Fuels & Lubricants Magazine

2018 

Fuels 

&Lubricants 

JOURNAL FOR TRIBOLOGY, LUBRICATION, APPLICATION OF LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS 

AND COMBUSTION ENGINEERING 

June 2018 ISSN 2584-4512 

Issue No. 2

egida 

SUCCESS 

TOGETHER 

SUCCESS 

TOGETHER 

2 Fuels&Lubricants No. 2 JUNE 2018

EDITOR’S LETTER 

Dear readers, 

We broke the ice with the first issue of the new Fuels & Lubricants magazine. The 

new concept was presented during the Symposium Lubricants 2017 and I am happy 

to say that it was extremely well-received, with a lot of encouragement from you, the 

readers, professionals and long-time supporters. Positive feedback motivated us to 

further develop the new concept and the result is this Issue No. 2. 

I have to look back on Lubricants 2017 Symposium, which, for the first time, was not 

held on our beautiful coast but in Zagreb, in elegant Esplanade Hotel. With 19 speakers 

and 127 participants, leading professionals in lubricants industry, it was a busy and 

lively gathering of professionals. Once again, it proved that nowadays, symposiums 

and conferences are not only places for discussing new developments in the related 

field, but are, most of all, places for meeting people, networking and establishing new 

contacts, some of them leading to new, successful cooperation. 

Symposium Fuels 2018 is ahead of us in October this year and after many years, we 

are once again back in Opatija. This time we will welcome downstream executives and 

professionals, technology solution providers, regulators and government representatives, 

academia representatives and researchers. You can expect keynote speeches 

and presentations by the leading professionals in the industry, an exhibition of the 

leading technology equipment and solution providers, networking events and a lot 

more. Some of the topics to be covered are: new developments and solutions in process 

technologies and design, future outlook on quality, supply and fuel market demand, 

solutions in energy efficiency improvement, production flexibility, bottom of the barrel 

solutions, environment preservation solutions and climate changes and trends in 

the education of engineering and operational staff. 

We hope you will enjoy reading this new issue and we encourage you to browse, explore 

and find interesting and informative articles you might find valuable as professional 

reading. 

Sanda Telen 

Editor in Chief 

Fuels&Lubricants No. 2 JUNE 2018 1

CONTENTS 

4 

Advanced Defoamer 

Technology for 

Controlling Foam 

in Metalworking 

Fluids 

Ernest C. Galgoci 

8 

Interview 

Hydroprocessing Route 

to High Quality Lubricant 

Base Oil Manufacture with 

ISODEWAXING ® 

Technology 

12 

Goma Symposium 

Report 

The 50th GOMA 

Lubricants and Base Oils 

Symposium – 2017 

20 

Conference Report 

ERTC 2017 European 

Refining Technology 

Conference 

23 

The Validation Of 

Test Method ASTM 

D7668 (EN 16715) for 

the Determination 

of Derived Cetane 

Number (DCN) 

Manja Moder 

Vid Čopi 

30 

Green Corner 

From Biomass to Motor 

Fuels – Challenges and Perspectives 

35 

Fuels Corner 

ExxonMobil: Fuel Efficiency 

Will Offset Light-Duty 

Demand Growth More than 

Fuel Mix Changes 

38 

Catalysis Corner 

Catalysis Science and 

Technology 

40 

Lab Corner 

LEAN Lab 

42 

Technology Corner 

Using Intelligent Valve 

Controllers and Predictive 

Maintenance in Cutting 

Down the Plant’s 

Maintenance Costs 

46 

Conference 

Announcement 

The European Base Oils 

& Lubricants Interactive 

Summit 2018 

Fuels and Lubricants 

June 2018 

Issue No. 2 

Fuels and Lubricants: Journal for 

Tribology, Lubrication, Application 

of Liquid and Gaseous Fuels and 

Combustion Engineering 

Founder and Publisher: 

GOMA - Croatian Society for Fuels 

and Lubricants 

Berislavićeva 6 

HR-10000 Zagreb 

Email: goma@goma.hr 

Tel: +385 1 4873 549 

Fax: +385 1 4872 503 

Editorial Team: 

Sanda Telen, Editor in chief 

Ivana Lukec 

Bruno Novina 

Graphic Design: 

Kristina Babić 

Printer: 

Kerschoffset 

Abstracting & Indexing Services: 

EBSCO Host © , ProQuest: Technology 

Research Database, Engineering 

Research Database, Materials Research 

Database, Ab stracts in New Technology 

& Engineering, Mechanical & 

Transportation Engineering Abstracts... 

All enquiries and requests for advertising 

should be addressed to: 

Bruno Novina 

Email: bruno@goma.hr 

Phone: +385 98 404 786 

Annual subscription: 25 € (185 kn) 

ISSN 2584-4512 

UDK 621 + 66 (05) 


egida 

Specialty oils for maximum emulsion 

stability and high solvency 

The superiority of metalworking fluids made with Nynas base oils is just one 

example of how a daily chore can turn into a regular delight with the right 

naphthenic solution. The same goes for greases and lubricants, where Nynas 

base oils offer high solvency and excellent low temperature properties. 

www.nynas.com/base-oils

Advanced Defoamer Technology 

for Controlling Foam 

in Metalworking Fluids 

Ernest C. Galgoci 

Münzing North America LP 

Introduction 

Foam is undesired for many 

industrial applications, since it can 

detract from the effectiveness of the 

associated processes. For aqueous 

metalworking fluids (MWF), foam 

minimization is required to maintain 

effective lubrication and heat 

removal and to prevent pump cavitation 

and overflow of sumps. Because 

of this, a defoamer(s) is a critical 

component of a fluid’s formulation. 

Although the criteria for choosing a 

defoamer will vary for a given MWF, 

the defoamer must generally: exhibit 

strong initial and persistent defoaming; 

be compatible (no significant 

separation) in the MWF concentrate; 

maintain defoaming despite 

filtration of the MWF; and not cause 

defects on parts that are subsequently 

painted. 

Causes and Breaking of Foam 

Foam can form as entrained gas 

bubbles in a liquid reach the surface 

and are stabilized by surface 

active agents such as surfactants, 

which inhibit drainage of the liquid 

surrounding the bubbles. The use 

environment of metalworking fluids 

is conducive to forcing large volumes 

of air into the fluid, and the necessary 

surfactants that are formulated 

in the MWF can stabilize that air as 

foam. Although formulation strategies 

can help reduce foam, a defoamer 

is inevitably needed. Defoamers 

exist as droplets in the foaming fluid 

and break foam by disrupting the 

surfactant stabilization by entering, 

spreading, and bridging of the 

defoamer droplets on the surfaces 

of the bubbles as shown in Figure 

1[1]. Polysiloxane-based defoamers 

are the most effective, since they 

meet the thermodynamic requirement 

of having a very low surface 

tension. Another factor that affects 

the performance of a defoamer is 

the droplet-size distribution. If the 

droplets are too small, there is insufficient 

mass to effectively spread and 

bridge, while droplets that are too 

large will negatively affect the compatibility 

and the kinetics (due to a 

lower number of particles) of foam 

breaking. 

Figure 1. Process of Foam Rupture by a Defoamer 


FOAM BAN ® 3-Dimensional 

(3D) Siloxane Defoamer 

Technology 

Defoamers based on FOAM BAN 

3D siloxane technology have a 

decades-long track record as the 

state-of-the-art products for metalworking 

fluids. Unlike silicones 

(e.g., PDMS = polydimethylsiloxane), 

which are linear polymers, the 

3D technology is based on siloxane 

polymers that are linked together 

(crosslinked) to form a 3-dimensional 

structure as illustrated in Figure 2. 

The 3D structure and an optimized 

formulation impart stability to the 

defoamer droplet-size distribution, 

and this leads to excellent compatibility 

in metalworking fluid concentrates 

and superior initial and persistent 

foam control [2]. For example, 

Table 1 shows the enhanced stability 

of the FOAM BAN 3D siloxane 

technology (2 HP products listed) in 

a semi-synthetic MWF concentrate 

relative to 2 other products used in 

the industry. Figure 3 illustrates the 

excellent initial and superior persistent 

defoaming of the HP products, 

as they maintain relatively low foam 

levels over the course of the test. In 

addition, after the pump was turned 

off after 240 minutes, the foam broke 

in less than 20 seconds for the HP 

products, while some foam remained 

even after 5 minutes for defoamers 

A and B. 

(a) 

(b) 

Figure 2. Schematic of (a) crosslinked and (b) 

linear molecular structures 

Table 1. Compatibility ratings (1 = no issues; 5 = worst); * OMS = organo-modified siloxane 

Defoamer Use Level, % 

Rating 

(14 Days at 25 °C) 

HP753N, HP757 0.15 1.2 

A (siloxane emulsion) 0.50 4.7 

B (OMS*) 0.50 3.2 

Figure 3. Recirculation test results. Pump turned off at 240 minutes. 

Filterability of 3D Technology 

To remove undesired metallic and 

other debris, filtration is important 

during use of a MWF. However, 

filtration can negatively affect the 

defoaming performance of the fluid. 

To better understand the potential 

impacts, different defoamer types 

were studied for performance in a 

semi-synthetic MWF during recirculation 

foam testing with a 10 µm 

filter comprising various materials 

[3]. The performance was assessed 

by integrating the total volume (liquid 

plus foam) of the recirculation 

over the course of 2 hours; the value 

reported is termed the integrated 

foam volume (IFV), for which a 

lower value is better and, in this case, 

the maximum value is 84 L•min. The 

results (Figure 4) show that polar 

filter materials (nylon = N; poly- 


carbonate = PC; hydrophilic PC = 

HPC) had a relatively small effect on 

defoaming performance compared 

to the non-polar polypropylene 

(P). However, the 3D-based defoamer 

(HP753N; 0.2% in the MWF 

concentrate) maintained superior 

persistence even with the polypropylene 

(P) filter, while the 2 OMS 

products (0.4%) showed increased 

foam. Other filtration studies that we 

have performed have shown similar 

trends. 

Washability and Paintability 

of 3D Siloxane Technology 

Silicone-based defoamers can 

cause defects such as craters in 

painting operations due to silicone 

residue adsorbed on the substrate 

surface. Silicone oil droplets can 

readily spread on metal surfaces. 

This spread layer, which has a low 

surface energy, can be particularly 

difficult to clean, and even a monolayer 

left on the surface can cause 

retraction of the applied paint. On 

the other hand, defoamers based 

on the 3D siloxane technology have 

good washability due to optimized 

formulation parameters and the 3D 

siloxane’s crosslinked nature, which 

impedes spreading on the metal 

substrate surface. To test this, we 

immersed cleaned steel panels in a 

semi-synthetic MWF dilution containing 

various defoamers, and then 

washed with tap water and dried (in 

an oven at 50 °C) the panels. Then, a 

water-based white primer paint was 

applied using a #10 Myer rod. As 

shown in Figure 5, the coatings on 

the panels that were immersed in the 

MWF containing the 3D siloxane 

defoamer technology did not show 

any defects, while a panel with a silicone 

emulsion in the MWF showed 

many defects. This observation is 

consistent with the many years of 

field experience that have demonstrated 

the excellent washability 

and paintability of the 3D siloxane 

technology. 

Figure 4. Effects of Filtration Media on Defoamer Performance 

FOAM BAN HP753N 

Figure 5. 

FOAM BAN HP757 

10% Silicone Emulsion 

Summary and Conclusions 

The most effective defoamer technologies 

are based on polysiloxane 

chemistries, because of their inherently 

low surface tensions that are 

required by the thermodynamics 

of defoaming processes. For MWF, 

the 3D siloxane technology provides 

a superior level of initial and 

persistent defoaming compared to 

alternative technologies. In addition, 

3D siloxane-based defoamers have 

excellent concentrate compatibility, 

filterability, and washability/paintability 

characteristics. 


References 

[1] Garrett, P. R., “The Mode of 

Action of Antifoams,” Defoaming: 

Theory and Industrial Applications, 

Surfactant Science Series Volume 45, 

Garrett, P. R. (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, 

Inc., New York (1993), 1-117. 

[2] Galgoci, E. C. and Brüning, W., 

“Antifoams for Aqueous and Non- 

Aqueous Industrial Fluids and Lubricants,” 

Tribologie + Schmierungstechnik, 

61, 47-54 (2014). 

