point), and the water hardness (°dH)<br />
would influence emulsion stability<br />
over test period up to one week. A<br />
second investigation was made utilizing<br />
a semi-synthetic formulation<br />
giving translucent micro-emulsions<br />
with the same base oil slate.<br />
Figure 2. Droplet<br />
Size Distribution at<br />
HLB 12, soft water<br />
(0 °dH).<br />
Experimental work<br />
Metalworking fluid<br />
emulsions<br />
A metalworking fluid (MWF) Soluble<br />
Oil (Conventional Oil) emulsion<br />
stability study was set up, comparing<br />
the properties of a Naphthenic<br />
base oil, versus three paraffinic type<br />
base oils of similar viscosity, ca. 20<br />
cSt (100 SUS) at 40 °C, see Figure 1.<br />
NYNAS T 22 is a good example<br />
of the quintessential “100/100”<br />
metalworking fluid oil, having a<br />
viscosity of 100 SUS at 100 °F. As<br />
Group I oils we picked a traditional<br />
SN 100 oil, and the NYBASE ® 100,<br />
which belongs to a new range (NR)<br />
of Group I replacement products.<br />
These have been designed to have<br />
Kinematic Viscosity (KV), Viscosity<br />
Index (VI) and Aniline Point (AP)<br />
closely matching those of existing<br />
Solvent Neutral Group I base oils.<br />
The properties of these new products<br />
are described in a previous<br />
publication [1] and more information<br />
is available on www.nynas.com.<br />
In this study, further work on model<br />
metalworking fluid emulsions was<br />
undertaken to search for more likenesses<br />
versus Group I. The last test<br />
oil was a conventional Group II base<br />
oil of similar viscosity.<br />
The solvency, as indicated by the<br />
Aniline Point (AP), varies across the<br />
base oils studies:<br />
1. Naphthenic NYNAS T 22<br />
(~100 SUS), AP = 76 °C<br />
2. SN 100, AP = 100 °C<br />
3. NYBASE® 100, AP = 101 °C<br />
4. HP4, a Group II base oil, 20 cSt @<br />
40 (4 cSt @ 100 °C), AP = 108 °C<br />
Standard emulsifiers (surfactants),<br />
Span 80 (Sorbitan monooleate),<br />
with a Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance<br />
(HLB) number of HLB 4.3<br />
and Tween 80 (Polyethylene glycol<br />
sorbitan monooleate), HLB 15,<br />
were utilized to make nine different<br />
blends with HLB:s ranging from 9 to<br />
13, in half-steps. Butyldiglycol was<br />
employed as solubiliser (co-emulsifier,<br />
coupling agent).<br />
All emulsion concentrates were<br />
of the same oil content, with surfactants<br />
to make up the required<br />
HLB value. The concentrate was<br />
added to the water at ca. 5 v/v-%,<br />
and sonicated at low power for three<br />
minutes.<br />
Droplet size distribution<br />
experiments<br />
The Soluble oil (milky) emulsion<br />
droplet size distribution (DSD) was<br />
determined at three different times;<br />
at mixing, after one day, and again<br />
Figure 1. From left:<br />
NYNAS T 22, SN<br />
100, NYBASE® 100<br />
and HP4.<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 5
after seven days. The droplet size<br />
was measured at high dilution by a<br />
Malvern Mastersizer 3000 E.<br />
The droplet size distribution varies<br />
over two orders of magnitude,<br />
from very small (1 µm or less) to<br />
close to 100 µm, see Figure 2. The<br />
smaller the droplet size, the more<br />
stable the emulsion.<br />
In Figure 3, the droplet size distribution<br />
statistical mean value is<br />
plotted versus HLB. These graphs<br />
typically will show an “U”-shaped<br />
minimum where the emulsion<br />
droplet size, is the smallest, and<br />
hence at which HLB the most stable<br />
emulsions are formed. Similar plots<br />
were obtained for the Group I, NY-<br />
BASE® new range Group I replacement,<br />
and Group II formulations.<br />
An increase in mean droplet size<br />
over time is observed: Day 0 (Blue<br />
bar), Day 1 (Red bar) and Day (7<br />
Green bar) in general show increasing<br />
value with time (larger droplet<br />
size). Since a gradual increase of<br />
droplet size would be the earliest<br />
warning sign and the first steps<br />
towards coalescence and emulsion<br />
break-up, this is very interesting<br />
information.<br />
For the more paraffinic oils the optimum<br />
HLB was close to 10, but the<br />
value of the minimum droplet size<br />
was in no case below 10 µm, more<br />
than 20 times larger than for the<br />
naphthenic NYNAS T 22 oil. One<br />
example is shown in Figure 4.<br />
Emulsion phase thickness<br />
and stability determination<br />
The emulsion phase thickness was<br />
determined by light scattering determination<br />
at different time intervals<br />
utilizing a Turbiscan LAB, measurements<br />
at actual concentration “asis”.<br />
The Turbiscan Stability Index<br />
(TSI) was utilized to characterise<br />
emulsion stability.<br />
The TSI development during the<br />
first ten minutes after sonication is<br />
shown for nine samples with HLB<br />
from 9.5 to 13. The most stable<br />
properties for the NYNAS T 22<br />
based emulsion were found around<br />
HLB 12, similar to what the droplet<br />
side distribution (DSD) experiment<br />
indicated. A good correlation was<br />
found between the DSD established,<br />
and the TSI calculated from the<br />
emulsion phase thickness measurements<br />
utilising the Turbiscan instrument,<br />
for those oil and emulsifier<br />
combinations that gave good (small)<br />
Figure 3. DSD<br />
development over 7<br />
days versus TSI (10<br />
minutes) for a NY-<br />
NAS T 22 based<br />
milky emulsion, soft<br />
water (0 °dH).<br />
Figure 4. Emulsion<br />
based on NYBASE®<br />
100 in soft water (0<br />
°dH) displaying a<br />
minimum droplet<br />
size at HLB 10.5.<br />
droplet sizes. In Figure 3, the “Ushape”<br />
of the DSD is mirrored by the<br />
TSI values (the thin purple line).<br />
Semi-synthetic translucent<br />
micro emulsions<br />
As a second phase of the study, we<br />
made semi-synthetic translucent micro<br />
emulsions of the same four base<br />
oils. The emulsion concentrate contained<br />
36% water, 30 % base oil, and<br />
a range of additives (34% in all): Tall<br />
Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) as the main<br />
emulsifier, a non-ionic Fatty alcohol<br />
alkoxylate as co-emulsifier, aminic<br />
bases, steel and yellow metal corrosions<br />
inhibitors, coupling agents<br />
and a biocide. The concentrate was<br />
added to the water at ca. 5 v/v-%,<br />
and sonicated at low power for three<br />
minutes.<br />
The resulting semi-synthetic micro<br />
emulsion droplet size distribution<br />
(DSD), Figure 5, showed some<br />
interesting differences versus the<br />
milky Soluble oil emulsion, Figure<br />
2. All four oils, in hard or soft water,<br />
display droplet sizes below 10 µm.<br />
For the T 22 in soft water (both on<br />
Day 0 and Day 7), most of the droplet<br />
sizes are below 1 µm (the absorption<br />
peak below 1 µm). In contrast, in<br />
hard water, T 22 displays two peaks,<br />
at 0.3 µm and one about 1.3 µm.<br />
The SN 100 in hard water displays a<br />
broad peak around 0.5 µm (both Day<br />
0 and Day 7). In soft water, the peak<br />
is shifted up towards 0.8 µm and is<br />
narrower in shape. The Group II oil<br />
(HP 4) display narrow peaks centred<br />
6 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
around 1 µm in both hard and soft<br />
water. The NYBASE® 100 at Day<br />
7 displays broader peaks centred<br />
around 1.2 µm, in hard water, a<br />
broad peak (0.5 µm to 5 µm) above<br />
1.1 µm, possibly obscuring a bi-phasic<br />
behaviour, which is not baseline<br />
separated. In contrast, in soft water<br />
the peak at 1.2 µm is (somewhat)<br />
more narrow.<br />
An attempt to summarize the<br />
above results would be that T 22<br />
in soft water yields the most stable<br />
emulsion with the smallest mean<br />
DSD. For hard water, the result<br />
spread is larger, and both SN 100<br />
and T 22 display notable peak maximum<br />
shifts, but in opposite directions<br />
of change with water hardness.<br />
Results and discussion<br />
Figure 5. The Semi-<br />
Synthetic formulation,<br />
droplet size<br />
after 7 days under<br />
hard (20 °dH) and<br />
soft (0 °dH) water<br />
conditions,<br />
In this study, we set out to investigate<br />
different parameters affecting<br />
the primary emulsion stability of<br />
model metalworking fluids. We<br />
could determine the optimal HLB<br />
value for the different base oils, and<br />
could also observe large differences<br />
in emulsion stability. The primary<br />
contribution to stability, as demonstrated<br />
by a low (1 µm or less)<br />
mean droplet size, was found to be<br />
solvency; the lower the aniline point,<br />
the more stable the emulsion formed<br />
in the Soluble oil coarse (milky)<br />
emulsion system based on non-ionic<br />
emulsifiers. The Naphthenic base oil<br />
emulsions display the highest stability,<br />
followed by the Group I and<br />
Group I replacement base oils, then<br />
Group II. The solvency, as indicated<br />
by the aniline point (AP), mirrors<br />
this order, and thus apparently plays<br />
an important role for emulsion stability<br />
in the systems investigated.<br />
The second part of the study<br />
was made on semi-synthetic formulations,<br />
based on anionic and<br />
non-ionic surfactants. For these<br />
samples, the droplet size in general<br />
was much smaller, indicating an<br />
even higher emulsion stability. The<br />
semi-synthetic formulation did<br />
display a greater sensitivity towards<br />
water hardness, as expected from the<br />
anionic surfactant chemistry. The<br />
extent and character of this effect<br />
was different for the different base<br />
oils. The clear bi-phasic nature of the<br />
T 22 based translucent micro emulsion<br />
in hard water, warrants closer<br />
study. Also, the peak area around<br />
10 µm would be expected to grow at<br />
longer observation times, and would<br />
be interesting to follow. Possibly<br />
this is a similar bi-phasic behaviour,<br />
but shifter up towards much larger<br />
droplet size? However, the general<br />
stability trend follows what we found<br />
for the milky emulsions: Naphthenic<br />
> Group I > Group II.<br />
Conclusions<br />
Two complementary methods for<br />
the determination of droplet size<br />
were utilised to study emulsion<br />
stability: droplet size distribution<br />
(DSD), and light scattering and<br />
transmission. The two methods yield<br />
comparable results, especially for<br />
small droplet sizes (“good” emulsion<br />
quality).<br />
We could determine a preferred<br />
HLB value for each base oil type,<br />
where the optimum conditions for<br />
emulsion stability were found. This<br />
HLB value was found to be about<br />
two (2) units higher for the naphthenic<br />
base oil compared to the<br />
paraffinic Group I and II base oils,<br />
and would serve as a rule of thumb<br />
recommendation. The droplet size<br />
and stability nevertheless was found<br />
to be better for the naphthenic base<br />
oil systems, showing an inherent difference<br />
under these varying conditions.<br />
The key base oil property difference<br />
identified was solvency, as<br />
expressed by the aniline point. The<br />
water hardness played little role in<br />
the non-ionic surfactant (emulsifier)<br />
systems, but made a difference in<br />
several ways in the semi-synthetic<br />
emulsion systems, containing also<br />
anionic surfactant.<br />
Increasing the fundamental understanding<br />
of important oil and emulsion<br />
properties hopefully is a useful<br />
tool for formulators and developers<br />
in different parts of the world, where<br />
water hardness differs and the choice<br />
of base oils available may be bewildering!<br />
References<br />
[1] Norrby, T., Salomonsson, P., and<br />
Malm, L. “Group I Replacement<br />
Fluids - a Hydraulic Fluid Formulation<br />
and Compatibility Study”,<br />
Tribologie + Schmierungstechnik,<br />
Vol. 64, No. 1 (2017), pp. 31-41.<br />
© 2017 Nynas.<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
NYNAS and NYBASE ®<br />
are trademarks of Nynas.<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 7
Legislation Corner<br />
Legislation Overview Related<br />
to Oil and Gas, <strong>Fuels</strong> and<br />
<strong>Lubricants</strong> Business - 2017<br />
Adriana Petrović<br />
The overview of most<br />
important legislation<br />
acts gives information<br />
of dynamic changes in<br />
Croatian and EU<br />
legislation<br />
Croatian legislation overview for 2017<br />
Due to repeated elections and government changes<br />
in Croatia, adoption of new laws and bylaws was not<br />
executed with the expected and planned dynamics for<br />
the year. The adoption of few already prepared acts was<br />
postponed or returned for revision. It is expected that<br />
during the autumn parliament and government sessions,<br />
the process of adoption will be intensified to avoid<br />
further delay in the process of legal regulation of the<br />
business environment.<br />
Here is the list of the most important laws regarding<br />
