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Java File Class ...................................................................................................................................................... 262 Directories in Java........................................................................................................................................ 272 Listing Directories ........................................................................................................................................ 273 19. Java – Exceptions .................................................................................................................................. 274 Exception Hierarchy..................................................................................................................................... 275 Built-in Exceptions ....................................................................................................................................... 276 Exceptions Methods .................................................................................................................................... 278 Catching Exceptions ..................................................................................................................................... 279 Multiple Catch Blocks .................................................................................................................................. 280 Catching Multiple Type of Exceptions ......................................................................................................... 281 The Throws/Throw Keywords ..................................................................................................................... 281 The Finally Block .......................................................................................................................................... 282 The try-with-resources ................................................................................................................................ 284 User-defined Exceptions .............................................................................................................................. 286 Common Exceptions .................................................................................................................................... 289 20. Java – Inner Classes ............................................................................................................................... 290 Nested Classes ............................................................................................................................................. 290 Inner Classes (Non-static Nested Classes) ................................................................................................... 291 Accessing the Private Members .................................................................................................................. 292 Method-local Inner Class ............................................................................................................................. 293 Anonymous Inner Class ............................................................................................................................... 294 Anonymous Inner Class as Argument .......................................................................................................... 295 Static Nested Class....................................................................................................................................... 296 JAVA - OBJECT ORIENTED ........................................................................................................ 299 21. Java – Inheritance ................................................................................................................................. 300 extends Keyword ......................................................................................................................................... 300 Sample Code ................................................................................................................................................ 300 The super keyword ...................................................................................................................................... 302 Invoking Superclass Constructor ................................................................................................................. 305 IS-A Relationship .......................................................................................................................................... 306 The instanceof Keyword .............................................................................................................................. 308 HAS-A relationship ....................................................................................................................................... 309 Types of Inheritance .................................................................................................................................... 309 22. Java – Overriding .................................................................................................................................. 311 Rules for Method Overriding ....................................................................................................................... 313 Using the super Keyword ............................................................................................................................ 314 23. Java – Polymorphism ............................................................................................................................ 315 Virtual Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 316 24. Java – Abstraction ................................................................................................................................. 320 Abstract Class .............................................................................................................................................. 320 Inheriting the Abstract Class........................................................................................................................ 323 Abstract Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 324 vii
Java 25. Java – Encapsulation ............................................................................................................................. 326 Benefits of Encapsulation ............................................................................................................................ 328 26. Java – Interfaces ................................................................................................................................... 329 Declaring Interfaces ..................................................................................................................................... 330 Implementing Interfaces ............................................................................................................................. 330 Extending Interfaces .................................................................................................................................... 332 Extending Multiple Interfaces ..................................................................................................................... 333 Tagging Interfaces ....................................................................................................................................... 333 27. Java – Packages ..................................................................................................................................... 334 Creating a Package ...................................................................................................................................... 334 The import Keyword .................................................................................................................................... 336 The Directory Structure of Packages ........................................................................................................... 337 Set CLASSPATH System Variable.................................................................................................................. 339 JAVA – ADVANCED .................................................................................................................. 340 28. Java – Data Structures ........................................................................................................................... 341 The Enumeration ......................................................................................................................................... 341 The BitSet .................................................................................................................................................... 343 The Vector ................................................................................................................................................... 348 The Stack ..................................................................................................................................................... 355 The Dictionary ............................................................................................................................................. 358 The Hashtable .............................................................................................................................................. 362 The Properties ............................................................................................................................................. 366 29. Java – Collections Framework ............................................................................................................... 370 The Collection Interfaces ............................................................................................................................. 371 The Collection Interface .............................................................................................................................. 372 The List Interface ......................................................................................................................................... 375 The Set Interface ......................................................................................................................................... 378 The SortedSet Interface ............................................................................................................................... 380 The Map Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 382 The Map.Entry Interface .............................................................................................................................. 384 The SortedMap Interface ............................................................................................................................ 386 The Enumeration Interface.......................................................................................................................... 388 The Collection Classes ................................................................................................................................. 389 The LinkedList Class ..................................................................................................................................... 391 The ArrayList Class ....................................................................................................................................... 395 The HashSet Class ........................................................................................................................................ 399 The LinkedHashSet Class ............................................................................................................................. 402 The TreeSet Class ......................................................................................................................................... 403 The HashMap Class ...................................................................................................................................... 406 The TreeMap Class ...................................................................................................................................... 409 The WeakHashMap Class ............................................................................................................................ 412 The LinkedHashMap Class ........................................................................................................................... 415 The IdentityHashMap Class ......................................................................................................................... 418 The Vector Class .......................................................................................................................................... 422 The Stack Class ............................................................................................................................................ 428 viii
Page 2 and 3: Java About the Tutorial Java is a h
Page 4 and 5: Java 5. Java - Basic Datatypes ....
