PS370 Research Methods in Psychology Online Exam 5 Answers (Ashworth College)

PS370 Research Methods in 

Psychology Online Exam 5 Answers 

(Ashworth College) 

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PS370 Research Methods in Psychology Online Exam 5 Answers (Ashworth College) 

Question 1 of 40 

2.5/ 2.5 Points 

In computing a correlation coefficient, if one variable is measured on an ordinal scale and the 

other variable is at least ordinal, then the appropriate coefficient would be a __________ 

correlation coefficient. 

A. canonical B. Spearman rank-order C. partial D. Pearson product-moment 



What is the primary ethical concern in low-constraint research? 

A. Confidentiality 

B. Researcher's access to sensitive information 

C. Informed consent D. All of the above 



To select an appropriate control group, we must first identify factors that: 

A. cannot be operationalized. 

B. will affect the dependent measures. 

C. have not been adequately researched. 

D. will affect the independent variable.



Without experimentation: 

A. no conclusions can be drawn. 

B. strong causal conclusions can still be drawn. 

C. drawing strong conclusions is difficult. 

D. drawing strong conclusions is easy. 



In both case study and naturalistic research, the investigator: 

A. does not manipulate independent variables. 

B. does not care about dependent variables. 

C. manipulates independent variables. 

D. manipulates dependent variables. 



A researcher wants to study the effects of attention on ability to perform a task. The participant's 

attention is recorded by a research assistant that the participant knows is watching. A problem 

with this design is: 

A. measurement reactivity. B. participant observer bias. 

C. unobtrusive measurement. D. obtrusive participant measurement. 



Carrying out a survey by interviewing the first 100 people coming out of a movie theater would 

be an example of: 

A. a status survey. 

B. nonprobability sampling. 

C. probability sampling. 

D. simple random sampling. 



A survey is most useful in gathering data on the: 

A. knowledge base of participants. 

B. attitudes of participants. 

C. causes of participants' behavior. 

D. Both A and B 



A researcher wants to study bonding behavior in chimpanzees. Unfortunately, the researcher has

no real knowledge about chimpanzees, and there is no information on bonding in the literature. 

Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to begin to study the topic? 

A. Archival research B. Ex post facto methodology 

C. Experimental research D. Naturalistic observation 



A researcher wants to examine flirting behavior in young adults. To do this she goes to a bar and 

observes participants from behind a one-way mirror. This is an example of __________ 

observation. 

A. unobtrusive participant B. unobtrusive C. semi-obtrusive D. participant 



Low-constraint research enables us to obtain useful information about: 

A. techniques for manipulating variables. B. causality. 

C. relationships among variables. D. making and testing predictions. 



A probability statement such as "given that event X occurred, then the probability of event Y 

occurring is high" is referred to as a(n): 

A. event notation. B. corollary. C. certainty statement. D. contingency. 



In selecting a sample of participants for a study, our main goal of the research is to: 

A. keep observations limited in order to insure accuracy of the data in at least one setting. 

B. make sure observations are always representative. 

C. allow confident generalization of findings. 

D. rule out any behavior that was different from expected patterns. 



In a study of the development of noun usage, an investigator is interested in the relationship of 

the number of nouns in a child's vocabulary to the number of adults in the household. This type 

of project is: 

A. correlational in nature. B. experimental in nature. C. naturalistic. 

D. high-constraint research. 



Asking participants in a survey a question such as, "What is your opinion of the way the 

economy is being handled by the president?" is an example of a(n) __________ question.

A. open-ended B. multiple-choice C. Likert scale D. None of the above 



Rosenhan investigated the experiences of psychiatric patients in mental hospitals by: 

A. asking patients to describe their experiences. 

B. unobtrusively observing the behavior of patients on psychiatric hospital wards. 

C. asking normal people to admit themselves to mental hospitals by feigning symptoms. 

D. asking psychiatrists to describe the environment of a typical mental hospital. 



What is the reason for this statement: "In differential research, we are actually studying 

relationships between variables"? 

A. Correlation coefficients are calculated. 

B. The strength of the relationship between dependent variables is measured. 

C. Differential research involves only measuring variables and not manipulating them. 

D. Contingent relationships are carefully measured. 



What is the principle advantage(s) of low-constraint research? 

A. It is much easier to conduct than high-constraint research. 

B. You can maintain tighter controls on extraneous variables. 

C. You have the flexibility to adjust your focus depending on what you find. 

D. All of the above 



One of the problems with replicating low-constraint research is that: 

A. researchers often don't clearly state all details of their procedures. 

B. researchers fear that their theories will be stolen if they give too many details. 

C. there is not enough money available for replications. 

D. replication studies are viewed as low-prestige research. 



In analyzing data in differential research, if we have score data and more than two groups, we 

would typically use a(n): 

A. Mann-Whitney U-Test.

B. analysis of variance (ANOVA). 

C. chi-square test. 

D. correlated t-test. 

End of part 1 

Part 2 of 2 

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Which of the following is true? 