[3] Galgoci, E. C., Pace, R., Sullivan, 

J. and Mykietyn, J. D., “Filtration 

and Defoamer Performance 

in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids,” 

Proceedings of the 21 st International 

Colloquium Tribology, Industrial 

and Automotive Lubrication, Stuttgart/Ostfildern, 

Germany, 9-11 

January 2018. 

Think beyond the foam 

At Munzing, we’re more 

than defoamer experts. 

We help our customers 

craft the perfect defoamer 

for their individual industrial 

needs, including metalworking 

fluids, industrial cleaners, 

antifreeze coolants and 

industrial lubricants. 

In addition to our 

FOAM BAN ® technology, 

we offer innovative 

solutions in wetting 

agents, dispersants, 

rheology modifiers and 

waxes. Munzing delivers 

exceptional technical 

expertise for your foam control 

and additive solutions. 

www.munzing.com I info@munzing.us 


INTERVIEW 

Hydroprocessing Route to High 

Quality Lubricant Base Oil 

Manufacture with ISODEWAXING ® 

Technology 

An Interview with the Technology Expert 

from Chevron Lummus Global Llc 

Chevron Lummus Global (CLG) is 

a joint venture between Chevron 

and CB&I and offers complete engineering 

services from conceptual 

studies to full engineering design 

packages. CLG is specially known 

by its line of hydroprocessing technologies 

covering a full boiling 

range spectrum and catalyst systems 

for Hydroprocessing Plants, 

Distillate Hydrotreating, Gas Oil 

Hydrotreating, Hydrocracking, 

Lube Dewaxing, Lube Hydrofinishing 

and Residuum Upgrading. 

GOMA has talked about CLG’s 

Lube Isodewaxing Technology with 

Mr. Fadi Mhaini, their technology 

expert. Mr. Mhaini has also informed 

us about CLG project activities 

and technological updates. 

GOMA has talked about CLG’s Lube Isodewaxing Technology 

with Mr. Fadi Mhaini, their technology expert. Mr. Mhaini has 

also informed us about CLG project activities and technological 

updates. 

Mr. Mhaini, can you please give a short introduction about 

Chevron Lummus Global and the partnership of Chevron & 

CB&I? 

Yes, gladly! Chevron Lummus Global LLC (CLG) is a 50/50 Joint 

Venture between Chevron and CB&I. Chevron has a long history 

in high-pressure hydroprocessing operations and licensing and 

on the other hand, CB&I Technology is one of the world’s leading 

licensors in refining and petrochemicals. Both companies enjoy 

global presence and our research and development experts are 

continuously seeking advancements in technology and catalysts 

that will improve operating economics for our next projects. 

What are at the moment most important business and project 

activities of Chevron Lummus Global? 

Currently, we are very busy in South East Europe and there are a 

few important projects at different design and construction stages. 

Key projects include the revamp of Hydrocracker unit at INA 

– Rijeka, Residue upgrade project at Pancevo refinery in Serbia 

expected to start up in 3Q19 and Revamp of DCU unit at Lukoil 

Petrotel in Romania. 

How do you see EPC market at the moment and its potential 

for growth, both in Europe and on the global level? When talking 

about future of fuels and lubricants, industry investment 

plans and trends, we are witnesses of very interesting times… 


PHOTOS: CHEVRON LUMMUS GLOBAL 

ISODEWAXING technology was commercialized at 

Chevron’s Richmond Lube Oil Plant (RLOP) in 1993. It 

was a huge improvement over other catalytic dewaxing 

processes because it delivered unprecedented high yield 

and base oils with superior lubricating properties. 

Chevron has made 

significant, long-term 

commitments to the 

production of high 

quality petroleum 

products. This is 

especially true for 

lubricant base oils, 

where Chevron is a 

world leader in the 

production of 

premium base oils 

tmade exclusively by 

an all-hydroprocessing 

process technology 

route. 

How do you see this trends? 

We do see indeed a healthy projects number increase in EU and 

globally. Mainly in Middle East, Russia, India and China. There is 

a clear trend for more petrochemicals production. Also, projects 

such as conversion of Crude to Chemicals are developing vastly. 

On the other hand, residue upgrading projects become an attractive 

investment plan for many refineries as well. One of the key 

elements in refining is to eliminate production of high sulphur fuel 

oil (HSFO) and increase refinery margins by increasing middle 

distillates production. 

Let’s focus now a bit more on Chevron Lummus Global technologies…When 

Chevon’s (CLG) history with Base Oil Technologies 

has started? 

Chevron history with base Oil technologies started since 1907. In 

1984 Introduced first 

all-hydroprocessing lube plant. Chevron has made significant, 

long-term commitments to the production of high quality petroleum 

products. This is especially true for lubricant base oils, where 

Chevron is a world leader in the production of premium base oils 

made exclusively by an all-hydroprocessing process technology 

route. Since 1993, when The ISODEWAXING ® process was 

invented, Chevron has today become the world leading technology 

licensor with more that 54% of market won in the last 15 years. 

Isodewaxing process scheme 

Impressive, indeed. How do you see the world trend on base oil 

production? 

Base oils price margins over fuels have remained healthy despite of 

crude price. Basically, The International Maritime Organization’s 

(IMO) regulations on high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) and closure of 

many Group I units have increased the demand for heavy lube base 

oil including Group II Bright Stock. 

What is CLG’s key advantage? 

CLG is a technology licensor with huge operating experience. 

Chevron operates 7 refineries including Base Oil production plant 

in USA and other joint venture plants globally. Operational experience 

is incorporated into the new units design which increases 

unit safety, availability and ease of operation. 


INTERVIEW 

Chevron & ART 

Catalysts are conti 

nuously improving 

hydroprocessing 

catalysts and recently 

have commercialized 

the 5th generation of 

ISODEWAXING ® 

catalyst which is more 

active and nitrogen 

tolerant. ICR 514 

catalyst provides 

higher HDN and HDS 

activities. 

Does Chevron still has R&D capabilities? 

Yes, absolutely! Chevron has a full range of pilot testing facilities 

at Richmond refinery in CA, USA. Chevron & ART Catalysts are 

continuously improving hydroprocessing catalysts and recently 

have commercialized the 5 th generation of ISODEWAXING ® catalyst 

which is more active and nitrogen tolerant. ICR 514 catalyst 

provides higher HDN and HDS activities. 

Thank you for this conversation Mr. Mhaini. Do you have any 

last note for our readers? 

Thank you, Ivana. I am glad for the opportunity to share with 

the readers of Fuels and Lubricants Magazine CLG updates and 

confirm how Chevron Lummus Global has a complete technology 

portfolio to upgrade entire range of crude oil to fuels or to 

chemicals in the most cost-effective manner including innovative 

schemes which can diversify product slates and maximize refineries 

profitability. 

About Fadi 

Mr. Fadi Mhaini is Senior Technology 

Manager for Chevron Lummus 

Global (CLG). He holds a M. Sc. 

degree in Process Engineering from 

the CVUT in Prague, Czech Republic. 

Fadi joined CLG in 2012, and has 

since worked in the designing and 

start-up of hydroprocessing technologies. 

Starting his career in 1995, he 

joined ABB Lummus Global, where 

he held several positions as Principal 

Process Engineer and Commissioning-Start 

up Manager for Refinery 

and Petrochemical projects. 


GOMA SYMPOSIUM REPORT 

The 50th GOMA Lubricants and Base Oils 

Symposium was successfully concluded on 21st 

October 2017, attracting 127 delegates from 24 

countries representing 86 organisations. 

The 50th GOMA 

Lubricants and Base Oils 

Symposium – 2017 

The Golden Jubilee of GOMA Symposia 

Bruno Novina 



Working Atmosphere 

PHOTOS: GOMA 

The Symposium was organized by 

GOMA, the Croatian Society for 

Fuels and Lubricants in partnership 

with ELGI, European Lubricating 

Grease Institute from Amsterdam. 

This event on the occasion of Golden 

Jubilee was held in Esplanade Hotel, 

the Zagreb’s most iconic and most 

prestigious historic hotel. This hotel 

was built in 1925 in art deco style to 

provide accommodation for passengers 

of the famous Orient Express 

train, which travelled between Paris 

and Istanbul and still today offers 

their guests an unforgettable experience. 

In accordance with outstanding 

grades of the symposium questionnaire, 

the organiser can be proud 

of the excellent organisation of this 

demanding three-day international 

meeting in the heart of Zagreb. The 

success of this event greatly relies 

on the enthusiastic, passionate and 

hard devoted work of the organisers 

but also on generous donations 

by the sponsors and exhibitors. 

Without their support, it would not 

be possible to create a stimulating 

environment for the participants. 

The main intention of the organiser 

was to provide all participants with 

an exceptional place for discussion, 

discovering the latest industry developments 

and building professional 

networks for an affordable price. 

This event has received special 

media attention thanks to the globally 

renowned professional magazines 

such as Lubes’n’Greases, Lube 

magazine, F+L Asia and other media 

partners like ACI and BLS Media, 

both from London. 

The symposium was welcomed by 

Bruno Novina, President of GOMA, 

Prof. Dr. Vjera Krstelj, President of 

HIS - Croatian Engineering Association 

and Andreas Dodos, ELGI 

Director. On behalf of the Golden 

Sponsor, the participants were also 

welcomed by Davor Mayer, member 

of INA Management Board. 

After welcomed remarks at the 

opening ceremony, the symposium 

began with three plenary lectures. 

The first lecture entitled “Quo Vadis 

Engine and Gear Oils for Complete 

Electromobility?” was presented by 

Prof. Dr.Ing. Wilfried J. Bartz from 

Technische Akademie Esslingen. He 



At the very end of the 

electrically driven 

vehicle development, 

no internal 

combustion engines 

and main gears are 

necessary. So, no 

engine nor gear oils 

will be necessary. 

gave a great overview of development 

on the electrically driven car 

and explained that using electrical 

power to move cars is already wellknown 

and used. At the very end of 

the electrically driven vehicle development, 

no internal combustion 

engines and main gears are necessary. 

So, no engine nor gear oils will 

be necessary. 

Professor Bartz is GOMA’s honourable 

member and he gave his 

first presentation at the 8th GOMA 

Symposium on pitting fatigue at 

rolling and sliding contacts. It was in 

1974 in Opatija. Interestingly, at the 

same Symposium, Professor Peter 

Jost reported about his famous “The 

Jost Report” or how friction, lubrication 

and wear directly and indirectly 

affected British economy. In that 

report, the word tribology was used 

for the first time. The main topic of 

that Symposium was “Tribology and 

lubricants application”. 

The next speaker was Dr. Peter 

Tjan, President of ATIEL who delivered 

a lecture about “Developments 

and major trends affecting the lubricants 

industry”. Dr. Tjan explained 

the role of ATIEL and warned that 

the quality of products claiming 

compliance will be checked regularly 

through the SAIL’s product survey 

programme. He was followed by Andreas 

Dodos, Chairman of European 

REACH Grease Thickener Consortium, 

with particularly interesting 

and well-accepted presentation 

entitled “REACH 2018: Roadmap 

for lubricating grease manufacturers”. 

Andreas Dodos reminded that 


Mingling During the Breaks 

Dr. Tjan explained 

the role of ATIEL 

and warned that the 

quality of products 

claiming compliance 

will be checked 

regularly through the 

SAIL’s product survey 

programme. 

grease manufacturers will no longer 

be able to sell without REACH registered 

grease thickener. 

All of these plenary lectures gave 

audience excellent insight into different 

factors affecting the lubricants 

industry and great introduction to 

Symposium. 

The remaining lectures have been 

structured into seven thematic 

sessions: (i) Highlights on the latest 

development of automotive fluids, 

(ii) Measuring and laboratory analysis, 

(iii) Base oils - moving to a higher 

performance lubricants, (iv) Industrial 

lubricants: trends and challenges, 

(v) Experimental investigation as 

basis for tribological solutions, (vi) 

Quality and Brand protection and 

(vii) Recent trends in formulation of 

MWFs. 

The first session has provided 

three lectures. Dr. Robert Kolb from 

Evonik started with the lecture on 

Engine Oil Pumpability in a Modern 

Engine and Jaghar Sidhu from Lubrizol 

spoke about Driving Efficiency 

in Commercial Vehicle Engine 

Lubricants, while Matthieu Vaslin 

from Chevron Oronite explained 

Why PCMO is no longer the best 

choice for 4-Stroke Motorcycles. 

The last presentation on day one 

was “SVM Stabinger Viscometer 

Technology: The Benefits for 

Lubricants” prepared by Dr. Jelena 

Fischer from Anton Paar. In the 

session that followed, the authors 

had the opportunity to present their 

works by posters. 