Page 6 and 7: Java Java - String Buffer delete()
Page 10 and 11: Java The Dictionary Class .........
Page 12 and 13: Java - Basics
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Page 16 and 17: 2. Java - Environment Setup Java In
Page 18 and 19: 3. Java - Basic Syntax Java When we
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Java // Check the difference in d++
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Java This will produce the followin
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Java Example The following program
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Java Example The following simple e
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Java 9 &= Bitwise AND assignment op
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Java c /= a = 1 c %= a = 5 c = 2 =
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Java Precedence of Java Operators O
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Java While Loop in Java A while loo
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Java Syntax The syntax of a for loo
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Java } This will produce the follow
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Java Expression: This evaluates to
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Java nested if statements You can u
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Java Flow Diagram Example public cl
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Java } } This will produce the foll
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Java A switch statement can have a
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Java What is Next? In the next chap
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Java 17 sqrt() Returns the square r
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Java // Returns double primitive da
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Java Example public class Test{ pub
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Java Java - toString() Method Descr
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Java } } System.out.println(Math.fl
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Java } } System.out.println(Math.ri
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Java Return Value This method retu
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12. Java - Character Class Java Nor
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Java Character Methods Following is
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Java Example public class Test { }
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Java Example public class Test{ } p
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Java The StringBuilder class was in
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Java Parameters Here is the detail
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Java 11 void setLength(int newLengt
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Java Using String's static format()
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Java 15 int hashCode() Returns a ha
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Java 35 boolean startsWith(String p
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Java Java - String compareTo(Object
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Java } } result = str3.compareTo( s
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Java Example public class Test { pu
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Java Parameters Here is the detail
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Java } } }catch( Exception ex){ } S
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Java Example import java.io.*; publ
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Java fromIndex -- the index to sta
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Java Return Value Example This met
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Java System.out.println(Str1.region
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Java Java - String replace() Method
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Java Java - String replaceFirst() M
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Java } } System.out.println(retval)
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Java } } System.out.println(retval)
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Java } } System.out.println(Str.sta
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Java Syntax Here is the syntax of t
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Java Java - String toLowerCase() Me
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Java Java - String toString() Metho
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Java Syntax Here is the syntax of t
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Java valueOf(char[] data, int
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Java The above statement does two t
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Java The foreach Loops JDK 1.5 intr
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Java public static void fill(int[]
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Java 5 int compareTo(Object obj) Op
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Java Simple DateFormat Format Codes
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Java } } // display time and date u
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Java I Two-digit hour (with leading
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Java } } } catch (Exception e) { }
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Java 5 GregorianCalendar(Locale aLo
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Java void roll(int field, boolean u
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Java Example Following example illu
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Java re? Matches 0 or 1 occurrence
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Java Methods of the Matcher Class H
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Java The start and end Methods Foll
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Java } } System.out.println("lookin
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Java PatternSyntaxException Class M
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Java Parameter List: The list of
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Java Example public class ExampleVo
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Java } } You will need to call a co
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Java this(); } //Assigning the loca
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Java } } System.out.println("The ma
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Java out = new FileOutputStream("ou
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Java Standard Streams All the progr
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Java The two important streams are
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Java This method reads upto len num
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Java DataInputStream The DataInputS
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Java FileOutputStream FileOutputStr
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Java public String toString() 3 Con
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Java DataOutputStream The DataOutpu
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Java Example Following is the examp
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Java 3 public File getParentFile()
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Java 18 public String[] list(Filena
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Java Example Following is an exampl
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Java Writes a portion of an array o
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Java Listing Directories You can us
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Java If you try to compile the abov
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Java IllegalMonitorStateException I
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Java Catching Exceptions A method c
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Java return -1; }catch(FileNotFound
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Java Example public class ExcepTest
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Java try(FileReader fr=new FileRead
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Java To demonstrate using our user-
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Java Sorry, but you are short $200.