the business area:<br />
Decision on the adoption of the Waste Management<br />
Plan for Republic of Croatia for the period<br />
2017 - 2022 (OG 3/2017) - January 2017<br />
The Plan creates the preconditions for the implementation<br />
of the Circular Economy Concept promoting waste<br />
re-use, recycling and composting with the primary<br />
focus on the municipal waste. It does not have significant<br />
impact on the current fuel and lubricant business<br />
operations but may be considered as a framework for<br />
developing new business cases aligned with the Circular<br />
Economy Concepts.<br />
Act on the Amendments to the Gas Market Act<br />
OG 16/2017- February 2017<br />
The Act represents to certain degree a change towards<br />
open market trading, abolishing the obligation of gas<br />
producers to sell the gas on prescribed price to the<br />
wholesale gas market supplier. However HEP (appointed<br />
by Croatian Government for a transitional period) as<br />
wholesale gas market supplier will be obliged to sell gas<br />
under regulated conditions to suppliers which are holders<br />
of public service obligation of gas supply of household<br />
customers.<br />
8 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
Decision on the adoption of the National Policy<br />
Framework for the establishment of infrastructure<br />
and market development of alternative<br />
fuels in traffic OG 34/2017 - April 2017<br />
The National Policy Framework (NPF) for the establishment<br />
of infrastructure and market development of alternative<br />
fuels in traffic has been adopted pursuant to the<br />
Act on the Deployment of Alternative <strong>Fuels</strong> Infrastructure.<br />
The NPF the proposes measures on the national<br />
level and on the level of local and regional self-government,<br />
as well as measures which may be used to promote<br />
the establishment of infrastructure for alternative fuels<br />
within the public transportation services. Elaboration of<br />
NPF measures is foreseen on a three-year basis through<br />
the National energy efficiency action plans.<br />
The purpose of the Low-carbon<br />
Development Strategy in Croatia<br />
is to achieve a competitive low<br />
-carbon economy in Croatia by<br />
2050<br />
Regulation on Liability for Environmental<br />
Damage (OG 31/2017) - April 2017<br />
The Regulation regulates the activities considered to<br />
be hazardous for the environment and/or humans, the<br />
criteria for assessing threats and identifying environmental<br />
damage, the most appropriate measures for the<br />
elimination of environmental damage, their purpose<br />
and method of selection, the way to remedy the damage<br />
to the environment and the method of specifying costs<br />
related to the identification and elimination of threats<br />
and environmental damage.<br />
The Regulation repeals the Regulation from 2008. In<br />
comparison to the previous Regulation, the changes are<br />
not substantial and do not have any additional impact on<br />
fuel and lubricant business operations.<br />
Amendments to the Regulation on Prevention<br />
of Major Accidents involving Dangerous<br />
Substances (OG 31/2017) - April 2017<br />
Amendments were adopted to harmonise the existing<br />
Act with the Directive 2012/18/EU -Seveso III and the<br />
amendments in the Air Protection Act (OG 61/2017).<br />
Act on Amendments to the Air Protection Act<br />
(OG 61/2017) - June 2017<br />
Air Protection Act (OG 130/11, 47/14) was amended<br />
(OG 61/2017) to include several EU Directive changes<br />
fulfilling the obligations following the Clean Air Policy<br />
Package primarily laying down the rules concerning<br />
reference methods, data validation and location of<br />
sampling points for the assessment of ambient air quality<br />
defined trough the Ordinance on air Quality monitoring<br />
(OG 79/2017) - August 2017.<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 9
Legislation Corner<br />
Regulation on the Quality of Liquid Petroleum<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong> and the Method of Monitoring and<br />
Reporting and Methodology of Calculating<br />
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Life Cycle<br />
of Supplied <strong>Fuels</strong> and Energy (OG 57/2017)<br />
- June 2017<br />
The Regulation transposes the Directive 2015/1513 relating<br />
to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending<br />
Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use<br />
of energy from renewable sources into the legislation of<br />
the Republic of Croatia. In relation to the obligation<br />
prescribed by the Directive to reduce GHG by 6% by<br />
2020 (compared to 2010) in the life cycle of fuels and<br />
energy per unit of energy prescribed by the Regulation,<br />
designed suppliers will be obliged to calculate and report<br />
following the definitions and the calculation method<br />
starting in 2018 with verified data for 2017.<br />
Regulation on the limitation of emissions<br />
values of air pollutants from stationary<br />
sources (OG 87 /2017) - September 2017<br />
This Regulation lays down mainly the emission limit<br />
values of air pollutants from stationary sources, the<br />
monitoring and evaluation of emissions, the manner of<br />
reducing emissions of pollutants into the air, the manner<br />
and timing of delivery of emission reports to the Croatian<br />
Environment and Nature Agency and to the competent<br />
bodies of the European Union as well as the level<br />
of tolerance for the existing sources for a certain period.<br />
The primary reason for the revision of the Regulation is<br />
harmonization with the Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of<br />
the European Parliament and of the Council on the limitation<br />
of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from<br />
medium combustion plants.<br />
“Europe on the Move” is<br />
a series of proposals aimed<br />
to encourage clean and<br />
sustainable mobility<br />
Low-carbon Strategy<br />
Through half June/half July 2017 public hearing and<br />
public presentation of the draft of Low-carbon Development<br />
Strategy in Croatia was held. Strategy draft<br />
establishes measures which can be taken to reduce<br />
greenhouse gas emissions in different sectors (energy,<br />
industry, transport, agriculture, waste management...).<br />
The purpose of the low-carbon Development Strategy in<br />
Croatia is to achieve a competitive low-carbon economy<br />
in Croatia by 2050. The strategy sets the way for transition<br />
towards sustainable competitive economy in which<br />
economic growth is achieved through activities, industries<br />
and fuels with low greenhouse gas emissions.<br />
10 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
egida<br />
Photos: www.pixabay.com<br />
EU legislation overview<br />
- most important topics<br />
On EU level there are several EU Commission proposals<br />
discussed and amended through Parliament Committees:<br />
• Energy Union Governance proposal: COM (2016) 759<br />
final,<br />
• Energy Efficiency Directive: Proposal COM (2016)<br />
761 final,<br />
• Renewables Energy Directive - RED II proposal:<br />
COM (2016) 767 final.<br />
The documents are expected to be approved during<br />
Q3/Q4 2017 on Parliament Plenary voting (TBC) and<br />
will represent the legislation frame for fuels & lubricants<br />
products, producers and distributors for the 2020-2030<br />
period.<br />
WFD revision proposal COM (2015)0595<br />
- C8-0382/2015 - 2015/0275(COD)<br />
European Parliament adopted on 14 March 2017 the<br />
proposal for the revision of Waste Framework Directive<br />
(Ordinary legislative procedure: first reading), where<br />
regeneration and re-refining of waste oils are required<br />
(Article 21). In May the European Parliament voted on a<br />
mandate to open negotiations with the Council.<br />
EU Commission launched the Mobility<br />
Package - Europe on the Move<br />
At the heart of the Mobility Package published by the<br />
European Commission on 31.5.2017 “Europe on the<br />
Move” is a series of proposals aimed to encourage clean<br />
and sustainable mobility, harnessing automation and<br />
developing socially fair and competitive transport<br />
networks. The proposals include new monitoring and reporting<br />
system for new Heavy duty vehicles (CO 2<br />
emissions)<br />
and recommendation to move towards the use of<br />
the World Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure<br />
(WLTP) for car labelling. Further legislative proposals<br />
are expected notably with regards to post-2020/2021<br />
CO 2<br />
targets for cars and vans, and the introduction of<br />
CO 2<br />
emission standards for heavy duty vehicles (early<br />
2018).
Interview<br />
Delayed Coking:<br />
Advanced Valve<br />
Solutions for<br />
Secure Operation<br />
Interview with Mr. Raimar Hellwig, Metso’s<br />
expert for delayed coking<br />
Raimar Hellwig<br />
The function of a delayed coker is<br />
to convert low value “bottom of the<br />
barrel” feed into higher value<br />
products and it is one of the most<br />
demanding processes in oil refining.<br />
It sets especially high requirements<br />
for valve reliability where<br />
valves must handle a range of gases,<br />
liquids and solids at varying pressures<br />
and temperatures. GOMA<br />
has been talking about advanced<br />
valve solutions for delayed coker<br />
unit with Metso’s coking expert<br />
Mr. Raimar Hellwig. Metso is an<br />
industrial company serving mining,<br />
construction, and oil and gas industries<br />
with the intelligent solutions<br />
and services from the processing<br />
equipment and systems to industrial<br />
valves and controls.<br />
Mr. Hellwig, can you highlight some points of the delayed<br />
coking process?<br />
Yes, delayed coking is part of a refinery process. We refer here to<br />
the thermal cracking method in which low-value hydrocarbon<br />
feedstock is converted to lighter, more valuable products, and<br />
coke. The process involves handling a range of gases, liquids and<br />
solids at high pressures and temperatures up to +550 °C.<br />
But not every refinery has a delayed coking unit, right?<br />
Correct! Delayed coking is not feasible for every refinery. However,<br />
for heavy and sour oil refineries in particular, a coker represents<br />
practically an upgrade that increases feed flexibility. Therefore,<br />
the delayed coking unit is potentially one of the most profitable<br />
operations at a refinery. It also affects plant-wide downstream operations.<br />
So, it depends greatly on efficient flow control solutions<br />
like valves, which must handle a range of gases, liquids and solids at<br />
varying pressures and temperatures. Reliability is not optional.<br />
Mr. Hellwig, Metso has been quite successful with delayed<br />
coker valves recently. Can you tell us more about this?<br />
Metso has been in this market since the 80’s providing valves for<br />
delayed coker units. They are generally on-off or control valves for<br />
different functions, such as emergency shutdown or fuel gas control.<br />
But the crowning glory or highpoint is the coke drum isolation<br />
valve.<br />
Why is this the highpoint?<br />
Our coke drum isolation valves really show that our customers<br />
trust in our performance, our technology and our brand. During<br />
the recent past years, Metso has supplied more than 200 of these<br />
12 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
Delayed Coking Diagram,<br />
source Metso<br />
The delayed coking<br />
unit is potentially one<br />
of the most profitable<br />
operations at a refinery.<br />
It affects plant-wide<br />
downstream operations<br />
and depends greatly on<br />
efficient flow control<br />
solutions like valves.<br />
special valves for the coke drum. The four-way switching, isolation<br />
and overhead control valves play a critical role in the performance<br />
and safety of the coking process. Poorly designed valves quickly<br />
allow heavy residuum to creep into the ball/seat or stem areas,<br />
causing a valve seizure, operational downtime and unsafe working<br />
conditions.<br />
What makes this process around the coke drums so critical?<br />
The feed undergoes partial vaporization and mild cracking as it<br />
passes through a coking furnace into the coke drum. This is where<br />
the vapor undergoes further cracking, and the liquid undergoes<br />
successive cracking and polymerization until it is completely converted<br />
into vapor and coke.<br />
The extreme heat and potential volatility of the thermal cracking<br />
process make coking a potentially dangerous application. The escape<br />
of process medium must be prevented to avoid possible lethal<br />
situations. These safety considerations, in addition to increasing<br />
uptime requirements, demand exceptional valve technology and<br />
performance.<br />
With these thoughts in mind, it makes me proud to see the recent<br />
proven viability of our solutions in a range of successful projects.<br />
These include a revamp project in India and a Greenfield project in<br />