The first working day was concluded 

with the promotion of the 

new GOMA professional magazine 

“Fuels & Lubricants”. Dr. Sanda 

Telen and Dr. Ivana Lukec, both 

from GOMA’s editorial board, 

explained, that after almost 54 years 

of publication, this new and refurbished 

edition of Fuels & Lubricants 

will be published in English only in 

order to attract more readers and 

draw attention in general. This festive 

promotion was followed by the 

Welcome drink at the Oleander Terrace 

of the Esplanade Hotel Zagreb 

where attendees had excellent opportunity 

to strengthen their professional 

network and enjoy wonderful 

music performed by great vocalist 

Ivana Duvnjak and piano player Igor 

Tatarević. 

The second working day began 

with an excellent lecture given by 

Prof. Thomas Norby from Nynas 

who made a comparison of key fluid 

properties of Naphthenic-Paraffinic 

blends versus Group I and Group 

II base oils and pointed out that 

naphthenic blends could be also one 

convenient base oils supply solution, 

optimal for industrial lubricants. 

Dr. David Schäffel from Clariant 

followed with a remarkable presentation 

on Polyalkylene Glycols, as a 

modern base fluid with exceptional 

performance. 

After the break, Henrik Heinemann 

from BASF started with a 

session on Industrial lubricants and 

presented his paper on Compressor 

lubricants based on Polyglycol. 

New trends and additive solutions 

in turbine oils were presented by Dr. 

Thomas Rühle, also from BASF. 

Thematic session Experimental 

investigation as a basis for tribological 

solutions contained three lectures. 

The influence of structure and 

chemical functionalization on the 

efficiency of methacrylate pour point 

depressants was prepared by Prof. 

Dr. Ante Jukić from Zagreb University. 

The second lecture entitled 

Andreas Dodos 

reminded that grease 

manufacturers will 

no longer be able to 

sell without REACH 

registered grease 

thickener. 

Welcome Drinks 


Selforganized nanostructural solid 

lubricant was held by Prof. Dr. Sergey 

Fedorov from Kaliningrad University. 

Jiří Valdauf from Lubricants 

s.r.o. and also Committee member of 

Czech Tribotechnika worked on the 

topic of High-Pressure Influence on 

Oil Solidification. 

The end of the day was a great opportunity 

for another social gathering 

in the relaxed atmosphere of the 

beautiful Emerald Ballroom. The selection 

of dishes and drinks for Gala 

Dinner was fantastic, and performance 

of The Soulfingers, probably 

the best Croatian concert attraction, 

was also outstanding. 

The third working day started with 

the session whose topic was Quality 

and Brand Protection. The first lecture 

on Brand protection and quality 

assurance for the future lubricants 

was given by Peter Heiman from 

LiQode, while the second lecture entitled 

Current trends for Food Grade 

Lubricants in Europe and quality 

requirements from end-users was 

given by Srdjan Stankov from NSF 

International. 



Magazine Promotion 

The final session of the last day 

was brought to participants the 

Comparison of the quenchants properties 

measured with Liscic-Petrofer 

and ASTM D6200 probes by Prof. 

Dr. Božidar Matijević from Zagreb 

University. Dr. Wigand Braune from 

Lanxess spoke of High-Performance 

Concrete Carbide Grinding - Challenges 

and Solutions, while Ljiljana 

Pedišić from GOMA held a final 

lecture on the impact of safety and 

environmental laws and guidelines 

on the design and application of 

MWFs. 

It can be concluded that the quality 

and relevance of the lectures was at 

an exceptional level. And once again, 

the organiser of the symposium, 

The Croatian Society for Fuels and 

Lubricants especially thanks to the 

lecturers, authors, sponsors, exhibitors, 

media partners and all those 

who actively participated and supported 

this Golden 50th Lubricants 

and Base Oils Symposium - 2017. 

And finally, it would be worth 

knowing that GOMA will organise 

this year the 51st GOMA Fuels Symposium 

from 17 to 19 October in 

Opatija. So, take a pen and do make a 

note in your schedule. 

The first working day was 

concluded with the promotion 

of the new GOMA professional 

magazine “Fuels & Lubricants”. 

Entertainment 


The 51st 

GOMA 

SYMPOSIUM 

– FUELS 2018 

Don’t miss the opportunity to hear new trends in refining 

from leading authors at FUELS 2018 in October in Opatija. 

17 – 19 October 

Opatija, Croatia 

FUELS 2018 

The 51st GOMA Symposium – FUELS 2018 will be held October, 17 – 19, 

in Opatija, Croatia. The Symposium topics are including: Fuels - future 

outlook, supply and demand, Developments and solutions in process 

technologies & design, biofuels, Solutions for improving equipment 

and process efficiency, Maintenance, safety and reliability, Energy 

and efficiency policy, Environment preservation solutions and more! 

www.fuels.goma.hr 

Confirmed speakers include

CONFERENCE REPORT 

ERTC 2017 European Refining 

Technology Conference 

ERTC 2017 gathered almost 600 industry professionals in 

Athens from refinery operators, petrochemical plants, 

technology providers, regulators and government officials 

to discuss hot topics, share market insights, project 

updates, best practices and case studies. 

Vesna Kučan Polak 

The 22nd ERTC annual meeting was held 

in Athens from 13-15 November 2017. 

The ERTC (European Refining 

Technology Conference) Annual 

Meeting was held in Athens Greece 

from 13-16 November 2017. Traditionally, 

this a three day, multi 

streamed technical conference is 

hosted annually by World Refining 

Association (WRA). The ERTC 

Advisory Board, made up of senior 

refiner professionals from across the 

region, grading the various technical 

papers received from refiners, EPCs, 

catalyst companies, technology licensors, 

additive providers, software 

vendors and general equipment 

suppliers and contractors around 

the globe. This year, more than 60 

speakers presented complex programme 

over three days. First two 

days of conference are divided into 9 

different streams (catalyst advances, 

energy efficiency, new processes & 

technologies, petrochemical opportunities, 

process optimisation 

and design, advance biofuels & 

alternative fuel production, refinery 



PHOTOS: PIXABAY 

configuration analysis new technologies 

& innovation) and cover global 

petrochemical summit too. The last 

day (ERTC 4.0) was dedicated to 

digital transformation of refining 

operations. 

ERTC 2017 had gather almost 600 

industry professionals from refinery 

operators, petrochemical plants, 

technology providers, regulators and 

government officials to discuss hot 

topics, share market insights, project 

updates, best practices and case 

studies as well as the latest in process 

and technology advances. 

IMO Targets for Marine 

Fuels 

The major topic for debate on 1 st 

day at ERTC2017 was how to meet 

the new environmental legislation 

and target for marine fuels set 

by IMO(International Maritime 

Organisation) for a 0.5% limit on 

the sulphur content. Presentations, 

discussion and real time pooling/ 

questions (using Slido) of the new 

IMO regulations and what the sector 

needs to do as they come into force, 

shows that a large number of businesses 

are not yet properly equipped 

for this transition and will need to 

revised their business models. With 

the stronger sulphur regulations in 

place, the cost of the more expensive 

fuel will ultimately need to be passed 

on, so shippers must be prepared for 

higher sea freight costs. 

Therefore, the IMO’s decision 

puts pressure on these businesses 

to put an immediate plan of action 

in place. However many comments 

from the audience highlighted how 

many different factors that need to 

be taken into consideration in order 

to meet the necessary deadline. 

How to meet the 

new environmental 

legislation and target 

for marine fuels set by 

IMO (International 

Maritime Organisation) 

for a 0.5% limit 

on the sulphur content 

was one of the major 

topics. 



Edmund Hughes, Head, Marine 

environment division, at the IMO, 

said the global reduction from the 

current 3.5% sulphur limit would 

“enter into force on 1 January 2020 

without any delay”. 

Finally IMO 2020 is only the start; 

refiners should be focused on what 

they can achieve ahead of post-2020, 

e.g. installing deep-flash technology 

and revamping with latest-generation 

catalysts including low-cost opportunity 

and many more steps for 

strengthening competitiveness. 

Changes in the USA 

and Middle East 

add to the pressure 

on European 

businesses to revise 

and strengthen their 

strategies in order to 

remain competitive. 

Sustainable Market 

European demand for refined products 

is expected to fall and refiners 

in the region need to ensure profitable 

export markets. Changes in 

the USA and Middle East add to the 

pressure on European businesses to 

revise and strengthen their strategies 

in order to remain competitive. 

Refiners have options to explore: adjusting 

production to meet demand 

from other fuel oil consumers, such 

as power generators; produce highsulphur 

product for lower returns; 

or to turn away from gasoline to 

other growth areas, such as petrochemicals. 

The downstream and chemical 

industries are continuously 

evolving and move towards a more 

sustainable market environment 

over the next few years, refiners 

face a number of challenges. At 

the moment, a key challenge is the 

uncertainty of how the regulations 

will evolve (on longterm period) 

and the impact they will have on the 

sector. Good example in practice is 

renewables and constant changes in 

RED directive (RED II proposal); 

as Mr. Schaldemose, Executive Vice 

President, refinery business unit at 

Holdor Topsoe said: “There is a big 

interest but no action”. 

Despite many challenges being 

faced by competition from the Middle 

East, the refining and petrochemical 

industry in Europe is fast 

evolving and an overwhelming need 

to become more efficient andsustainable. 

ERTC programme remains as 

the platform that technology providers 

use to present their latest & new 

innovations and technologies and 

also offer interactive real time pooling/questions 

(using Slido), roundtables, 

expert panel discussions, case 

studies and intensive networking 


The Validation Of Test Method 

ASTM D7668 (EN 16715) for 

the Determination of Derived 

Cetane Number (DCN) 

Manja Moder 

Petrol Plc. Slovenia 

manja.moder@petrol.si 

Vid Čopi 

University of Ljubljana 

Faculty of chemistry and 

chemical technology 

Slovenia 

vidcopi@gmail.com 

Abstract 

Cetane number is one of the most 

important quality parameters of diesel 

fuel. Different standard test methods 

are accepted (EN 590:2013) and 

can be applied for the determination 

of cetane number (EN ISO 5165) or 

derived cetane number (EN 15195, 

EN 16144). 

Standard test method ASTM 

D7668:2014a or EN 16715:2015, 

respectively is the latest developed 

and standardized test method for 

the determination of derived cetane 

number (DCN). It is already listed 

in ASTM diesel fuel specifications 

(ASTM D975, ASTM D6751, 

ASTM D7467) and included in the 

draft prEN590. 

This paper presents the results of 

the validation of test method ASTM 

D7668:2014a (EN 16715:2015) in 

laboratory Petrol. The performance 

of the test method is aligned against 

intended fit for purpose and a comparison 

with other test methods is 

discussed. 

Key words: diesel fuel, cetane number, 

derived cetane number, constant 

volume combustion chamber, validation 

Introduction 

Cetane number (CN) is a parameter 

that describes the behaviour of diesel 

fuel [1] after the injection into a cylinder. 

The standard test method for 

the determination of cetane number 

is the method using the CFR engine: 

ISO 5165:1998 [2] / technically 

equivalent to standard test method 

ASTM D613:16 [3]. 

Derived cetane number (DCN) 

[4] is a measure for cetane number, 

which is determined using alternative 

instruments / methods, for 

example CVCC (constant volume 

combustion chamber) alternatives. 

One of the possibilities is the use of 

PAC¢s Herzog CID 510, according 

to standard test method ASTM 

D7668:14a [4] / technically equivalent 

to standard test method EN 

16715:2015 [5]. 

Disadvantages of method EN ISO 

5165 / ASTM D613 (CFR method): 

unsatisfactory precision (eg. for CN 

= 52 ® r = 0.9 / R = 4.3), the CFR 

engine requires a separate room 

and space, high investment costs for 

the CFR engine, high maintenance 

costs and efforts, for the determination 

of CN we need: a large amount 


of sample, qualified / experienced 

operators. 

Advantages of method ASTM 

D7668: excellent precision and 

correlation to ASTM D613 (eg. for 

CN = 52 ® r = 0.6 / R = 1.4), the 

instrument’s up-to-date technology 

is comparable with the performance 

of today’s diesel engines, little space 

is needed (benchtop, stand alone), 

moderate investment costs, low 

maintenance costs, measurement 

range: 15 to 100 DCN; suitable for 

testing different matrixes (diesel 

fuel, including blends with FAME 

and pure FAME), fully automated, 

easy to use and minimal training 

needed. 

