POSH

eD.*H> 19 vged.0hbXR 2007 ( No. 19 November 2007) 

w>td.ql.td.cs AhylRzsJ;'D; 

w>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRvD> 

rJ;(yf) 

uvkm'l.ySR[;rRw>zdw>ul.b.ul.oh'D;w>td.ql.td.cVAtw>&J.w>usJR 

Karen version

ycd.yCXRw>*h>vXy-uX;oh.ngAA 

rk> r qg w eHRtHR AvX uD> uFD. wJ. tylR M. Au rsX> o bVu &XA (NGO)s td. xD. 0J'. w bsK; zkM. vDRI 

Aw> u &X u &dw z. tHR A[; wJM> w> vX ySR *Rtw> cGJ; w>,mt*D> A'D; w u wD> CDAqD. xGJrR pXR 0JySR w z. M. 

'fod; u rR vJR xD. vJR xDArR *hR 'd. xD. t w> td. rlA'D; t ySR w 0X t *D>M. vDRIA u rsX> o bVu &X w eDRA rR w> 

b. C; 'D; cd. CXR MqX.< Aw eDR rR *hR xD. 'H. rd. u &h. pH.< A'D; w eDR rR w> 'D; ySR w 0X A'fod; u rR pXR t0Joh. vX u 

ol. xD. cg qlng w>*X> w>usXR t *D>AcDzsd'k; td. xD. usd. phw> [JEkm AvXtuJxD. t o; ohoh. w z. M. vDRI 

qX u wD> cJtHR Aw> w ,; ym 0J'.vX AySR rR w> zdvX tb.ok;vD>ok;usJvX t [JvXuD> y ,DR Au 

td. 0Jtg M> (1I5) u uGJ> AvX [Jtd. qd; 0JArhw rh> A[JrR w> zJuD> uFD. wJ. tylRtHR M. vDRIAy0J'. (MAP) ySR 

rR w> zdy eD> up> '.y0Jph>uD;Ayrh>ySRvXt[JvX uD>y,DR Arhw rh> Ay vDR pXR vX uD>y,DR uvkm 'l. zdw z. M. 

vDRIA y *km usJ; pX; ymzSd. M> w> *h> w> usdR b. C; 'D;A ySR rR w> zdvX tb.ok; vD> ok; usJw z. t td. tgtg w 

ohzJt ohb. C; 'D; Aw> td. o; vX y qdu rd. u rR *hR xD. ySR rR w> zdA vXtb.ok;vD>ok;usJw z. t w> 

td. rlAzJttd.qd;vX uD> uFD. wJ.t qXuwD>tcgM. vDRIA y &R vDR w> *h> w> usdR vHm uhwz. uD; u GJRvhvdRw>&RvDRw>uvk>tw> &J. vDR usJR vDR wz.A(FM)A vX ,dR'd. 

tusdmA'D;unDusdm w> *h>vX y qdu rd. b. xGJ b. C;'D; AySR rR w> zdvXtrR w>vXuD>uFD. wJ. 

tylRM.vDRIA 

w> *h> w z. tHR y. Ckm 'D; 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

MAP Aw> u &X u &dtHR ArR w> r EkR vJ. 

ySR rR w> zdw> cGJ; w> ,m w z.A ( w> zH; w> rR w> bsX 'D; w> od. w> oDw z.) 

ydm rk. w >cGJ; w> ,m A( y. Ckm 'D; rk. cGg w> xJod; wkRod; rR vd) 

w> ok; vD> ok; usJt zDvpH.A (ySR rR w> zdvXtb.ok; vD> ok; usJw> *h> w>usdRCkm'D;w> rR eD.rR Cg 

rHRo.p&D) 

w> ul. b. ul. oht zDv pH. A(ySR rR w> zdok; vD> ok; usJvXt'd. wkmcd.ySJR 'D; zdo. w z. t *D>) 

w>ql;w>qgt*h>tusdRA(Ckm'D; HIV/AIDS, w>qd;uguoH.'Do'X[k;o;< Aw>ylRzsJ;vX w> zH; 

w>rRtvD>) 

okrh> tJ. 'd; < A'd; M> b. y w> &R vDRvHm vJ> w z. tHR Arhw rh>A Ckoh. ng tg xD. b. C; y u GJRvhvdR 

t w> &J. vDR usJR vDR t qX u wD> w z. 'D; A'k; oh. ng b. ySR w uh>I A'D; zJokz; y w> &R vDR vHm vJ> w z. 'D;A'd 

u e. y u GJRvhvdRtw> &J. vDR usJR vDR rh> 0HR A 'k; oh. ng b. uhR ySR vXA okw> xH.w> qdu rd. b. C; 'D; Ay w> 

&R vDR w z. t zDcd.A 'fod; y u b. rR *hR xD. tDR vX cg qlng t*D> 'fvJ. M. vDRI 

y oh. ng vX ySR ok; vD>ok; usJzdwz. t w> rR tg 0JA 'D; rR w> ql. 'd. r; b. q.< Ay qX rk> v> vX y u 

td.'D;w> cGJ;w>,m vXyu xH. vdm td. oud; 'D; okM. vDRI AnDEk> y ud; w> td. zSd. 'D; w> wX. yD. oud; vDR 

2 AAySR[;rRw>zdvXtwzd;oJp;wtd.

AAw>td.ql.td.chsylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRvD>A 

qD '. w>vX ydm rk. w z. t*D> A'D; w> rR t cGJ; t,m t*h>tusdRwz. M. vDRIA y rR pXR eR oh cD zsd y usdm xH 

M> eR vX w> qg [H. ylRA [J[; 

(0D>) zJ y 0JR 'X; ylR wuh>I Aw> uD w> cJ w rHR v>v>Ae rh> qd ur d. '. vJm vX trh> w> w pJ ; zdb.q. ok; usJ zd w z.A b. uG> qX. rJm 'D; w> uD w> cJ tg r; AvX t 0J oh. w> td. 

rl t ylR zJ t 0J oh. td. vX uD> y ,DR tylR 'D; AvX uD> uFD. wJ. tylR '.vJm M . vDRIA b. q. y0J cJvXm y oh. 

ng vX y w> vJ R cD zsd w z. t zD cd. AvX y td. rl oh 'H; wkR cJtHR cD zsdvX Ay qD. xGJ rR pXR vdm yo;,> cD ,> cD ok;usJ zd t ySRw 0X vX t *H>bgql. AzJ y td. w ylR v> v> t Cd M. vDRIA y o; ck 

'd.r; y u qD. xGJrR pXR b. ySR ok; vD> ok; usJySR w 0X wz. ok;usJySR w 0X vX t 

*R 'f od; yu [h. eDR vDR oud; yw > uD w> cJ w z. wylR CD 'D; ArR vd M> vdm o; ,> cD ,> cD vX y u b. rR w> 

r EkR zJw> uDw> cJ[Jb. ySR t cg M. vDRI 

qJ; usd; 'D; ySR zJA(MAP)A wuh>I Ay rh> ySR ok; vD> ok; usJ zd w z.< Ae rh> ySR ok; vD> ok; usJ zd w 

z.vDRIAt Cdy rR pXR oud;vdm y o; w *R 'D; w *R oh0JvDRI A[H; vdm oud; y pkwuh>I 

AAySR[;rRw>zdvXtwzd;oJp;wtd. 

3


w>f*h>fcd.fwDwz.f 

w>f*h>f 

ubsH;yR 

o 

o 

w>td.ql.td.chsylRzsJ;'D;;w>b.'db.xH;vX 

w>rRvD>pH;w>e h.rh>w>rEkRvJ.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 8 

w>Ckoh.ngw>rRvD>vX t'k;uJxD.w>b. 

,d.b.bDvDRysHRohwz. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 10 

o w>rRvD>vXtd.'D;*mo0H IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 11 

o 

yub.olw>u;bXrJmzJyql;xk;xD.uGHm*mo0HvX 

uvHRusgtcg IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 19 

o wcsK;vXytD.w>'D;tdrdmxlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 20 

o 

o 

vXew>rRtylR uoH.*mo0HtxHvX eoltDR'D;uoH.rR 

oHw>C> wz. rh>vDR vlb. eRe h. eurRtDR'fvJ.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 21 

uoH.*mo0H tw>yD;w>vD'D;t*h>tusdRwz.y'd; 

e h>b.'D;z;tDRohvX w>vD> zJ vJ.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 22 

o w>rRuqSDxD.uhR*mo0Hw>zdw>vHRvXtvDRqH.wz.IIIIIIIIIIII 23 

o qH.vH.uR'. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 24 

o rh.tltD.w>'D; w>Ch>ylRzsJ; o;vX rh.tl IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 25 

o 

ySRrRw>zdw*Rrh>oHzk;vX w>rRylRwbsDCD e h. yu 

b.rRtDR'fvJ.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 31 

o ySRrRw>zdvX t[h.vDRto;'D;rkmo;rRuvDw>wz.IIIIIIIIIII 34 


w>uwdRvXng 


'Dyk>0J>cJvXmoh.ok{X < vHmvX yxk;xD.wbh.tHR b.C;'D; ?w>ylRzsJ;'D; w>b.'db.xH;vX 

w>rR vD>/t*h>M.vDRIAytd.'D;w>rk>v>uG>pdvXvHmwbh.tHRtylRrh>'fod;ySRuD>y,DRzdvX t[JCkzH; 

CkrRw>vXuD>uFD.wJ.tylRvXtb.ok;vD>ok;usJwz.vXtw>td.w>qd;tylRrh>*hRzH; 

tD.rRtD.tylR rh>*hR rh>'fod;AyuqD.xJGrRpXR b. t0Joh. tw>vd.b. t*D>M.vDRI yrh>uG> uhRvX qXu 

wD>rk>rqgweHRtHRM.vXw>zH; tD.rR tD.tvD>tylRA yuxH. b.tg'.wuh> ySRrRw>zdvX t[JrR w> 

vX uD>uDF. wJ.t ylR wz.rh>0J'. uD>y,DR ySRrRw>zd'D;teD.*H>td.wkRvX t*RwuvD>ngM.vDRI yu 

xH. b.ph>uD; vX ySRrR w>zdw z.tHR b.rR0J'.w> rR'ftrh> (odk;arG;puf&Hk ) vl.odql.pJ;zDu[. w>rR 

vD>< oh.w> rR< w> ol.xD.bSDxD.tw>rRzD.n.tw>zH;w>rR< Aw>ol.tD.zs; tD.< A[H.CD 

w>zH; w>rR'D; w>zH;w>rRvX ttd.'D; w>b.,d. b.bDAw>vDRysHR vDRzk;t uvkm u vkmwz. tvD> 

M.vDRIAvX weH.ngtHRtwD>ylRM. ySRrRw>zdvX tb.ok;vD>ok;usJ'D; [JrR w> vXuD> uDF.wJ. ylRwz. 

'd;M>b.tcGJ;vXu vJRrRtgxD. uhRtvHmtk.o;teH.tvgvX uD>uFD. wJ. y'd. ySR rR w> zdt 0JR 'X;'D;ySR 

rR w>zdeD.*H>cJvXmtd.0J'.,J>uvD>(5) uvD>bsJ.*RM.vDRI 

=uD>y,DRySRrRw>zdtg'Htg*RvX t[JCkzH;CkrRw>vX uD>uFD.wJ.ylRwz. 'D;'d;M>b.w>b. 

'db.xH;oHw>yS>vXtw>rRtylRtd.0J'.t*RvXuu,RwkRvDRvXtuxd*RM.vDRIAb.rEkR 

tCdvX ypH;'ftHRohvJ.M. yeD>up>'.y0JyvJRCkoh. ngtDR w>vD> zJy'd.w>qg[H.vX w>b.'db. 

xH;[JuJxD.o; vXw>wvHRw ysmtylR < 'D;u oH.0JR'X;vX ySRrRw>zdwz.vJRulpg,gbsgt o;cJtHRcJ 

tHRtvD>M.vDRI b.q. ySRrR w>zdweDReDRM. wvJRulpg,gbsgto;vXw>qg[H.uoH.0JR'X; b.I 

yORtD.'.uoH.vX teD>u p>'.0JvDRI At*RwrHRw>*h>t0JtHR AyvJRCkoh.ngtg xD.tDRoh'H;0J'.vX 

ySR uD>y,DR zdt oDcgzF.zJvXw>oHw>yS>td.xD.tcgM.vDRI 

oJp;w>bsXtd.ym0J'.vXw>rRup> wz. t*D>vXub.tH;xJGuG>xJGu[ku,m tySRrR w>zd 

b. q.Aw>rRup>weDReDRM. wvlRrRydmxJG0J'foJp;w>bsX td.ym0Jtod;b.I w>teD>uD>wcDM. 

'fuD>uFD.wJ. w>od.w>oDymzsgxD.0J'.vX ySRrRw>z dud;*R'J; td.'D;w> cJG; w>,m vXu'd;M> b. uhR 

ySRrRw>zdtphymuDRzJvXt0Joh.b.'db.xH;vXw>rRylRtcgrh>*hRteD> 

uD>wcDySRrRw> zd'ftrh> (uD>y,DR zd< Burma vgtd Lao uG> vXbHR,JRe> Vietnam ySRrR w>zdwz. zJt 0Joh. whxD.bSDxD. wdRzJupX>'Dcd.tcg ySRrR 

w>zdvX tb.'db.xH; vXw>rR ylR'D;oHuHGm wz.'d;M> b.uhR0J'.phtD.vD;M.vDRI vXw>M.tCd 

w>[h.w>oh.ng e>yX>b.C;'D; w>td.ql. td.cV ylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH; vXw>rRvD> tHRrh>vX 

wwkRxD.wDR vDR 'H;b. tCdyuxH.b.vX uD>y,DR ySRrRw>zdwz. vXw>rRvD> ud;eHR'J; twD>ylRb. 

'db.xH; 0J'. M. vDRI tCdvHmvXyxk;xD.tDRwbh.tHR rh>ph>uD;vHmvX [h.w>oh.nge>yX> b.C;'D; 

uD>y ,DR ySRrRw>zdoh.wz. t*D>M.vDRI b.C;'D;uD>uDF.wJ. oJp;w>bsX 'ft rh> w> td.ql.td.cV 


5


ylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRvD>tHR ez;Ck oh.ngtgxD.tDRoh0J'.zJ rJ; (yf) tw>u&Xu&dxk; 

xD.0J'.vHmvXtylRuHGmweH.b.C;'D; ySRrRw>zdtcJG;t,mvHmz;ylRohtCdrh>yw>[h.'k;oh.ngM. 

vDRI 

vHmvXyxk;xD.tDR'ftrh>0Jw>td.ql.td.cVylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRvD>tHRytd.'D; 

w>rk>v>uG>pdvXySRrRw>zdud;*R'J;t*D>rh>w>vXtug'd.vXt0Joh.-uX;oh.ngqdympXR0JvXtw>zH; 

w>rRtylR 'fod;uylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRvD>t*D>M.vDRI AtCdrk>utd.0J'.weHReHRvXyrh> 

uhRwkRvX y w>td.w>qd;tvD>vX uD>y,DRtylRM. 'fod;yu qd;ug b.uhRtDRvXy w>zH;w>rRylRuoh 

0J'.t*D>M.vDRIAw>*h>w>usdRvXvHmwbh.tylRtHRzJvXyz;Ckoh.ngtDR0HRtvD>cHyrh>tJ.'d;eDR[h. 

vDRb.ySRvXycd.yCXRwcDypJ;usH;u'guhRtDRoh0J'.M.vDRIAb.q.vHmwbh.tHRw>wb.qgtDRyOR 

tDRvXw>rRvd.rRvJtDRt*D>b.I AytJ.'d;vXySRz;vHmzdwz.u[h.xD.b.uhRokw>xH.Ckm'D;okw> 

[h. ul. [h.z; wrHRv> v> vX ySR ok;usJRvHmturHwHmoh0J'.vX tHrh(vf) Emailrh>*hR< AvHm wX; Post 

Office rh>*hR'fod; yurR *hR xD.uhRtDRvXcgqlngt*D>M.vDRI 

ySJR'D;w>ymuJtg 

AAAAAAw>td.ql.td.cVylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vX w>rRvD> 

AAAArJ;(yf)w>u&Xu&dt0JR'X; 


w>td.ql.td.cs hylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH; 

vXw>rRvD>pH;w>M. rh>w>rEkRvJ. 


w>td.ql.td.cVylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vX 

w>rRvD>pH;w>M.rh>0J'. A ySRrRw>zdwz.AvX tw> 

zH;w>rRtylRA-uX;td.ySJR'D; w>td.ql.td.cV (3)u 

vkm'ftrh>AeD>cdrd>yS>w>td.ql.td.cVo;w> 

td.ql.td.cVA'D;cd.CXRw>&hvdmrkmvdmtw>td. 

ql.td.ql.td.cVM.vDRIAw>uwdRb.C;w>td. 

ql.td.cVylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRvD>pH; 

w>M.rh>0J'.AySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>b.C;'D;w> 

ol. xD.bSDxD. wX;rh>*hR< w>ol.tD. zs;tD. rh>*hR< pJ; 

zDu[. rh>*hRt*D>b.I Arhrh>wcDtcDynDrh>0J'.vX 

trRw>vX&lvXwhtw>rRrh>*hRM.vDRI 

eD>fcdrd>fyS>fw>ftd.fql.ftd.fchs 

ySRrRw>zdwz.AvXtw>zH; 

w>rRtylRzJvXb.rRw>rRtgtcgt 

eD>cdrd>yS>okwb.'db.xH;w*hRt*D>I 

t'd/ySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>b.C;pJ; 

zDu[.tw>rRvXt'k;uJxD.w> t 

u vkmuvkm 'D;vXM.trJmngypkycD. 

yrJmcsHoh.wz.okwb.'db.xH;w 

*hRt*D>IyeD>cdrd>yS>tylRph>uD;yrh>u 

ogEkmb.oh.url.rh>*hR*hRuJxD.w>yod.qgohcdrd> 

yS>uhcDylRAw>t*kRt*Rwz.-uX;'d;M> 

b.w>b.'db.xH;b.IAub.ylR 

zsJ;'D;w>cd.qg< [XzXqg< ySRrRw>zdvX 

trRw>vXw>whxD.bSDxD.tvD>'D; 

rh>vDRwJmvXwX;z;xDtzDcd.M.t0J 

oh.tpku>cD.u>0Joh'D;AzJt0Joh. 

bl;xD.wJmw>tcgrh>vXx;url. vJR EkmvDRrJmcsHylR 

tCdAuJxD.rJmcsH*DRw>qgoh0JvDRIA rh> vX yb.qd; 

ugxl.url. (t*Faw)tCd ypkycD. wz.uo; 

0Jwu;b.Ab.rRw>vXvDrh.tl tyD;tvD t w> 

rRtCdvDrh.tlo[D.xk;ySR'D;yoHuHGm0Joh rhwrh> 

uJxD.uhRySRvDRb[;wohb.td.0J'.ph>uD;M. 

vDRIAw>zdw>vHRtyD;tvDwz.vDRwJmb.ycd. 