Central Europe.<br />
Can you tell us why customers choose Metso for these critical<br />
valves?<br />
With such a challenging application, it is natural that a customer<br />
must weigh different criteria carefully before making a decision.<br />
Those include everything from safe operation, maintenance costs,<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 13
INTERVIEW<br />
A valve that is not<br />
working properly has a<br />
direct impact on the<br />
total cost of ownership.<br />
A worst-case scenario,<br />
if the refinery has to<br />
shut down the coker<br />
unit for maintenance<br />
and repair, can easily<br />
turn into a daily cost of<br />
over EUR 300,000 in<br />
lost production.<br />
maximum yield and runtime. Metso engineers have meticulously<br />
developed valves to tackle extreme conditions. For example, the<br />
seat back cavities have been designed to prevent residuum from<br />
entering in the first place and are easily purged to prevent accumulation<br />
in the valve.<br />
What is the scenario if the valves are not working as planned?<br />
A valve that is not working properly has a direct impact on the<br />
total cost of ownership, especially when it comes to coke drum<br />
valves. This starts, for example, with excessively long cycling times<br />
when coke accumulation jams the proper movement of the valve,<br />
resulting in purge steam loss and reduced production efficiency.<br />
What is a worst-case scenario if the valves are not working<br />
as planned?<br />
A worst-case scenario would be if the refinery has to shut down the<br />
coker unit for maintenance and repair. Depending on the size of<br />
the unit, this can easily turn into a daily cost of over EUR 300,000<br />
in lost production. To avoid that, many refineries have fairly modest<br />
targets. They will stop their unit every four years to overhaul<br />
the critical coke drum valves. And then, even the valves that may<br />
still be working fine are changed.<br />
Do you have other examples where expectations were<br />
exceeded?<br />
An example of exceeding expectations is with our condition monitoring<br />
service. Valve performance should be analyzed regularly<br />
during operations. This can be done with the help of Metso service<br />
experts. Thanks to this approach, we can then mutually decide<br />
with the customer before a shutdown which valves should be serviced<br />
and which will stay installed until next time.<br />
In 1999 at a refinery in the US, a customer commissioned 19 of its<br />
critical valves around the coke drum. For the first repair work in<br />
October 2007, only four of these valves were determined to need<br />
a service and spare parts exchange. With proper planning, this<br />
service was completed within the five-day shutdown. Notably, the<br />
remaining 14 valves stayed unchanged in the pipe. So, in this case,<br />
we first exceeded the common valve operational time, and now the<br />
valves are still continuing to operate after an additional 7, 8, 9 or<br />
more years.<br />
Valves by Metso, source Metso<br />
14 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
About Raimar<br />
Mr. Raimar Hellwig is Area Business<br />
Manager at Metso Flow Control for<br />
Central Europe and India. Raimar<br />
has been working as a manager in<br />
sales, sales support and product<br />
management. He holds a degree in<br />
mechanical engineering and started<br />
in international sales for engineered<br />
valves over 12 years ago. Today, he<br />
works as Area Business Manager to<br />
win business and execute the growth<br />
strategies. He can be reached at<br />
raimar.hellwig@metso.com<br />
What is the difference if a coker valve operates 4 years or<br />
an additional 8 years?<br />
The number of years a valve continues to operate has a direct effect<br />
on the total cost of ownership. Service costs are roughly 1/3 of a<br />
new valve. If the refinery is servicing and replacing valves every 4<br />
years or 8 years, just think of the impact this will have on operational<br />
costs when multiplied by about the 10 to 20 of the special<br />
coker valves or hundreds of the unit valves.<br />
Is Metso represented in Croatia and in the region?<br />
Yes, of course, I am happy to say that for 13 years now we successfully<br />
cooperate with our partner, Eco consult d.o.o. (ecoconsult.hr)<br />
from Croatia. We have very good and close cooperation and have<br />
successfully delivered projects in Croatia, Balkan region, Belarus,<br />
Russia and Middle East, not only in oil & gas industry, but in all<br />
process industries, energy projects, steel production, etc. Eco consult<br />
is engineering company whose mission is to provide energy<br />
efficient solutions by optimizing control loops in process industries,<br />
increasing use of renewable energy sources and reducing<br />
emissions. Our proven valve technologies and their added value<br />
expertise are key to success and our customers have recognized<br />
benefits of using package solutions we together provide.
egida<br />
One Portfolio – Many Possibilities<br />
Product Offering for Fuel and Lubricant Solutions<br />
INNOVATIVE<br />
Engine Coolants<br />
GLYSANTIN ® engine coolants provide 3-fold protection<br />
against corrosion, overheating and frost. BASF first<br />
patented GLYSANTIN ® in 1929, and the brand has<br />
been very popular with motorists ever since. This<br />
engine coolant has the most OEM approvals from the<br />
large motor manufacturers.<br />
FUEL<br />
Comprehensive Fluid Solutions<br />
LUBRICANTS<br />
Brake Fluids<br />
PROVEN<br />
HYDRAULAN ® premium brake fluids, for more than<br />
60 years, stand for the reliability of the brake system<br />
and therefore for the safety of vehicles. As an established<br />
partner of the automotive industry, we continuously<br />
develop products that meet and exceed both current and<br />
future requirements.<br />
EXPERTISE<br />
Fuel Performance Packages<br />
BASF’s fuel performance packages are designed to make the<br />
difference for any kind of fuel and have established us as the<br />
leading supplier of fuel performance packages worldwide. The multifunctional<br />
KEROPUR ® performance packages keep engines clean and<br />
protect the entire fuel system. BASF’s portfolio comprises gasoline and<br />
diesel performance packages for maximum engine cleanliness, better<br />
fuel economy, lower emissions and a better driving experience. When it<br />
comes to transportation above the ground, our KEROJET ® aviation fuel<br />
additives can help reduce the costs of maintenance, improve efficiency<br />
and sustain the high performance of aviation gas turbines.<br />
Refinery Additives<br />
Creating chemistry and solutions for our customers, BASF is a strong<br />
and reliable partner for the mineral oil industry. Whether in terms of flow<br />
improvement, property enhancement or stabilization, our innovative<br />
solutions deliver the reliable performance needed by our partners in the<br />
refinery industry, as demonstrated for example by our custom-made<br />
KEROFLUX ® flow improvers and wax antisettling additives which ensure<br />
the operability of diesel fuels even at cold temperatures.<br />
Polyisobutene<br />
Polyisobutene (PIB) has been a core business of BASF for more than<br />
85 years. As one of the world’s leading producers of PIB, we offer the<br />
broadest range of polyisobutenes with different molecular weights. The<br />
unique properties mean that our products are ideally suited to enhance<br />
manufacturing processes and product effectiveness in a wide range<br />
of industries and applications – including the manufacture of fuel and<br />
lubricant additives, adhesives, sealants and chewing gum base. The<br />
products are marketed worldwide under the brands of GLISSOPAL ®<br />
(low-molecular weight PIB) and OPPANOL ® (medium- and high-molecular<br />
weight PIB).
egida<br />
Compounded <strong>Lubricants</strong><br />
BASF’s Compounded <strong>Lubricants</strong> ensure first-class results in terms of<br />
gear wear, seal life, fluid oxidation and oil life. Our synthetic lubricants<br />
also help to improve energy efficiency, which reduces fuel consumption<br />
and decreases CO 2<br />
emissions. With their renewable content, they fall<br />
into today’s class of more carbon-neutral, sustainable technologies.<br />
Our compounded lubricants for transportation applications (EMGARD ® )<br />
are recognized as the industry standard, providing superior performance.<br />
In actual field use, our products have protected trucks for over<br />
1.6 million miles without a lubricant change – in other words: 30 times<br />
around the world without changing the axle and transmission oil. While<br />
our transmission lubricants allow for longer maintenance intervals and<br />
reduced oil usage as well as downtime and considerably lower operating<br />
costs, our axle lubricants provide measurable fuel savings and enable<br />
maximum component life as well as smaller quantities of used oil for<br />
disposal. BASF also markets a wide range of ready- formulated lubricants<br />
for industrial applications (EMGARD ® / PLURASAFE ® ) in many market<br />
segments, such as: gear lubricants for wind turbines, high-performance<br />
bio- hydraulic fluids for mobile construction equipment or energy-efficient,<br />
longer life compressor coolants for general industrial applications. We<br />
partner with leading industrial lubricant marketers, OEMs and machine<br />
builders to provide the latest in high- performance, quantifiably sustainable<br />
lubrication solutions, providing extended component life, greater<br />
environmental compatibility and lower overall cost. When it comes<br />
to refrigeration oils (PLURASAFE ® ), BASF produces a broad range of<br />
lubricants for air conditioning and industrial cooling applications around<br />
the world. In close cooperation with refrigeration oil marketers and<br />
system OEMs, we provide high performance and optimum compatibility<br />
with all refrigerant technologies. The benefits of our patented refrigeration<br />
lubricant technology include lower cost, hydrolytic stability, lower wear<br />
and superior miscibility with refrigerants.<br />
Lubricant Oil Additives<br />
BASF offers a broad range of additives, including antioxidants, anti-wear<br />
additives, metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants<br />
and viscosity modifiers, needed to formulate solutions for nearly every<br />
imaginable application. The aforementioned additives when correctly<br />
formulated into lubricants enable the lubricants to ‘stay in grade’. This<br />
term is widely used in relation to lubricant performance requirements.<br />
It addresses the need that the lubricant remains fit for purpose both<br />
freshly prepared and throughout its specified lifetime. Our IRGANOX ® ,<br />
IRGALUBE ® , IRGACOR ® , IRGAMET ® and IRGAFLO ® additives enable<br />
the formulation of high-performance and cost-effective lubricants<br />
by providing protection to the base oil as well as metal surfaces. For<br />
industrial applications as, for example, turbine oils and hydraulic fluids,<br />
BASF also offers ashless additive packages under its IRGALUBE ®<br />
trademark. BASF’s unmatched production network provides our<br />
customers with supply reliability and security.<br />
Base Stocks for <strong>Lubricants</strong> and Components<br />
for Metalworking Fluids<br />
As a leading global supplier of high-performance synthetic lubricant base<br />
stocks as well as metalworking fluid components, we are committed<br />
to supplying the lubricant market with our expertise and best-in-class<br />
solutions. Our broad product range of PAG and Ester lubricant base stocks<br />
plays an important role in a wide variety of applications requiring high<br />
performance and unique properties. Demand for improved fuel economy,<br />
extended equipment life and solutions delivering on sustainable development<br />
are resulting in a need for improved lubricant performance. BASF’s<br />
lubricant base stocks have a very broad performance range and are the<br />
ideal choice to meet current and future performance requirements. The<br />
portfolio for metalworking formulations includes a wide range of surfactants<br />
and emulsifiers as well as solubilizers, corrosion inhibitors and foam control<br />
agents to ensure trouble-free operations meeting environmental, health<br />
and safety standards. As a strong and established partner for lubricant<br />
formulators, we continuously develop products that meet our customers’<br />
requirements. The products are available worldwide and marketed under<br />
the brand names SYNATIVE ® , BREOX ® , PLURACOL ® and PLURASAFE ® .<br />
Fuel and Lubricant Solutions<br />
EVO 1720
Upgrading options of heavy<br />
residues, rubber modified<br />
bitumen case study<br />
András Holló<br />
ahollo@mol.hu<br />
MOL Plc, Hungary<br />
András Geiger<br />
ageiger@mol.hu<br />
MOL Plc, Hungary<br />
Péter Gergó<br />
gergop@almos.uni-pannon.hu<br />
University of Pannonia,<br />
Hungary<br />
Abstract<br />