Measuring Principle 

The standard test method ASTM 

D7668:14a covers and describes the 

use of PAC’s Herzog CID 510 apparatus 

[6] for the determination of 

DCN. The instrument simulates the 

conditions in a cylinder of a modern 

diesel engine. 

Instrument requirements / conditions: 

• average chamber static pressure: 

2.0 ± 0.02 MPa obtained by using 

a synthetic air mixture (20.0 ± 0.5 

%(V/V) oxygen (!), less than 0.003 

%(V/V) hydrocarbons and less 

than 0.025 %(V/V) water, the rest: 

nitrogen), 

• propellant gas: nitrogen (N 2 

), min. 

purity 99.9 %(V/V), 

• coolant for the combustion chamber: 

mixture of water and antifreeze, 

based on ethylene glycol 

(the temperature of the coolant is 

50 ± 2°C). 

A defined amount of sample is 

injected into a constant volume 

combustion chamber (CVCC), at a 

constant temperature. The instruments 

measures 15 injection cycles 

for a sample – between 2 injections 

static measurement conditions 

(pressure, temperature) are set. The 

instrument’s sensors measure the 

ignition delay – ID (defined as the 

period of time (in ms), between the 

start of fuel injection and the start of 

combustion; the pressure increase is 

0.02 MPa) and combustion delay – 

CD (defined as the period of time (in 

ms) between the start of fuel injection 

and mid-point of the combustion 

curve). After 15 injection cycles 

the measured data is reviewed, the 

average ID and CD are calculated. 

Figure 1: Injection system / 

combustion chamber 

Figure 2: PAC‘s Herzog CID 510 

An equation converts the average 

ID and CD into a derived cetane 

number – DCN. Figure 1 and Figure 

2 show the apparatus. 

Validation of a Test Method 

The validation [7,8] of a test method 

is a procedure that involves the 

confirmation by examination and 

the provision of objective evidence 

that requirements for a specific 

intended use are fulfilled (fit for 

purpose). A validation is usually carried 

out after the development of a 

method, after introducing a method 

into a laboratory, after adjusting an 

existing method for a new analytical 

problem, when comparing two 

different methods and in cases when 

test results show abnormalities (eg. 

outlier¢s in a control chart). The 

validation procedure shall be carried 

out on maintained equipment, which 

complies with specifications and is 

calibrated / verified. A standard test 

method is considered validated. But 

due to good laboratory practice and 

the requirements of EN ISO/IEC 

17025 [9] it is necessary to check the 

implemented method in the laboratory 

(at least in terms of precision 

and accuracy) and document the 

results of the validation. 

Due to the principle of the test 

method, the mechanism of the 

instrument and the fact that it is a 

standard test method, the scope 

of validation was narrowed down 

to the evaluation of: precision and 

accuracy. The evaluation of other 

parameters makes no sense, since 

the measurement is carried out 

under controlled conditions, we do 

not measure the concentration but 

the physical-chemical property of 

the sample as a whole. Therefore, we 

cannot discuss linearity, LOD, LOQ 

ect. 

Activities before the validation: 

1) calibration of the instrument 

(according to ASTM D7668): measurement 

of the calibration mixture 

(hexsadecane in 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane) 

and MCH (methylcyclohexsane); 

2) quality control 

of the instrument / method using 

CRM (according to ASTM D7668); 

3) identification / preparation of 

samples in a sufficient amount (for 

one (1) measurement approx. 150 

ml sample is needed): 6 samples of 

diesel fuel without FAME, 6 samples 

of blends (diesel fuel + FAME), 6 

samples of 100% FAME. 

Experimental design for the 

validation: a) in order to evaluate 


epeatability (r): 6 measurements on 

each sample, at repeatable conditions 

(same sample, same apparatus, 

same operator, same laboratory, 

short term period); b) in order to 

evaluate laboratory reproducibility 

(R): sample “DS” was measured, 

at reproducible conditions (same 

sample, same apparatus, different 

operator, same laboratory, long term 

period – different test conditions); 

c) in order to evaluate accuracy (and 

reproducibility (R)): measurement 

of CRMs (supplier: PAC), measurement 

of samples from interlaboratory 

comparisons (RR) with a known 

CN value according to the CFR 

method (EN ISO 5165 / ASTM D 

613), “on-line” participation in a RR 

for the determination of DCN. 

Different statistical methods and 

tests [10] were applied for the evaluation 

of results [11]. 

Results of Validation 

Tables 1 – 3 show the results for the 

evaluation of repeatability (r). 

Table 1: Samples of diesel fuel without FAME 

DCN 

No. of 

measurement 

M1 

M2 

M3 

M4 

M5 

M6 

(2704/14) (1996/14) (1959/14) (1810/14) (3040/14) (2429/14) 

1 53.79 50.55 51.56 52.06 51.14 53.52 

2 53.30 50.34 51.86 51.83 51.31 54.06 

3 53.11 50.40 51.97 52.06 50.97 53.66 

4 53.31 50.12 51.49 51.87 51.08 53.66 

5 53.55 50.37 51.36 52.21 50.96 53.48 

6 53.43 50.29 51.60 52.11 51.09 53.85 

x − 53.42 50.35 51.64 52.02 51.09 53.71 

s 0.24 0.14 0.23 0.15 0.13 0.22 

t tab (0.05, 5) 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 

s · t tab 0.60 0.36 0.59 0.37 0.33 0.56 

s ∙ t tab < r ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 

r (ASTM D7668) 0.64 0.58 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.65 


Table 2: Samples of diesel fuel + FAME 

DCN 

No. of 

measurement 

D1 

D2 

D3 

D4 

D5 

D6 

(2122/14) (1995/14) (1993/14) (2917/14) (671/13) (670/13) 

FAME (% (V/V)) 5.40 0.78 1.06 5.2 7.00 7.00 

1 52.75 51.37 51.88 51.59 52.02 52.09 

2 52.90 51.83 51.72 51.51 52.30 52.21 

3 52.98 51.84 51.91 51.54 51.81 52.03 

4 53.02 51.87 52.10 51.60 51.86 52.23 

5 52.75 51.91 52.07 51.36 51.82 52.26 

6 53.03 51.93 51.73 51.43 52.02 52.33 

x − 52.91 51.79 51.90 51.51 51.97 52.19 

s 0.13 0.21 0.16 0.09 0.19 0.11 

t tab (0.05, 5) 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 

s ∙ t tab 0.33 0.54 0.42 0.24 0.48 0.29 

s ∙ t tab < r ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 

r (ASTM D7668) 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.61 0.62 

Table 3: Samples of 100% FAME 

DCN 

No. of 

measurement 

B1 

B2 

B3 

B4 

B5 

B6 

(2155/14) (305/14) (257/14) (1520/13) (3176/14) (3175/14) 

1 52.19 52.84 50.59 65.81 54.50 53.30 

2 52.64 53.03 50.62 65.30 54.99 53.79 

3 52.22 53.25 50.45 66.40 55.10 53.58 

4 52.20 52.95 50.40 66.25 54.87 53.61 

5 52.25 52.77 50.16 66.09 54.78 53.33 

6 52.40 52.90 50.62 66.40 54.84 53.66 

x − ̅ 52.32 52.96 50.47 66.04 54.85 53.55 

s 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.43 0.20 0.19 

t tab (0.05, 5) 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 2.571 

s ∙ t tab 0.45 0.43 0.46 1.09 0.53 0.49 

s ∙ t tab < r ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 

r (ASTM D7668) 0.62 0.63 0.58 0.89 0.67 0.64 

Sample B4 was at the time of measurement 

more than 6 months old 

and consisted degradation products. 

It was not homogeneous, and an 

untypical sample. Table 4 shows the 

results of the evaluation of laboratory 

reproducibility (R). 


Table 4: Sample „DS”, different days 

No. of 

measurement 

DCN 

1 52.00 

2 52.32 

3 52.30 

4 51.96 

5 51.49 

6 51.60 

7 51.34 

8 51.41 

9 51.57 

10 51.44 

51.74 

s 0.37 

t tab (0.05, 9) 2.262 

s ∙ t tab 0.84 

r (ASTM D7668) 1.42 

s ∙ t tab < R 

✓ 

Tables 5 – 8 show the results of the 

evaluation of accuracy and reproducibility 

(R). 

Table 5: CRMs 

DCN 

CRM 73 (Lot 1049) CRM 74 (Lot 1052) 

“true” value 58.38 ± 0.26 (= 58.4) 52.57 ± 0.22 (= 52.6) 

1. measurement 57.93 52.50 

2. measurement 58.13 52.18 

x − 58.03 (= 58.0) 52.34 (= 52.3) 

s 0.14 0.23 

|true value - x − | 0.35 0.23 

R (ASTM D7668) 1.71 1.45 

R (ASTM D7668) /√2 1.21 1.03 

| true value - x − | < R ✓ ✓ 

| true value - x − | < R /√2 ✓ ✓ 

T cal 3.5 1.4 

t tab (0.05, 1) 12.706 12.706 

The t-test for the comparison 

of a “true” value with a group of 

results gave the following result: t cal 

< t tab (0.05, 1). Therefore, there is no 

significant difference between the 

average value ( x − ) and “true” value. 

Table 6: Samples from RR (DIN-FAM) 

Sample 

DCN 

CN 

(CFR) 

Δ 

R (ASTM 

D7668) 

R (ISO 5165 / 

ASTM D 613) 

M1 (2704/14) 53.42 51.20 2.22 1.50 4.20 4.04 

M4 (1810/14) 52.02 53.70 -1.68 1.44 4.51 4.29 

M5 (2386/14) 51.09 51.20 -0.11 1.39 4.20 4.01 

M6 (2429/14) 53.71 55.20 -1.49 1.51 4.70 4.47 

D5 (671/13) 51.97 52.02 -0.05 1.43 4.30 4.11 

D6 (670/13) 52.19 51.55 0.64 1.44 4.24 4.06 

R xy 


R xy is the between methods reproducibility. 

Δ (DCN – CN (CFR)) < 

R xy in all cases (✓). 

Table 7: Sample from RR: IIS / Gasoil / September 2014 / Determination of DCN 

Sample 

IIS#14176 

(3328/14) 

DCN 

(Petrol) 

x − (DCN) 

(IIS) 

Δ 

Δ < R(ASTM 

D7668) 

57.01 57.26 -0.25 ✓ ✓ 

Δ < R (ASTM 

D7668)/√2 

The number of participating 

laboratories (N) was 12. All participating 

laboratories used test method 

ASTM D7668. A summary: Δ < R … 

Δ < R/√2 … z = -0.42 (z < 1 or 2 (✓)). 

Table 8: Samples from RR: IIS / Gasoil September 2014, Gasoil September 2015 // FAM 

2016 / Diesel Fuel (B7) – Determination of DCN 

Sample 

IIS#14176 

(3328/14) 

IIS#15176 

(3501/15) 

FAM#813 

(613/16) 

FAM#814 

(614/16) 

DCN 

(Petrol) 

x − (DCN) 

(RR) 

Δ 

Δ < R (ASTM 

D7668) 

Δ < R (ASTM 

D7668)/√2 

57.0 57.3 -0.3 ✓ ✓ 55.0 

54.8 55.5 -0.7 ✓ ✓ 54.2 

51.6 50.8 0.9 ✓ ✓ 51.1 

53.3 53.3 0.0 ✓ ✓ 52.8 

CN (CFR) 

Conclusion 

The validation results are in compliance 

with the precision demands 

(r, R) of the standard test method 

ASTM D7668:14a. The implemented 

test method ASTM D7668 for the 

determination of DCN is precise (in 

terms of repeatability and reproducibility), 

accurate and fit for intended 

use (fit for purpose). 

Standard test method ASTM 

D7668 is officially listed in ASTM 

specifications for diesel fuel: ASTM 

D975, ASTM D6751, ASTM 

D7467. The valid EN specification 

for diesel fuel does not list standard 

test method ASTM D7668 (or EN 

16715). 

EN 590:2013, clause 5.6.4 [12] 

states the following: “In cases of 

dispute concerning cetane number, EN 

ISO 5165 shall be used. For the determination 

of cetane number alternative 

methods to those indicated in Table 1 

and Table 3 may also be used, provided 

that these methods originate from a 

recognized method series, and have a 

valid precision statement, derived in 

accordance with EN ISO 4259, which 

demonstrates precision at least equal 

to that of the referenced method. The 

test result, when using an alternative 

method, shall also have a demonstrable 

relationship to the result obtained 

when using the referenced method.” 