'D;y'd;M>b.w>b.'db.xH;oh0J'.'fM.tod;ySR 

rRw>zdwz.vXtrRw>vXw>ol.w>zs;tusD;ylR 

'D;rh>vXt0Joh.b.ol0J'.*mo0HuoH.rRoHw> 

C>txHCdzJvX_yduoH.xH0HRtcguJxD.0J'.zH; 

bh.w>qg


ySRoh'D;vXw>whxD.bSDxD.wX;tw>rR'D;b.zlb. 

_yd0J*muoH.txHCduoH.to[D.tHReX'D;rlRtDR 

ohvDRIAySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>vX[H.CDw>zH;w>rR 

wz.[H.up>wD>tDRcdrd>yS>b.w>rRw&Dw 

ygw>*h>tuvkmuvkmtHR'fyymzsgxD.vXtzDcd. 

tod;rh>ylRzsJ;r;ypH;ohvXySRrRw>zdwz.tHRvXt 

w>zH;w>rRylRuvXySJR'D;eD>cdw>td.ql.td.cVM.vDRI 

eD>fo;tw>ftd.fql.ftd.fchs 

eD>o;tw>td.ql.td.cVM.Arh>w>tug 

'd.'D;b.xJGvdmto;'D;yeD>cdrd>yS> tw> td. ql. 

td.cVM.vDRIAb.C;'D;eD>o;tw>td.ql.td.cV 

tHRyrh>wJw>t'dM.ySRvXtrR w> vX w> whxD.bSD 

xD.tvD>rh>*hRrh>*hRol. 

w>zs;tvD>rh>*hR< Aw>qgw>yORrh>*hR< A[H.CDtw> 

zH;w>rRrh>*hRzdud;*R'J;rh>rRb.w>rRvXt 

b.vD>b.p;qXuwD>vXtvDRwH>vDRqJ;M. 

uySJR0J'.'D;w>ol.zSHo;nDM.vDRIAb.q.oem 

uhzJw>rRtqXuwD>b.rRw>rRvXtcVqSd.tXqSd.oDb.w>uvmtDR uG> 

rJmtDR'D; b.w>xH. qH;ymqH; tDR< b.rRw> tgM> 

w>ymyeD.w>rRtqXuwD> b. vg vJrR ylR 

w>rRup>tJ.'d.qH;ySRrRw>zduG>rJmw>yJmxHeDRz; 

w>tqX< AwvlRrRydm xJGM>yw> b. o ; rR w &Dw yg 

yeD>cdrd>yS>w>*h>oh.wz.tHR'fyymzsgxD. vXtzDcd. 

tod; rh>ylRzsJ; 'D;ySR wu;b.yrh>w vJR cDzsdb.eDwrHR 

b.r;ypH;ohvXvXw>rRylRb.C;'D;eD>o;w>td. 

ql.td.cVtHR vXySJR0J'. M.vDRI 

cd.fC>Rw>f&hvdmfrkmfvdmf 

tw>ftd.fql.ftd.fchs 

cd.CXRw>&hvdmrkmvdmw>td.ql.td.cV 

M.AySRrRw>zdwz.vXtcd.tCXR (rhwrh>) ySRrRw> 

zdvXtrRoud;w>u'Ju'JvXw*R'D;w*RtbX. 

pXR td.'D; w>tJ.w> uHG< w>rJmrkm egqX< Awtd.'D; w> 

yJmxHeDRz;uvkm'l.zdoh.wz.tHRrh>wtd.w 

u;b. w>*h>uD *h>obH. o bk.rh>wtd.eDwrHR 

b.vXw*R'D;w*RtbX.pXRylRzsJ;'D;w>qgw>b. 

ulb.*m ( t'd=y od.w> qg) IAw>vX yymzsg xD. 

wz.tHRrh>ylRzsJ;'D;ySRr;AypH;ohvXySRrRw>zdoh.w 

z.tHRAvXySJR'D;cd.CXRw>&hvdmrkmvdm'D;td.'D;w> 

td.ql.td.cVvXt*hRM.vDRIA'fM.tod;ySRrRw>zd 

wz.rh>vXySJR'D;td.'D;w>td.ql.td.cV(3)bDtHR 

r;vXtw>zH;w>rRylRAuvXySJR'D;w>td.ql.td. 

cVvXeD>cd'D;eD>o;M.vDRIAw> (3)bDtHR uvXySJRxD. 

t*D> rl'gwtd.xJ'.vXySRrRw>zdtpkylRb.I rhrh>w 

cDrl'gtd.0J'.vX ySRb.rlb.'gwz. uwDcd.&d>rJ 

M>0Jb.C;'D;ySRrRw>zdtw>td.ql.td.cVvXt 

w>zH; w>rRtylR'fod; uylR zsJ; 'D; w> b.'db. xH; vX 

w>rRylRt*D>vDRIA w>b.,d.b.bDvXtvDRysHRw 

z.td.0J'.(6)uvkmvXyymzsgxD.tDR0HRvHmvX 

vHmw>'k;oh.ngeD.*H>(1)'D;(2)tylRvH'D;vX (6)u 

vkmtusgM. ySRrRw>zdw z.t okb.uG> qX.rJm'D; 

w>b.,d.b.bDwtd.'D;w>vDRysHRvDRzk;w*hRt 

*D>AcgqlngytJ.'d;[h.ul.[h.z;AymzsgxD.w>*h> 

b.C; w>oluoH.*mo0HM. eu b.rRtDR'fvJ.I 

eub.z;tgxD.uoH.*mo0HrRoHw>C>vXt 

'k;td.xD.w>b.,d.vDRysHRoht*h>tusdRxDbdM. 

vDRIAez;vHmrh>wb.b.wcDrXySRvXtz;ohw*R 

*RwJb.eRwuh>IAt0JtHRrh>'.yw>[h.ul.[h. 

z;'D;[h. o q. xD.eRM.vDRI 


tqduwX>vXyw>zH;w>rRtylRAyub. 

Ckoh.ng0J'.ycd.yCXRw>rRt*h>tusdR'ftrh>AySR 

rRw>zdvXtrRw>vXt0HtpdmwDqSXw>zdw>vHRt 

yD;tvD tvD>Arhwrh>AymzSd.w>zdw>vHRtyD;tvD 

tvD>vXw>ol.xD.bSDxD.tvD>wcDcD.w 

CmvXw>u,D>xD.w>tvD>wywD>b.wywD> 

w>xDxD. vDrh.tltvD>< vDrh.tltd. w>vD>'D;w> 

'k;bs;pJbl;w>tvD>td;xD.yH;wH>vDrh.tlt 

vD>zdw>vHRvXw>zDcd.wz.[JvDRwJm0JtvD>(uvDm)'D;w>ymCmvDrh.tl 

tvD>< ySRrRw>zdvXtbl;xD.wJmw>vXvDrh.tlt 

w>Ckoh.ngw>rRvD>vX t'k;uJxD. 

w>b.,d.b.bDvDRysHRohwz. 


vD>'D; vDrh.tlo[D.xk;w>ohtvD>< AbHv;rFh.pJ;zD 

u[.vXt'k;pJbl;w>'D;w>vD>vXt'k;uJxD.w> 

b.,d.b.bDvXw>vDRysHRvDRzk;vD>vXyvDR 

CHRnDtvD>< rhrh>vXpJ;q;w>ulw> od;tvD>wcDA 

rh>w>vD>vXpk'D;cD.b.wH>ohw> 

vD>oh.wz.tHR-uX;vXyub.Ckoh.ngtDR0HRym 

uhRw>zdw>vHRvXtvD>tusJ'.t0J'fod;'D;y[; 

xD.[;vDRtcgycD.okwb.wd>'D;vDRCHRw*hRw>uyDRvXt*hRM.vDRIAw>*h>vXtzD 

cd.wz.tHRySRrRw>zdwJxD.wJ 

vDR0J'.cJtHRcJtHRtCdvXyw>zH; 

w>rRtylRArhrh>w>rRvXt*Rph> 

uD;yeD>up>'.y0J'fw>[h.ul. 

[h.z;vXtzDcd.tod;-uX;vXy 

ub.Ckoh.ng'D;ymb.w>zd 

w>vHRvDRwH>vDRqJ;vXtvD>t 

usJ'.0JvDRIAzJvXyCkoh.ngw> 

*h>0JtHR0HRtvD>cHySRrRw>zdu'Ju 

'J'fod;uoh.ngw>*h>vDRwH>vDR 

qJ;t*D>ySRrRw>zdtusgw*R*R u 

b.[H;M>rl'g'D;wDcd.&dRrJ0J'.'D; 

'k.eJ.zsgxD.w>b.,d.b.bD 

vXb.uG> qX.rJm wz. vX [D.cd. 

*DRtylR'fod;ySRtg*Ruoh.ng0J 

t*D>wu;b.yub.us;vDR 

CmtDRvXw>zH;w>rRtvD>w>0J 

tHRrh>w>vXt*hR0JvDRI 


9


w>rRvD>vXtd.'D;*mo0H 

(1) chcgqXuwD>cJtHRvXew>rR 

tylRrh>eol*mo0Htw>zdw>vHR'f 

vJ. wuvkmvJ.I 

(2) *mo0HvXttd.vXew>zH; 

w>rRtylRwz.M.rh>trRb.'dew> 

td.ql.td.cV 'fvJ.I 

(3) ySRrRw>zdwz.wcsK;vXtrR 

w>'D;[H;xD.zD.xD.*mo0Hw> yD;w> 

vD'D;ol0J'H;b.tcgrh>txD.b.*H> 

cD. xH;w> od.vdph>uD;{gI 

*mfo0Hw>fzdw>fvHRt'dtwJmf 

p;xD.zJtHRAvXew>rRtylR*mo0Hw>zd 

w>vHRvX eoltDRoh.wz.M. utd.0J'. tu vkm 

uvkm'ftrh>*mo0HtxHrh>*hR*hR*hR 

*hRvXtuJRxD.< [D.cd.url.< w>t 

xH< tuoHG'D;w>url.uzhwz.td.0J'.tuvkm 

uvkmM.vDRI wu;b.*mo0Ht*kRt*RvX w>u 

qgtDRt*D>ph>uD; td.'H;0J'.tuvkm uvkm M. vDRI 

*mfo0Hw>fzdw>fvHR 

tw>frRv>tvDRysHR 

qXuwD>rk>rqgweHRngtHR M.tg'.wuh> 

yrh>b.wJvXtwDwcDySRud;'J;ol0J'.*mo0Hw>zd 

w>vHRud;eHR'J;M.vDRI t'd= ud;eHR 

'J;w>ol0J'.(qyfjym) ySRweDReDR ud; 

0J'.vXcsgodzdvXtwzd;oJp;wtd.

0J'.yw>td.ql.td.cVwpd>w 

vD>weDReDRM.'k;uJxD.w> 

b.,d.b.bDwkR'.vJmyoH0J 

'.ohM.vDRIA *m o0Ht w> yD;w> 

vDvXttd.'D;w>b.,d.b. 

bDoh.wz.tgwuh>rh>0J'.pJ; 

zDu[.w>rRvD>vXt'k;td. 

xD.w>wuvkmvkmwhxD. 

bSDxD. w>rRvD>< Aw>ol.tD.zs; 

tD.w>rRvD>M.vDRIA*mo0Hw> 

yD;w>vDt0JtHRtd.0J'.tuvkm 

uvkmtCdrRb. 'dyw>td. ql. 

td.cVoh0J'.tuvkmuvkmph> 

uD;M.vDRI 

eeD>fcdrd>fyS>ftylR 

w>frEkREkmfvDRohvJ.f 

uoH.*mo0HvJREkmvDR 

oh0J'.vXySRrRw>zdwz.teD> 

cdrd>yS> tylRoh0J'.vXusJoXb d 

zH;bh.f 

ySRrRw>zdw*RM.zJvX 

trRw>'D;uoH.*mo0Htcgrh> 

wzsD.tpkvXpkzsD.b.M.uD;M.vDRI 

uvHRusg 

ySRrRw>zdwz.rh>uog 

Ekm vDRb.* mo0HtHRvX tudmylR 

'D;tegphRylRM.vJREkmvDR0J'.ql 

t rd>yS>ylRM.vDRI 



udmfylR 

wbsDwcD.ySRrRw>zdw 

z.zJt0Joh.oluoH.*mo0HtHR 

0HRtvD>cHwohpDtpkpDpDb.'D; 

tD.w>(rh) tDrdmxltCd*mo0H 

tHRvJREkmvDR0J'.vXteD>cdrd>yS> 

tylRoh0Jwu;b.zJt0Joh.rR 

w>tcgrh>vXwolw>u;bXrJm 

b.tCd*mo0HtHRvJREkmvDR0J 

'. qlt eD>cdyd> yS>M.vDRI 

rh>fv>w>fol*mfo0H 

tw>fyD;w>fvDtCd'd; 

e h>fb.fw>fuDw>fcJ 

rEkRoh.fwz.fvJ.f 

rh>vXw>ol*mo0Hw>yD; 

w>vDtCdySRrRw>zdwz.rh> w'D 

o'XvDRto;eDwrHRb.'D;rh>tJ. 

'd;rRw>wcDM.u'd;M>b.0Jw> 

qgvXw>qXuwD>zk.udmtylR 

vXtqdM.vDRI b.q. oemuh 

'd;oMRxD.to;vXySRrRw>zdw 

z. toHG.xH'D;w>td.ql.td.cV 

tzDcd.tCd [JuJ xD. to; oh 

weDRM.td.0JvDRIAqXuwD>zk. 

11


udmw>qgpH;w>M.rh>0JzJy_ydu 

oH.rRoHw>C>vXusD;ylR0HRt vD> 

cHypkycD.'D;zH;bh.wz. o;xD.0J 

vDRIAw>whxD.bSDxD.tvD>ph> 

uD;rh>vXyb.olxl.url.(bH 

v;rFh.)vXt'k;pJbl;w>tCdvX 

(4=5)oDtwD>ylRy'd;M>b.zH; 

bh.w>qgoh0J'. M.vDRI wu; 

b. rh>vXy _yduoH. rRoHw>C> 

(rh)bl;xD.wJmx;tCdy'd;;M> 

b.rJmcsHqgw>qgoh0JvDRIA[H. 

CDySRrRw>zdph>uD;rh>vXb.olu 

oH.xHvXb.rRuqSDw>[;vD> 

t*D>'D;w'Do'Xo'XvDRto;eD 

wrHR b.tCdypkwz.u ud>oG; 

vDRwvdR0JohvDRIAw>oh.wz. 

tHR 'd;oMRxD.to;vX ySRrRw>zd 

wz. olpJG0JtgpSRt zDcd. 'D; zJvX ol 

pJG0J0HRtvD>cHt0Joh.'d;M>b.0J 

'.w>qgvXw>qXuwD>zk.udm 

tylR M.vDRI 

wbsDwcD.ySRrRw>zdoh. 

wz.tHRrh>vXtrRw>'D;uoH. 