Heavy residues are still used as fuel oil,<br />
bunker oil or bitumen in the transportation<br />
and construction industries.<br />
However, the quality requirements of<br />
these products are also increasing continuously.<br />
The reasons are mainly the<br />
tightening environmental regulations.<br />
On the other hand, the increasing<br />
quantity demand of liquid fuels for<br />
internal combustion engines requires<br />
“bottom of the barrel” conversion<br />
technologies in crude oil refineries.<br />
Thanks to these separation, thermal or<br />
catalytic processed heavy residues are<br />
converted to lighter, more profitable<br />
products.<br />
For many decades, bitumen has been<br />
successfully used in asphalt concrete<br />
to construct roads. Despite the improvements<br />
of bitumen production,<br />
road design and construction, there<br />
are limits to meet new challenges like<br />
growing traffic, extreme climates and<br />
construction shortcomings. Polymer<br />
modified bitumen (PmB) can help to<br />
overcome these challenges, however,<br />
the application of these polymers is too<br />
expensive.<br />
The production of rubber bitumen<br />
by blending of bitumen with used tyres<br />
based crumb rubber is not just a waste<br />
handling method, but an excellent<br />
solution to upgrade the quality of<br />
bitumen, improving economically the<br />
performance of asphalt pavements.<br />
Beside the advantages, many existing<br />
rubber bitumen technologies and their<br />
products have some drawbacks: e.g. altering<br />
product quality, phase separation<br />
and high viscosity.<br />
To overcome the disadvantages<br />
University of Pannonia and MOL Plc.<br />
jointly developed a new, patented production<br />
method (WO/2007/068990),<br />
which is capable to produce the so<br />
called chemically stabilized rubber<br />
bitumen in a crude oil refinery. In<br />
the technology by applying a special<br />
anti-settling additive the phase separation<br />
of the disperse system and the<br />
unfavourable high viscosity can be<br />
significantly decreased. In this paper<br />
the different upgrading technologies of<br />
heavy residues, the main characteristics<br />
of chemically stabilised rubber bitumen<br />
and its commercial experiences<br />
are summarised.<br />
Keywords: heavy residue upgrading;<br />
rubber modified bitumen;<br />
asphalt; performance<br />
Introduction<br />
The yield of vacuum residues produced<br />
via crude oil distillation can<br />
significantly depended of the crude<br />
oil. However, the market demand for<br />
these heavy residues as fuel oil, bunker<br />
fuel or bitumen decreases and<br />
18 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
their quality have to be improved<br />
too. The strict SO 2<br />
emission limits<br />
in EU forced power plant operators<br />
to switch from high sulphur fuel oil<br />
to cleaner natural gas or build SO 2<br />
scrubbers. International Maritime<br />
Organisation has also introduced a<br />
plan to decrease the sulphur content<br />
of bunker fuels both inside and<br />
outside of Emission Control Areas<br />
(ECA). The max. sulphur limit of<br />
ECAs bunker fuel has been reduced<br />
from 1.0 % to 0.1 % from January<br />
2015. The max. sulphur limit of<br />
non-ECAs bunker fuel is planned to<br />
reduce from the actual 3.5 % to 0.5<br />
% from January 2020. On the other<br />
hand the global demand of crude oil<br />
products will be increased in longterm,<br />
especially in the non-OECD,<br />
developing countries (Table 1).<br />
Among these products the demand<br />
of both motor gasoline and JET/<br />
diesel fuel will be higher (Table 2).<br />
Thus in order to meet the quantity<br />
and quality demand of the market of<br />
different crude oil products, refineries<br />
have to convert these residues to<br />
lighter and more valuable fuels and<br />
other products (1-3).<br />
There are many proprietary technologies<br />
for upgrading of heavy residues<br />
and producing lighter fractions<br />
(Fig. 1): like separation (e.g. vacuum<br />
distillation, solvent deasphalting),<br />
thermal technologies (e.g. visbreaking,<br />
fluid/flexi coking, delayed<br />
coking), catalytic technologies (e.g.,<br />
ebullated bed residue hydrocracking,<br />
slurry phase residue hydrocracking<br />
and residue fluid catalytic<br />
cracking) and gasification with or<br />
without synthesis gas conversion.<br />
Thanks to these technologies, heavy<br />
residues can be converted to more<br />
profitable products like motor<br />
gasoline and middle distillates (JET<br />
and diesel fuels). Unfortunately,<br />
the investment cost of these deep<br />
conversion units is very high and<br />
the payback period greatly depends<br />
on the capacity utilisation and the<br />
market economics (4-11).<br />
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040<br />
OECD America 24.4 24.8 24 22.8 21.5 20.1<br />
OECD Europe 13.7 13.5 13 12.4 11.8 11.1<br />
OECD Asia Oceania 8.1 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.1<br />
OECD Total 46.2 45.9 44.3 42.1 39.7 37.3<br />
Latin America 5.6 6 6.4 6.7 7 7.3<br />
Middle East & Africa 3.8 4.2 4.6 5.1 5.5 6<br />
India 4.1 5.1 6.4 7.7 9 10.4<br />
China 10.8 12.2 13.6 14.9 16.1 17.1<br />
Other Asia 6.3 7.1 7.9 8.7 9.3 9.8<br />
OPEC 10.9 12.2 13.3 14.3 15 15.4<br />
Developing<br />
countries total<br />
41.5 46.8 52.2 57.4 62 66.1<br />
Russia 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5<br />
Other Asia 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5<br />
Eurasia Total 5.3 5.6 5.8 6 6.1 6<br />
World 93 98.3 102.3 105.5 107.8 109.4<br />
Table 1: Long-term oil demand according to OPEC (bbl/d)<br />
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040<br />
Ethane/LPG 10.4 11.1 11.7 12.1 12.4 12.7<br />
Naphtha 6.2 6.5 6.9 7.4 7.9 8.5<br />
Gasoline 24.2 26.1 26.9 27.4 27.8 28<br />
Light products total 40.8 43.7 45.5 46.9 48.2 49.1<br />
Jet/kerosene 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.4 9 9.4<br />
Gasoil/diesel 27.5 29.5 31.1 32 32.7 33.2<br />
Middle distillates total 34.3 36.7 38.9 40.4 41.7 42.6<br />
Residual fuel 7.7 7.2 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.4<br />
Other products 10.3 10.7 11 11.3 11.3 11.2<br />
Heavy products total 17.9 17.9 18 18.1 18 17.7<br />
World total 93 98.3 102.3 105.5 107.8 109.4<br />
Table 2: Long-term oil demand by product category according to OPEC (bbl/d)<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 19
Because of the development of<br />
road transportation and the constant<br />
quality problems of roads, in some<br />
less developed countries, new and<br />
economical solutions are needed in<br />
road constructions. For a century,<br />
bitumen has been successfully used<br />
in asphalt, concrete to construct<br />
roads. Despite the improvements of<br />
bitumen production, road construction<br />
and design, there are limits to<br />
meet new challenges. Growing traffic,<br />
increasing loads of heavy trucks,<br />
extreme climates and construction<br />
shortcomings are taking a toll.<br />
Additionally, there is an increasing<br />
demand for safer, quieter highways<br />
and roads. Polymer modification<br />
(e.g. styrene-butadiene-styrene or<br />
SBS) of bitumen can help to overcome<br />
these challenges. However, the<br />
application of the special bitumen<br />
additives is expensive (12, 13).<br />
The production of rubber bitumen<br />
by blending of bitumen with<br />
used tyres based crumb rubber is not<br />
just a waste handling method, but<br />
an excellent and economic solution<br />
to upgrade the quality of the heavy<br />
residue, improving the performance<br />
of asphalt pavements compared to<br />
roads made of conventional bitumen.<br />
The technology was applied<br />
first in the US in the sixties. The<br />
following advantages are usually<br />
highlighted in case of rubber bitumen<br />
application (12-14):<br />
• longer life time,<br />
• lower life cycle cost,<br />
• better low temperature performance,<br />
• wider utilization temperature<br />
range,<br />
• less deformation,<br />
• better fatigue characteristics,<br />
• better adhesion to aggregates results,<br />
thus improved durability,<br />
• noise reduction effect.<br />
However, many existing technologies<br />
and rubber bitumen products<br />
have some drawbacks (12-15):<br />
• altering product quality,<br />
• quick phase separation (transportation<br />
and storage problems),<br />
• high viscosity (pumping problems),<br />
• spraying problems,<br />
• necessity of special equipment<br />
(investment required),<br />
• special asphalt mixture is required,<br />
• compatibility problems,<br />
• emission of harmful gases.<br />
Therefore University of Pannonia<br />
and MOL Plc. developed a<br />
new, patented production method<br />
(WO/2007/068990, HU226481),<br />
which is capable to produce chemically<br />
stabilized rubber bitumen in a<br />
crude oil refinery according to the<br />
best available technique. The target<br />
was to keep the advantageous properties<br />
and minimise the disadvantages<br />
of rubber bitumen product.<br />
Results and discussion<br />
As it was presented in our earlier<br />
publications (14, 15) several rubber<br />
modified bitumen (RmB) production<br />
test runs were organised by the<br />
research team of University of Pannonia<br />
and MOL before 2012 in Zala<br />
Refinery (Hungary) after temporary<br />
modification of an existing polymer<br />
modification bitumen (PmB) plant.<br />
Test runs with regard to the following<br />
asphalt laboratory assessments,<br />
asphalt mixture productions and test<br />
road constructions were very promising.<br />
The quality and durability of<br />
constructed asphalt roads together<br />
Figure 1: Upgrading<br />
options of heavy<br />
residues producing<br />
lighter fractions<br />
with the gained experiences stimulated<br />
the construction of a new rubber<br />
bitumen unit. As a result MOL<br />
revamped an existing PmB plant. In<br />
the unit both PmB and chemically<br />
stabilised RmB with the improved<br />
wet process can be produced. The<br />
nominal capacity of the prototype<br />
RmB unit is 5 kt/year.<br />
The patented process, consists<br />
of two technological steps. In the<br />
first one, chemical degradation of<br />
crumb rubber occurs at high temperature.<br />
The second step involves<br />
a high shear mixing with the application<br />
of colloid mill. It occurs at<br />
moderate temperature and supports<br />
re-vulcanization of dissolved parts<br />
of crumb rubber in bitumen. During<br />
the production a multifunctional<br />
additive (produced by MOL) is applied<br />
as well, which promotes rubber<br />
dissolution and decreases separation<br />
ability of undissolved rubber particles.<br />
At the same time, the applied<br />
additive decreases the viscosity of<br />
the product providing better processability<br />
in asphalt mixing and<br />
pavement construction.<br />
The insoluble particles in the final<br />
RmB product are below 50% calculated<br />
on the initially added crumb<br />
rubber. It means that more than half<br />
of used rubber completely dissolves<br />
and behaves as active modifying<br />
agent similarly to SBS used for<br />
polymer modified bitumen production.<br />
The swelled but not completely<br />
dissolved particles contribute to<br />
20 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
excellent low temperature characteristics<br />
of RmB.<br />
Stable crumb rubber quality and<br />
its particle size distribution are one<br />
of the most important criterion for<br />
rubber bitumen production process.<br />
During crumb rubber production<br />
waste tyres are shredded, fabric and<br />
steel used as reinforcement material<br />
are removed. Used tyres should be<br />
cleaned and impurities have to be<br />
removed before shredding (e.g. clay,<br />
sand and gravel).<br />
The most valuable component of<br />
crumb rubber is the polyisoprene<br />
content. Crumb rubber derived<br />
from tyres of passenger cars contains<br />
10-20% polyisoprene, this value<br />
is around 35-45% in truck tyres.<br />
Further constituents of crumb rubbers<br />
are synthetic rubber (15-45%),<br />
carbon black (25-30%), inorganic<br />
additives (5-15%) and plasticisers (5-<br />
15%) measured according to ASTM<br />
D297-15 standard (16).<br />
Asphalt mechanical tests were<br />
also carried out in the development<br />
phase using different bitumen<br />
products produced in Zala Refinery.<br />
The properties of binders applied<br />
for asphalt tests are summarised in<br />
Table 3. The softening point of RmB<br />
is between the values of other two<br />
commercial products. The highest<br />
penetration ensures good workability<br />
in asphalt mixing and compaction.<br />
RmB has the best breaking point.<br />
Dynamic viscosity of RmB is near to<br />
those value of PmB 25/55-65.<br />
Significantly better results were<br />
measured in asphalt mixtures (Table<br />
4). It has almost the same characteristics<br />
as PmB and far better than<br />
50/70 road bitumen.<br />