With this statement test method 

ASTM D7668 or EN 16715 can be 

used for the determination of CN / 

DCN according to EN 590. Method 

EN 16715 (technically equivalent 

to ASTM D7668) is included in the 

draft prEN 590 (latest EN 590 2015 

amendment Rev1 - Working draft: 

CEN/TC 19/WG 24 N 498 is dated: 

2016-05-03). 

Table 9 shows performance figures 

for standard test methods for the 

determination of CN / DCN. 


Table 9: A comparison of the performance of standard test methods for the determination of CN / DCN 

CN = 52 

Standard method 

Standard 

covers range 

Apparatus r R 

EN ISO 5165:1998 ASTM D613:16 30 – 65 CFR motor 0.9 4.3 

EN 15195:2014 ASTM D6890:16 34 – 71 IQT 0.7 2.4 

EN 16144:2012 ASTM D7170:14 35 – 60 FIT 1.1 4.2 

EN 16715:2015 ASTM D7668:14a 30 – 70 CID 510 0.6 1.4 

References 

[1] T. K Garret, Automotive fuels and 

fuel systems – Volume 2. Diesel, 

Pentech press, London, Society of 

automotive engineers, Inc., Warrendale, 

PA, 1994 

[2] ISO 5165:1998 – Petroleum 

products – Determination of the 

ignition quality of diesel fuels – 

Cetane engine method 

[3] ASTM D613:2016 – Standard 

Test Method for Cetane Number of 

Diesel Fuel Oil 

[4] ASTM D7668:2014a - Standard 

Test Method for Determination of 

Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of 

Diesel Fuel Oils – Ignition Delay 

and Combustion Delay Using a 

Constant Volume Combustion 

Chamber Method 

[5] EN 16715:2015 – Liquid petroleum 

products – Determination of 

ignition delay and derived cetane 

number (DCN) of middle distillate 

fuels – Ignition delay and combustion 

delay determination using 

a constant volume combustion 

chamber with direct fuel injection 

[6] PAC Herzog presentation – Cetane 

ID 510, 9.4.2014 

[7] EURACHEM Guide, The Fitness 

for Purpose of Analytical methods, 

A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation 

and Related Topics: Second 

Edition, 2014 

[8] M. Moder, Validacija preskusnih 

metod, NA.L.01.0701, internal 

paper, Laboratory Petrol 

[9] ISO/IEC 17025:2005 – General 

requirements for the competence 

of testing and calibration laboratories 

[10] J. N. Miller, J. C. Miller – Statistics 

and Chemometrics for Analytical 

Chemistry, Sixth Edition, 

Pearson education, Canada, 2010 

[11] V. Čopi, Validacija nove metode 

za določanje cetanskega števila v 

dizelskem gorivu, Univerza v Ljubljani, 

2015. 

[12] EN 590:2013 – Automotive 

fuels – Diesel – Requirements and 

test methods 

Authors 

Manja Moder, PETROL d.d., 

Ljubljana - Laboratory, Zaloška 259, 

1260 Ljubljana, Slovenia 

Vid Čopi, University of Ljubljana, 

Faculty of chemistry and chemical 

technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 

Ljubljana, Slovenia 

Paper was presented on Fuels 2016 

and accepted for publishing. 


GREEN CORNER 

From Biomass to 

Motor Fuels 

PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 

– Challenges and 

Perspectives 

From biomass to motor fuels 

– challenges and perspectives 

Maja Fabulić Ruszkowski 

maja.fabulic-ruszkowski@ina.hr 

Introduction 

The transformation of biomass to biofuels is not 

easy. Some technologies offer direct transformation to 

energy, but in that case, the company should provide full 

biomass supply chain. For petroleum companies, it is not 

core business and there to accept that job unwillingly. 

The pyrolysis technology transforms biomass to biofuels, 

the pyrolysis liquid or conventional term pyrolysis 

oil. The advantage of pyrolysis oil using in comparison 

with direct using of biomass is easy handling, transport, 

storage and utilization. In this way, bio pyro oil can be 

available everywhere and always in significantly smaller 

volume than biomass. This type of renewable fuels can 

substitute fossil fuels and it is declared as drop-in fuels. 3 

The pyrolysis oil can be used for different application 

for power, heat and steam production and in a production 

of biofuels, chemicals, bio-chemicals and bio-based 

material. It is important to highlight that bio pyrolysis 

oil is completely different nature from mineral oils which 

effects on their utilization. 

The price of bio pyro oil as a fuel can be very attractive 

compared with heavy fuel oil, depending largely on the 


GREEN CORNER 

The advantage of pyrolysis 

oil in comparison with direct 

using of biomass is easy 

handling, transport, storage 

and utilization. 

cost of the biomass feedstock used to produce it. Incentives 

to replace fossil fuels or CO 2 

reduction targets 

improve the economics further. 4 

One of the alternatives for the advanced biofuel 

increasing is co-feeding or co-processing of biomass-derived 

feedstock as bio pyro oil in a blend with conventional 

petroleum feedstock in typical refinery units. 5 

This concept has advantages in comparison with conventional 

biofuel production. The co-processing uses 

existing refining infrastructure: units, catalyst, utilities, 

and it needs a low investment of refinery system modifications. 

The bio pyrolysis oil can be utilized in FCC process in 

conventional refinery configuration. FCC is one of the 

most important secondary refinery processes for gasoline 

production. 

The oleaginous raw material as vegetable oil used 

cooking oil and animal fat can also be co-processed in 

refinery besides bio pyro oil co-processing. 

Legislation and Emissions 

The main goal of current European legislation is the 

reduction of greenhouse gas emission (GHG) and carbon 

footprint. Oil and gas industry tries to produce clean 

transportation fuels by adding of different biofuels in 

traditional motor fuels. 

Biofuels from the first generation as bioethanol and 

fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) are limited by current 

and future legislation. The highlight is on advanced 

biofuels processed from algae, animal manure, lignocellulose 

and other waste material. 

EU requires from Member States fuel suppliers to 

include a minimum share of energy from advanced 

biofuels, biogas, renewable fuels of non-bio origin and 

renewable electricity from Y2021 according to Draft of 

Renewable Energy Directive 2 (RED 2). 6 The minimum 

share of renewables is 1.5 % in Y2021 and will increase 

up to 6.8 % in Y2030 according to the current proposal. 

Within this total share, the contribution of advanced 

biofuels and biogas shall be at least 0.5 % in Y2021, increasing 

up to 3.6 % by Y2030. 

Directive 2015/1513, so-called ILUC Directive 

7 recognised this type of wood waste material and 

implemented them in Annex 9. All EU Member States 

have had obligation to implement Directive until the end 

of 2017. 

GHG savings of the raw pyrolysis oil according to the 

literature are really high and above of other biofuels and 

it is about 85-95% for heat and power applications. In 

comparison with favourable fossil fuel, the combustion 

emission is significantly reduced. The abatement of over 

99 % of SO X 

emission, over 36 % of NO X 

emission and 

over 72 % of CO emission are noticed. 8 

Properties of Bio Pyrolysis Oil 

The bio pyrolysis oil is completely different material 

from fossil oils which complicate their usage in the 

petroleum industry as motor fuels. Unique physical and 

chemical properties of bio pyro oil make it very challenging 

from the analytical point of view. 

Bio pyrolysis oil was used primarily in boilers and furnaces 

as fuel oil replacement for electricity and heat production. 

The properties of bio pyro oil for this purpose is 

described by ASTM D 7544 method. 9 

It is described by International Energy Agency (IEA) 

as: “Product of thermal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass, 

typically at between 450-600 °C at near atmospheric 

pressure or below, in the absence of oxygen using 

small dry biomass particles. The solid by-product is char. 

Bio pyro oil is complex mixture oxygenated hydrocarbon 

fragments derived from biopolymer structures. It typically 

contains 15-30 wt. % of water. Common organic components 

include acetic acid, methanol, aldehydes and ketones, 

cyclopentenones, furans, alkyl-phenols, alkyl-methoxy-phenols, 

anydro sugars and oligomeric sugar water insoluble 

lignin-derivate compounds. Nitrogen- and sulphur containing 

compounds are also sometimes found depending on 

biomass source”. 10 

The bio pyro oil composition is very complex and varies 

in accordance with biomass feedstock, process and 

operating conditions. Typical properties of bio pyro oil 

are present in Table 1. 10 

The bio pyro oil is highly polar material, miscible with 

polar fuels. It contents between 15 to 30 wt. % of water 

in a microemulsion. Water is undesirable components in 

motor fuels due to corrosion effect, emulsion formation 

and problems in burners. Oxygen content is very high 

accordingly. The acidity of bio pyro oil is also high, so 

corrosion effect can be expected as well. Viscosity is very 

high and it is connected to combustion and engine application. 

Viscosity is increased by ageing and depends 

on temperature. Pour point is satisfied to compare to 


GREEN CORNER 

Table 1. Properties of bio pyro oil 

Properties 

Typical range 

Low heating value, LHV 13-18 MJ/kg 

Water 20-30 wt. % 

pH 2-3 

TAN 

70-100 mg KOH/g 

Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C 15-40 mm2/s 

Density at 15 °C 

1.11-1.30 kg/dm3 

Pour Point -9 to -36 °C 

Carbon 50-60 wt. % 

Hydrogen < 0.5 wt. % 

Sulphur < 0.05 wt. % 

Oxygen 35-40 wt. % 

Solids < 1 wt. % 

Micro Coke Residue, Conradson 

Coke Residue 

17-23 wt. % 

Ash < 0.3 wt. % 

Flash Point 40-110 °C 

Na, K, Ca, Mg < 0.06 wt. % 

Chlorine 

< 75 mg/kg 

motor fuels. Density is very high and presents a function 

of water and temperature. Heating value is low compared 

to motor fuels. Sulphur and nitrogen content from 

woody biomass is mainly low and depends on biomass 

type. Sediment content can be high in bio pyro oil and 

can cause ageing and forms layers in a container. Metal 

content varies also related to biomass feedstock type. 

Chlorine content depends also on biomass type. 

High oxygen content influences on bio pyro oil stability. 

Bio pyro oil can be stabilised with oxygen decreasing 

by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) treatment with the 

aim of oxygen and acidity decreasing. 1, 11 Some other 

treatments can use too for quality improvement, mainly 

reducing metal content and sediments. 

Standards used analytical methods from petroleum 

industry are not are not fully applicable in bio pyro oil 

analysis. Methods for bio pyro analyses are systematically 

validated and modified and new methods are developed 

as well. 

Biomass Supply Chain 

There are many different sources of biomass which can 

be used in pyrolysis process for bio pyrolysis oil production: 

hardwoods and softwoods, with or without bark, 

mill and forest residues, agricultural residues, including 

cellulosic residues from palm oil production and sugar/ 

energy cane operations, lignin material from the pulp 

and paper industry, post-consumer, wood-based construction 

and demolition materials as well as sustainable 

11, 12, 13 

energy crops such as miscanthus and switchgrass. 

The bio pyro processing is organised commonly in 

the region rich in biomass, mainly local. The biomass is 

possible to transport from a more distant region, but in 

that case, the price of biofuels production is significantly 

higher. Optimal distance from biomass recourse to 

production plants is 50-70 km. The security of biomass 

deliveries should be guaranteed in all season. The full 

logistic biomass supply chain from gathering operations, 

transport, storage and drying is necessary to assure before 

production. 

Pyrolysis Technology 

The pyrolysis technology has developed over 20 years, 

but this technology has only recently been closed to full 

maturity. The process of thermal pyrolysis does not 

require expensive complex catalyst systems, hydrogen, 

or high pressure. These factors, coupled with very short 

processing time, translate to attract capital and operating 

costs. The process is characterised by excellent 

energy efficiency which makes it especially attractive. 4 

Although more than 40 companies have processed bio 

pyro oil, only a few commercial size installation are available 

for pyrolysis production. 10 Fast pyrolysis bio-oil 

technology offers Empyro, Netherland, Ensyn, Canada 

and Valmet, Finland. 

The commercial technology of all of the mentioned 

companies varies, but it operates in the relatively similar 

way. General description of fast pyrolysis technology is 

further: 4, 14, 15 Dried biomass particles are placed into a 

reactor with the excess flow of sand which is used as circulating 

heat carrier material at approximately 500°C in 

the absence of oxygen. At this temperature, the biomass 

is converted and vaporized into gases, which are then 

condensed into a liquid form, i.e. bio-oil, when cooled. 