*m o0Htw>rRtCdvX w>qXu 

wD>zk.udmtylRwl>b.0Jw>qg 

'd.'d.rk>rk>M.vDRIAerh>eXb. 

Metin Chloric (rHwhuvdR &h.) u 

oH.*mo0HtxHvXwe.&H.twD> 

ylRM.ecd.o.CHuqg'D;cd.o. 

CHrlR0J'.M.vDRIAb.q.oemuh 

erh>eXb.tDRtgtgvXwe.&H. 

twD>ylR'D;vXw>qXuwD>zk. udm 

tylReuogyhReD.uGHmeo;Arhwrh> 

b.'D;eoHwbsDCDoh0J'.M.vDRI 

erh>rRw>rRvXb.olu 

oH.*mo0HvXw>qXuwD>z;,Hm 

tylR (t'd= ySRvXtrRw>b.C; 

[H. CDtw>zdw>vHR 'ftrh> ySRvX 

tl[;xD.uHGmoh.url.< ySRvXt 

rRw>vXusD;ylRtd.ql.td.cV*hRM. 

w*hRI b.rEkRtCdvJ.M. uoH. 

*mo0Hw>zdw>vHRoh.wz.tHR 

ySRvXtrRw>vXw>qX uwD>,Hm 

wz.t*D>vXcHuwX>t0Joh.u 

'd;M>b.0J'.w>qg'ftrh>cJpX. 

w>qg< cd.Elm[; *DR< w,lRwysR< 

o;wxHwq;< wd>eD.w>wM>< 

yeX. A (Nerve)A 'fypH;w>tod;w> 

t,JRzd_yHu'HvXtqSXw>oh.ng 

qlycd.Elm'D;'k;[l;*JRycd.Elmt 

w>zH;w>rRwz.wrRw>vXR b. 

'D;yu'd;M>b.w>yod.qgw> 

qgph>uD; M.vDRI vXw>M.tCd 

b.C;'D;w>qg,HmqgxX 

tHRySRrRw>zdwz.tg'.wuh> 'd; 

M>b.0J'.zJvXtqd;ugArhwrh> 

rRw>vXuoH.*mo0HtvD>0HR 

tvD>cHM.vDRI A'fM.tod; w>qg 

vXt [JuJxD.o;oh. w z. tHR 

M.'d;oMRxD.to;vXySRrRw> 

zdwz. b.ol0J'. uoH. *m o0H 

uoH.tHRteH.tvgtgpSRqH; 

,Hm vJ. tCdph>uD;M.vDRI 

ySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>'D; 

*mo0Hw>zdw>vHRvXw>qXu 

wD>z;,HmtylRwz.zdw*RtHRrRw>'D;*mo0HtxH 

?tJ.qdRy &lR yJRvftJRvfudR[D/ 

(Isopropyl Alcohol)'D;pH;0JvX 

w>xHt0JtHRrh>pJbl;'D;yzH;bh. 

,Hm,HmM. yzH;bh. [JwD. xD. 0J 

'D;vXcHrh> pJbl;'D;ySRem uhywoh. 

ng'D;wl>b.eDwrHRvXRb.IAy 

xl.yys>yzH;bh.tHRrh>vXwD.wkR 

'D;wrRw>rR tg tgvXRb. t Cd 

*mo0HtxHrh>pJbl;b.q.Ayw 

oh.ngvXtpJbl;ySRvXRb.M.vDRI 

'fM.tod;vDRqD'.w> 

ySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>vXw>ol. 

w>zs;tvD>'ftrh>rRusD;< _yd 

uoH.< xl;uoH.xHtvJG>< w> 

ol.xD.bSDxD.tvD>ph>uD;rh>w 

}wDqX'Do'XvDRto;eDwrHRb. 

M.t0Joh.ub.yvD>y'DvDRt 

o; t'd.uwX>M.vDRI 

w>rReD.= A*mo0Hw>yD; w> vDw 

eDRM. rh.tltzDrh>vDR 

wJmb.'D;tltD.oh0JnDnDzdvDRI 

w>folpJG*mfo0Hw>fyD; 

w>fvDv>trRb.f'dy 

w>ftd.fql.ftd.fchs 

n erh>pH;vX*mo0Htw>yD; 

w>vDtHRrRb.'db.xH;eRvX 



usJ'fvJ.M.euoh.ngb.tDR 

zJeol*mo0Htw>zdw>vHRvXe 

rRw>tcgrh>*hRwu;b.etd.e 

qd;Ckm'D;ySRvXecd.eCXRvXtrR 

w>rRb.C;*mo0Htw>rRud; 

eHR'J;M.tgwuh>urRb.'dew> 

td.ql.td.cV'D;'d;oMRxxD. 

to; 

n vXvJREkmvDRvXeeD>cdrd> 

yS> ylRqH;tgvJ. 

n erRw>,HmqH;,Hmv H 

vJ. 

n 'd;oMRxD.ph>uD;to; 

vX*mo0Htw>yD;w>vD'D;w> 

vDRysHRtd.tgwtgtzDcd.ph>uD; 

M.vDRI 

uoH.*mo0Htw>vDRysHRvX 

tql.oh.wz.wuvkm'D;w 

uvkm w 'H;od;vdmto;b.I u 

oH.*mo0HweDReDRM.erh>xd;b. 

tDR wpJ;wrJG;zdb.q. uJxD.w> 

b.,d.b. bDwkRvX w>oHw>yS> 

td.xD.ohrhrh>weDReDRM.exd; 

b.tDRrh>tgb.q.oemuhuJ 

xD.w>vDRysHRvDRzk;xJwpJ;zdvDRI 

uoH.*mo0HweDReDRwcDu 

[h.eRw>qgvXt[J'ftrh>w> 

cd.o.CHqg 

qg'D; ySRwkmzdw>qgM.vDRI 

w>fol*mfo0Hw>fyD; 

w>fvDtCduJxD.fw>fuD 

w>fcJv>ySRrRw>fzdwz.f 

w>ftd.fql.ftd.chst*D>f 

zH;bh.w>qg=ySRrRw>zdwz. vX 

teD>cdrd>yS>tylRtzH;bh.tpkt 

cD.wwDRwDRw>tzsX.*DR*DRzdwz. 

u[JxD.'D;uwD.0JrJmcsHo;*Hm< 

rJmcsHqgul;ylRChxDqgw>yeD.wz.tHRrh>[J 

uJxD.to;'D;eRtcgerh>ywkm 

rRw>'D;w>qgoh.wz.tHRuy 

wkm uHGm0J'.M.vDRI 

w>qgvXtwb.vdm'D;oHG. 

=ySRvXtoHG.wb.vdmwz.zJ 

vX trRw>'D; uoH.*mo0Htcg 

tpSRuwX>uJxD.w>qgoh 

'ftrh>zH;bh.qgul; 

qgoh.wz.M.vDRIAw>qgt0J 

tHRrh>0J'. w>qgwpd>wvD>tCd 

erh>rRw>rRvXwb.vdm'D;u 

oH.*mo0Hb.M.eu'd;M>b. 

w>qgtHRM.vDRIAq.b.erh> 

td.,HR'D;*mo0HtHR'D;wrh>vX 

u[JuJxD.to; 'D;eRnDnDb.I 

ySRvXtoGH.wb.vdm'D;*mo0H 

wz.vXwzs;rJmtwD>ylRw>u 

ogCH;rh>[JuJxD.to;'D;tDR 

M. eub.vJR ulqg,gbsgvX 

w>qg[H.< uoH. 0JR'X;vXt bl; 

'D;eRvXtcVuwX>wuh>IAerh> 

wvJRulpg,gbsgb.wcDySRt0J 

tHRoH0J'.ohtCdeu b. yvD> 

vDR eo;t'd.ttgM.vDRI 

w>fuDw>fcJb.fC;w>f 

o;bH;w>fqg'D;w>fog 

xD.fogvDR uvHRusdR 

=cDzsdrRw>'D;uoH.*mo0HtCd 


13


uJxD.ph>uD;w>uDw>cJ'ftrh> 

w>o;bH;w>qgogxD.og 

vDRuvHRusdRuDcJ0Jwu;b.t 

rJmngb.'dph>uD;yeD>cdrd>yS>M. 

vDRI w>o;bH;w>qgtw>yeD. 

rh>0JzJvXyuogxD.tcguoD. 0J 

'.0SH0SHwrR uoH.*mo0H 

tw>rRRvXRb.,Hm,HmwcD 

w>qg0JtHRuvDRr>'.tw>M. 

vDRIAb.q.uoH.*mo0HweDR 

eDRM.'k;uJxD.w>uDw>cJqlySRrR 

w>zdttd.'ftrh>ySRrRw>zd'd;M> 

b.yod.w>qgqg 

,Hmw>qgxXwkR'.vJmb.[; 

xD.uHGmvX w>rRylR M. vDRI t'd/ 

wcsK;vXerRw>'D;uoH.*mo0H 

b.M. eeD>up>'.0J erh>td.'D; 

w>o;bH; w>qgM. ew>qg 0JtHR 

ue;M>'H;tvD>'D;uJxD.w>uD 

w>cJvXw>uogxD.uogvDR 

t *D> M. vDRI 

w>ftltD.f 

w>tltD.pH;w>M.rh>0J 

'.zH;bh.'D;n.tltD.ud>oG;M. 

vDRIAuoH.*mo0HtxHweDRvX 

to[D.ql.wz.erh>,l>vDR 

b.tDR< rh>tD.b.tDR< Arh>vDR wJm 

b.vXevdRvDRvlb.vXe 

zH;bh.tvdRM.ezH;en.uud> 

tlud>oG;'D; vDR w vdR 0J'.M.vDRI 

cJp>.fw>fqg 

ySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>'D; 

uoH.*mo0HtxHM.u'd;M> 

b.0JcJpX.w>qgtCdw>uul 

pg,gbsgtDRt*D>uDcJ0J'd.r;'D; 

u[h.eRw>uDw>w>cJwkR'. 

vJmeoHohM.vDRIAb.q.w> 

oh. wz.tHR'd;o MRxD.to;vX 

ySRrRw>zdteD>up>'.0JolpJG*mo 

0HtgpSRtzDcd.'D;cJpX.w>qgvX 

tu[JuJxD.to;ph>uD;td.0J 

'. tu vkm uvkmph>uD;M.vDRI 

w>qgtyeD.vXt[JuJxD.t 

o;oh.wz.M.rh>0J'.zH;bh. 

vmcJpX.w>qg 

qg[JuJ 

xD.to;wbsDCDb.IAw>qg 

tHRu[JuJxD.to;t*D>u xk; 

w>qXuwD>vXteH.vXtvg 

M.vDRI 

w>f*h>fuDb.fC;rk.fcGg 

w>frHCkmfvdmfo;'D;w>f 

td.f zsJ.fzd 

ydmrk.'D;ydmcGgvXtzdw 

td.b.wz.M. [JuJxD.to; 

cDzsdydmrk. tvk>v>[Jw b.qX 

b.uwD>'XxD.uD0J'.'D;w>qgvXt 

rh>zdo.0JtHRtuh>t*DRwvXySJR 

b.'D;w>td.ql.td.cVph>uD; 

w*hR b.M.vDRI t'd= ydm rk.vX 

td.'D;[k;o;w*RtHRutd.zsJ. 

zdvXwb.qXb.uwD>b.'D;w>uDw> 

cJ'ftrh>zdo.tHRtw>'d.xD.xD 

xD.u pJRcH0JM. vDRI 



tJ.fpbJ.fwD.fpf 

rHRvXt*R A=Awtd. 

tJ.pbJ.wD.pfw>zdw> 

vHRvXb.w>yXEkmvDRCkmwz.rh> 

0J= 

n w>t,JRvXrh.tltD. w 

M> (b&h.vJRMRyFgud> 

'D;w>'l.tw>zdw>vHR'l.yD;w>vDvXtrRySJRxD.w> 

t*H>bg M.vDRI 

tJ.fpbJ.fwD;pftw>fuD 

w>fcJoh.fwz.frh>f'ftHR 

n erh>zD.b.ttd.b. 

n 

yeD>cdrd>yS>tuhtcDzD cd. 

n rh>vXyod.wz.qSd.< 

xl.ys>oH;uHGmtCduJxD.0J'. 

(tJ.pbJ.wD;pf)w>qgM.vDRI 

n b.C;'D;w>*kRxD.yoD 

xD.tusdRtusJph>uD; w[h.xD. 

w>uDw>cJqlydmcGgcsHo. vXydmrk. 

wz.utd.xD.'D;[k;o;'D;uJ 

xD.w>uDw>cJvXzdo.t*D>b. 

n w>qgvXyuwl>b.tDR 

vXw>qXuwD>,HmtylR'ftrh>y 

od.cJpX.vHRvXb. 

w>yXEkmvDRCkmwz.rh>0JA=A*mo 

0Htod 

bhRphtw>uDw>cJoh.wz.tHR 

'd; oMRxD.to;'ftHvDRI 

n zD.b.xd;b.'D;pk 

vXzH;bh.tzDcd.zH;=Abh.xD. 

*DRcdrd>yS>tuhtcDtzDcd. 

cd.Elmb.'d[;*DR[X 

zXylR 

n w>qgvXyub.wl> 

b.tDRvXw>qXuwD>,HmtylR 

rh>0J=AoGH.cJpX.'H;*mo0HtodvXt*kR 

t*Roh.wz.'D;vJREkmvDRoh0J 

'. vX yzH;bh.vm nDnDzdM.vDRI 

bD&H.ftJ.fqh.f 

rHRvXt*R=wtd. 

w>zdw>vHRvXb.w>yXEkmvDR 

Ckmwz.rh>0J= 

n qJvfvlvd.pfcsD.rH'g'D; 

w> ulw> od; vX rRpSRvDRrh. tltD. 

w>to[D. 'D;w>zdw>vHR vXw> 

uusJmusDtDRzJw>rRrJmxHuvR 

wcgpkmpkmtcgM.vDRI 


15


bD&H.tJ.qh.wz.t w>uDw>cJ 

M.'d;oMR xD.to;'ftHRvDRI 

n zD.b.tzD 

cd. w>uDw>cJwtd. 

n rhrh>vXrkmcGgw>*kRxD.y 

oDxD.t*D>ydmcGgcsHo.vXt'k; 

td.xD.ydmrk.[k;o;wz. u[; 

*DRuHGm0J'D;'d;M>b.zdwohb. 

n rhrh>w>qgvXyuwl> 

b.tDRvXw>qXuwD>z;,Hmt 

ylRM.w>woh.ngtDR'H;b.I 

n bD&H.tJ.qh.0JtHRvJREkm 

vDR0J'.vXyzH;bh.vmnDnDzd 

vDRI 

b&dRrdRy&dRyh(ef) 

rHRvXt*RvXb.w>ud;tDRrh>0J= 

b&dRrdRy&dRyh(ef)yX 

EkmvDRCkmwz.rh>0J=*mo0Htod 

b&dRrdRy&dRyh(ef)wz.tw>uDw> 

cJM. 'd;oMRxD.to;'ftHRvDRI 

n zD.b.t 

*D>w>uDw>cJwtd. 

n eD>cdrd>yS>'D;yuh>*DRwz. 

u'd;M>b.oHG.*H>bgp>(tMrH,g) 

w>qg 

n eD>cdrd>yS>'D;yuh>*DRwz. 

u'd;M>b.oHG.*H>bgp>(tMrH,g) 

Anemia b.'db.xH;yol.tuhtcDt*RvXttd. 

vXyeD>cdrd>yS>tylR'D;yXqSXM>y 

eXmA(Nerve)Awz.b.'db. xH; 

'D;[;*DRuHGm0JI 


oDxD.t*D>ydmrkm'D;ydmcGgtcsHt 

o.cHyuyRvdmb.'d0Jb.tzdwoh 

b.< wu;b.rRb.'dydmrk. t 

vk>tv>'D;zJvX ydmrk.td.xD.'D; 

[k;o;tqXuwD>b.'d0J'.zd 

o.vXtd.rd>[XzXylR'D;uJxD. 

w>[XzX[;*DRoh0JI 

n w>qgvX yuwl>b.tDR 

w>qXuwD>,HmtylRwz.rh>0JcJ 

pX.w>qg 

b&dRrdRy&dRyh(ef)M.Atpk.tys> 

o[D.ql.'d.M>'H;A*mo0Htod 

vXt*Rwz.wu;b.AvJRpO.Ekm 

vDRvXyzH;bh.vmnDnDzdM.vDRI 

uJ.frHR,R 

rHRvXt*RA=Awtd. 

w>zdw>vHRvXb.w>yXEkmvDR 

CkmtDRwz.rh>0JA=Aw>CgCkm 

tDR'D;o;wl;ymzSd.Ckm'D; bJ; 

x&H;yD;w> 

vDbl;xD.wJmx;o;wl; 'D; 

'XEkmolpJG0J'.uoH.vXt'k;td. 

xD. w> t vJG> I 



n uJ;rHR,Rtw>uDw>cJ 

tHR 'd;oMRxD.to;'ftHRvDRI 

n yrh>zD.b.tzD 

cd. w>uDw>cJwtd. 

n uJ.rHR,R*mo0HvXeXw 

rkmw vRb.oh.wz. yrh> eXb. 

wcDAurRb.'durRb.'dueD> 

cdrd>yS>'ftrh>rRb.'dyuvh>ol.cJpX.uJ'rHR,RM.'k;uJxD.0J'. 

w>b.,d.b.bDvDRysHRvDRzk; 

M.vDRIAw>*h>uDtd.ph>uD; w>u 

ogxD.uogvDRuvHRusdRtylR 

'D;uJxD.w> n. *d> ohph>uD;vDRI 

c&dRrHR,R 

rHRvXt*RA=ApHRtR(&f)0J= 

w>whw>*DRuoH. 

tvJG>uwJRuwDRym0J'.oh.b. 

tn.'fod;uusXRxDbdt*D>M.zlCm0J'.'D; uoH.I 

c&dRrHR,R(rf)tw>uDw>cJoh. 

wz.rh>'ftzDvmtod;vDRI 

yrh>zD.b.'D;pktzsX.zd_yHu'Hoh. 

wz.u[JxD.'D;ubsguhRt*D> 

M. u,Hm0JvDRIAvX w>M. tCdy 

zH;bh.oh.wz.M.utk.oH'D; 

u JxD.0J'. w>ylRvD>M.vDRI 


rJmfcsH< e>f< e;'hcH< udmf 

,l>fbd'D;bd;yRtzDcd.f 

n vXc&dRrh.tJ.qh.tCd 

rJmcsHud>tlbdw 

z. uud>tlud>oG;wkR'.vJm eg'h 

tylRph>uD;uJxD.0J'.w>ylRvD> 

tk.oHI 

n vXcd.Elm'D;xl.ys>t*D> 

w> uDw>cJwtd. 

v>yeD>fcdrd>fyS>f 

tuhtcDt*D>f 

n rh>vXyudm,l>ylRtd. 