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Java Inner Classes (Non-static Nest
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Java } } Outer_Demo.Inner_Demo inne
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Java Anonymous Inner Class as Argum
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Java 297
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Java Java - Object Oriented 299
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Java Copy and paste the following p
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Java Differentiating the Members If
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Java Invoking Superclass Constructo
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Java Now, if we consider the IS-A r
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22. Java - Overriding Java In the p
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Java } } b.bark(); This will produc
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23. Java - Polymorphism Java Polymo
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Java } public void setAddress(Strin
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Java mailCheck() on e is quite diff
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Java { System.out.println("Construc
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Java Inheriting the Abstract Class
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Java You have to place the abstr
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Java public void setAge( int newAge
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26. Java - Interfaces Java An inter
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Java A class uses the implements ke
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Java The Hockey interface has four
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Java Following package example cont
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Java What happens if the Employee c
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Java Like the .java source files, t
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28. Java - Data Structures Java The
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Java 10 void flip(int startIndex, i
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Java // set some bits for(int i=0;
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Java This constructor accepts an ar
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Java 17 Object get(int index) Retur
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Java 36 void setSize(int newSize) S
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Java static void showpop(Stack st)
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Java boolean isEmpty( ) 3 Returns t
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Java Object put(Object k, Object v)
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Java Hashtable(int size, float fill
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Java Apart from the methods defined
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Java The Collection Interfaces The
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Java boolean equals(Object obj) 6 7
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Java } } //HashMap Map m1 = new Has
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Java Example The above interface ha
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Java Example Set has its implementa
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Java Example SortedSet have its imp
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Java 7 8 int hashCode( ) Returns th
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Java Example SortedMap has its impl
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Java } } Vector dayNames = new Vect
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Java 10 AbstractMap Implements most
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Java Object get(int index) 10 Retur
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Java // remove elements from the li
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Java 6 Object clone() Returns a sha
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Java } } // display the array list
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Java 5 6 7 8 boolean isEmpty() Retu
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Java LinkedHashSet hs = new LinkedH
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Java 11 12 13 Object last() Returns
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Java 3 4 5 boolean containsKey(Obje
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Java 14 15 Object remove(Object key
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Java Following is the list of const
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Java } }; Thread t = new Thread(run
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Java // Put elements to the map lhm
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Java Apart from the methods inherit
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Java } } } System.out.println(); //
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Java 4 Vector(Collection c) Creates
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Java 24 int lastIndexOf(Object elem
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Java v.addElement(new Integer(4));
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Java 4 Enumeration keys( ) Returns
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Java 13 int size( ) Returns the num
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Java boolean containsKey(Object key
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Java Set states; String str; capita
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Java boolean equals(Object bitSet)
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Java System.out.println("Initial pa
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Java 5 static void fill(List list,
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Java 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 static
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Java How to Use an Iterator ? Often
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Java int previousIndex( ) 7 Returns
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Java public class Example{ public s
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Java Example Following example illu
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Java return max; // returns the lar
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31. Java - Serialization Java Java
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Java } } System.out.printf("Seriali
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32. Java - Networking Java The term
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Java Returns the port of the URL. 5
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Java URLConnections Class Methods T
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Java } { } try { URL url = new URL(
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Java ServerSocket Class Methods The
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Java public Socket() 5 Creates an u
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Java { String serverName = args[0];
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Java } { System.out.println("Socket
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Java // Get system properties Prope
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Java // Assuming you are sending em
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Java try{ // Create a default MimeM
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34. Java - Multithreading Java Java
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Java void start( ); Example Here is
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Java Step 1 You will need to overri
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Java Thread: Thread-2, 2 Thread: Th
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Java Example The following ThreadCl
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Java System.out.println("Starting t
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Java Multithreading Example without
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Java Counter --- 3 Counter --- 2 Co
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Java This produces the same result
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Java public T1(Chat m1) { this.m =
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Java } synchronized (Lock2) { Syste
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Java } } } } synchronized (Lock2) {
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Java } } catch (InterruptedExceptio
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Java Thread: Thread-2, 7 Suspending
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Java destroy: This method is only
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Java Example HTML applet Tag
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Java Not valid in base, br, frame,
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Java onresize onstorage onundo onun
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Java Media Events Following tags ha
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Java Getting Applet Parameters The
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Java Following are the specific ste
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Java public void mouseExited(MouseE
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Java Playing Audio An applet can pl
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36. Java - Documentation Comments J
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Java @exception Adds a Throws subhe
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Java /** * This is the main method
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