The by-product gas is used as a fuel gas for complementary 

applications such as biomass drying, or electrical 

power generation, while the total char is typically 

consumed in the reheater to provide the heat required to 

drive the process. The excess steam can be sold to other 

industrial site or district heating grid. The conversion of 

biomass to biofuels occurs in less than two seconds. 

Fortum industrial-scale plant in Joensuu, Finland 

produces Otso bio pyro oil from renewable wood-based 

material like forest residue, wood chips and sawdust. 

Their plant is integrated with combined heat and power 

plant. Capacity is 50 kt/y. 16 

Empyro started with bio pyro oil production in 2015 

in Nederland. This technology converts up to 70 wt. % of 


GREEN CORNER 

biomass into bio pyro oil, and gas and char as side-products. 

Capacity is 24 kt/y by BTG’s rotating cone technology. 

14 The stream is used for electric power generation 

in nearby industry. Bio pyro oil is co-feeds boiler system 

for heating of Friesland Campina Company with natural 

gas. 

Ensyn, Canada has operated over 25 years, and with 

Rapid Thermal Technology processes over 21 kt/y from 

wood residues. 17 Production focus is on fuels for heating 

and cooling purposes, and on refinery feedstock to 

produce renewable ‘drop-in’ gasoline and diesel, and as 

a chemical feedstock to produce food flavourings and 

fragrances. To date, Ensyn has designed and built seven 

commercial RTP plants in the United States and Canada 

for use in the manufacture of more than 30 commercial 

products ranging from food flavourings to adhesive resins 

for construction. 18 

Valmet developed technology for bio pyro oil production 

in riser reactor and delivered hundreds of fluidized 

bed boilers worldwide, with the intention to expand biooil 

production with integrated pyrolysis technology. 15 

Co-processing provides 

production of products 

related to standard 

specifications for 

transportation fuels and 

therefore does not require 

segregated handling and 

distribution downstream of 

the refinery. 

Challenges in Co-processing 

The principle of co-processing is adding of bio-crude in 

some part of refinery streams with minimal unit modifications 

and process conditions changes. Co-processing 

provides production of products related to standard 

specifications for transportation fuels and therefore does 

not require segregated handling and distribution downstream 

of the refinery, as is the case with some other 

renewables, as ethanol and biodiesel. 19 

A lot of challenges of co-processing in different units 

is present in combination with refinery streams and in 

laboratory analytics. Some of them are further: possible 

incompatibility with refinery feedstock, the effect 

of water forming on process parameters, catalyst and 

products, changes in kinetics and conversion, including 

influence on material balance and product distribution, 

yield and quality. 

Bio pyrolysis oil is not possible to use directly as blending 

component in transport fuels without upgrading 

process. 20 The first choice of bio pyro oil co-processing 

is FCC unit. The bio pyro oil changes a part of standard 

FCC feedstock, vacuum gas oil (VGO). From literature 

is unknown the exact amount of added bio pyro oil for 

co-feeding, but more than 5 % is not recommended in 

this phase, due to nature of bio pyro oil and insufficient 

readiness of technology. 14 The pyrolysis oil complexity 

and very different properties from petroleum feedstock 

and products are the main problems in co-processing. 

In FCC co-processing the main challenges are connected 

with unknown bio pyro influence on process 

parameters, catalyst activity and product distribution 

and quality. The usual FCC reactions take place during 

biomass conversion. Detail mechanism is described in 

2, 11 

literature. 

Some companies have conducted trials and demonstration 

of FCC co-processing in different scale including 

commercial unit. Petrobras published articles about 

carried out of testing in FCC demonstration-scale unit. 

The different yield distribution is obtained by adding a 

different amount of bio pyro oil. A general conclusion is 

that coke and gas yield increased, while gasoline and light 

cycle oil varies depends on the added amount of bio pyro 

oil. The most oxygen was removed as water, CO and 

CO 2 

during cracking process. Some amount remained in 

liquid products as alkyl phenols in co-processed gasoline 

and diesel products. The produced light cyclic oil was 

tested and found suitable for hydrogenation as diesel 

blendstock, while gasoline hydrogenation tests were also 

1, 11, 21 

being conducted. 

Due to the high acidity, it is necessary to take care of 

bio pyro oil storage and feed line material. Stainless steel 

is recommended. Furthermore, bio pyro oil is not miscible 

with FCC feed and request separate entrance into 

the reactor. The plugging of feed nozzle or feed line was 

noticed in some literature. 22 

Catalyst activity can drop if bio feed contents higher 

amount of alkali and earth alkali metals. 

Testing results of some laboratory small scale FCC 

units suggest that feed behaviour in small scale is different 

from larger or commercial scale units, especially in 

coke formation. There are more complicated to predict 

the behaviour of bio pyro in FCC commercial units and 

their influence on full system and products. 1 

It is very important to know how the renewable carbon 

from co-processed biomass re-distributes in the range of 


GREEN CORNER 

FCC formed products. The amount of renewable carbon 

from biomass in liquid products is measured by 14 C isotope 

method due to fact that fossil fuel is free of 14 C. 2 

Despite the above-mentioned challenges, co-processing 

seems to be a good perspective for obtaining 

advanced fuels whose market is not developed, and have 

been grounded by the legislation very soon. 

Conclusions 

The different sources of biomass are used for the bio-oil 

producing. The bio pyro oil is very different material 

comparing to fossil oils. Analytical methods used in the 

petroleum industry are not suitable for bio pyro analysis, 

so the developing of new analytic methods are ongoing. 

So far the most of the testing is focused on co-processing 

bio pyrolysis oil in different scale FCC unit. The 

adding of bio pyro oil can cause changes in FCC process 

parameters, influence on catalyst activity and final 

change the yields and product quality. The lack of data 

from commercial co-processing testing is the challenge 

for further refining business and widespread in FCC 

units. 

The impossibility of copying obtained results from 

small-scale laboratory and demo scale units to commercial 

FCC units complicate the situation and for now, 

prevents wider use of co-processing. 

The forthcoming legislation which obliges EU countries 

to use advanced biofuels from 2020 will probably 

speed up commercial using of co-processing implementation 

and open new perspectives in co-processing 

usage. 

It is also necessary to take into account economic 

opportunities which were identified for the integrity 

bio-renewable feeds and products in existing refinery 

operation. 

Literature 

1. Pinho A.R., Almeide M.B.B., Mendes F.L., Ximenes 

V.L., Casavechia L.C., Fuel Process Technology 131 (1) 

159-166 2015 

2. Vogt E.T.C., Weckhuysen B.M., Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (20) 

7342-7370 2015 

3. URL: https://www.uop.com/processing-solutions/renewables/complying-with-renewable-fuel-mandates/ 

(access: March, 5th 2018) 

4. URL: https://www.envergenttech.com/wp-content/ 

uploads/2015/02/2013-envergent-burner-applications-white-paper.pdf 

(access: March 8th 2018) 

5. Melero J.A., Milagrosa Clavero M, Calleja G., Garcia 

A., MIravalles R., Galindo T., Energy Fuels 24 (1) 707- 

717 2010 

6. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament 

and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy 

from renewable sourced (recast), Council of the European 

Union, Brussels, 20 June 2017, 8697/17 

7. Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of The European Parliament 

and of the Council of 9th September 2015, (ILUC 

Directive) 

8. URL: http://www.ensyn.com/up- 

loads/6/9/7/8/69787119/_ec-overview-december- 

2012-updated.pdf (access: March, 5th 2018) 

9. ASTM D 7544 method 

10. Oasmaa A., Beet van de Beld, Sarri P., Elliott D.C., 

Solantausta Y., Energy Fuels, 29 (49) 2471-2484 2015 

11. Melero J.A., Iglesias J., Garsia A, Energy Environ. Sci., 

5 (6) 7393-7420 2012 

12. URL: http://www.ensyn.com/overview.html (access: 

March, 5th 2018) 

13. URL: https://www.envergenttech.com/technology/ 

rtp/ (access: March, 5th 2018) 

14. URL: https://www.btg-btl.com/en/technology (access: 


15. URL: http://www.valmet.com/globalassets/media/ 

downloads/white-papers/power-and-recovery/biorefining_whitepaper.pdf 

(access: March 8th 2018) 

16. Solantausta Y., Oasmaa A., Sipila K., Lindfors C., 

Lehto J., Autio J., Jokela P., Alin J., Heiskanen J, Energy 

Fuels 26 (1) 233-240 2012 

17. URL: http://www.ensyn.com/history.html (access: 


18. URL: https://www.envergenttech.com/wp-content/ 

uploads/2015/02/rtp-from-envergent-2010.pdf (access: 


19. URL: http://www.ensyn.com/refinery-feedstocks. 

html (access: March, 5th 2018) 

20. Lappas A.A., Bezergianni S., Vasalos I.A., Catalyst 

Today 145 (1-2) 55-62 2009 


V.L., Casavechia L.C., Talmadge M.S., Kinchin C.M., 

Chum H.L., Fuel 188 (1) 462-473 2017 


V.L., Pure and Applied Chemistry 86 (5) 859-865 2014 


ExxonMobil: Fuel Efficiency 

Will Offset Light-Duty Demand 

Growth More than Fuel Mix 

Changes 

Highlights from the ExxonMobil’s Outlook for 

Energy: A View to 2040 

Tammy Klein 

tammy@futurefuelstrategies.com 

FUELS CORNER 

Petroleum refining industry is quite 

mature, however, fuel composition has 

significantly changed as a result of challenging 

environmental legislation as well 

as heavier feedstocks processing. This 

resulted in the development of a variety of 

catalysts and related processes to follow 

the demanding changes. 

ExxonMobil’s Outlook for energy: A View to 2040 

anticipates that global energy needs will rise about 25% 

over the period to 2040, led by non-OECD countries, 

same as it projected last year. While the mix shifts toward 

lower-carbon-intensive fuels, the world will need to pursue 

all economic energy sources. 

The Outlook projects that global transportation-related 

energy demand will increase by close to 30% (over 

the 25% projected last year) by 2040. At the same time, 

total miles traveled per year by cars, sport utility vehicles 

(SUVs) and light trucks will increase about 60%, reaching 

about 14 trillion in 2040. As personal mobility increases, 

average new-car fuel economy (including SUVs and light 

trucks) will improve as well, rising from about 30 miles 

per gallon (7.83 l/100 km) now to close to 50 miles per 

gallon (4.7 l/100 km) in 2040, the same as projected last 

year. 

Comparison of Key Findings in the ExxonMobil 

2017 v. 2018 Outlook for Energy 

Comparison of Key Findings in the ExxonMobil 2017 v. 

2018 Outlook for Energy is presented to get a sense of 

how the company’s thinking has evolved on transportrelated 

issues. This is summarized in the chart below. 


FUELS CORNER 

The Outlook projects that 

global transportation-related 

energy demand will increase 

close to 30% by 2040. 

Topic 2017 Outlook Comment 2018 Outlook Comment Notes 

Global transportation demand, 

2015-2040 

Commercial transportation 

growth 

Growth 25% Growth 30% Growth in personal mobility 

(vehicle miles travled9 and 

commercial transportation 

services (ton-miles of freight, 

passenger-miles of air travel) 

has tracked with GDP 

“Significant efficiency gains 

help limit growth in commercial 

transportation energy 

use to about 70 percent in the 

non-OECD and 20 percent in 

the OECD from 2015-2040.” 

Same, but specifies that Asia 

Pacific region leads growth, 

rising to 41 percent of total 

sector’s energy demand 

Electricity and power demand, 

2015-2040 

Rises by 60% 

Same, but notes that the 

world shifts to lower carbon 

sources for electricity 

generation, led by natural 

gas, renewables such as wind 

and solar, and nuclear while 

coal provides less than 30% 

of the world’s electricity in 

2040, down from about 40% 

in 2016 

Wind and solar share of 

electricity 

15% 17% Was 5% in 2016 

Emissions projections and 

solutions 

Improving fuel economy in 

transport cheapest solution 

“Light-duty vehicle CO2 

emissions are expected to 

decline close to 10 percent 

from 2025 to 2040 as more 

efficient conventional vehicles 

and electric cars gain 

significant share.” 

2018 Outlook notes that: “As 

economic growth continues 

to drive CO2 emissions 

through 2040, efficiency 

gains and a shift to less CO2- 

intensive energy will each 

help substantially moderate 

emissions.” 