'D;u[;(uvk>bH;oG.)tCdy 

uogxD.ogvDR uuDcJ0Jw u; 

b.urRb.'dyyod.'D;[;*DR 

uHGm0Jytl;qgvX ytD.A(Chromix Acid) Ac&dR 

rh.tJ.qh.tCdAuydmuh0JvDRI 


oDxD.t*D>ydmrk.ydmcGgcsHo.vX 

t'k;td.xD.zdo. t*D>w> uDw> 

cJtd.'fvJ.M.w>woh.ngtDR'H; 

b.I 

n w>qg,HmxXvXvXyu 

'd;M>b.tDRohoh.wz.rh>0J'.y 

od.cJpX. M.vDRI 

n c&l(rf)vXtr;wuvkm 

vXM.tpk.tys>


udRbD.f 

rHRvXt*RA=AudRvHRvXb.w>yXEkmvDR 

Ckm wz.rh>0J 

n x;egvXtr;wuvkm 

vXt'H;od;vdmto;'D;o;wl;'D; 

o;wl;tuhtcD*h>'fvXtzD 

vm tod;vDRI / 

yrh>zD.b.vXwb.vdm 

'D;yoHGH.xHtCdzH;bh.u[Ju 

yxD.'f'h.'H.tod;'D;uuJxD. 

w>ylRvD> tk.oHI 

rJmfcsH< e>f< eg'hcH< udmf 

,l>fbd'D;bd;yRtzDcd.f 

n rJmcsHtxHxD.< rJmcsH*DRrJm 

csHo;< eg'hcH'D; udm,l>bdChxD0JI 

n cd.El;'D;xl.ys>t*D>w> 

uDw> cJwtd. 

eD>fcdrd>fyS>fylRtuhtcD 

wz.ftzDcd.f 

n u[;td.tgtCdu og 

b.uDcJ0J < Aul;'D;< Arh>vXu og 

xD.uogvDRuvHRusdRuDcJ0Jt 

CdrRb.'d'D;rR[;*DRuHGm0J'.yy 

od.'D;yo;M.vDRI 


oDxD.t*D>ydmrk.ydmcGgcsHo.vX 

t'k;td.xD.zdo.t*D>w> uDw> 

cJtd.'fvJ.M.w>woh.ng tDR'H; 

b.I 

n w>qgvXt[JuJxD.t 

o;vXw>qXuwD>,HmtylRvX 

y'd;M>b.tDRohwz.rh>0JcJpX. 

w>qg 

ySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>vX 

pJ;{dRzD{dR tvD> wz.rh>olpJG0J'.pJ; 

ql;o0H;xD.uvHRM.*hR0J'.'D; 

uoH.*mo0Hwz.tHR[;xD. 

uHGm0JtCdw>b.'db.xH;vX 

urRb.'dyw>td.ql.td.cV 

t*D>ph>uD;pSRvDR0J'.M.vDRI b. 

rEkRtCdvJ.M.uoH.*mo0Hw 

z.tHR td.vX pJ;zDu [.tvD> t 

CdwcsK;vX'H0hR0DRvXuvHRusg'H; 

b.M.yub.xk;xD.uhRtDRw 

bsDCDvX pJ;ql;xD.uvHRM.vDRI 

[D.cd.url.ph>uD; yub.ql; 

yub.olw>u;bXrjmzj 

yql;xk;xD.uFHm*mo0HvXuvHRusgtcg 

18 AAySR[;rRw>zdvXtwzd;oJp;wtd. 

o0H;[;xD.uHGmtDR M.vDRIAb. 

q.pJ;zDu[.w>rRvD> 

tHRw>vXmbl.vXRphRu 

tg0J'D;'d;oMRxD. 

to;vXw>whxD. 

ol.xD.w>rRvD> 

M.vDRI b.q.w> 

b.'db.xH;vXySR 

rRw>zdtw>td.ql. 

td.cVt*D>ph>uD;uvDR 

pSR0Jz;'d.vDRIAw>}wDqX'Do 

'XvDRyo;vXw>u;bXrJmo.0J 

tHRwrh>w>vXtrkmb.ySRb.


b.q.oemuhw>u;bXrJmo.0JtHRtd.0J'. 

tuvkmuvkmtCdw>u;bXrJmo.0JtHRySRrR 

w>zdrh>qd;ugtDRxDbd'D;t0Joh. t*D>w>b.'db. 

xH;vX w>td.ql.td.cV t*D> upSR vDR 0J'.M. vDRI 

tqduwX>wcsK;vXyu;bXyrJm'H;b.M.'fod;u 

oH.*mo0H0JtHR okwvJREkm vDR vX yeg'hylR'D; yudmylR 

t*D>yub.rRuG>tDRvDRwH>vDRqJ;M.vDRI t'd=zJ 

vXerRw>tcg ySR zluoH.vXeCXRrh>*hRtluoH.u 

rl.tcgrh>*hR< Axl; bV xD. uhRw>tcgrh>*hR< AuoH. 

url.pJbl;xDvXeg'hylR'D; 

x;cd.bh.tzDcd. 'D;erh>qdurd.vX uoH.tHRtpdeX 

'H;M.ew>u;bXrJmo.0JtHRM.wrh>vX}wDqX'Do'X 

M>ew>td.ql.td.cVwM>b.Iwu;'H;b.trJm 

nguJxD.w>uDw>cJvXw *R'D; w*RtbX.pXR zJyu 

wdRoud;w>tcgy 

o; yuxH. b. w> uDw> cJ0JtHR tu vkm uvkm M. 

vDR IA t'd/erh>uJySRqgvX td.'D;yod.w>qg< o; 

w> qg M. euog uCH;0Jw>uDw> cJuwkRtd.eR wkR 

'.vJmeurlR 'D; ogyhReD.vDRuHGmeo;ohM.vDRI0HRt 

vD>cHw>u;bXrJm o.tHR eub.ohpDuHGmtDR pDpD 

rhwrh>Aeub.qDwvJuHGmtDR cJtHRcJtHRvDRI w>ol 

uoH.*mo0H0JtHR'd;oMRxD.to;vXbJbhvXt 

td.vXw>u;bXrJmtudylRyuoltDR'D;qDwvJuHGm 

tDR 'fvXt-uX; tb.'D; ySR M. vDRI 

wcsK;vXytD.w>'D;tdrdmxl 

erh>zsD.pkzsD.'D;_yduoH.*mo0HtxHrh>*hR*hRw>rRwcgcgvXeurRtDRwrHRv>v> 

M. pkzsD.rh>zsdM>eR 'D;uoH.*mo0HtxHoh.wz.tHR 

uvJREkmvDRvXepkzsD.tylRtCdttg'D;tpSRM.u 

pJbl;xDwH>'.vXepkvdRM.vDRIAvXw>M.tCdw 

csK;vXe[H;M>tD.w>tD.o;wl; 

x;ud.vd.tw>zH;w>rRrRuoH.xHvX w>pk.tDR'D;'k;td.xD. 

w>uH;nmtvJG>rRvD> < w>bl;xD. 

wJmx;tw>rR< *Hmurl.w>tw>rR< w>0hRvDRyJGm 

x;xHtw>rR< ySRrRw>zdvX trRw>b. C;'D; 

w>ol.w>zs; w z.ol0J'. uoH.rRoHw>C> < ySRrR 

w>zdvX txl;uoH.vJG>'D;w> rR *hRxD. uhRodvh. 

tvJG> tw> rR < ySRrRw>zdvX trRw>vX 0D;cf&SD; 

(Workshop) Atw>rR'D; w>pJ; usH; vHmtw>rR w> rR 

oh.w z. tHR M. ySR'ftHRwz. ub. yvD>o;M.vDRI 


19


v>ew>frRtylR uoH.f*mfo0HtxH'D; 

uoH.frRoHw>fC>fwz.f rh>fvDRvlb.feRe h.f eurRtDR'fvJ.f 

vXew>rRtylRM.erh>rRCmw>tDvk>xHt 

vD>'D;w>ys>rJmtvD>M.rh>w>vXt*hRvDRIA*mo0H 

txHrh>vDRqH.b.vXevdRM.ohuqSDuGHmtDRpDpDu 

b.,Hm0J'.A(15)ArH;eH;M.vDRIAuoH.*mo0Ht 

xHvXeoltDRoh.wz.Arhrh>uoH.vXto[D.ql. 

wcDew>ulw>od;'D;eeD>up>'Dw*Reub.ohpD 

uGHmtDRvXxHpDpDwbsDCDM.vDRIAt'duoH.*mo0H 

0JtHRrh>vDRqH.b.erJmcsHwcDeub.vJRvXxHtd. 

w>tvD>vXtcV0HReub.ohpDtDR,Hm0J'.vX 

(15)rH;eH;ngM.vDRIerJmcsHylRrh>ud>tl rh>w 

*hR'H;b.wcDM.AwbsDCDeub.vJR'D;rRuG> 

us;vDRymto;vXuoH.yvDtuyRtHRqlo&. 

vXtrRw>b.C;'D;*mo0HuoH.uoD*h>0Dwu 

yRwbsDCD'D;-uX;vXeub.vJRulpg,gbsgeo; 

ew>td.ql.td.cVvXw>qg[H.olpGJuoH.*mo0Htw>yD; 

w>vD0JtHRb.'dy w>td.ql.td.cVohvXusJ'fvJ. 

M.Awrh>vX ue>yX>0J'.b.I 


l 

uoH.*mo0H tw>yD;w>vD'D;t*h>tusdRwz. 

y'd;M>b.'D;z;tDRohvX w>vD> zJ vJ. 


tqduwX>'fyrh>ySRrRw>zdtod;*mo0Ht 

w>yD;w>vDvXyoltDRtuvkmwz.tHR yub.Ck 

oh.ngtDRvXtrh>w>qgtw>yeD.vXtu[JuJ 

xD.to;'D;ySRohwz.rh>w>rEkRvJ.M.vDRI zJvXy 

rR w>0HRtvD>cHw>qgrEkRoh.wz.[JuJxD.to; 

'D;ySR vJ.zdwz.zJttd.pDRpkR'D; w> rRtcg 

M.tw>td.ql.td.cV tw>td. o;rh>w*hR xD.'D; 

b.vD>b.p;'fod;'D;vXngvXRb.IAt'd=zJvX yM> 

z;b.vHmw>eJ.usJvX tb.C;'D; w>ub.olpJG 

*mo0Hw>yD;w>vD'fvJ.wuvkmvJ.'D;*mo0Ht 

w>yD;w>vDt*h>tusdRvXtrRb.'dyw>td.ql. 

td.cVohwz.tDRb.nDnDzdvDRIAcDyeH. 

Company w eDReDRvX txk;xD.*mo0Hw>yD;w>vD 

M. td.'D; w>*h>w>usdRw> bd;b.oh.ng wu;b. 

trJmngzJvXyrh>yOR*mo0Hw>yD;w>vDtcgvHmw> 

eJ.usJt*h>tusdR wz.tHR utd.uGJ;ym to;vX u 

oH.tylR'D;vXuoH.'XtcsXph>uD;uus;vDRM>eR 

vHmw>'k;eJ.vXeub.qd;ugtDR'fvJ.t*h>tusdR 

M.vDRI 

vJ.< Ab.ym tDR w>vD>zJvJ. 'D; b.}wDqX 'Do'Xrh. 

tltw>vDRysHRvDRzk;w>b.,d.b.bD'fvJ.w> 

*h>oh.wz.tHRcJvXmM.uuJG;vDRymzsgxD.0J'.vX 

vXySJRySJRvDRIwbsDwcD.vHmw>rReD.rRCgtw>ym 

zsgxD.wz.tHRwvXySJRb.q.oemuhrh>vXy 

Ckoh.ngb.vHm w>rReD.rRCg tw>olpJGt*h>t 

usdRtCdtd.'D;w>}wDqX'Do'XqdvDRymyo;vXw> 

b.,d.b.bDw>vDRysHRvDRzk;M.vDRI vDRqD'.w> 

w>rRup>oh.wz.M.vXtw>zH;w>rRtylRu 

oH.*mo0Htw>yD;w>vDvXtolpJG0Joh.wz.u 

b.ymCm0J'.vHmw>rReD.rRCgw>*h>w>usdRoh. 

wz.M.vDRI At'd=w> rRup>rh>wue.CkmM.A ySR 

rRw>zdeD>up>'.0JuoH.*mo0Hw>yD;w>vDvXt 

olpJG0Jwz. trHR'D; b.w>xk;xD.tDR cDyeH. trHR rh> 

'd;M>b.0JwcDqJ;usd;'D;cDyeH.vXtxk;xD.*mo0H 

tHRwbsDCDoh0JvDRI w>teD>uD>wcDvXySRrRw>zdt 

*D>b.C;*mo0Hw>yD;w>vDtHR'fod;ySRrRw>zdu 

b.q.tg'.wuh>vHmw>'k;eJ.usJwz. 

tHRAurh>0J'.uDRvR0gusdm*h>w>usdRvX ySR 

rRw>zdwz.t*D>w>vXt-uX;oh.ng0J'ftrh>u 

oH.*mo0Hw>yD;w>vDwz.trHR < b.w>xk;xD. 

tDRcDyeH.trHRqX.rJm 

'D;w>td.ql.td.cVw>uDw>cJrEkRvJ.qgoh'.vJ.< yub.}wDqX'Do'XvDRyo;'f 


21


e>yX>0J'. t*D>rl'g td.vX w>rRup>tpkylR M.vDRI ySR rRw>zdtoDwz. b.C; 'D;w>olpJGuoH.*mo0H 

w>yD;w>vDtHR 'fod;ue>yX>0Jt*D> rl'gtd. vX ySRvX tyXqSXw>wDcd.&dRrJw>ySRrRw>zdtpkylRvXub. 

od.vd0JvXw>ub.olpJG0J'fvJ.t*h>M.vDRIt'd=ySRvXtyXqSXwDcd.&dRrJw>rh>wtd.b.wcDw>rRup> 

ub.[H;rl'g'D; od.vd'k;eJ. 0J'.M. vDRI w>u&X u&dvX trRpXR uG>xJGySRrR w>zdwz.-uX; usdmxHM>vHm w> 

uJG;eD. uJG;Cg b.C; 'D; w>olpJGu oH.*mo0Htw>yD;w>vDrhwrh>qJ;usd; 'D; ySRrRw>zdt0JR'X; 'D;[H;M> 

w>rRpXR oh0J'.M.vDRI 

w>rRuqSDxD.uhR*mo0H 

w>zdw>vHRvXtvDRqH.wz. 

zJvXw>ymCmuoH.*mo0Htcgrh>*hR< olpJG 

tcgrh>*hRAvDRqH.0J'.ohvDRIAySRrRw>zdwz.yrh> 

od.vdtDRvX urRuqSDuGHm *mo0HvDRqH.'D;*mo0H 

tvD>vXtvDRvltHR'k;uJxD.w>b.,d.vDRysHRvX 

ySRtg*Rt*D>tCdrh>[;,HRxD.uHGm'D;*mo0HvXt 

vDRqH.tvD>wcDM.w>b.'db.xH;[;*kR 

[;*DR oh.wz.uvDRpSR0JvDRI *mo0HvX yolpJGtDR w 

z.yb.ymtDRw>vD>vXtylRzsJ;'D;w>vDRysHRvDRzk; 

tvD>'D; zJw>wvHRwysmrh>[JuJxD.to;'D;yu 

b.rRtDR'fvJ.'D;w>*h>'fod;tHRwz.'fod;'D;ySRrR 

w>zdud;*R'J;u oh. ng0Jt*D> Arl'gtd.vX w>rRu 

p>tpkylR 'fod;uod.vdqdymM>tySRrRw>zd'k;rR,kR 

0J'. t*D>M.vDRI 

*mo0Hw>yD;w>vDtHRvXw>wvHmwysR 

tylRrh>vDRqH.'D;A'fod;w>urRuqSDxD.uhRtDRt 

usdRtusJb.b.'fvJ.t*D>M.ySRvXte>yX>b. 