It has to be mentioned that fatigue<br />
character of different asphalt types<br />
produced with RmB has been furher<br />
improved last years. Recently this<br />
performance character is on the<br />
same level than that of asphalt mixtures<br />
produced with PmB. Other favourable<br />
properties like traffic noise<br />
reduction (-3.2 dB), better adhesion<br />
Property Test method RmB<br />
50/70 road<br />
bitumen<br />
Softening point, °C EN 1427 59 51 74<br />
Penetration at 25 °C,<br />
0.1mm<br />
EN 1426 65 56 45<br />
Fraass breaking point, °C EN 12593 -24 -12 -14<br />
Dynamic viscosity at 180<br />
°C, mPas<br />
Table 3<br />
EN 13702-2 480 90 410<br />
Requirement RmB<br />
50/70 road<br />
bitumen<br />
PmB<br />
25/55-65<br />
Binder content, % 5.1 5.1 5.1<br />
Permanent deformation/Wheel tracking (EN 12687-22)<br />
Relative deformation, % Max, 5.0 1 3.6 1<br />
Resistance to fatigue (EN 12687-24)<br />
Ehhmax, (N=106), microstrain To be reported 160 143 201<br />
PmB<br />
25/55-65<br />
Asphalt cracking*<br />
Cracking temperature, °C Max, -18.0 -31 -18 -24.8<br />
Table 4: AC-11 type of asphalts produced with different bitumen binders<br />
properties (Fig. 2, tested in 60°C<br />
after 36 hours based on the method<br />
developed by the National Road and<br />
Traffic Research Institute, Sweden)<br />
and stopping distance lowering (-5%<br />
at 50 km/h and -10% at 100 km/h)<br />
were also proved comparing RmB<br />
and 50/70 road bitumen based<br />
asphalts (14).<br />
Based on a recent lifecycle analysis<br />
(17) the complex comparison of asphalt<br />
wearing courses made by RmB<br />
45/80-55 and by normal (unmodified)<br />
road construction bitumen<br />
50/70 were compared. The calculation<br />
resulted + 50% lifetime expectation<br />
and - 29-32% lifetime cost for<br />
the whole lifecycle of the wearing<br />
course.<br />
Among several test road construction<br />
the main road of the Danube<br />
Refinery was also reconstructed in<br />
2012. No fatigue cracks, thermal<br />
cracks and rutting can be observed<br />
after 5 years of heav traffic on the<br />
road (Fig. 3).<br />
In 2015 the Hungarian Standards<br />
Institution published the MSZ<br />
930:2015 standard entitled Bitumen<br />
and bituminous binders. Rubber<br />
modified bitumen. Requirements<br />
(18). This specifies the main quality<br />
requirements of the RmB product<br />
(Table 5).<br />
MOL rubber modified bitumen<br />
won the following awards during the<br />
last years:<br />
• Innovative Product Award of<br />
Institution of Chemical Engineers,<br />
UK (IChemE), 2016,<br />
• Environmental Innovation Award<br />
2014 of Hungarian Ministry of<br />
Agriculture,<br />
• To prove its eco-friendly nature<br />
MOL rubber modified bitumen<br />
gained ECO-label in November,<br />
2014 from Hungarian ECO-labelling<br />
Organisation,<br />
• House of the Hungarian Quality<br />
Award 2013 for MOL rubber<br />
modified bitumen process from<br />
Hungarian Society for Quality,<br />
2013.<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 21
Figure 2: Adhesion<br />
characteristics of<br />
50/70 road bitumen<br />
(left) and RmB<br />
45/80-55 (right)<br />
Conclusions<br />
Figure 3: Test road<br />
before (left) and after<br />
(right) the RmB road<br />
construction<br />
Property Test method RmB<br />
Penetration at 25 °C, 0.1mm EN 1426 45-80<br />
Softening point, °C EN 1427 ≥ 55<br />
Fraass breaking point, °C EN 12593 ≤ -16<br />
Storage stability EN 13399<br />
Softening point difference, °C EN 1427 ≤ 8<br />
Flash point, °C EN ISO 2592 ≥ 235<br />
Dynamic viscosity at 180 °C, mPas EN 13702-2 ≤ 500<br />
Table 5: Main requirements of MSZ 930:2015 standard<br />
Heavy or vacuum residues of crude<br />
oil processing are mainly converted<br />
to more valuable and lighter products.<br />
Though the demand of cheap<br />
but high quality road construction<br />
binder, like road construction bitumen<br />
is increasing too. One solution<br />
could be the production of chemically<br />
stabilised rubber bitumen. Applying<br />
MOL proprietary technology,<br />
similar or in some cases even better<br />
quality of asphalt can be constructed<br />
than that of the top quality asphalt<br />
containing expensive polymer<br />
modified bitumen. RmB production<br />
could improve the environmental<br />
awareness and could demonstrate<br />
the corporate social responsibility<br />
of the manufacturer. The reason is<br />
the utilisation of a waste tyre based<br />
crumb rubber. Many road construction<br />
companies have applied MOL’s<br />
rubber modified bitumen product in<br />
Hungary and Slovakia and acquired<br />
asphalt mixing and road construction<br />
experiences during its application.<br />
RmB can significantly contribute<br />
to the construction of roads<br />
having better lifetime, better quality<br />
and lower maintenance cost, as well<br />
as to the sustainable transportation<br />
and increased waste re-utilisation.<br />
The excellent product quality and<br />
its economic, environmental and<br />
social effects were acknowledged by<br />
domestic and international organisations.<br />
22 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
References<br />
ARORA A., MUKHERJEE U., Proceedings<br />
of the NPRA Annual Meeting,<br />
San Antonio, TX, 1-15, 2011.<br />
CHAPMAN S., KOTLOMIN V.,<br />
Proceedings of 15 th the Bottom of the<br />
Barrel Technology Conference 2017,<br />
Dubrovnik, 1-22, 2017.<br />
ANON, Annual Energy Outlook 2017<br />
with projections to 2050, U.S. Energy<br />
Information Administration,<br />
Washington, 2017.<br />
SPEIGHT J. G., The Chemistry and<br />
Technology of Petroleum, CRC<br />
Press, Boca Raton, 2007.<br />
GARY J. H. Petroleum Refining Technology<br />
and Economics, CRC Press,<br />
Boca Raton, 2007.<br />
CERIĆ E., Crude Oil, Processes and<br />
Products, IBC, Sarajevo, 2012.<br />
SRIVASTAVA S. P., HANCSÓK J.,<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong> and Fuel-Additives, Wiley,<br />
Hoboken, 2014.<br />
KRESNYAK S., PRICE S., WAG-<br />
NER J., Hydrocarbon Processing,<br />
March, 91-95, 2014.<br />
SPEIGHT J. G., Scientia Iranica, 19,<br />
3, 569-573, 2012.<br />
MEDINE M.-C., Proceedings of the<br />
New Horizons in Gasification, The<br />
12th European Gasification Conference<br />
2014, Rotterdam, 1-17, 2014.<br />
ELGEY I., Proceedings of the 15 th Bottom<br />
of the Barrel Technology Conference<br />
2017, Dubrovnik, 1-20, 2017.<br />
HOLLÓ A., GEIGER A., VARGA G.,<br />
Proceedings of the European Refining<br />
Technology Conference, 18 th Annual<br />
Meeting, Budapest, 1-27, 2013.<br />
KALOUSH K. E., Construction and<br />
Building Materials, 67, 258-264,<br />
2014.<br />
GEIGER A., et al., MOL Group Scientific<br />
<strong>Magazine</strong>, 2, 54-59, 2012.<br />
GEIGER A. et al., MOL Group Scientific<br />
<strong>Magazine</strong>, 2, 74-83, 2014.<br />
American Society for Testing and<br />
Materials (ASTM) standard: ASTM<br />
D297- 15, Standard Test Methods<br />
for Rubber Products - Chemical<br />
Analysis, 2015.<br />
Institute for Transport Sciences<br />
Non-Profit Ltd (Hungary) :’Lifecycle<br />
parameters’ of asphalt wearing<br />
courses containing rubber modified<br />
bitumen binder, Budapest, 2013.<br />
Hungarian Standard Institute: MSZ<br />
930:2015, Bitumen and bituminous<br />
binders. Rubber modified<br />
bitumen. Requirements, 2015.<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 23
Green Corner<br />
Sustainability of Bioenergy<br />
Supply Chains Workshop<br />
A very successful inter-task workshop was held in Gothenburg<br />
in May 2017 on sustainability of bioenergy supply chain<br />
Vesna Kučan Polak<br />
Sustainability of liquid and<br />
solid biofuels production is<br />
under continued scrutiny,<br />
including topics such as iLUC,<br />
food vs. fuel, forest carbon<br />
accounting and sustainable<br />
forest management principles<br />
Sustainability of liquid<br />
and solid biofuels<br />
production is under<br />
continued examination<br />
and monitoring<br />
International Energy agency - IEA founded<br />
in1974, was designed to help countries coordinate a<br />
collective response to major disruptions in the supply of<br />
oil, such as the oil crisis of 1973-74. During years IEA<br />
has evolved and today examines the wide range of energy<br />
issues including renewable energy, electricity markets,<br />
energy efficiency and much more. The IEA agency is<br />
autonomous, based in Paris and has 29 member countries.<br />
The main decision-making body is the Governing<br />
Board composed of energy ministers from each member<br />
Country. IEA is providing authoritative analysis through<br />
a wide range of publications, including the World Energy<br />
Outlook and the IEA Market Reports; data and statistics,<br />
such as Key World Energy Statistics and the Monthly<br />
Oil Data Service; and a series of training and capacity<br />
building workshops, presentations and resources.<br />
IEA Bioenergy is an organisation set up in 1978 by<br />
the International Energy Agency (IEA) with the aim to<br />
improve international cooperation and information between<br />
and among different entities, such as government<br />
institutions, universities, utilities and private companies<br />
in bioenergy research, development and deployment.<br />
IEA Bioenergy’s mission is to facilitate the commercialisation<br />
and market deployment of environmentally<br />
sound, socially acceptable and cost competitive bioenergy<br />
systems and technologies and to advice policy and<br />
industrial decision makers accordingly.<br />
The activities of IEA Bioenergy are organised in Tasks<br />
which have well defined objectives, budgets and time<br />
frames. Ongoing tasks are: raw material related Tasks<br />
(43, 36), conversion process related Tasks (32, 33, 34,<br />
37, 39, 42), assessment based Tasks (40, 38), ITP- Intertask<br />
projects and SP- special projects.<br />
24 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
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Green Corner<br />
Comprehensive and scientific<br />
guidelines, regulations and<br />
standards must ensure that<br />
increased biomass outputs<br />
respect sustainability<br />
considerations<br />
A very successful inter-task workshop was held in<br />
Gothenburg in May 2017 on the topic of sustainability of<br />
bioenergy supply chain with approximately 100 attendees.<br />
The preliminary project results of inter-task project on<br />
“Measuring, governing and gaining support for sustainable<br />
bioenergy supply chains” (2016-2018, synthesised<br />
works of Task 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43) are covering three<br />
main objectives:<br />
An overview and examples of calculation methods &<br />
tools to assess the sustainability of various biomass and<br />
bioenergy supply chains.<br />
Comparison and assessment of the legitimacy, including<br />
effectiveness and efficiency of a variety of approaches<br />
on how to govern and verify sustainability of biomass<br />
and bioenergy supply chains in different conditions.<br />
Understanding the positions and underlying motivations<br />
of stakeholder groups relative to their perceptions<br />
of bioenergy and inform dialogues/discussions to avoid<br />
misconceptions and gain trust in bioenergy.<br />
The workshop held on the first day included two<br />
tracks, with one focused entirely on measuring sustainability<br />
and the second on governance and stakeholder<br />
involvement. An overview and examples of calculation<br />
methods & tools to assess the sustainability of various<br />
biomass and bioenergy supply chains focusing largely on<br />
the agriculture, forestry and biogas sectors were provided.<br />
Also compared a variety of approaches on how to<br />
manage and verify sustainability of biomass and bioenergy<br />
supply chains in different conditions. Second day of<br />
Conference highlighted stakeholder involvement with<br />
a focus on biofuels based on several case studies that are<br />
underway from different countries (Denmark, USA and<br />
Canada).<br />
Participants highlighted that sustainability of liquid<br />
and solid biofuels production is under continued examination<br />
and monitoring. Very often it is complicated,<br />
depending on different views and perceptions of stakeholders<br />
both within and outside the value chains and<br />
sometimes the same system provide a different results.<br />
Barriers to mobilizing bioenergy supply chains are not<br />
only due to the technologies and economics but also in<br />
institutional development. Lessons learned generally<br />
show that almost all significant bioenergy developments<br />
have political background which is necessary. Policies<br />
need to be coordinated across different and wide areas<br />
(e.g., forestry, agriculture, energy, environment, and climate<br />
change). Comprehensive and scientific guidelines,<br />
regulations and standards must ensure that increased<br />
biomass outputs respect sustainability considerations,<br />
which also need to be better understood.