Supply 

Oil and gas continue to supply 

about 55% of the world’s 

energy needs through 2040; 

natural gas rises most 

Same 

Liquids demand 

Global liquids demand grows 

about 20% from 2016 to 2040 

Same, and “Advances in lightduty 

vehicle efficiency lead 

to liquids demand decline in 

North America and Europe.” 


FUELS CORNER 

The Impact of Electrification 

There’s new commentary and analysis on electrification 

in the 2018 Outlook. Exxon notes that there are approximately 

2 million EVs in the global fleet, or about 0.2% 

of the total, and acknowledges the car ban phenomena. 

“Recently, some car manufacturers and governments 

have announced plans to limit future vehicle sales to 

those with an electric motor, including hybrids, plug-in 

hybrids and battery electric vehicles.” 

The company expects that the EV fleet will see strong 

growth driven by decreasing battery costs, and increasing 

model availability and continued support from 

government policies. This is shown in the figure below. 

However, future battery costs and government policies 

are uncertain, Exxon notes, pointing out the “wide range 

of perspectives on future electric vehicle growth, with 

third-party estimates for 2040 ranging from a factor of 

three higher and lower than the Outlook.” 

Electric vehicles grow rapidly 

Worldwide electric vehicle fleet – millon cars 

The company expects that 

the EV fleet will see strong 

growth driven by decreasing 

battery costs, and increasing 

model availability and 

continued support from 

government policies. 

Source: ExxonMobil, 2018 

ExxonMobile Outlook: http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/energy/energy-outlook/a-view-to-2040 

About the Author 

Tammy Klein provides market and 

policy intelligence with unique 

insight and analysis drawn from her 

global network in the fuels industry 

through the consulting services she 

provides and the membershipbased 

Future Fuels Outlook service. 

She is an expert on conventional, 

biofuels and alternative fuels market 

and policy issues. 

She is formerly Senior Vice 

President for Stratas Advisors/Hart 

Energy and in that capacity was 

responsible for overseeing all aspects 

of its fuels and transport-related research, 

products, services, staff and 

consultancy. Prior to that she was 

the Executive Director of the Global 

Biofuels Center, a service of Hart 

Energy she co-created, that tracks, 

monitors and analyzes biofuels market, 

policy and technology developments 

in more than 70 countries. 

Tammy continues to serve as an 

advisor to many companies, governments 

and NGOs on transportation 

fuels issues. She has advised the 

Organization of Petroleum Exporting 

Countries (OPEC), International 

Petroleum Industry Environmental 

Conservation Association (IPIECA), 

Energy Management Authority 

(EMA) of Singapore and Natural 

Resources Defense Council (NRDC) 

and the International Energy Agency 

(IEA), among others. 

To learn more about Tammy 

please visit: 

http://futurefuelstrategies.com 


CATALYSIS CORNER 

Catalysis Science and 

Technology Overview of the Most Relevant Articles 

Ante Jukić 

ajukic@fkit.hr 

Related to Catalysis Science & Technology 

Petroleum refining industry is quite 

mature, however, fuel composition has 

significantly changed as a result of challenging 

environmental legislation as well 

as heavier feedstocks processing. This 

resulted in the development of a variety of 

catalysts and related processes to follow 

the demanding changes. 

The production of liquid transportation fuels such as 

gasoline, diesel and jet fuel from petroleum involves the 

use of a variety of catalytic processes. Although the petroleum 

refining industry is quite mature, fuel composition 

requirements continue to evolve with time in response to 

environmental legislation and changes in engine design. 

In addition, petroleum feedstocks are becoming heavier 

and sourer with time. New technology is emerging that 

allows efficient conversion of natural gas to liquid hydrocarbon 

fuels. Taken together, these changes pose considerable 

challenges to the refining industry and significant 

advances in catalysis are needed to meet the challenge. 

Catalysis science and technology for cleaner transportation 

fuels are discussed thoroughly in the research article 

of T. G Kaufmann et al. (Catalysis Today, Vol. 62, Issue 

1, 25 September 2000, Pages 77-90). For example, the 

authors stress out that some of the key catalytic challenges 

for the FCC area include developing super active catalysts 

that will enable operation at ultra-short contact times 

at which the selectivity to high value light products are 

improved. This will require advances in both the zeolitic 

and matrix components of the catalyst. New catalyst 

materials will be needed that are resistant to other heavy 

feed components such as nickel, vanadium and nitrogen. 

Improved additives for re-cracking naphtha olefins to 

propylene will increase in importance as the demand for 

propylene increases in the future. Further, reducing the 

sulphur content of cat naphtha will be a high priority to 

meet lower gasoline sulphur specifications. 

Desulphurization and Denitification Processes 

The possibility to increase the activity of CoMo/Al2O3 

catalysts in the desulfurization and denitrogenation of 

diesel fuel by introducing different amounts of phosphorus 

is studied in the paper of O. V. Klimov et al. (Catalysis 

Today, Vol. 307, 1 June 2018, Pages 73-83). Phosphorus 

content in the catalysts was adjusted by addition of 

various amounts of H3PO4 to the impregnating solution 


CATALYSIS CORNER 

containing Co, Mo and citric acid. CoMo with 1 wt.% of 

P and 1 wt.% of B was also investigated. Catalysts were 

characterized by HCNS-analysis, nitrogen adsorption, 

XPS, HRTEM, UV/VIS DRS and IR-spectroscopy of adsorbed 

CO. Catalysts were tested in the hydrotreating of 

straight-run diesel fuel. It was found that the morphology 

and dispersion of the sulphide active component 

was independent to the phosphorus content in catalysts. 

Amount of CoMoS phase increased in catalysts, while the 

concentration of the surface P-OH groups and Lewis acid 

sites decreased. The catalyst with 1 wt.% of P and 1 wt.% 

of B had a maximal activity in desulfurization and denitrogenation 

reactions. 

Dearomatization Processes 

Furthermore, some new design approaches to ultra-clean 

diesel fuels by deep desulfurization and deep dearomatization 

were considered in the article of C. Song and X. Ma 

(Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 41, Issues 1 2, 

10 March 2003, Pages 207-238). This paper is a selective 

review on design approaches and associated catalysis and 

chemistry for deep desulfurization and deep dearomatization 

(hydrogenation) of hydrocarbon fuels, particularly 

diesel fuels. The challenge for deep desulfurization of 

diesel fuels is the difficulty of removing the refractory sulphur 

compounds, particularly 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, 

with the conventional hydrodesulphurization processes. 

The problem is exacerbated by the inhibiting effect 

of polyaromatics and nitrogen compounds, which exist 

in some diesel blend stocks on deep HDS. The principles 

and problems for the existing hydrodesulphurization processes, 

and the concepts, advantages and disadvantages 

of various new approaches were discussed, specifically: 

(1) novel catalysts for ultra-deep hydrodesulphurization 

under conventional HDS process conditions; (2) new 

design concept for sulphur-tolerant noble metal catalysts 

for low-temperature hydrogenation; (3) new desulfurization 

process by sulphur adsorption and capture under H2; 

(4) new desulfurization process by selective adsorption at 

ambient temperature without H2 and a related integrated 

process concept; (5) oxidative desulfurization in liquidphase; 

and (6) bio desulfurization. 

Importance of Detail Chemical Analysis 

Here it is very important to emphasize the extraordinary 

importance of detailed chemical analysis in catalytic processes 

research, so we highlight two papers. First paper is 

under the title Comprehensive GC×GC chromatography 

for the characterization of sulphur compound in fuels: A 

review by authors C. Lorentz et al. (Catalysis Today, Vol. 

292, 1 September 2017, Pages 26-37). Since the beginning 

of the 2000 s, comprehensive GC × GC chromatography 

brought a totally new way to characterize complex 

matrices. This disruptive technique is well adapted to fuels 

and rapidly gained importance in R&D laboratories of 

oil (and related) companies. Therefore, this analytical tool 

has been applied to many aspects of refining and especially 

the challenge of reducing the sulphur content in fuels. 

The present article reviews the use of comprehensive GC 

× GC for understanding the nature of sulphur compounds 

in refinery products (from gasoline to VGO) and their catalytic 

conversion through various catalytic processes such 

as HDS, AOTS, ODS. Various types of detectors (universal 

or specific) as well as HT GC × GC have been applied 

and can be combined in order to get a better description 

of the S compounds in oil products. 

I. Sugiyama and A. E. Williams-Jones discuss and 

describe an approach to determining nickel, vanadium 

and other metal concentrations in crude oil (Analytica 

Chimica Acta, 1002, 2018, Pages 18-25). The ability to 

accurately determine the metal content of crude oils is 

necessary for reasons ranging from the need to identify 

the source of the oils (Ni and V) to removing components 

that might inhibit catalysis during refining or impact 

negatively on the environment during hydrocarbon combustion. 

Here we show that ashing followed by chemical 

oxidation and acid digestion, coupled with ICP-MS analysis, 

provides an accurate method for determining the 

concentration of metals in crude oil. Nickel and vanadium 

concentrations were measured in certified Ni and V oil 

standards and in various light, intermediate and heavy 

crude oils after application of a single vessel ashing-chemical 

oxidation-acid digestion sample preparation and storing 

technique. Prior to the ashing, chemical oxidation and 

acid digestion, an aliquot of the crude oil was placed in a 

10 ml Pyrex culture tube and capped with quartz wool. 

The capped culture tubes were then subjected to thermal 

combustion, followed by chemical oxidation and leaching. 

The leachates and the aqueous standards were diluted 

and analyzed for their Ni and V contents using inductively 

coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The 

measured concentrations of Ni in oil standards, reported 

to contain 1, 100, and 1000 mg kg-1 Ni (±2% error), were 

1.1 ± 0.01, 99.8 ± 1.46, and 1025 ± 24 mg kg-1 respectively. 

The corresponding concentrations of V in these 

standards, reported to contain 2, 100, and 1000 mg kg-1 

V, were measured to be 1.93 ± 0.06, 104 ± 1.3, and 1027 

± 7.5 mg kg-1, respectively. This modified single vessel 

ashing-digestion technique (combustion, chemical oxidation, 

acid leaching and storing) minimizes contamination 

and significantly reduces the loss of ash. The results are 

repeatable, comparable to, and in some cases superior 

to those of other methods. The method is applicable to a 

wide range of crude oil compositions, is very accessible 

and robust, easy to use, and does not require costly equipment 

in preparing the samples for analysis by ICP-MS. 


LAB CORNER 

LEAN Lab 

The constant need for improvements and 

business optimization leads to consideration 

of the possibility of applying the LEAN 

methodology. 

PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK 

Lucija Kurte 

lucija.kurte@ina.hr 

With the appearance of new 

challenges in the economic 

sector, the awareness of everincreasing 

competition and 

the need for constant improvements 

in all parts of business, as 

well as in the laboratory work is 

being recognized. 

The constant need for improvements and business 

optimization in today‘s business world certainly leads 

to consideration of the possibility of applying the LEAN 

methodology, which precisely advocates such an approach. 

LEAN methodology offers specific solutions in 

the organization of laboratory work and improves the 

efficiency of the system and process. By implementation 

of LEAN principles for identification of weak points in 

working process, and by resolving or removing them, 

establishing flow and pull, it enables speeding up of 

working process and make it more efficient. A LEAN 

organization understands customer value and focuses its 

key processes to continuously increase it. The ultimate 

goal of Lean methodology is to provide perfect value to 

the customer through a perfect value creation process 

that has zero waste. In Figure 1. eight types of waste according 

LEAN methodology are presented. 


LAB CORNER 

A LEAN organization 

understands customer 

value and focuses 

its key processes to 

continuously increase it. 

Figure 1. Eight types of waste according LEAN methodology 

The first it is necessary to determine value of process 

based on customer demands. After that observation and 

monitoring of entire value stream and process flow is 

required. After determination and recording the current 

„As Is” state of process it is needed to establish 

the Future state of the process by removing the Waste 

or bottlenecks of the process to create flow. Establishing 

Pull means that the any reaction in process must be 

started in proper time and it must be initiated by customer 

and its demands. When LEAN process is created 

it is only remained strive to perfection. Pursuit of perfection 

is result from continuous application of LEAN tools 

and concepts. And last but not least, it is to engage and 

develop employees which contribute in the observed 

process. Change doesn’t happen simply by designing 

better process so it is important to involve the employees 

who do the work and make it clear why they should care 

and contribute to improvements. In Figure 2. LEAN 

principles are presented. 