C;'D;w>*h>0JtHRrh>td.wcDAyub.ud;tDR'fod;u 

[Jod. vdrR,kR ySRM.vDRI 

zJvXyrRuqSD*mo0Hw>zdw>vHRtcgyu 

b.ulod;w>ulw>od;vXt'Do'XySR'ftrh>A&DbX; 

cD.zH;bd;vX txDfuwJRuwDR'D;ymfCmfuhR 

*mfo0Hv>tvDRqH.fwz.f 

w>vXtug'd.uwX>M. 'fod;'D;*mo0Ht 

xHokwvDRqH.w*hRt*D>M.Aw>ub.uwDRtDR*hR 

*hRb.b.M.vDRI tqduwX>yub.Ckoh.ng*m 

o0HtodvXtvDRqH.tHRA[JuJxD.o;t*h>tusdR 

M.vDRI t'd=yrh>xH.vXpJ;zDu[.w>zdw>vHR wcg 

cgtodrh>vDRqH.wcDApJ;0JtHRyub.ywkmuHGmtDR 

M.vDRI Aw>'XvX ySRxXEkm Cm*mo0Hw>zdw>vHRtHR 

yrh>xH.vXvDRwusX>wcDAw>'X0JtHRyu0H>xD.tDR 

vXtvD>b.b.M.vDR IAyrh>xH.vXySRxXEkmCm *m 

o0Hw>zdw>vHRtbl0JtHRzsd'D;vDR,GRwcDAyub. 

qDwvJw>'X'D;A[H;M>w>'XvXt*hRwzsX.zsX.'D;'X 

Ekm zSd.tDRzJM.M.vDRI 

w>fymfb.fuhR*mfo0Hv>tvDRqH.fwz.f 

*mo0Hw>zdw>vHRvXtvDRqH.'D;b.tX 

tvD>M.A'fod;yuql;o0H;xD.uhRtDRuM>t*D> 

yub.olw>zdw>vHR'ftrh>[D.cd.url.< rJ;vHRvXt*Roh.wz.oh0JvDRI t'd=*mo 



0Hw>zdw>vHRvXtvDRqH.wz.rh>_yH_ygwcDyub. 

_ydM>tDR'D;xHzdwpJ;M.vDRIrhwrh>AusX>bXtDR'D;yv; 

pwH;uH;nm'Xz;'d.vXtwD.'D;yub.0mxD.uhRtDRvX*D. 

yFg (a*: jym;)M.vDRIA 0HRtvD>cHwb. og yhReD. uJG; 

vDRw>0JtHRtrHRvXvHmtzDcd.w*hRIA*mo0Hw>zd 

w>vHR vX tvDRvlwz.tHR vhRw uhR w b. ohpDuHGm 

tDRvXxHb.IAyrh>ohpDuHGmtDRvXxHwcDM.*mo0H 

w>zdw>vHRvXtvDRqH.wz.tHRuvJR_yH_ygtg 

xD.to;'D; uJxD.ph>uD;w>uDw>cJ 'd.'d.rk> rk> 

vDRIA*m o 0Hw>zdw> vHR vX t vDR qH.b.tXwz. 

tHR'fod; yupl;uHGmtDRvX tvD>b. b.uoht*D> 

rh>ph>uD;w>rRup>trlt'gvXub.qJ;[H;M>rl'g 

qlngM.vDRI 

v>w>fwvHmfwysmfylR 

*mfo0Hw>fzdw>fvHRrh>fvDRqH.ftgtg 

e h.fyub.frRtDR'fvJ.f 

tqduwX>yub.[;qSJ;'D;rRylRzsJ;vDRy 

o;vX w>b.,d. b.bDvDRysHR vDRzk;tvD> 

yub.wJyvD>ySRrRw>zdt*Rwz.vXu 

[; qSJ; 'D;rRylRzsJ;to;vXw>vD>t0JtHR 

vXw>urRywkmuHGm*mo0HvXtvDRqH. 

'D;rRuqSDxD.uhRtDRt*D>M.yuChw>rRpXRvXySR 

vXtxD.*mo0Hw>rRvd0HR'D;ySRvXtolpJGw>zdw> 

vHR tyD;tvDwz.tHR ttd.M.vDRI 

ySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>vXqH. 

vH.u.'.'D;rRw>vXrJ;< AvX>{dRvh 

{dRw>rRvX[D.cd.zDvmwrH; 

v;vXo;wl;w>rRvD> 

whxD.bSDxD.w>rRvD>ySRoh.wz. 

tHRb.o*X>0J'.'D;qH.vH.uR'. 

*mo0HM.vDRI b.rEkRtCdvJ.M. 

qH.vH.u.'.M.rh>0J'. A("gwf)w 

uvkmvXrJ;< AvX>{dRvh{dRvXySRcl.M> 

tDRohvXvX>tylRM.vDRIAt'd=ySRrR 

w>zdvXtrRw>b.C;'D;w>&H;u 

rl.rJ;


w>< w>rRvXb. olpJGo;wl;rRzsdx;tw>rR 

oh.wz.tHRb.'dw>td.ql.td.cVwu;b. 

trJmngw>vX(qH. vH.u.'.)Silicada M.rh>0J'. 

(gwf)wuvkmvXyxH.tDRvXuvHRusgwohb.IA 

qH.vH.u.'.0JtHRyrh>eXb.tDRvXw>qXuwD> 

zk.udmtylRrh>*hReXb.tDRvXw>qXuwD>z; 

,HmtwD>ylRrh>*hRM.vXcHuwX>uuJxD.0J'.w> 

qgvXySRud; 0J'. vX qHRvHRudRph. (qDvDudkppf ) 

Silicosisyod.w> qgw uvkmM.vDRIA ySRrRw>zdw 

z.rh>[;xD.uHGmvXtw>rRylRb.q.qHRvHRuR 

(qDvDum)w>qg 0JtHR uy.Ckm'D; tDRwbd,l>CD 

'D;'fw>Ckoh.ng0Jtod;qXuwD>cJtHR'.vJmu 

oH.vXw>uulpg,gbsgtDRt*D>wtd.b.IAyrh> 

'd;M>b.qHRvHRudRph.(qDvDudkppf 

) Silicosis w> qg 

wbsDM.yub.uG>qX.rJm'D;w>td.ql.td.cV 

tw>uDw>cJ'ftrh>uogCH;cHM.yo; 

t*H>tbgupSRvDRw ,Hmb.'D; oHuHGm0J'.M.vDRI 

rh>eXb.[D.cd.url.ph>uD;uuJxD.0J'.yod.w> 

qgwu;b.trJmnguJxD.ph>uD;w>o;tH;w> 

qg 'D; y od. w> qg t *R oh0J'.M.vDRI 

rh.tltD.w>'D;w>Ch>ylRzsj;o;vXrh.tl 

vXew>zH;w>rRtylR*mo0Hw>yD;w>vDw 

z.eymtDRvXw>vD>vXtud>tvD>(rhwrh>)w>vD>vXtbl;'D;vDrh.tlph> uD; 

{gI 

n ySRud;*R'J; 'fod;uCh>[;xD.b. vX w>csX 

cVcVt*D>M. rh>usJ[;xD.td.vXvXySJRySJR vH{gI 

n 

rh>etd;xD. CmusJ[;xD. xDbdph>uD;{gI 

n vX[D.cd.'DzsX. tylRrh.tltD.w> vX pJ;zDu 

[.w>rRvD>td.0J'.tgr;';vXySRrRw>zdt*D>rh>0J 

'.w>vDRysHRvDRzk;'D;uJxD.ph>uD;w>b.,d.b. 

bD'.'d.rk>rk>wcgM.vDRIp;xD.vX(1990)'D;wkR 

vX (2000) eH. tbX.pXR vX teH. wqHtwD>ylR xJ'. 

vXuD> bh*vg'h;(&Sf)uD>tylR rh.tltD.w> vX pJ; zDu 

[.w>rRvD>tgwDRtCdydmrk.ySRrRw>zdwz.b. 

oH'.(115)*R'D;b.'db.xH;0J'.tgr;vDRI 'fyym 

zsgxD.w>*h>vXt[JuJxD.o; 

vXtzDvmtod;rh>0J'.pJ;zDu 

[.w>rRvD>vXrh.tltD.tDR'D; 

yrh>uG>uhRvXvHmw>pH.pdRwJpdR 

tylRw>*h>weDRM.w>[;*km[; 

*DRtd.'.xJwqH;w uh>M.vDRI 

EFL,D; 1911 eH.f 

e,l,D. 0h>'d.x&HR thR*JR 

pJ;zDu[. w>rRvD>vX wX;(8) 

u-xX 'D; (9) u-xX M.rh. tlp; 

xD.tltD. w>q;qhuR &SX;w>rR 



vD>tqXuwD>ySRrRw>zdydmrk. 

wz.rRw>vX pJ;zDu[.w>rR 

vD>M.td.0J'.cJvXm (500)*RM. 

vDRIAySRrRw>zdwz.'fod;uylRzsJ; 

'D;rh.tltD.w>t*D>zJvX*kmusJ; 

pX;Ch>ylRzsJ;to;orltcgrh>vX 

usJ[;xD.yJ}wDtd.0J'.xJwcg 

{dRtCdyuxH.b.vXt0Joh. 

td;xD.0J'.}wJRwM>b.M.vDRI 

*h>*D>tltCDoGgph>uD;rh>vXySRrR 

w>zdwz. w>0Hw > pdmtgwvX t 

CdvDRySDR'D; [;*DRuHGm0J'.M.vDRI 

ySRrRw>zdweDRrh>vXtysHR0JvXrh. 

tlutD.tDRtCdzkvDR0J'.vX 

wX;z;xDtzDcd.vXyJ}wDusJpXRylR 

M.vDRI vX (25)rH;eH;twD>ylRySRrR 

w>zdoH0J'.cJvXm(146)*RM.vDRI 

w>rRto;tHRySRrRw>zdydmrk.w 

z.vXtrRw>vXw>q;w>ul 

w>od;pJ;zDu[.tvD>wz.ym 

zSd.xD.to;'D;ySRrRw>zdwz.t 

w>u&Xu&dM.vDRIArh.tlw>u 

pD.vXtw*hRoh.wz.tHRySRrR 

w>zdwz.[l;*JRxD.0J'.vXu 

ChM>w>}wDqX'Do'X'ftrh>pJ;zD 

u[.w>rRvD>wz.utd.'D; 

w>bH.w>bX 'D;vX w>od.w>oD 

tylRph>uD;ySRrRw>zdwz.u'd; 

M>b.tgxD.w>rRtbl;tvJ'f 

od;ySRw0Xzdoh.wz.uoh.ng 

'D; wl>vdm 0J'.M.vDRI Ab.q.o 

emuhApJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>wz. 

rh.tltD.w>0JtHRtrJ&uR xHuD> 

'D;[D.cd.'DzsX.ySRrRw>zdwz. 

b.oHtgw>*h>tHRuJxD.to; 

td.wkRvX cJueH.tHR M.vDRI 

0h>fbDuD; 1993 eH.f 

zJ(1993)eH.twD>ylRvX 

uD>uFD.wJ.0h>bDuD;chR'Rw>rR 

w>*DRzdpJ;zDu[.tvD>rh.tl 

tD.w>tCdySRrRw>zdoH0J'. 

(188)*R'D;vXtusgM.'d;M>b. 

0J'.w>b.'db.xH;(500)*RbsJ. 

M.vDRIAw>rRto;oh.wz.tHR 

vXvHmw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRph>uD; 

b.w>ymyeD.0J'.vXrh.tltD. 

w>vXpJ;zDu[.tvD>M.rh>w> 

vXttXuwX>M.vDRI ydmrk.w*R 

vXtCh>ylRzsJ;to;vX rh.tltD. 

w>0JtHRuwJb.uhRySR'fvXtzD 

vmtod;M.vDRI 

?,R'D;,zdrk.cH*R,rRw>vXpJ;zDu[.0JtHRtvD>M. 

vDRIAzJvXrh.tltD.w>tqXuwD>w>zdw>vHRtyD;tvDwtd. 

vX, urR vDRyHmrh.tltD.w>t *D>b.IAy0J'.cJvXmyvJRCh> o 

ud; vX yJ}wDz;'d. usJpXRcd.oemuhrh>vXyJ}wDz;'d.0JtHRyxH.b. 

vXb.w>u;wH>CmtDR'D;od;M.vDRIzJM.tcgySRud;*R'J;vJR 

Ch>0J'.vX*h>*D>tlusJ[;xD.tvD>ySRweDReDRtcD.b.wd> 

b.xH;vdmto;vXw>vD>tH.uwHmuwlmtCdM.vDRIAzJM. 

tcg,zdrk.vDRCH>0J'.'D;rh>vXySRtg*RpH.,D>b.tDRtCd, 

xH.b.vX*JRxX.0J'.wM>vXRb.IA,Jph>uD;rh>vXySRtg*RqD. 

,RcsX b.q.rhrh>vX ,zd 

rk.w*R'kAoHwh>0J'.zJM.vDRIA0HRtvD>cHyChM>uhR phtD.vD;vX 

y-uX;'d;M>b.uhRtDRwz.vXpJ;zDu [.ul.yeH.ttd.M. vDRI 

At cJ tHR ,rRw>vXpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>'D;,wJb.oh. cd.vXw 

b. c; oD;vX usJ[;xD.tyJ}wDw*hRI/ 


25


w>td.o;vXb.w>ym 

zsgxD.tDRwz.tHRrh>0J'.w>vDR 

ysHRvXrh.tltD.nD'D;uJxD.w> 

uDw>cJvXtvDRb.,d.b.bD 

rh>vX 

¨ w>wymCmM>w>yD;w> 

vDvXw>urRvDRyHmrh.tlzJ*h>*D> 

tluJxD.tqXuwD> 

¨ w>xDxD.rh.tlysHRvXt 

wtd.'D; w>usX>bH.usX>bX 

¨ tDrdmxlvXtbl;'D;w>zd 

w>vHR vXrh.tltD.nD 

¨ w>zdw>vHRvXrh.tltD. 

nDwz.w>wymCmtDRvX tvD> 

tusJ 

¨ usJvXySR[;xD.uhRvDR 

'D;usJ[;xD.yJ}wDwz.w>zdw> 

vHR td.uwHmuwl; 

¨ w>eJ.usJvX*h>*D>tlusJ 

[; xD.t*D>wtd. 

¨ w>wxDxD. w>yD;w>vD 

vX t[h.yvD> rh.tltD.w>t*D> 

¨ usJ[;xD.yJ}wDz;'d.w 

z. b.w>yH;CmtDRvXoD; 

w>f}wDq>'Do'>qdymf 

rh.ftltD.fw>fv>pJ;zDu 

[.fw>frRvD>frhwrh>f 

w>ftd.fw>fqd;tvD>f 

w>}wDqX'Do'Xqdymrh. 

tltD.w>b.,d.b.bD'D; 

w>oHw>yS>M.Awvd.vXtd.'D; 

w>yD;w>vD'd.'d.rk>rk>'D; w>ul. 

b.ul.ohvX twDRywD>xDb.I 

'fod;rh.tltD.w>tw>vDRysHR u 

pSRvDRuHGmt*D>vd.0JvXySRyXqSX 

tH;xJGuG>xJGw>rRcd.'D;ySRrRw>zd 

wz.uqd;ugw>}wDqX'Do'Xqd 

Cmrh.tltD.w>tw>&J. w>usJR 

'D;ySR[H;rl'gwz.ub.rRydmxJG 

0J'frl'gvXtX.vDR0Jtod;vDRI 

rRuqJSuqSDw>fzd 

w>fvHR 'D;ymftDR 

v>tvD>fb.f 

p;cduhurl.w>u 

rSHRuHmnmtuhtcD< uD.bl 

tukcDvDzdw>vHRt*Rwz. 

vXrh.tltD.tDRnDM.yub.ym 

CmtDRvXtvD>tusJrRuqSJu 

qSDtDRxDbdI 

*mo0HtodvX rh.tltD. 

nDwz.M.AymtDRvXtylRzsJ;'D; 

w>b.,d.b.bDtvD>tg'. 

wuh>*mo0HtodM.rh.tltD. 

tDRnD'd.M>'H;w>zdw>vHRvXt*kR 

t*Rwz.M.vDRI *mo0HtodvX 

rh.tltD.tDRnDwz.tHRy}wDqX'D 

o'Xqduoht*D>Ayub.vlRrR 

ydmxJGtDR'fvXtzDvmtod;M.vDRI 

*mo0Htodwz.tHR'f 

od;rh.tltD.woht*D>xDbd'XEkm 

tDRvX w>'XylR'D; u;wH> Cm tcd. 