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Conference Report<br />
World<br />
Petroleum<br />
Congress,<br />
Istanbul 2017<br />
After Moscow in 2014, the triennial World Petroleum<br />
Congress widely known as the “Olympics of the Oil<br />
and Gas Industry” was welcomed in Istanbul<br />
28 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
Conference Report<br />
Adriana Petrović<br />
The oil and gas industry has very complex<br />
and challenging task and responsibility to<br />
help drive the transition to a low carbon<br />
economy.<br />
Basilica Cistern Istanbul, Claudia Wehrli, www.publicdomainpictures.net<br />
The 22 nd World Petroleum<br />
Congress was held in Istanbul,<br />
Turkey, from 9-13 July 2017. The<br />
triennial World Petroleum Congress<br />
is widely known as the “Olympics of<br />
the Oil and Gas Industry” and covers<br />
all aspects of the industry from<br />
technological advances in upstream<br />
and downstream operations to the<br />
role of natural gas and renewables,<br />
management of the industry and its<br />
social, economic and environmental<br />
impact. It’s a prestigious and leading<br />
event for the global oil and gas<br />
industry every time, but additional<br />
significance of the 22 WPC was due<br />
to the specific political, economic<br />
and industrial changes which are<br />
currently occurring in the world.<br />
The theme of the 22 nd WPC was:<br />
Bridges to Our Energy Future. It<br />
was the platform for open dialogue<br />
to build bridges between consumers<br />
and producers, governments<br />
and industry, academia and financiers,<br />
leaders and society, in order<br />
to address open issues and present<br />
debates, developments and solutions<br />
for sustainable production, ensuring<br />
the use of the world’s energy resources<br />
but respecting the environmental<br />
requirements and fulfilling<br />
the world’s expectations.<br />
All the majors O&G companies<br />
were represented at the highest<br />
level. Exxon Mobil Corporation,<br />
BP, Royal Dutch Shell, Total, Saudi<br />
Aramco to name the most famous<br />
were represented with large delegation<br />
and Presidents and CEOs,<br />
whose plenary debates and interviews<br />
were the most attended.<br />
Important institutions and organization<br />
attended and participated in<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 29
Conference Report<br />
the Congress organization such as<br />
International Energy Agency IEA,<br />
OPEC, IFP Energies Nouvelles,<br />
International Energy Forum IEF<br />
and others. The congress took place<br />
and evolved through broad and<br />
complex programme structure over<br />
four days. More than 600 speakers<br />
covered the latest developments and<br />
future strategies for the oil and gas<br />
sector. High level Plenaries from<br />
leading industry decision makers,<br />
interactive Round tables and Special<br />
sessions with CEOs and international<br />
experts, in-depth Forums and<br />
innovative Posters on wide variety of<br />
industry sectors addressed the status<br />
quo and the main challenges the sector<br />
is facing.<br />
Although the official statistics and<br />
Congress outcomes have not yet<br />
been published here are the most<br />
important messages and congress<br />
topics in the view of the author of<br />
this article:<br />
Population<br />
The United Nations indicated that<br />
the world population could possibly<br />
exceed 16 billion by the end<br />
of the century, or more conservative<br />
growth assumptions suggest<br />
a global population to be around<br />
9 billion by 2050 and 11 billion by<br />
2100. Demand for energy will grow<br />
as well. Forecast shows the demand<br />
will go up around 30% over the next<br />
two decades. To meet the increasing<br />
demand and rising living standards,<br />
oil and gas will still play a vital role<br />
in energy supply with a different<br />
more sustainable energy mix, with<br />
new energy sources and innovative<br />
technologies.<br />
The growing population and the<br />
rising energy demand will happen in<br />
non-OECD countries, at the same<br />
time it is expected that OECD countries<br />
energy demand will decrease,<br />
part of the demand will be compensate<br />
with by increased energy<br />
efficiency. As a consequence the<br />
industry is migrating to the Eastern<br />
Hemisphere were emerging economies<br />
(such as India and China) and<br />
strong consumer are (Japan).<br />
Paris agreement<br />
The Paris 2015 climate agreement<br />
signed and ratified by 160 countries<br />
and parties so far, aims to limit the<br />
global average temperature increase<br />
well below 2°C by century end<br />
compared to the preindustrial era. It<br />
means the inevitable need to reduce<br />
GHG (mostly carbon) emission and<br />
to build the low carbon economy by<br />
the end of the century.<br />
The oil and gas industry have<br />
a responsibility to help drive the<br />
transition to a low carbon economy.<br />
The task is very complex and challenging:<br />
to provide more energy than<br />
ever and reduce carbon emission<br />
more than ever before in the world<br />
that will be more competitive than<br />
The oil and gas industry<br />
has to be the leader<br />
in finding the solution<br />
to provide more energy<br />
than ever and reduce<br />
carbon emission<br />
more than ever before.<br />
ever before. The oil and gas industry<br />
have to be the leader in finding the<br />
solution and being the part of the<br />
solution.<br />
Natural gas and LNG<br />
The more logic first step in the transition<br />
to low carbon economy is the<br />
increase of use of natural gas, with<br />
lower carbon dioxide emissions and<br />
virtually no nitrogen oxide, sulphur<br />
dioxide and particulate matter emissions.<br />
It has been estimated that if<br />
all existing coal-fired power stations<br />
were switched to gas fired plants, the<br />
total energy related greenhouse gas<br />
(GHG) emissions would be reduced<br />
by 10 percent. It will be a tough and<br />
lengthy process.<br />
Natural gas as Liquefied Natural<br />
Gas (LNG) will be used increasingly<br />
as a transport fuel for heavy duty<br />
road vehicles and ships, especially<br />
in major markets of North America,<br />
Europe and China.<br />
Renewables and alternative<br />
fuels<br />
Today more than 56 % of oil produced<br />
is used in the transport sector.<br />
The transport sector is the second<br />
largest contributor (after the power<br />
sector) of GHG emissions with 23 %<br />
of current world CO 2<br />
emissions. The<br />
need of substantial emission reduction<br />
in transport is obvious trough<br />
energy efficiency and alternative<br />
fuels. The use of biofuels of the first<br />
generation and advanced biofuels<br />
(second generation technologies<br />
from lingo-cellulosic biomass) is<br />
growing not only in road transport<br />
but in aviation sector as well.<br />
Electric vehicles are regarded as<br />
one way to reduce environmental<br />
impact of transport. It is expected<br />
that the light-duty EV market (including<br />
battery electric and plug-in<br />
hybrid electric vehicles) will considerably<br />
grow. Despite the recent<br />
enthusiasm, 1 million EV in 2015<br />
little more electric cars now days,<br />
displace only 0.01 % of global oil<br />
demand, and with possible 100 million<br />
EV by 2035 in total can reduce<br />
the oil demand by 1-1.5%. Hydrogen<br />
and fuel cells with zero tail-pipe<br />
emissions could play an important<br />
role in air pollution reduction.<br />
All known alternative solutions to<br />
fossil fuels could result in only 15%<br />
reduction of today’s oil consumption<br />
in 2040. It would represent<br />
significant part of oil consumption<br />
but it would not represent a radical<br />
change in the transport energy mix.<br />
New solutions are needed to make<br />
the change.<br />
30 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
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egida<br />
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No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 31
Conference Report<br />
It should be emphasized the need<br />
for increased use of renewable energy<br />
to maintain long term growth,<br />
such as construction of large wind<br />
and solar power plants. The major<br />
O&G companies are on that path<br />
already.<br />
Costs and Investments<br />
The must for conventional and nonconventional<br />
oil and gas production,<br />
as well as crude processing, storage,<br />
transport and distribution is<br />
to increase the safety of operations,<br />
increase energy efficiency and decrease<br />
cost of operations. The oil and<br />
gas industry have to learn to work<br />
and prosper at low product prices,<br />
accommodating operational costs at<br />
lower levels.<br />
Investments as a consequence<br />
of oil price drop had dramatically<br />
declined over last two years and only<br />
modest signs of recovery are seen<br />
in 2017. It is essential that governments<br />
and companies gain sufficient<br />
confidence in market conditions to<br />
start a new cycle of investments in<br />
order to find new solutions, build<br />
new technologies and solve the challenges<br />
facing the oil and gas business<br />
in the coming decades.<br />
Investment in talents and<br />
knowledge<br />
During the 2014-2016 crisis oil and<br />
gas companies were downsizing<br />
their workplaces in order to contain<br />
costs. Accelerated retirement among<br />
older personnel was advised and<br />
supported, a huge number of workers<br />
were layoff. Oil and gas business<br />
have lost a lot of skilled and knowledgeable<br />
personnel. On the other<br />
hand digital technologies and automation<br />
have changed the business<br />
and entirely new skillset are needed.<br />
Education systems have not adapted<br />
to the speed, change and demand of<br />
industry in general, but particularly<br />
of oil and gas industry. If something<br />
essential is not done immediately in<br />
oil and gas industry, very soon there<br />
will be not enough talented specialist<br />
not only to find new solutions, invent<br />
new technologies but even run properly<br />
and safely oil and gas operations.<br />
It is extremely necessary to prepare<br />
consistent long-term education<br />
plans for young talents, develop targeted<br />
recruiting methods and take<br />
care of constant knowledge upgrading.<br />
Therefore it is crucial priority<br />
to invest in education and research,<br />
to secure steady development and<br />
growth of oil and gas industry.<br />
All known alterna -<br />
tive solutions to fossil<br />
fuels could result in<br />
only 15% reduction<br />
of today’s oil consumption<br />
by 2040.<br />
New solutions are<br />
needed to make the<br />
change.<br />
Partnership<br />
To cover the increasing energy<br />
demand, to make energy accessible<br />
to the world community through<br />
networks and infrastructure and at<br />
the same time comply with stringent<br />
environmental requirements is a difficult<br />
and complex task. Partnership<br />
between major companies, partnership<br />
between companies and institutions<br />
is critical to facilitate the process<br />
of solving the task. Partnership<br />
between countries and companies<br />
is important for mutual trusting in<br />
long term agreements. Partnership<br />
between countries, governments<br />
and companies with a shared sense<br />
of purpose can create a positive and<br />
stable geopolitical environment in<br />
which solutions and agreements can<br />
be successfully worked out.<br />
Inventions and solutions<br />
All discussed possibilities of development<br />
in the oil and gas industry,<br />
investments in known solutions<br />
and technologies, as well as ongoing<br />
research will not be enough to solve<br />
all open issues and complain with<br />
the Paris climate agreement. New<br />
technologies, today’s unknown solutions<br />
and new inventions are needed<br />
to make a shift. We cannot say when<br />
this shift will occur but the trends are<br />
inexorable. Oil and gas industry is<br />
used to up and downs and challenges<br />
and is prepared to change again and<br />
comply with the future requirements.<br />
We have to rely on boundless<br />
human imagination and inventiveness<br />
for upcoming answers, it is<br />
enough to see the solutions, science<br />
and knowledge we have today that<br />
five or ten years ago were unimaginable,<br />
to gain confidence.