A. Larger samples tend to reduce the effects of sampling error. 

B. Larger samples tend to increase the effects of sampling error. 

C. Smaller samples avoid the effects of sampling error. 

D. Sample size doesn't affect the degree of sampling error. 



Multiple observers should be used in psychology when: 

A. observations are not completely subjective. 

B. there are questions about objectivity in making observations. 

C. it is thought that one observer is sufficient. 

D. the measure is unreliable. 



After the statement of the problem has been clearly defined and the major variables identified, 

the next step in developing a research hypothesis is to: 

A. test the problem statement on research participants. 

B. operationally define the variables. 

C. analyze the data. 

D. interpret the results. 


2.5/ 2.5 Points

A researcher wants to study differences in opinion on environmental issues among different 

socioeconomic groups. Ideally, the researcher should use __________ sampling. 

A. stratified random B. nonrandom C. environmental D. ad hoc 



Matched random assignment is used in situations in which random assignment would: 

A. increase chances of unequal sample sizes. 

B. cause possible confounding because the groups may be unequal on key dimensions. 

C. not be possible because the researcher has too much prior knowledge about the participants. 

D. not be possible because the researcher has too little prior knowledge about the participants. 



The reduction of extraneous variables is typically an advantage of: 

A. natural environments. B. laboratory settings. 

C. lower-constraint laboratory settings only. 

D. non-laboratory settings. 



A researcher wants to do a study of pretest anxiety. He devises two possible ways of measuring 

pretest anxiety: (1) attaching electrodes to the palm and measuring the amount of sweat 

produced; (2) having observers rate participants on how anxious they look. Which of the 

following is true? 

A. Both are subjective measures. 

B. Both are objective measures. 

C. #1 is objective; #2 is subjective. 

D. #1 is subjective; #2 is objective. 



In considering whether the independent variable was responsible for observed changes in the 

dependent variable, the type of validity that we would be addressing is __________ validity. 

A. external B. internal C. construct D. statistical 



If we select participants on the basis of extremely high or low scores on a test, the most likely 

threat to validity is: 

A. testing bias. B. diffusion of treatment. C. attrition. D. regression to the mean.



In a double-blind control procedure: 

A. the participants and researcher are blind to assignment of participants. 

B. the laboratory is not illuminated. 

C. the researcher and the research assistant(s) are blind to assignment to the experimental group. 

D. no one knows which participants are assigned to the experimental group. 



Creating a laboratory setting that is highly controlled can result in poor __________ validity. 

A. internal B. face C. external D. statistical 



Experimenter expectancies might be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT: 

A. directly influencing the participant's behavior toward support of the hypothesis. 

B. selecting data that best support the hypothesis. 

C. minimizing demand characteristics. 

D. interpreting results in a biased manner. 



McAuliff and Kovera (2009) found that when mock jurors realized no control group was being 

used in the study presented by the expert, jurors tended to rate the expert as being less credible: 

A. thus making it more likely they would rule in favor of the plaintiff. 

B. thus making it more likely they would rule in favor of the defendant. 

C. yet did not use this information when deciding on a verdict. 

D. only if the employees were similar to the plaintiff’s workplace (e.g., trucking company). 



When research participants give information to prospective participants about the procedures, the 

research could be affected by the confounding variable of: 

A. the bystander effect. B. diffusion of responsibility. 

C. diffusion of treatment. D. regression to the mean. 


2.5/ 2.5 Points

In research on the effects of noise on sleep, a researcher wonders whether disrupted sleep may be 

due to drinking coffee rather than to living near an airport. What type of hypothesis is this? 

A. A confounding variable hypothesis B. A null hypothesis 

C. A research hypothesis D. A moot hypothesis 



Which of the following characterizes experimental research? 

A. Seeking the strength and direction of relationships 

B. Hypothesis generating as the major aim 

C. High control and causal inferences 

D. The goal of observing contingent relationships 



Which confounding variable can ONLY occur in within-subjects studies? 

A. Regression to the mean B. Diffusion of treatment 

C. Sequence effects D. Testing 



The experimental research hypothesis encompasses which three hypotheses? 

A. The null, the statistical, and the correlational hypotheses 

B. The causal, the confounding variable, and the correlational hypotheses 

C. The relational, the differential, and the causal hypotheses 

D. The statistical, the confounding variable, and the causal hypotheses 



Researchers must be particularly alert to __________ when conducting research with growing 

children. 

A. maturational changes B. fire laws C. regression to the mean D. sampling bias 



Doyen & colleagues (2012) found that __________ effects were the reason that participants 

changed their walking speed. 

A. experimenter B. subject 

C. both subject and experimenter

D. neither subject nor experimenter

PS370 Research Methods in Psychology Online Exam 5 Answers (Ashworth College)

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