CH;CH;wuh>I 

ySRtd.w>qd;w>tvD>< 

usJvXySR[;xD.uhRvDRtvD>*h> 

*DRtlrh.tltD.w>tusJ[;xD.t 

usJpXRwz.wb.ymw>zdw>vHR 

eDwrHRb.I 

wb.ymbl;*mo0Ht 

,JRblblzdvXrh.tltD.tDRnD'D; 

rh. tltvD>b.I 

wb.ymbl;w>olw>pJG 

w> zdw>v HRvXtud>wz.bl;'D; 



pJ;zDu[. rhwrh> w>rRvX txk; 

xD.w>ud>'ftrh>rh.tlyh>w*hRI 

vXw>rRtylRpkEkmvDR*m 

o0Hw>zdw>vHRvXw>'XzdtylR'D; 

qd; ugtDRwuh>IArhrh>vX w>'Xz; 

'd. vXw>ym0J'.*mo0Hw>yD;w> 

vDwz.y mtDRw>vD>vX t,Hm'D; 

pJ;zDu[.tvD>'fod;rh.tltD. 

tDR okw nDw*hRt*D>M.vDRI 

pJ;zDu[.b.,d.b.bDwtd.t 

vD>Arhwrh>AzJyolpJGtDRtcg tw> 

td.o;b.vD>b.p;*hR*hRph>uD; 

{gM.xDbdyb.tH;xJGuG>xJGtDR 

vDRwH>vDRqJ;M.vDRI w>td.w> 

qd;tvD>yJ}wDcd.uv. u. (jy 

wif; ayguf ukvm;um) vD>rH< ,. 

vk;ulw>od;z.uylRrh.tl 

vD>zdw>vHRvXt[h.xD. 

w> ud>ohtvD>wz. tHR yub. 

ymCmtDRvX tylRzsJ;'D; rh.tlo. 

td.tvD>M.vDRI 

w>rRvD>vXtxk;xD. 

w>ud>o[D.< tw>zdw>vHRt 

yD;tvDvXtb.w>olpJGtDRw 

z.M.'fod;yuolb.tDR*hR*hRt 

*D>xDbdyub.tH;xJGuG>xJGtDR 

'D; rRb.uhR tDRM. vDRI 

vDrh.tlysHRvXtus.'D; 

zsdwz.w>ub.w>bSDb.'D;qD 

w vJtDRvX toDM.vDRI 

[;qSJ;w>ftDrdmfxlwuh>f 

zJ*mo0Ht,JRu 

rl.w>urSHRyD;w>vD 

rhwrh> ';o[D.< uHR&dR qhvX 

tbl;'D;y&dRyh(ef)t'Xtd.w>t 

vD>M.y wb.tDrdmxlb.I 

¨ pJ;zDu[.td.w>tvD> 

M.w>ub.}wDqX'Do'XtDRvX 

rh.tltw>b.,d.b.bDM.vDRI 

¨ 

tH;xJGuG>xJGxDbd 


¨ xDxD.w>yD;w>vDvXt 

'k;oh.ngrh.tltD.w> 

¨ uwJmuwDRCmw>yD; 

w>vDvXw>urRoHrh.tlzJ*h>*D> 

tluJxD.o;tqX uwD> 

¨ ymw>zdw>vHRud;rHR'J; 

vX vD> b.b. 

¨ uwJmuwDRCmw>[; 

xD.[;vDRusJ'D;yJ}wDusJpXRwz. 

xDbd 

¨ xDxD.Cmw>yD;w>vD 

vXtzSHb.pD.w>(rRvDRyHmrh.tl) 

¨ 

usX>bX Cm vDrh.tltysHR 

¨ xDxD.usJ[;xD.tw> 

'k; eJ.wz. 

¨ xDbdtd;xD.CmyJ}wDusJ 

pXRwb.c;wH>CmyJ}wDusJvXoD; 

eDwbsDb.I 

27


w>ftd.fuwJmfuwDRrR 

vdqde >fw>fv> h rh.ftl 

tD.fw>ft*D>f 

ySRb.rlb.'gvXtyX qSX 

pJ;zDu[.'D;ySRrRw>zdwz.vX 

pJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>tylRwwDR 

wDRvXw>wvHmwysmtylRrh.tl 

rh>tD.w>wcDyub.}wDqX'D;rR 

tDR'fvJ.M.yub.ymzSd. xD.o 

ud;yo;'D;[H;vdmoud;ypkyrh> 

td. u wJmuwDR 'D;rRvdqdympXR y 

o;vXrh.tltD.w>t*h>M.yu 

rRpXRb.ySRo;orltgzsX.vDRIArl 

'gvXw>rRup>vXttd.'D;pJ;zD 

u[.wz.ub.rR0JM.rh>'fod; 

vX tzDvmtod; M. vDRI 

w>fxDxD.fCmfw>fyD;w>f 

vDv>t[h.fyvD>frh.ftl 

zJrh.tlrh>tD.xD.w>t 

qXuwD>vXw>yD;w>vDvX 

t[h.yvD>rh.tltD.w>tu 

vk>oD.xD.0J'.'d.'d.uvJmt 

CdySRud;*R'J;oh.ng0J'.vXrh. 

tltD.w>M.vDRI ySRrRw>zdvXt 

rRw>vXpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>w 

eDReDRM.rh.tltD.w>b.q.o 

emuhrh>vXw>[h.yvD>rh. tltD. 

w>wtd.tCdwcsK;vX rh.tluJR 

uysDRxD.'D;td.'D;w>b.,d. 

b.bD'H;b.tqXuwD>wrh>vX 

rh.tltvk>tHRueXb.tDRwbsD 

CDb.IAw>[h.yvD>rh.tltD. 

w>tuvk>0JtHRu'k;oh.ngySR 

rRw>zdvXt[H;M>w>td.bSH; 

td.og'D;rHb.o;vXvD>rHcd.vX 

w>rRvD>ylRwz.'fod;ue>[l0J 

'D; u zkoHeD.xD.t*D>M. vDRI 

w>fymfCmf*h>f*D>ftl 

w>frRoHrh.ftlt'> 

us;vDR'D;'k;eJ.*h>*D>tl 

w>rRoHrh.tlt'Xtw>rReD.rR 

Cg'Xod;'D;zJvXrh.tltD.w>t 

qXuwD>yuoltDRt*D> yub. 

ymCmtDR 'fod;yxk;vDRtDRnDnD 

zduoht*D>M.vDRI t'd= zJrh.tl 

p;xD.tD.w>oDoDtcgM. w>rh> 

rRoHrh.tlvXw>rRoHrh.tlt'X 

M.vXpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>'Dw 

zsX.tylRuJxD.ph>uD;w>}wDqX'D 

o'XvXrh.tlvJRtD.w>wohvXR 

b.M.vDRIAvXw>M.tCdvX pJ; 

zDu[. w>rRvD>tylRvd.b.ph> 

uD;vXw>uod.vdrR,kRM>ySRrR 

w>zdud;*R'J;'fod;zJvXrh.tltD. 

w>tqXuwD>ub.ol0J'.*h> 

*D>tlw>rRoHrh.tl'XtHR tusdR t 

usJb.b.'fvJ. *D>M.vDRI 

w>ftd;xD.fCmf 

*h>f*DRtltusJ[;xD.f 

vXpJ;zDu[.w>rRvD> 

tylRzJvXySRrRw>zdwz.rRw>t 

qXuwD>w>ub.td;xD.Cm *h> 

*D>tlusJ[;xD.cJvXmxDbdvDRI 

w>wb.u;wH>CmtDR'D;oD;b.I 

*h>*D>tlusJ[;xD.yJ}wDusJpXRph> 

uD;'fod;uM>b.w>uyDRvXvX 

yJSRySJRt*D>w>ub.'JG.xD.Cm 

rh.tlph>uD;vDRIA'fod;ySRrRw>zd 

uoh.ngw>rRpXRqdw>yeD.t 

*D>w>ub.us;'k;eJ.vDRCm*h> 

*D>tlw>yeD.tusdRtusJoh.w 

z.M.vDRI 

w>fuwJmfuwDRCmf 

ySR[;xD.fuhRvDRtusJ 

ub.uwJRuwDRrRysD 

ymM>*h>*D>tlyJ}wDusJ[;xD.wkR 



vX ySR[;xD. uhRvDR tusJM. vDRI 

nDEk>usJvXySR[;xD.[;vDRoh. 

wz.M.tpSRuwX>ub.vJ> 

M.(1) rHxX. rhrh>pJ;zDu [. w>rR 

vD>weDRvXySRtd.tgtvD>M. usJ 

[;xD.[;vDRwz.ub.vJ> 

'd.M>'H;t0JtHRvDRI w>vXtug 

'd.uwX>M. usJvX ySR[; xD.uhR 

vDRwz.xDbdyub.uwJmu 

wDR 'D;rRysDtDR vDRI 

w>zdw>vHRvXtrh>w 

vgySRweDReDRud;0J'.vXoh.w;< 

'D;em oh.wz. wb.td.'DwH> 

Cm usJb. M.vDRI 

w>fxDxD.fCmfw>fzdw>f 

vHRv> tzSHb.fpD.fw>f 

(rRyHmfrh.ftl) 

vXw>rRvD>trJmngM. 

yub.xDxD.Cm'D;xHyDRbdvX 

tzSHb.pD.w>(xHzSH)tw>yD;w> 

vDt'd/zJvXw>wvHmwysm tylR 

urR oHuGHmrh. tlvX ttltD.w> 

t *D>M. vDRI 

w>ftd.fuwJmfuwDRrR 

vdqdo;v>uCh>fylR 

zsJ;o;'D;rh.ftl 

rh.tlrh>tD.w>vXpJ;zD 

u[.w>rRvD>rhwrh>w>td. 

w>qd;tvD>weDReDRM.yub. 

Ch>ylRzsJ;yo;qlw>csXvXtcV 

t*D>ySRud;*R'J;-uX;oh.ng0J'. 

M.vDRIAb.q.oemuh'fod;y 

u oh.ng Ch>ylRzsJ;yo;vX rh.tl 

t*D>yub.rRvdqdympXRyo; 

M. vDRIAw>rh> [JuJxD. to;vX 

rh.tltD.w>teD>uD>wcDrh>'fod; 

yurRpXR'D;}wDqX'Do'XM>b.ySR 

tg*Rttd.vXw>b.,dm'D;w> 

ysHRw>zk; wz.t*D>M.vDRI , tJ. 

'd;[h.ul.[h.z;o;vXweH.t 

wD>ylRb.C;'D;w>Ch>ylRzsJ;yo; 

vXrh.tltHRtqduwX>yub. 

rRvdqdympXRyo;tpSRuwX> 

(2)bsDM.vDRI t'd=vXpJ;zDu[. 

w>rRvD>tylRySRrRw>zdtoDrh> 

[JwkR tgxD.wcD-uX;vX w>u 

b.od.vdtDRvXuCh>ylRzsJ;t 

o; 'D; rh.tltD.w>ph>uD;M.vDRI 

w>fuG>fxJGySRv>vDrh.f 

tlo[D.fxk;tDRwz.f 

ySRvXtwl>b.vDrh.tl 

o[D.xk;tDRwz.ub.vJRrR 

uG>t w> td. ql. td.cVvXySRvX 


toh.nge>yX>w>ohohb.b. 

wz.ttd.M.vDRI 

vDrh.tlo[D.rh>xk;ySR 

wpJ;wrJG;rh>wql.b.wcDM.y 

zH;bh.wz.utd.xDCmuhR'f 

od;'D;rh.tltD.ySRtod;M.vDRI 

b.q.oemuhvDrh.tlo[D. 

xk;ySR rh>ql.wcDuvDR*m 'fod;'D; 

rh.tltD.ySR 'd.'d.rk>rk>wu;b. 

trJmngyo;pH.cV'D;yw>ogxD. 

ogvDRwz.ywkmuHGmto;oh0J 

'.M.vDRI 

=t'd/ySRrRw>zdw*R*R 

vDrh.tlo[D.rh>xk;tDRwcDAySR0J 

tHR vhRwuhR ywb.vJRxd;vJR 

zD.bl;tDRb.Irh>vXvDrh.tlo 

[D. tHR vJREkmvDRvX ySR 0JtHR teD> cd 

rd>yS>ylRtCdyrh>vJRzD.b.xd; 

b.tDRM.vDrh.tlo[D.tHRxk; 

Ckm'D;ySRoh0J'.M.vDRIAtqdu 

wX> yub.yH; wH> w>rRoHrh.tl 

trd>yS> rhwrh> pJ;zDu[.'D;vDrh. 

29


tlto[D.vXtxk;w>ohM. 

vDRI rhwrh>Axk;xD.uHGmvDrh.tl 

tcd.xd;M.vDR I At 'd= vDrh.tl 

o[D.0JtHR rRxD.wJm< yH;wH>tDR 

rhwM>b.wcDub.[H;M>oh. 

0.vXtChvXtvDR*m'H;eD.cJG 

oh.tbdrhwrh> w>ulw>od; vX 

tChxDArhwrh>Avk.w>uHmnm 

tuhtcDvXtChxD'fod;uxk; 

xD.M>uhRvDrh.tltysHRvX txk; 

w>oh.wz.M.vDRIAyrh>rR 

'ftHRwcDvhRuuhRywb. olw> 

zdw>vHRvXtb.pD.Arhwrh>Ao; 

wl;ogyhReD.to; 

wcDeub.C.uElRtDRwcDyR 

'D;[h.vk;tDR,.rh>0HRM.vJRud; 

M>tDRw>td.ql.td.cVtySRrR 

w>zdvXtoh.nge>yX>w> vDRwH> 

vDRqJ;M.wuh>I ySR0JtHR eub. 

rRuG>tDRvDRwH>vDRqJ;vXteD> 

cdrd>yS> zH;bh. vdRM. rh.tltD.tDR 

td.wtd.M.vDRI AwbsDwcD.y 

wxH.b.vXyzH;bh.tvdRvD 

rh. tlo[D.xk;ySR 'D;rh.tltD.ySR 

wz.we;0Jb.IAoemuhvX yeD> 

cdrd>yS>tylRwcDub.'d0J'.'d. 

'd. rk>rk>e; e;uvJm M.vDRI rh.tl 

tD.w>tzDcd.wz.M.usX>bX 

CmtDR'D;w>uHmn;blblzdvXt 

uqSDub.rh>w>uHmn;vXt 

Ch0HRtd.cd.wkRvXw>td.ql. 

td.cVtySRrRw>zd[JwkRwpkvDRI 

t'd=ySRvXtwl>b.vD 

rh.tlo[D.xk;tDRwz.tw> 

uogxD.uogvDRrh>td.ywkm 

uHGmArhwrh>Atw>o;pH.cVrh>td. 

ywkmuHGmto;vXtqdtcVwcD 

vd.b.ph>uD;uoH.uoDvXu 

ulqg,gbsgtDR'D;w>ub.tH; 

xGJuG>xJGtDRM.vDRI Arhwrh> b.'D; 

ySR0JtHR oHuHGm 0Joh0J'.M.vDRI 

ySRrRw>zdw*Rrh>oHzk;vX 

w>rRylRwbsDCDM. yub.rRtDR'fvJ. 

ySRrRw>zdw*Rrh>oHzk;vXtw>rRylRwcDM.< 

tqduwX>yu'k;oh.ngb.o0DylRyXRuD>tySRb. 

rlb.'g'D;yXRuD>vXtd.vX0JR'X;wz.M.vDRIAyw 

b.rR,HmrReD> yo; vX vXM.w*R wJ,dRusdm w b.< 

vXtHRw*RwJ,dRusdmwb.b.M.w*hRI zJtohM. 

'k;oh.ngvXtqdtcVwuh>I yXRuD>tySRb.rlb. 

'g w z.zJt[JwkRwbsDCDM. ySR0JtHRoHvXrEkRtCd 

vJ.M.uuJG;eD.uJG;Cg0J'.M.vDRIAySRvXtoHw 

*RtHRtvHmtw>rReD.rRCgM.tbl;twH>ub. 

[H;M>rl'g 'D; ChM> 0J'. vHmw> uGJ;eD. uJG; Cg tHR vXyXR 

uD>ySRb.rlb.'gvXtuJG;eD.uJG;Cgw>w*Rt 

td.'D;pJ;usH;[H;M>vHmw>rReD.rRCg0JtHRwuh>I 0HR 

tvD>cHySRb.rlb.'gvXtrRpXRw>rh>*hRrRu 


p>rh>*hRrh>*hRub.qSX0J'.ySRoHpd.tHRvX 

w> qg[H.vDRI 

ySRoHtHRrh>wkRvXw>qg[H.wbsDM.uoH. 

o&.ySRb.rlb.'gwz.urRuG>0J'.w>b. 