World Petroleum Council<br />
The World Petroleum Council (WPC) is a neutral, nonpolitical<br />
organisation with charitable status in the U.K.<br />
and has accreditation as a Non-Governmental Organization<br />
(NGO) from the United Nations (UN). The WPC is<br />
dedicated to the promotion of sustainable management<br />
and use of the world’s petroleum resources for the benefit<br />
of all. WPC is UN accredited.<br />
Headquartered in London, since 1933, the World<br />
Petroleum Council, includes 65 member countries from<br />
around the world, covering all five continents, representing<br />
over 95% of the world’s oil and gas production<br />
and consumption. WPC membership is unique as it<br />
includes both OPEC and non-OPEC countries with representation<br />
of National Oil Companies (NOC’s) as well<br />
as Independent Oil Companies (IOC’s). Each country<br />
has a National Committee made up from a representatives<br />
of the oil and gas industry, academia and research<br />
institutions and government departments. Governing<br />
body is the Council consisting of representation from<br />
each of the country national committees.<br />
Croatian oil and gas industry is represented trough<br />
the Croatian National Committee for World Petroleum<br />
Council (CNC WPC), Zagreb, as a member of World<br />
Petroleum Council, London.<br />
Every three years, the World Petroleum Council<br />
organizes the World Petroleum Congress, covering<br />
all aspects of the industry including management of the<br />
industry and its social, economic and environmental<br />
impact. In addition all stakeholders including governments,<br />
other industry sectors, NGOs and international<br />
institutions have also joined the dialogue.<br />
At the World Petroleum Council meeting, on July<br />
9 2017, held in Istanbul before the opening of the 22<br />
World Petroleum Congress, Mr Tor Fjearan was appointed<br />
as a new WPC President for the period of three<br />
years.<br />
To find out more please visit: https://www.worldpetroleum.org/<br />
About the author<br />
Mrs. Petrović is a technology engineer by profession.<br />
She graduated on Faculty of Technology at the University<br />
of Zagreb in 1974. Since 1975 Mrs. Petrovic was<br />
working in INA Plc., Croatian oil industry, starting in a<br />
production department of Rijeka Refinery. After almost<br />
30 years of refinery experience on different jobs and<br />
positions Mrs. Petrovic moved to INA’s Headquarters<br />
in Zagreb. From 2004 to 2014 Mrs. Petrovic had several<br />
managerial positions in INA’s Business Divisions and<br />
Functions: Director of Supply chain management Sector;<br />
Director of Sustainable Development and Health,<br />
Safety and Environment protection and Director of<br />
Enterprise Relation Sector. Lately she works as Regulatory<br />
Affairs Advisor.<br />
Mrs. Petrović is involved in the various professional<br />
associations and institutions such as Croatian national<br />
committee of World council for oil and gas as Presidency<br />
member; member of the Executive committee of<br />
Scientific council for Energy at the Croatian academy of<br />
science and art and president of <strong>Fuels</strong> branch of Croatian<br />
society for fuels and lubricants.<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 33
egida<br />
Photo: Depositphotos<br />
Big Data in Oil & Gas<br />
How Data Analytics Can<br />
Be Used To Improve<br />
Business Results<br />
Ivana Lukec<br />
Big Data is the name used to<br />
describe the theory and practice<br />
of applying advanced computer<br />
analysis to the ever-growing amount<br />
of digital information that we can<br />
collect, store and then reuse. Big<br />
data analytics is today used widely in<br />
large number of business areas, from<br />
retail and finances to agriculture and<br />
even healthcare. There is practically<br />
no area where this discipline is not<br />
used and the usage will in future only<br />
continue to grow.<br />
Oil and gas industry is, as well, accomodating<br />
to increased number of<br />
applications and software solutions<br />
that are applying big data analytics.<br />
Those software solutions are coming<br />
from providers such as Microsoft,<br />
Dell, IBM, ABB, OSIsoft and many<br />
more.<br />
With the fact that equipment and<br />
process units are being increasingly<br />
instrumented and that oil and<br />
gas companies have to be strongly<br />
focused on improvement of operational<br />
efficiency, big data analytics<br />
has become a key part of this drive<br />
for continuous improvement.<br />
The stored data are used as the<br />
fuel to run system-wide reliability<br />
models, which in turn identify and<br />
quantify ability for process, performance<br />
and margin improvement.<br />
34 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
Technology Corner<br />
PHOTO: Bigstock<br />
Process units and<br />
equipment are being<br />
increasingly instrumented,<br />
so big data<br />
analytics has become<br />
a key part of this drive<br />
for continuous<br />
improvement.<br />
Both tactical and strategic decisions<br />
can be made with confidence and<br />
speed.<br />
With the correct advanced reliability<br />
modeling tool, refiners are able<br />
to use big data analytics to improve<br />
process monitoring, control, and<br />
to optimize operation while helping<br />
to target important problems<br />
such as product and/or quality loss,<br />
energy loss, byproduct generation,<br />
efficiency improvement and safety<br />
problems. With the explosion of<br />
available data, much of this data<br />
relates directly back to equipment<br />
performance and reliability. Refiners<br />
are as well able to make better<br />
CAPEX decisions, to allocate redundant<br />
systems and spares where they<br />
will have the biggest financial impact<br />
and to optimize buffering with the<br />
process design and the logistics.<br />
Royal Dutch Shell as one of the<br />
largest oil and gas companies - one<br />
of the “supermajors” which also<br />
include BP, Chevron, Total and<br />
ExxonMobil - and the world’s fourth<br />
largest company by revenue, for<br />
some time has been developing the<br />
idea of the “data-driven oilfield” in<br />
an attempt to bring down the cost<br />
of drilling for oil. Shell is also known<br />
to widely use big data for monitoring<br />
equipment. Sensors are used for<br />
collecting equipment data to evaluate<br />
its performance and comparing<br />
it to aggregated data. This “big” data<br />
is then used to determine whether<br />
parts need to be replaced and when.<br />
Shell does the same thing with its<br />
exploration equipment which minimizes<br />
the time equipment spends<br />
offline due to breakdowns. Consequentially,<br />
overheads are reduced.<br />
Big data are also used to increase<br />
the efficiency of the transport, distribution<br />
and retail of oil and gas.<br />
However, as in any industry, application<br />
of big data analytics in process<br />
industry has its challenges that are<br />
mostly related to the varying quality<br />
of industrial data. Common factors<br />
affecting the quality of process data<br />
are measurement noise, missing<br />
values, outlying observations, multirate<br />
data, measurement delay, and<br />
drifting data are the common factors<br />
affecting the quality of process data.<br />
The satisfactory performance of<br />
these models can be achieved only<br />
if such challenging issues are addressed.<br />
Therefore, big data analytics can<br />
be summarized into three dimensions<br />
in oil and gas industry: surveying,<br />
forecasting and maintaining<br />
which helps producer understand<br />
the “bigger picture” of the business.<br />
Big data analytics allow for the<br />
close examination and monitoring<br />
of the separate aspects of this bigger<br />
picture. Models can be built and<br />
analyzed to determine how minor<br />
modifications in one area can make a<br />
big impact in another. The more data<br />
an organization has about its business<br />
components the more realistic<br />
a portrait of reality it can create, and<br />
thus, the better-backed decisions it<br />
can make.
<strong>Fuels</strong> Corner<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong> and <strong>Fuels</strong> Processing<br />
Overview of the most relevant articles related<br />
to fuels and fuels processing<br />
Ante Jukić<br />
For a number of years the main<br />
issue in fuel research is the<br />
consideration of biomass as a<br />
raw material for fuel production<br />
Biomass<br />
For a number of years, the main issue in fuel research<br />
is the consideration of biomass as a raw material<br />
for fuel production, and this is followed by the modelling<br />
and optimization of the production processes. Thus,<br />
most-cited and most-downloaded papers in this area<br />
deal with the above-mentioned topics. Knowing the<br />
detailed composition of biomass is of crucial importance<br />
to the process and later product properties. In review<br />
article: Composition, properties and challenges of algae<br />
biomass for biofuel application: An overview (Fuel, 181,<br />
2016, 1-33), the common issues concerning taxonomical<br />
classification, habitat environment, carbon reserve<br />
capacity, production, use, and main advantages and<br />
disadvantages of algae or algae biofuel are addressed.<br />
Further, more than 135 characteristics related to the<br />
chemical, phase and mineral composition and properties<br />
of algae and algae ash are evaluated and compared<br />
to those of terrestrial biomass, coal and their ashes. As a<br />
result specific benefits and obstacles connected with the<br />
composition and properties of algae and algae ash are<br />
discussed. The present data demonstrate that the high<br />
contents of inorganic matter with unfavorable modes of<br />
element occurrences (chlorides, sulphates, carbonates,<br />
oxalates, nitrates and some oxyhydroxides, phosphates<br />
and amorphous material) in algae and algae ash provoke<br />
the most critical technological and environmental challenges<br />
during algae processing for biofuel application<br />
and especially during algae thermochemical conversion.<br />
There are very informative and following titles:<br />
An overview of the organic and inorganic phase composition<br />
of biomass (Fuel, 94, 2012, 1-33), Effects of torrefaction<br />
process parameters on biomass feedstock upgrading<br />
(Fuel, 91, 2012, 147-154), A review on the pretreatment<br />
of lignocellulose for high-value chemicals (Fuel Processing<br />
Technology, 160, 2017, 196-206).<br />
Pyrolysis<br />
Considering the processes, pyrolysis biomass is currently<br />
being prominent by its attractiveness, and the<br />
headlines we recommend are as follows: Historical Developments<br />
of Pyrolysis Reactors: A Review (Energy <strong>Fuels</strong>,<br />
31, 2017, 5751-5775), Combustion, performance and<br />
emission analysis of a DI diesel engine using plastic pyrolysis<br />
oil (Fuel Processing Technology, 157, 2017, 108-<br />
115), Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for biofuels production<br />
(Fuel Processing Technology, 91, 2010, 25-32), Characteristics<br />
of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis<br />
(Fuel, 86, 2007, 1781-1788), Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass<br />
for Bio-oil: A Critical Review (Energy <strong>Fuels</strong>, 20, 2006,<br />
848-889).
Lube Corner<br />
<strong>Lubricants</strong> and Lubrication<br />
Engineering<br />
Recommendation of the most relevant articles related<br />
to materials research, friction reduction, machine health<br />
monitoring, wear and environmental protection<br />
Ante Jukić<br />
Benefits of friction reduction<br />
Unlike fuel, lubricants and lubrication research<br />
takes place in a much more subject matter. Nevertheless,<br />
the traditionally biggest field is various materials<br />
research, and then there is a constantly growing area of <br />
environmental protection that is being considered by<br />
saving energy and increasing energy efficiency, the use<br />
of renewable raw materials and vegetable oils, green<br />
chemistry, and so on. The study Global energy consumption<br />
due to friction in passenger cars (Trib. Int., 47, 2012,<br />
221-234) presents calculations on the global fuel energy<br />
consumption used to overcome friction in passenger cars<br />
in terms of friction in the engine, transmission, tires, and<br />
brakes. Friction in tribocontacts was estimated according<br />
to prevailing contact mechanisms such as elastohydrodynamic,<br />
hydrodynamic, mixed, and boundary<br />
lubrication. Coefficients of friction in the tribocontacts<br />
were estimated based on available information in the<br />
literature on the average passenger car in use today, a car<br />
with today’s advanced commercial tribological technology,<br />
a car with today’s best advanced technology based<br />
upon recent research and development, and a car with<br />
the best technology forecasted in the next 10 years. The<br />
following conclusions were reached. In passenger cars,<br />
one-third of the fuel energy is used to overcome friction<br />
in the engine, transmission, tires, and brakes. The direct<br />
frictional losses, with braking friction excluded, are 28%<br />
of the fuel energy. In total, 21.5% of the fuel energy is<br />
used to move the car. Reductions in frictional losses will<br />
lead to a threefold improvement in fuel economy as it<br />
photo: https://unsplash.com/<br />
38 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
Lube Corner<br />
will reduce both the exhaust and cooling losses also at the<br />
same ratio. By taking advantage of new technology for<br />
friction reduction in passenger cars, friction losses could<br />
be reduced by 18% in the short term (5-10 years) and by<br />
61% in the long term (15-25 years). This would equal<br />
worldwide economic savings of 174,000 million euros<br />
and 576,000 million euros, respectively; fuel savings<br />
of 117,000 million and 385,000 million litres, respectively;<br />
and CO 2<br />
emission reduction of 290 million and<br />
960 million tonnes, respectively. The friction-related<br />
energy losses in an electric car are estimated to be only<br />
about half those of an internal combustion passenger<br />
car. Potential actions to reduce friction in passenger cars<br />
include the use of advanced coatings and surface texturing<br />
technology on engine and transmission components,<br />
new low-viscosity and low-shear lubricants and additives,<br />
and tire designs that reduce rolling friction.<br />
In passenger cars one-third<br />
of the fuel energy is used to<br />
overcome friction in the<br />
engine, transmission, tires,<br />
and brakes.<br />
Machine health monitoring<br />
Analysis of lubricating oil is an effective approach in<br />
judging machine’s health condition and providing early<br />
warning of machine’s failure progression. In the paper:<br />
Lubricating oil conditioning sensors for online machine<br />
health monitoring - A review (Trib Int 109, 2017, 473-<br />
484) a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art<br />
online sensors for measuring lubricant properties (e.g.<br />
wear debris, water, viscosity, aeration, soot, corrosion,<br />
and sulphur content) is presented. These online sensors<br />
include single oil property sensors based on capacitive,<br />
inductive, acoustic, and optical sensing and integrated<br />
sensors for measuring multiple oil properties. Advantages<br />
and disadvantages of each sensing method, as well<br />
as the challenges for future developments, are discussed.<br />
Research priorities are defined to address the industry<br />
needs of machine health monitoring.<br />
Wear<br />
We also recommend the following, though specific, very<br />
interesting and attractive research studies: Development<br />
of an interactive friction model for the prediction of lubricant<br />
breakdown behaviour during sliding wear (Trib. Int.<br />
110, 2017, 370-377), The influence of surface hardness on<br />
the fretting wear of steel pairs - Its role in debris retention<br />
in the contact (Trib. Int. 81, 2015, 258-266), Characterisation<br />
of soot in oil from a gasoline direct injection engine<br />
using Transmission Electron Microscopy (Trib. Int. 86,<br />
2015, 77-84), The Influence of Base Oil Properties on the<br />
Friction Behaviour of Lithium Greases in Rolling/Sliding<br />
Concentrated Contacts (Trib Lett 65, 2017, 128), Study<br />
of Permanent Shear Thinning of VM Polymer Solutions<br />
(Trib Lett 65, 2017, 106), A critical assessment of surface<br />
texturing for friction and wear improvement (Wear<br />
372-373, 2017, 21-41), On the mechanism of tool crater<br />
wear during titanium alloy machining (Wear 374-375,<br />
2017, 15-20), Influence of lubricant formulation on rolling<br />
contact fatigue of gears - interaction of lubricant additives<br />
with fatigue cracks (Wear 382-383, 2017, 113-122),<br />
Improvement of wear resistance of some cold working tool<br />
steels (Wear 382-383, 2017, 29-39), Vibration and wear<br />
prediction analysis of IC engine bearings by numerical<br />
simulation (Wear 384-385, 2017, 15-27).