The ultimate goal of 

LEAN methodology 

is to provide perfect 

value to the customer 

through a perfect value 

creation process that 

has zero waste. 

Figure 2. Lean principles 


TECHNOLOGY CORNER 

Using Intelligent Valve 

Controllers and Predictive 

Maintenance in Cutting 

Down the Plant’s 

Maintenance Costs 

Cost Savings by Valve Modernization 

Metso, Eco consult d.o.o. 

Control and on/off valves, as 

the key elements of every process, 

are among most important and 

delicate process equipment. Therefore, 

safe and stabile process operation 

is highly dependent on their 

performance. As such, they require 

significant maintenance attention 

and costs. 

One of the most efficient ways in 

saving production costs is to guarantee 

good control performance 

during the whole life cycle of a valve 

product. Valve modernization is a 

cost-effective way to enhance the 

performance, reliability and safety of 

an outdated control or on/off valve. 

The Metso control and on/off 

valve modernization service includes 

mounting of a new valve controller, 

standardizing of the actuator 

mounting phase and maintenance of 

the valve and the actuator. Depending 

on the application, a suitable 

smart valve controller is selected: 

Neles NDX for control valves, Neles 

SwitchGuard for on/off valves or 

Neles ValvGuard for safety valves. 

Switching to Predictive 

Maintenance 

After the valve modernization you 

are able to monitor your valve performance 

and use predictive maintenance 

tools, such as Neles FieldCare 

or other maintenance tools integrated 

in DCS-systems. 

Service Benefits 

Efficient way to save production 

costs 

• Improves the performance of your 

control and on/off valves 

• Improves the reliability – device 

failures can be predicted 

• Improves the maintenance efficiency 

- maintenance actions are 

planned and based on the actual 

condition of the field devices and 

fitting in your production schedule 

• Ensures the availability of the field 

devices 

Common benefits of the Neles 

SmartSolutions product family: 



Analysis shows that maintenance costs cover 

almost half of the total cost of ownership of a 

valve product. This means that increasing maintenance 

efficiency brings significant savings over 

the life cycle of a valve. 

One of the most efficient 

ways in saving production 

costs is to guarantee good 

control performance 

during the whole life cycle 

of a valve product. Valve 

modernization is a costeffective 

way to enhance the 

performance, reliability and 

safety of an outdated control 

or on/off valve. 

• Maximizes the availability of 

valves 

• Provides open and fully integrated 

solution 

• Diagnostics information is available 

from device – no separate 

software needed 

• Valve performance is analyzed 

during the plant run-time 

• Enables predictive maintenance 

for automated valves 

PHOTO: METSO 

Service Features 

• Actuator mounting face is standardized; 

cover changed according 

to VDI/VDE-3845 

• Analog positioner is changed to 

Neles smart valve controller 

• Metso maintenance for the valve 

assembly 

• maintenance services are 

carried out following ISO 

9001 procedures 

• warranty for serviced product 

is the same as for a new 

product 

• original spare parts are used 

• testing and reporting after 

repair, according to the 

original procedures 

After the valve modernization you are able 

to monitor your valve performance and use 

predictive maintenance tools, such as Neles 

FieldCare or other maintenance tools integrated 

in DCS-systems. 

Nelex Smart Positioner 



Control Valves/Neles NDX 

• Enables raw material savings and 

improved production quality, 

thanks to superior control performance 

• Market leading accuracy and 

speed of response 

• Provides life cycle trends and traditional 

valve tests 

On-Off Valves/Neles Switch- 

Guard 

• Intelligent solenoid valve brings 

diagnostics to all on/off valves 

• Lower installation costs due to 

an integrated solution: solenoid 

valve, limits switches and speed 

control valve integrated 

• Less damaged field devices – 

minimized pressure impacts with 

smooth open/close profiles 

Safety Valves/Neles ValvGuard 

• Increased safety 

• Neles ValvGuard safety valve certified 

to SIL3 

• Testing of all safety elements 

(valve controller, actuator, valve) 

with real time alarm 

• Increased cost efficiency 

• Automatic partial stroke test lowers 

operating costs 

• Simple installation lowers capital 

costs (no need for solenoid valve) 

Valve Modernization is 

a Profitable Investment 

Several factors, such as the valve type 

and the nominal size together with 

the equipment condition affect on 

the valve modernization investment. 

The modernization projects, which 

Metso has carried out together with 

the customers how that the payback 

time for this type of investment is 

short. The investment payback time 

can be estimated quite accurately in 

advance. 

Our Customers say: 

“Better process performance” 

“Due to Neles FieldCare, the 

maintenance personnel can plan 

their work better instead of waiting 

for initiative from the production” 

“Instrumentation personnel find 

the problems before the production” 

“We have been able to avoid 

several problems, which would have 

stopped the process” 

“In certain processes, we have been 

able to increase the capacity due to 

better performing control valves” 

An example received from a 

Customer tells that after installing 

a smart Neles positioner, it was 

detected that the opening angle of 

a critical control valve was 5 – 10% 

of full opening, meaning that the 

accuracy of the current control valve 

in this application was not sufficient. 

When the control valve was resized 

to a smaller size, the savings according 

to the customer were 0,43 tons 

less chemical per day. This resulted 

to savings of 48 000 USD per year! 

Another example is from a global 

oil and gas company. As a direct 

result of using Neles ValvGuard the 

company has reduced its hazard rate 

from one failure every 1 500 hours 

to one failure every 13 000 hours. 

Without the aid of Neles ValvGuard, 

they would not have reached their 

safety goals. The savings will be 

£ 96 000 in operations costs per one 

safety valve over the life cycle of the 

plant by using Neles ValvGuard. 

On-off valves 

Safety valves 

Neles NDX 


egida 

ROFA is with you since 1952 and together with our users we follow trends in petrochemical industry. 

ROFA delivers, installs, trains their users, supplies the needed calibrational and measuring standards 

and services instruments and other equipment. From the wide spectra of instruments for quality control 

of petroleum products, we recommend the following: 

ROFA - Laboratory & Process 

Analyzers Mag.Matthias Fiedler 

Hauptstraße 145, Postfach 18 

A-3420 Kritzendorf, Austria 

Tel.: +43-2243-21 992 

Fax: +43-2243-21 992-9 

www.rofa.at 

office@rofa.at 

Herzog OptiDist 

ASTM D1078, ASTM D850, ASTM D86, ISO 3405 

• Optimization function for all types of fuel (0-4). 

• Built-in detectors for position of flask, evaporations 

• Built in calibration memory with 10 point calibration 

table and automatic probe ID detection; calibration 

history; optional calibration certificate. 

• Optical measuring system compatible with samples 

producing smoke in the receiver; range 0 to 103% 

charge volume. 

• Guaranteed successful ASTM D86 analysis with the first 

sample, including biofuels (B5, B10, E15 i E25). 

ROFA d.o.o. 

Jelice Jug 25, HR-10290 ZAPREŠIĆ 

+385-1-3357321 +385-1-3312560 

www.rofa.hr rofa@rofa.hr 

Herzog Optiflash 

ASTM D93 A,B,C, EN ISO 2719 A,B,C 

Easy, safe and accurate Flash Point Determination: 

• Built-in fire extinguisher 

• Detect “Flash” outside the cup 

• Safety monitoring system 

• ultra fast flash detection up to +400°C 

• built-in quality control (QC) functions 

• temperature sensor with calibration memory 

ISL PMD 110 

Instrument for fast and reliable micro-distillation 

analysis of liquid samples, for determination of 

distillation characteristics of FAME products under 

atmospheric pressure. PMD 110 is compliant with 

ASTM D 7345-07, and in perfect correlation to 

ASTM D 86, ASTM D1160, ISO 3405 and IP 123 

with high repeatability in less than 10 minutes per sample. 

Temperature range is from 0° to 400°C. 

Sensitivity ± 0,1°C. 

Test time

CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT 

The European Base Oils & Lubricants 

Interactive Summit 2018 

Celebrating 10 Years of Bringing Together Key Players 

from the European Base Oils & Lubricants Industry 

28th-29th November 2018, FLORENCE, ITALY 

Why You Can’t Miss EBOL10? 

We have learned a great deal from the industry over 

the last 10 years about the direction our event needs to 

take in order to provide you with an even more valuable 

insights and networking opportunities. 

The 10th Anniversary Summit will feature: 

• 200+ attendees and 15+ exhibitors 

• Exclusive Pre-Seminar Site Visit - ENI Refinery - 

Livorno (Afternoon 27/11) 

• Pre-Event Networking Drinks Reception sponsored 

by Lubrizol (Evening 27/11) 

• Exclusive Site Visit - ENI Refinery - Livorno - Italy 

• Parallel Streams dedicated to Industrial, Automotive 

and Bio-Based Lubricants allowing delegates to “lean 

in” and have in-depth discussions with like-minded 

peers. 

• Structured networking activities: Meet & Greet, 

Blackout Bingo, Speed Networking, Carpet Bowls, 

Drinks Reception, Gala Dinner, Social Lotto and Business 

Card Contest. 

• Interactive format with on-stage interviews, panel 

discussions, in-conversation and lunch round tables. 

• The Lubrizol OEM Seminar - sponsored by Lubrizol: 

OEM Challenges 2030 and Beyond - join Lubrizol for 

this much-awaited Original Equipment Manufacturers 

(OEM) seminar, where key OEM from both the 

commercial vehicle and passenger car business areas 

will provide strategic insights into how to overcome 

current industry challenges. 

The summit will ensure that delegates receive content 

in a way that is engaging and interactive, that also allows 

for everyone to be part of the wider conversation. 

PHOTS: ACTIVE COMMUNICATIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC (ACI) 


Exclusive Site Visit at ENI Refinery (Livorno) 

- Limited Spaces Available! 

ENI’s Livorno refinery has invited us to have a tour of 

their Refinery plant. This tour is exclusive to our delegates 

attending the event. There is no extra charge to 

attend the site visit, spaces are limited. 

Reserve your site visit place at time of registration to 

avoid disappointment. 

With so many exciting challenges ahead, why not join 

Lubrizol for this much-awaited Original Equipment 

Manufacturers (OEMs) pre-event seminar, where key 

OEMs from both the commercial vehicle and passenger 

car business areas will provide their insights into these 

areas, and provide strategies that are in view to address 

them. 

The Lubrizol OEMs Seminar - OEMs Challenges 

2030 & Beyond 

As many of us are aware, the transportation industry is at 

an important crossroads: globalization, electrification, 

technology development, ongoing regulatory change 

and growth in emerging markets are set to change the 

face of the industry in the next decade. 

Companies across the complete vehicle value chain 

need to assess how well they are prepared to respond to 

the evolving industry trends. 


EVENTS CALENDAR 

2018 June 5 - 6, 2018 IRPC EUROPE, International Refining & Petrochemical Conference 

Milan, Italy 

www.hpirpc.com 

June 5–6 LUBMAT 2018 

San Sebastian, Spain 

www.lubmat.org 

June 11 - 12, 2018 

June 19-20 

September 17 - 19, 2018 

September 27 - 28, 2018 

ICOPGE 2018: 20th International Conference on Oil, Gas & Petrochemical 

Engineering 

Copenhagen, Denmark 

https://www.waset.org/conference/2018/06/copenhagen/ICOGPE 

5th ICIS & ELGI Industrial Lubricants Conference 

Amsterdam Marriott Hotel, The Netherlands 

www.icisevents.com/ehome/worldlubricants 

Gastech Exhibition & Conference 

Barcelona, Spain 

www.gastechevent.com 

World Congress on Oil, Gas & Petroleum Refinery 

Abu Dhabi, UAE 

https://petroleumrefinery.conferenceseries.com 

October 17 - 19, 2018 The 51st GOMA Symposium - FUELS 2018 

Opatija, Croatia 

www.fuels.goma.hr 

October 24–26 UEIL Annual Congress 2018 

Budapest, Hungary 

www.ueil.org/events/2018-ueil-annual-congress/ 

November 12 - 15, 2018 

November 27 - 30, 2018 

November 28-29 

ADIPEC, Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference 

Abu Dhabi, UAE 

www.adipec.com 

ERTC, European Refining Technology Conference 

Cannes, France 

www.ertc.wraconferences.com 

The 2018 European Base Oils & Lubricants Interactive Summit 

Florence, Italy 

www.wplgroup.com/aci/event/base-oils-lubricants-summit 

December 03 - 04, 2018 World Oil & Gas Week 2018 

London, UK 

oilandgascouncil.com/event-events/world-energy-capital-assembly/ 


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