'db.xH;'D;w>ylRvD>'D;uuJG;eD.ph>uD;0J'.vXvHm 

w>rRuG>tw>uJG;eD.uJG;CgtylRM.vDRI w>rReD. 

rRCgb.C;uoH.*h>0D0HRtvD>cHvHmw>rReD.rR 

Cg0JtHR -uX;ySRoHtbl;twH>rh>*hRArd>y>rh>*hRA'Dyk>0J> 

rh>*hRub.vJRChM>0JvDRIAzJy'd;M>b.vHmtk.o; 

vXuoH.o&.ttd.0HRtvD>cHyub.qJ;vJRu 

'D;vX ySRoH'X;tvD>'fod;yu[H;M> u'D; vHmtk.o; 

toDwbh.vXw>uuk>ySRoHpd.0JtHRt*D>vDRIA w>


qg[H.ySRrRw>zdvX trRw>vX 

ySRoH'X;wz.uxk;xD.M>ySR 

vHmtk.o;vXuuk>ySRoH0JtHR 

t*D>M.vDRIAb.C;'D;w>uk> 

ySRoHvHmtk. o; tHR bl; wH>rd> y> 

wz.ub.ymCm0J'.M.vDRI 

vHmw>rReD.rRCgvXbl;wH>w 

z.ub.ymCm0Jwz.rh>0J 

(1)AyXRuD>tvHmtw>rReD.rR 

Cg b.C;ySRoHt*h>tusdR 

(2)AuoH.o&.tw>rReD.rRCg 

'D;uoH.uoDw>vXmbl.vXm pR hp &DvHmtk.o; 

(3)Aw>qg[H.ySRoH'X;tySRb.rlb.'gxk;xD.M>0J 

'.w>uk>ySRoHvHmtk.o; 

(4)AySRoHtvHmtk.o; 

ub.pJ;usH;tgxD.tpSRuwX>4pl.'D;ySRoHtbl;t 

wH>rd> y> wz. ub.ymCm0J'.vX tpkylRM.vDRI 

b.rEkRtCdvJ.M. ySRrRw>zdw*R rh>oHvX 

tw>rRtylRM. 'fw> ymzsgxD. vHmw>uJG;eD.uJG;Cg 

vXtzDcd.tod;w>rRuup>ub.[H;ymCm0J'D; 

'fw>rRup>trlt'gtod;ub.rRpXR0JtySRrRw> 

zdvXtoHuGHmw*Rt bl;tvJ'D;wb.ogyhReD.uHGm 

0J'.b.M.vDRIArl'gvXw>rRup>ub.rRpXR0JpH; 

w>M.td.0J'.vX uD>uFD.wJ.w>od.w>oDb.C; 

ySRrRw>zd*h>0DtylR'D;zd;oJp;vXySRrRw>zdwz.u 

qd;ug0J'.t*D>M.vDRI Aw>od. w>oDtw> bd; b. 

oh.ngtHRAw>rRup>rh>wrRxJG0Jb.wcDbl;wH>rh> 

*hRArd>y>rh>*hRrh>tJ.'d;wD.xD.w>rl;w>&>'D;wD. 

xD.0J'.ohM.vDRIAb.q.ub.td.'D;w>rReD. 

rRCgvHmtk.o;'ftrh> 

(1)AySRoH0JtHRtySRrRw>zdvHmtk.o;(rh)uDF. 

wJ.u pX>cd.zdvHmtk.o; 

(2)AyXRuD>tvHmtw>rReD.rRCgb.C;oHtvD> 

'D;w>[JuJxD.o; 'D;tDRt*h>tusdR tw>uJG;eD. 

(3)AuoH.o&.tvHmw>uJG;eD.(uoH.o&.vHm 

tk.o;)uoH.uoDw>vXRbl.vXRphRp&DvHmtk.o; 

(4)AvHmtk.o;vXw> uuk>ySRt*D> 

(5)Aw>rRup>td.w>vD>'D;vDwJpdeD.*H>rRup>vHmtk.o;pJ;usH;wcDM.*hR0JvDRI 

vXw>M.tCdtpSRuwX>vd.b.vHmw>rReD.rR 

Cg 'fyymzsgxD.vX tzDcd.(5) xH. tHRM.vDRI 

zJvHmfw>fuJG;eD.fuJG;Cg v>ySJR 

vHtcgyub.fqJ;rRqlng'fvJ.f 

ySR*h>0Dtw>u&Xu&d'D;w>u&Xu&dt*R 

vXtuG>xJGySRrRw>zdwz.rh>*hRAt'd=rh>qJ;usd;w 

bsDCD'D;w>u&Xu&dvXtrRw>b.C;'D;w>td. 

ql.td.cV w>rRvD>M. rh> w>vX tbsK;tzSd.td.z; 

'd.ngM.vDRIAb.rREkRtCdvJ.M.tgpktgbsDvX 

w>rRtylRw>rl;w>&>b.C;w>oHw>yS>t*h>[J 


31


td.xD.0J'.M.vDRIqJ;usd; 'D; ySRrRw>zdvX trR w> 

b.C;'D;w>td.ql.td.cVt*h>vXw>rRvD>rh>0HR 

ySRrRw>zdvXtrRw>vXw>td.ql.td.cVt0JR'X; 

wz.ub.vJRud;0J'.ySRoH0JtHRtbl;twH>trd> 

ty>qlw>}wDqX'Do'XM>ySRrRw>zdt0JR'X;A'ftrh> 

w>tk.uDRySR*h>0DcGJ;,mt0JR'X;'D;wD.xD.w>rlw> 

&>M.vDRIAw>rh>oh.rk>eHRrk>oDwcDySRb.rlb.'gvX 

trRw>vXySR*h>0DcGJ;,mwz.uud;xH.vdmto; 

'D;ySR'D;wkRvX w>*h>tHR0HR wbsD'D; ySRoHt bl;twH> t 

usgw*R*Rub.vlRCkoh.ngw>*h>tHRxDbdM. 

vDRI t'd= ySRoHtw>*h>tHRtbl;twH>ty> 

rh>wtJ.'d;wD.xD.w>rlw>&>b.wcDw>*h>t0J 

tHRu0HR0J'.zJtHRM.vDRI A w>td. ql.td.cV tySRrR 

w>zd'D;yD>&Dph>uD;uvlRpXReRw>rl;w>&>M.vDRI 

wcsK;evJRwkR vXw> td.ql.td.cVvHm tk. o;t 0JR 

' X; 'D;b.tcg< w> vX eub.vJRpdmCkmtDRwz.M. 

eub.uwJmuwDRCmtDRcJvXmM.vDRIAvHmtk. 

o;t*h>tusdRvXyuwDRCmtDRoh.wz.tHRySRrR 

w> zdvX t rRw>b.C;'D; w>td.ql. td.cVtw> 

rRwz.ub.w>uwJmuwDRM>ySRoH0JtHRtbl; 

twH> M.vDRI 

w>tk.uDRySRrRw>zd*h>0D'D; A 

w>ftk.fuDRySRrRw>fzd*h>f0D'D; 

Social security (w>ftd.fql.ftd.fchs 

vHmftk.fo;) 

w>tk.uDRySRrRw>zd*h>0D'D;(w>td.ql. 

td.cVvHmtk.o;)M.< b.w>td;xD.M>vXySRrR w> 

zdvXtrRw>vX uD>uFD. wJ.tylRcJvXmt*D>M.vDRI 

b.rEkRtCdb.w>'k;td.xD.tDRvJ.M. ySRrRw>zd 

wz.rh>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRylRrh>*hR*hR'fod; 

tzdtrgvXtd.vDRwJmwz.u'd;M>b.uhR0J'.ph 

td.vD;uoht*D>Ay'd.oh.wz.td;xD.M>0J'.vDRI 

A 

w>rReD.=ySRrRw>zdwz.rh>b.'db.xH; 

vXw>rRtylRM.t0Joh.td.'D;cJG;,mvXu'd;M> 

b.uhRphtD.vD;vDRIAw>rRup>ph>uD;vXud;eH. 

'J;twD>ylRb.vJRwD.zsgxD.M>ySRrRw>zdw>td. 

ql.td.cVvHmtk.o;'fw>ymyeD.Cm0Jtod;vDRI 

ySRrRw>zdeD.*H>td.yJSR*Rw>tcdtoJGvXub. 

[h.0Joh.wz.tHR'd;oMRxD.to;vXw>rRt 

zDcd.ph>uD;vDRI 

ySRrRw>zdw*R*Rrh>'d;M>b.w>b.'db. 

xH;vXw>rRvD>M.ub.vJR[H;M>vHmw>cdw>oJG 

vXw>rRup>ttd.td. 

ql.td.cVvHmtk.o;'D;ySRrRw>zdvHmtk.o;0HR 

ub.ChM>0J'.'fod;u'd;M>b.uhR0J'.phymuDR 

t*D>M.vDRIAw>0JtHRrh>w>*h>w>usdRvXtvD>wH> 

vDRqJ;wu;b.trJmngvXtylRuHGmweH.yxk; 

xD.vHmb.C;ySRrRw>zdtw>cJG;w>,m vHM.vDRI 


w>fv>yub.fyvD>fo;wz.f 

t'd=AySRoH0JtHRtbl;twH>w*R*Rrh>vlR 

w>rl;w>&>'D;tup>'.0Jrh>qJ;rRw>'D;w>rRup> 

'H;M.t0Jub.qdurd.'D;yvD>to;vXw>rRu 

p>0JtHRurRtXrRoDb.zk;tDRwrHRrHRohM.vDRI

t'd=ySRoH0JtHR tbl;twH> rh>wvlR w>rl;w>&X> (rh) 

w>rRup>rh>[h.uhRtDR phtD.vD; wpJ;wrJG;'D;o;rH 

xJG0JtcHwcDwvd.vlRvXRw>rlRw>&> t0JtHRb.I 

b.q.w>rRup>weDReDRvXtySRrRw>zdt*D>rRvX 

ySJR0J'.trl'gtd.'D;td.'D;w>e>yX>vXySRoHtHRtbl; 

twH>tzDcd.'fod;utd.rl'D; urRtD.rRtDcgqlng 

t*D>AuG>xJGrRpXRuhR0J'.M.td.0J'.ph>uD;M.vDRI 

b.q.w>rRup>w*R'D;w*Rtw>ymol.ymo; 

w'H;od;vdmto;b.I ySRrR w>zdvX ttDoH;'D;rlRw 

z. rh>rRw>'D;w>b.'db.xH;rh> [JuJxD.to; vX 

w>rRtylRM. ACh0J'.phtD.vD;wM>b.I 

zJvgtDul;(7)oDeHRM.rJ;(yf)tw>u&X 

u&dvXtrRpXRySRrRw>zdtb.ok;vD>ok;usJt0JR 

'X;ymzsgxD.0JvXuFD.wJ.y'd.vXtb.C;'d;w> 

td.ql.td.cVvHmtk.o; t0JRusdR wz.pH;0J'.vX 

uFD.wJ.tySRrRw>zd'D;ySRvXtrh>td.'D;upX>cd.zd 

vHmtk.o;wz.u'd;M>b.0Jw>td.ql.td.cV 

vHmtk.o;M.vDRIySRvXttd.'D;ySRrRw>zdvHmtk. 

o;wz.w>b.'db.xH;rh>[JuJxD.to;M.w> 

rRup>ub.vJRChM>0J'.phtD.v D;vXw>rRpXR 


ySRrRw>zdtw>td.ql.td.cVvHmtk.uDRo;t0JR 

'X;'D;'fw>od.w>oDw>bsXtod;w>rRup>b. 

[h.M>0J'. w>cdw>oJGvXtySRrRw>zdt*D>ud;eH.'J; 

'fod;u'd;M>b.uhRphtD.vD;t*D>'D;w>tHR'd;oMR 

xD.ph>uD;to;vXw>td.ql.td.cVvHmtk.o; 

t0JR'X;tySRrRw>zdwz.tw>o;unDR'D;t w>qd 

rd.qXwJmM>w>vXyzDcd.M.vDRI ySRvXttd.'D;ySRrR 

w>zdvHmtk.o;wz.t*D> ub.wX.yD.wX.yD'D; 

w>rRup>0HRw>rRup>'k;eJ.vDRvHmvXw>td.ql. 

td.cVvHmtk.o;t0JR'X;'fod;u[h.u'guhR0Jph 

tD.vD;t*D>M.vDRI rhrh>uD>q.weDReDRM.uwJ0J'. 

wbsDCDvXySRrRw>zdwz.wtd.'D;cJG;,mvXu'd; 

M>b.uhRphtD.vD;b.M.vDRIAb.C;'D;w>*h>w> 

*h>t0JtHR eCkoh.ng tDRoh0J'.zJw>td. ql.td.cV 

vXtylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRvD>tySRrR 

w>zdttd.rh>*hRvXytd.w>qd;w>tvD>w> 

td.ql.td.cVvHmtk.o;t0JR'X;rh>*hRohvDRIA zJ(9) 

oD(2006)eH.M. ySRrRw>zdy'd.wz. xk;xD.0J'. 

vHmw>'k;oh.ngvX ySRrRw>zdvX tigvDR to;t*D> 

vX t rh> ,dR usdm tCdeCkoh.ng w>*h>tHR oh0J'.zJ 

vHm0JtHRtylRph>uD;vDRI 

ySRrRw>zdvXt[h.vDRto;vXw>rRylRpH; 

w>M.rh>0J'.zJvXt0Joh.csK;qXuwD>'D;w>ul. 

b.ul.ohvXtd.'D;tDRM.ueDRvDRuhR0J'.vXtySR 

ursX> usg tcd.t CXR< vXtySR w0X t *D>rRvX 

tbsK;td.wz. ph>uD;urR0J'D;[h.vDR w>qXuwD> 

'ftw>qXwJm vDRym to; t od;w[H;M>0J'. tbl; 

tvJb.I urR0J'.vX w>o;td. M. vDRI 

ySRrRw>zdvXt[h. 

vDRto; 

'D;rkmo;r 

D;rkmo;rRuvDw> 

uvDw>wz. 

z. 

w>vXrJ;(yf)w>u&Xu&dtHRtd.0J'.'D;ySR 

rRw>zdvX[h.vDRto;vX qSXySRqgqlw>qg[H.< 

uwdRusdmxHM>ySRySRqgvXuDF.wJ.udsm'D;uvkm*R 

tusdm wz.zJvX ySRqgwz. vJRrRuG>to;vX w> 

qg[H.tcgwu;b.trJmngtd.ph>uD;'D;ySRrRw> 

zdvXt[h.w>oh.nge>yX>b.C;'D;w>td.ql. 

td.cV vX y ySR w0X tylRM.vDRI 


33


rJ;(yf)tySRrkmo;rRuvDw>zdwz. Aw>uwdRvX [JxD.vX to;uH>ylR 

” rh>vX ,rRb.w> vXrJ;(yf)tw>u&Xu&dtCdw>vX ,woh.ng'H;wz.M.,oh. ng b. ,JvDRIA 

rh>vX,wJb.uhRySRvXt*Rw>0JtHR,qdu 

rd.urh>vX twe>yX>0J'H; b. tCdM.vDRI rJ;(yf)tw>u&Xu&dtHR rR0J'.w>rRvX ursX>w z.to; 

o[D.uql.xD.[h.w>oh.nge>yX>b.C;vXw>td.ql.td.cVuvJRxD.vJRxD'fod;yqdurd. 

w>vXtxDuoht*D>M.vDRIw>0JtHRuJbsK;'d.r;vXySR[;rRw>zdvXtb.ok;vD>ok;usJwz.ph>uD; 

t*D> M.vDRI” AAAAAr.oR'Rw>rRM>ySRrRw>zdvHmtk.o;qg[H.w>rR wz.tHRwohzJtoh, 

rRpXR,JvDRI vXu[h.vDRw>od.vdt*D>ph>uD;,qJ;usd;ymzSd.M>ySRunDvXu[JxD.w>od.vduD;vHmuhzdvXt[h.w>oh.nge>yX>zsD.'D;w>oh.wz.tHR,wJb.tDRvDRwH>vDRqJ;< rl>rl> 

eD>eD>0HRr;,[h.vDRtDRM.vDRI rJ;(yf)tw>rRcJvXmM.,tJ.'d;qD.xJG'D;[h.*H>[h.bgvXuqJ;rRtg 

xD.cgqlnguU>uU>M.vDRIAuJbsK;vXyySRw0Xt*D>'d.r;vXyvJRwbl.b.M.yvJRbl.xD.uhR'D; 

w>vX ywJwbl.b.oh.wz.M. ywJbl. xD. uhRvDRI/ tlw,d.vXrJ;(yf)w>u&Xu&dM>oXeH.vHI'f,rh>vg[l>uvkmw*Rtod;,pH;uwdR,J 

'. vX , usdm'D; vJRph>uD;vX ,ySRw0X vg[l>td.w>vD>M., [h.vDRph>uD;w> oh.nge>yX>vX tb. C; 

'D; *H>cD.xH;w>td.ql.td.cVt*h>tusdR< Aw>qgth;(pf)'ftrh> w>qgvXt b.ulb.*m w>ohcDzsdvX w> 

rHCkmvdmo;M.vDRI rJ;(yf)tw>u&Xu&dtHR rh>w>u&Xu&dvXt[h. w> oh.nge>yX> vX ySR[;rRw>zd 

wz.tySRursX>usgwu;b.trJmngvXw>td.ql.td.cVrh>*hRzdtcJG;t,mtd.zsJ.zd 

vHmtk.o;ul.b.ul.oh< ydmrk.cJG;,m'D;w>cJG;w>,moh.wz.tHRM.rh>vXrR0J'.tCduJbsK;'d. 

r; vDRIrJ;(yf)tw>rR wz.tHR rftokw td.y wkmuHGmto;w*hRI rhrh>wcD,tJ.'d;[h.oq. xD.vXu 

qJ;rR'H;0Jcgqlng ql.ql. M. vDRI “ AAtHR'DcgySRrkmo;rRunDw>vX rJ;(yf)td.0J'.cHeH.'D;oXvgvHIA,rRw>b.C;'D;w>[h.w>oh.nge>yX> 

b.C; w>}wDqX'Do 'X w>qg (HIV/AIDS)M.vDRIw>eD>uD>wcD,o;td.vX urRw>rRt0JtHR 'D; rh> 

vX,rRb.tCdtbsK;td.vX,*D>'d.r;qX,J'D;rkmb.,RvDRIArJ;(yf) 

tw>rRM. uJbsK;vX ursX>wz.t*D> 'd.r;vDRI b.rEkRt CdvJ.M. vX ySRrRw> zdw z.t*D> w>*h>vX 

twoh.ng0Jwz.'D;w>vXub.rRxJG0J'D;w>vXub.[;qSJ;0JM.'d;M>b.0J'.w>*h>w>usdRtvX 

tySJR vDRwH> vDRqJ; M. vDRI “AAApD.uFHzdvXtwzd;oJp;wtd.