egida<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 41
Symposium of Petroleum<br />
Laboratories in the Region<br />
Sixth year in a row laboratories in the region are<br />
gathering to exchange experience and build the<br />
powerful and influencing network.<br />
Tihana Gorenc<br />
Photo: Drew Hays on Unsplash<br />
42 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
Lab Corner<br />
PHOTO: www.pixabAy.com<br />
6th Symposium of petroleum laboratories in the region<br />
was held in Poreč, Croatia from 11th to 12th May, 2017.<br />
The Symposium is an annual event in organisation of one<br />
of representative laboratory or laboratory related institutions<br />
from the country in the region. This year Symposium<br />
had 78 participants from ten regional countries.<br />
The main objective of the Symposium is exchange of<br />
experience and knowledge which are closely related to<br />
the Good laboratory practice (GLP), optimisation of<br />
laboratory activities and organisation of proficiency testing<br />
schemes.<br />
The original idea to connect petroleum laboratory<br />
representatives in region came from Mr. Ice Rikaloski<br />
from OKTA, Macedonia. First Symposium was held in<br />
Ohrid, Macedonia, then next five from Novi Sad Serbia,<br />
Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kotor Montenegro<br />
to Petrol Slovenia. With each new Symposium number<br />
of participants grew and in time Universities and related<br />
intuitions joined. It created synergy between laboratory<br />
experiences and scientific achievements in the field.<br />
Through mutual cooperation and networking, laboratories<br />
are directly influencing the improvement in<br />
quality of products on the market, improvement in<br />
measurement’s precision and improvement in cooperation<br />
with regional state bodies, customs, control houses,<br />
laboratory equipment suppliers and Universities.<br />
This year Symposium was organised by INA Refining<br />
and Marketing laboratories and it was opened with<br />
presentation related to 90 years of Sisak refinery. Among<br />
others, presentation related to their activities were presented<br />
by INA Central testing laboratory, INA Quality<br />
control laboratory Rijeka refinery and INA Upstream<br />
laboratory.<br />
The main topics of this year Symposium were: possibilities<br />
of development of petroleum laboratory related<br />
to environmental requests, quality control, technical<br />
competence and participation on the market; principles<br />
of LEAN and FMEA methodologies; experiences in<br />
accreditation of petroleum products laboratories and<br />
flexible scope of accreditation; interpretation of Calibration<br />
certificates and opportunities for higher precision in<br />
measurement and methodology of forming the prices of<br />
laboratory analysis.<br />
Next Symposium will be organised by Makpetrol in<br />
Ohrid, Macedonia in May 2017.
Technical News<br />
ACEA & API Approved<br />
<strong>Lubricants</strong> What’s in a name?<br />
Lubrizol<br />
Introduction<br />
When engines were first developed, engine lubricants<br />
only needed to reduce friction, avoid direct contact<br />
between two moving components and inhibit corrosion<br />
whilst operating in relatively high temperatures.<br />
It wasn’t until the inclusion of new additives in the<br />
1930s and 40s that lubricants were able to achieve<br />
service life beyond 100 to 200 hours. During that period<br />
in the USA, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)<br />
began testing and classifying various oils by viscosity and<br />
pour rate at 100 °C. This resulted in SAE 30 becoming<br />
the first standardised lubricant. The American Petroleum<br />
Industry’s (API) first oil category, API SA, was also<br />
introduced for use in vehicles built before 1930.<br />
Since then, the demands on engine lubricants for passenger<br />
cars have become much more involved and complex.<br />
Motor manufacturers have virtually reinvented<br />
gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine technology<br />
to address global emission regulations and the need<br />
for fuel economy.<br />
Changes and Developments<br />
Power densities have doubled in the past 20 years. Turbochargers<br />
and exhaust gas after-treatment systems are<br />
now commonplace and engine operating temperatures<br />
are higher. These all place additional stress on lubricants,<br />
so that now lubricant technology has to track hardware<br />
innovations from car manufacturers.<br />
The rate of development has been such that the process<br />
of lubricant standardisation has accelerated dramatically<br />
since the early 1990s. For example, ACEA (Association<br />
des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobiles)<br />
was formed in 1991, followed by ILSAC, (International<br />
<strong>Lubricants</strong> Standardization and Approval Committee)<br />
in 1992. Together with the API these organizations<br />
cover North America, Europe and Asia and have significant<br />
influence on lubricant classification and standards.<br />
With vehicle manufacturers now supplying global<br />
rather than just domestic markets, the API and ACEA<br />
oil classification systems have an even more important<br />
role to maintain standards, compatibility and compliance<br />
in export markets. One example is where cars are<br />
produced in Asia or North America but sold in Europe<br />
(or vice versa). Another is the impact on oil formulation<br />
and specifications because of after-treatment systems<br />
compatibility as gasoline vehicles dominate the USA,<br />
whereas in Europe around half are diesel.<br />
Likewise, as engine hardware technology develops,<br />
the new oil specifications introduced by ILSAC; API and<br />
ACEA ensure lubricants meet both the needs of motor<br />
manufacturers, and those of the consumer. This is of<br />
44 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
particular importance when purchasing service-fill lubricants<br />
for vehicles that are out of warranty and no longer<br />
serviced by a main dealer.<br />
However, this necessary, rapid evolution of engine oil<br />
means that selecting the correct lubricant for a particular<br />
car is not only more complex, but has never been more<br />
vital, as incorrect use can lead to significant damage.<br />
PHOTOs: LUBRIZOL<br />
API & ACEA Classifications<br />
API and ACEA oil classifications exist to help trade users<br />
and consumers make an informed choice about the correct<br />
lubricant and its performance. However, it is easy to<br />
understand how confusion may arise as the latest ACEA<br />
2016 oil sequences include eight separate lubricant<br />
categories for passenger cars and light duty engines and<br />
API has nine!<br />
These specifications are the minimum standard for oil<br />
performance and tightly defined, even down to the grade<br />
of the base oil.<br />
ACEA & API are There to Help<br />
To guide purchasers, both API and ACEA have very<br />
clear product marking systems and both are usually applied<br />
on the oil packaging.<br />
Products labelled as ‘equivalent oil’ or ‘blended to<br />
ACEA or API’ specifications might be serviceable products,<br />
but they are not certified by API unless they carry<br />
either their ‘starburst’ certification mark or the service<br />
symbol ‘donut’.<br />
ACEA doesn’t currently operate a lubricant certification<br />
system, but encourages manufacturers to register<br />
their lubricants and self certify them as compliant with<br />
the specifications and ACEA’s CEC tests.<br />
Independent non-franchised dealers, garages and<br />
technical service centres can get it wrong, either by accident<br />
or through poor practice. It is often impractical and<br />
costly to stock bulk containers for a multitude of different<br />
oils to service vehicles aged from three to 30 years;<br />
each with different lubricant needs.<br />
A poorly operating workshop might therefore choose<br />
to compromise and stock just two oils such as an ACEA<br />
C3 for vehicles fitted with after-treatment systems and<br />
an ACEA A3/B4 for those without.<br />
Ultimately, using the correct lubricant is a question of<br />
education and information. The backbone is the API and<br />
ACEA lubricant classifications, which define industry<br />
standards and ensure that the correct maintenance<br />
regime and lubricants can be selected accurately. For<br />
their part, brands and manufacturers are simplifying the<br />
lubricant/vehicle matching process with online selection<br />
guides (some even matching to vehicle registrations).<br />
Clearly, from a consumer perspective, there is a reliance<br />
on the expertise of the service technician. Ignoring<br />
or failing to appreciate the importance of using the right<br />
oil for the right engine can be very costly, involving replacement<br />
after-treatment systems, key engine components<br />
or even entire engines.<br />
ACEA and API are there to help and when lubricants<br />
claiming both performance levels are used you can be<br />
sure to benefit from the best of both worlds.
Events Calendar<br />
2017<br />
2018<br />
October 25 - 27, 2017<br />
November 13 - 16, 2017<br />
November 15 - 16, 2017<br />
November 29 - 30, 2017<br />
January 9 - 11, 2018<br />
UEIL Annual Congress<br />
Bologna, Italy<br />
www.ueil.org<br />
ADIPEC - The Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference<br />
Abu Dhabi, UAE<br />
https://www.adipec.com/<br />
4th ICIS & ELGI Industrial <strong>Lubricants</strong> Conference<br />
Vienna, Austria<br />
www.icisbaseoils.com/mebaseoils2017<br />
The 2017 European Base Oils & <strong>Lubricants</strong> Interactive Summit<br />
Antwerp, Belgium<br />
www.wplgroup.com/aci/event/base-oils-lubricants-summit<br />
21st International Colloquium Tribology, TAE<br />
Stuttgart / Ostfildern, Germany<br />
https://www.tae.de/kolloquien-symposien/tribologie-reibung-verschleiss-undschmierung/international-colloquium-tribology<br />
January 29 - 31, 2018 11th European Gas Conference 2018<br />
Vienna, Austria<br />
www.europeangas-conference.com/<br />
February TBA, 2018<br />
March 5 - 6, 2018<br />
22nd ICIS World Base Oils and <strong>Lubricants</strong> Conference<br />
London, UK<br />
www.icisworldbaseoils.com<br />
ICOPGE 2018: 20th International Conference on Oil, gas & Petrochemical<br />
Engineering<br />
Rome, Italy<br />
www.waset.org/conference/2018/03/rome/ICOGPE<br />
April 16 - 17, 2018 3rd World Congress & Expo on Oil, Gas & Petroleum Engineering 2018<br />
Dubai, UAE<br />
scientificfederation.com/petroleum-engineering-2018/<br />
April 17 - 18, 2018<br />
April 21 - 24, 2018<br />
UNITI Mineral Oil Technology Congress<br />
Stuttgart, Germany<br />
www.umtf.de<br />
ELGI 30th Annual General Meeting<br />
London, UK<br />
www.elgi.org<br />
May 7 - 8, 2018 Petrochemical & Refining Congress 2018<br />
Berlin, Germany<br />
http://prceurope.com/<br />
June 11 - 12, 2018<br />
August 9 - 10, 2018<br />
ICOPGE 2018: 20th International Conference on Oil, Gas & Petrochemical<br />
Engineering<br />
Copenhagen, Denmark<br />
https://www.waset.org/conference/2018/06/copenhagen/ICOGPE<br />
9th International Conference and Expo on Oil and Gas<br />
Madrid, Spain<br />
https://oil-gas.conferenceseries.com/<br />
October 17 - 19, 2018 The 51st GOMA Symposium - FUELS 2018<br />
Opatija, Croatia<br />
www.fuels.goma.hr<br />
46 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
Expect more<br />
Measuring viscosity<br />
with an SVM is easy,<br />
fast and accurate.<br />
- More than viscosity: Multiple parameters<br />
from just one syringe<br />
- Low sample and solvent volume<br />
- Unbeatable ease of operation<br />
- Wide temperature range for both<br />
viscosity and density<br />
- One measuring cell for the entire viscosity,<br />
density and temperature range<br />
<strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017 47<br />
Get in touch: www.anton-paar.com/svm
egida<br />
48 <strong>Fuels</strong>&<strong>Lubricants</strong> No. 1 OCTOBER 2017
LET US TAKE CARE<br />
OF EVERYTHING