?y0J'.ySRuD>y,DRzdwz.zJvXytd.yqd;vXuD>y,DRtcgM.Aywl>b.[D.cd.zdcGJ;,mw>rRtXrRoDvX 

uD>y,DRy'd.'D;zJvXy[JwkRvXuD>uFD.wJ.u'D;M.ywl>b.w>qD.wH>rReXRvXuFD.wJ.w>rRup> 

wu;b.trJmngAb.o*X>ph>uD;'D;w>rRtXrRoDAw>rRql.rRqd;ySRrRw>zdtw>cJG;w>,mM.vDRI 

rJ;(yf) w>u&Xu&dtHR [h.w>oh. nge>yX>vX w>}wD qX 'Do'X A (HIV/AIDS)Aydmrk. tw>cJG;w>,m 

zdo.'D;w> ul.b.ul.oh< ySRrRw> zd tcJG;t ,mup>'.y0J< A0HRpHR'HR< w> &R vDRw>upD.w>oh.w z.tHR rh>w>rRwcgvX tuJbsK;0J'. 

vX uD> y,DR uvkm 'l. zdvX t [JCkzH; CkrR w>wz.t*D> M.vDRI/ AApyJR< rJqD; 

“rh>vX,rRpXRb.ySRvX,cd.,CXRtCdrh>w>o;ckvX,*D>vDRI rh>vX,rRpXRb.ySRrRw>zdvXtw> 

td.rl'fod;'D;,R'D;w>vX,oh.ngwz.,eDR[h.vDRtDRtd.'D; w>cJG;w>,m 

vX[;xD.[;vDRnD'kA,rRpXRt0Joh.uM>tgM>'H;tvD>vDRIAw>[h.w>oh.nge>yX>b.C;ySRrRw> 

zdtw>cJG;w>,m }wDqX'Do'X A(HIV/AIDS) Aw>qg< A[H.zdCDzdtw>&J.w>usJRcJG;w> 

,mcJG;w>,m< Aw>ul.b. ul.oh< Aw>&RvDR w> upD.tw>&J.w>usJR 'D;w>*h>w>usdR 

oh.wz.tHR rh>w>vX t*hRcJvXm vDRI w>&J.w> usJR oh. w z. tHR rh>vX [h.vDRo; eD>eD>tCduJb sK;0J'. 

ursX>t*D>M.vDRI “AAApJeD>< rJqD; 

“rh>vX,rRpXRb.w>vXrJ;(yf)w>rRtCdrh>w>o;ckvX,*D>'d.r;vDRIb.rEkRtCdvJ.M. w>rR vdvX 

,vJRxD.b.wz.'D; ,w>vJRcDzsdwz.M. rh>vX ,vJRwJoh.ngb.uhRySRvX ,cd.,CXRohtCdvDRI 

vXySRw0XtylR ySRvXtwoh.nge>yX>b.C; 'D;w>qg (HIV/AIDS) 'D; [H. zdCDzdweDRvX to;vD'H; tzd 

wz.t*D>ph>uD; ,eDRvDR[h.tDRvXuoH.tD.vXt}wDqX'Do'X[k;o;0HR[h.vDRph>uD;'D;ydmcGgtw>zsD. 

M.vDRI 0HRySRvXtwoh.ng'H;CJoJw>qgwz.ph>uD; rJ;(yf)tw>u&Xu&dtHRxk;xD.CmvHmwz. 

tCd,eDRvDRM> tDR vX ursX>usg ,qSXM>b.tDRwywD>b.wywD> M.vDRI w>vX ursX> woh.ng 'H; b. 

wz. zJvX oHuG>,R tcgw>vX ,oh.ngwz.M. ,wJb.tDRvX ,o&.yX>uhR t0Joh.vDRI w>vX ,wJb. t0Joh.wz.M.rh> 

vX uJbsK;0J'.vX ursX>*D>tCdX ,o; ck'd.r; M. vDRI”AAApdtD>< rJqD; 

“rh>vX,[h.vDRo;'D;rRpXRb.ySRvXycd.yCXRtCdArh>w>o;rHvX,*D>vDRIArh>vX,xD.b.w>rRvd 

vXb.C;'D;w>td.ql.td.cVtCd,'d;M>b.,Jw>oh.nge>yX>vDRI rh>vX,&hb. 'D; ySRtg*RtCdpH; 

u wdRbl.,J< A[;xD.uhRvDRbl.tCd'd;M>b.,Jw> oh. ng e>yX> ph> uD; M. vDRI /AAApR'RchR< rJqD; 

“rh>vXCrRpXRb.ySRvX ,cd.,CXRtCdrh>w>o;ckvX ,*D>vDRI w>vX ySRrRwM>wz. rRpXR M>ySR< ySR*R 

tw>vd.b.rh>vXySJRwcDM. rh>w>o;ckvX,*D>vDRI vDRqD'.w> ySRrRw>zdvX trR w>vXpJ;zDu[. 

w>rRvD>wz. t0Joh.rh>csK;qXuwD> rh>td.vX t*D>wcD,vJR [h.vDR w>oh.nge>yX> b.C;vX 

w>}wDqX'Do'XA(HIV/AIDS)Atw>&J. w>usJR< wX. yD. wX.yDCkm 'D; t0Joh.M.vDRI A0HRtvD>cH,vJReDR 


35


[h.vDR tDRvHmzdb.C; olw>zsD.t *h> wu;b. trJmng Ckm'D;vHmz;'fod;t0Joh. uz;b.0Jt*D>vDRI 

b.C;'D; w> td.ql.td.cV tw> *h>oh.wz. M. ChM> w>[h.ul.[h.z; w>rRpXRvX o&.< o&. 

rk.td. 0HR'D; rRpXRtDRM.vDRI vXursX>t*D> rh>wuJbsK;cJvXmb.q. oemuhyrh>uG>u'guhR wcDM. rh> 

w> vX tuJbsK;vDRI b.rEkRtCdvJ.M.A (HIV/AIDS)A w>qgpH;w>M. ySRud;*R'J; -uX;vX ub.oh. 

ng0JvDRIA rhrh>vXuD>y,DRtylRM. rh>vXw>u&Xu&d'ftHRwtd.b.tCdrhrh>vXuD>uDF.wJ.tylRwcD 

uJbsK;0J'd.r;vX uD>y ,DR ySRrRw>zdwz.t*D>vDRI ,eD>up> '.0Jw>*h> t0JtHRM. vX ngM. , woh. 

ngw>eDwrHRb.IA wkRvX , rR pXR b.ySRvX CXRr;,e>yX> uhRtDR M.vDRI /AAAohxd.< rJqD; 

“rh>vX,uJb.ySRrRpXR rkmo;rRunDw>zdtCdrkmb.,RvDRI o;rH,JvDRICkoh.ngb.,J ySRrRw>zdvX 

tb.ok;vD>ok;usJwz.tw>td.o;vDRI w>rRt0JtHR rh>w0HR'H;b.wcD,uqJ;rR'H;w>vDRI rJ;(yf) 

w>u&Xu&dtHRwrh>trRM>w>vXuvkm'l.zdwuvkmt*D>b.IArhrh>wcDrRpXR0J'.uvkm'l.zdud;u 

vkm'J;M.vDRI Awtd.'D;w>yJmz;eDRz;uvkm'l.zd'D;w>bl.w>bgb.IrRpXRb.ySRrRw>zdwu; b.trJm 

ngtd.ph> uD;'D; w>od.vdvXySRrRw>zdteD>up>'.0Ju bl.w>ph>uD;ySRrRw>zdvXb.ok;vD>ok;usJtCdw>uDw>cJvXySRrRw>zdb.uG>qX.rJm 

oh.wz.M.wvDRqDvdmto;b.IwbsDwcD.zJvX,vJRCkoh.ngySRrRw>zdwz.w>td.o;tcgwl> 

b.ph>uD; ySR*RpH;tXpH; oD,R vX w> *h>tuvkmuvkmM.vDRIA b.q.,wwh>p> vDR, *H>b.I/ 

pJcg(rf)qJR< 0h>uH.rJzdvXtb.ok;vD>ok;usJ 

oh.wz.t*D>ph>uD;y'd;M>b.w>u[ku,mM. 

vDRIAy'd;M>b.ph>uD;w>oh.nge>yX>b.C;'D;ySR 

rRw>zdtw>cJG;w>,mod.w>oDw>bsX'D; 

w>td.ql.td.cVt*h>M.vDRIAzJvX,[JwkRoDoD 

vXuD>uFD.wJ.tcg,xH.b.vXySRrRw>zdvXt 

b.ok; vD>ok;usJwz. b.uG>qX.rJm'D; w>uDw> 

cJtuvkmuvkmtCd,o;td.rRpXRb.,J 

ySRrRw>zdvDRIAb.q.,ub.rRpXRtDR'fvJ., 

woh.ngb.IzJvX,uJxD.b.ySRrRw>zdvX[h. 

vDRw>od.vXySRw0XursX>tusgb.C;'D;w>*h>0J 

tHRtcg,'d;M>b.w>cJG;w>,mvXw>*h>vX, 

tJ.'d;ymzsgxD.vXngwz.'D;wJb.uhR,J'., 

ySRw0Xzd'D;ursX>tCdArh>w>ol.rHo;rkmvX,*D> 

vDRIAymuzXvX,o;ohvXrkmo;'D;rRuvDvDRI , 

tJ. 'd;wJvX w>&J.w>usJR t0JtHRM. rh>td.'H; wcD,J 

ph> uD; ,utd.'D;rRw>'H;M.vDRI 

vXtcD.xH;oDoDcgM.ursX>wz.wwl> 

vm 0Jb.IAtg'.wuh>ySRvXtqD[H.qDCD0HRwz. 

M.vDRIAwbsDM.,b.o*X>'D;t0Joh.wl>vdm,R 

vXw>yH;wH>uHGm}wJRM.vDRI zJvX vJR [;vX ursX>usg 

wbsDv>v>,[h.vDRt0Joh.*H>cD.xH;w>oh.ng 

e>yX>vX b.C;'D;A (HIV/AIDS)Aw>qgvX t[JuJ 

xD.to;ohvXw>rHCkmvdmo;yod.t*h>M. 

vDRI ydmcGg w>zsD.cD.'X.A(Condom)A vXrJ;(yf)w>u& X 

u&d[h.vDRrh> *hR< AvHm[h.w>oh. nge>yX> vX rJ;(yf) 

xk;xD.rh>*hR,eDR[h.M>qlursX>ttd.vXySRw0X 

tusgM.vDRI A0HRtvD>cHb.C;'D; w>olpJGydmcGgw> 

zsD.A (Condom) AtusdRtusJ'fvJ.'D; tbsK;td.vX 

y*D>'fvJ. M. , wJe>yX>tDR vDRwH>vDRqJ;M.vDRI 



ySRrRw>zdvX rkmo;rRuvDw>wz.tw>[h.oq.xD.ursX> 

z;vHmvX tb.C;'D; w>td.ql.td.cV tgtgwuh>I AAAnHRpD.< rJqD; 

,tJ.'D;wJo;vX w>[h.w>oh.nge>yX>tw>&J.w>usJR 'ftrh> (HIV/AIDS)w>qgvX tb.ulb. 

*m w>ohvX w>rHCkmvdmo;vX tb.ulb.*mw>oh'D;vXtb.ulb.*m w> woh 'fod;yu}wDqX 

'Do'X tDR'D; yub.vlRrRydmxJGtDRM.vDRI AAApDRuFH< rJqD; 

vXvHmz;0JtHRwywD>,tJ.'d;wJb.ursX> vX w>vX yuoh.ng tDRwz.M. rh>0Jw>vX rJ;(yf) tw> 

u&Xu&dtHR rh>w>u&Xu&dvX tuJbsK;vXy0J'. eR,R wz.t*D>'D; zJvX yvJRxD.uhRvDR t cg (rhwrh>) 

y rh>xH.vHmvX b.w>xk;xD.tDRvX rJ;(yf)rh>*hR*hR yub.oh. ng vX w>u&Xu&d0JtHR 

[h.'k;oh.ng ySRw>*h> w>usdR < w>upD.vX ywoh.ng 'ftDR oh. wz. M. vDRI AAApdtDRu&Xu&dtHR'fod;okwqduwD>uGHmo;w*hRt*D>cgqlngu*X>uusXRM.yub.qD.xJGrRpXR 

oud;M.vDRI yub.[h.ul.[h.z;oud;ph>uD;vDRIw>*h>w>usdRweDRvXyrRpXRokrh>wvXxD.ySJRxD. 

b. wcDokub.e>yX> 'D;ys>yw>ur.vX yrRw>vX ySRtg *Rt*D>M. vDRI AAAp'RchR< rJqD; 

w>vX,tJ.'d;wJM.rh>'ftHR y0J'.wz.tg'.wuh>yb.o*X>'D;w>qD.wH>rReXR tuvkm uvkmvDRI 

vX w> M. t CdyeD>up> '.y0Jub.ChuhR yw>cJG;w>,m vX td.'D; ySRoh.w z.M.vDRI AApdrdtDR< rJqD; 

eD>w*Rtw>td.ql.td.cVM.rh>w>vXtug'd.vDRIAyw>td.ql.td.cVrh>td.'D;ySRM.yuySJR'D;w> 

o;zSH'D;w>vX ytJ.'d; rRtDRoh.wz. M.yrRohvDRI vX w>M.tCd,tJ.'d;vX ursX>oh.wz. uCk 

oh.ng qdurd.w>*h>vX tb.C;'D; w>td.ql.td.cV < Aw>ul. b. ul.oh< w>oh.nge>yX> 

upD.xH.vdmoud;o;'D;wJoud;w>b.C; w>od.vd'D;w>upD.t*h>tusdRoh.wz. 

M.vDRI AAAohxd.< rJqD; 

w>tug'd.vX,tJ.'d;wJb.ursX>M.rh>0JcJtHRyrh>b.[Jtd.qd;vXySRxHySRuD>b. q. oem uh'fod; 

yw>qJ;w>vR w*hRt*D> y0J'.ud;*R 'J;rfyu[HCm uhR y w> qJ;w>vR vX td.'D; 

ySR t*D>M.rh>,w>[h.oq.xD.vDRI AAApJ&SJefph.< uH.rJ< ,dR'd. 


37


ycd.yCXRw>*h>vXyMuX;oh.ng 

w>td.ql.td.chsAylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH;vXw>rRvD> 

vHmw>[h.ul.[h.z;vXySRz;vHmzdwz.t*D> 

'Dyk>0J>cJvXmoh.ok{XAvHmw>[h.ul.[h.z;tw>oHuG>zdwuhtHRAepH;qXrh>0HRAqSXxD.u'guhRqlytd. 

wuh>IAew>[h.ul.[h.z;Aw>xH.'D;w>qdurd.vXeqSXxD.wz.Ayymvk>ymyORtDR'D;Aqd;ugtDRvXw>rR*hR 

xD.yw>&J.vDRusJRvXcgqlngt*D>M.vDRI 

1IAvHmw>*h>w>usdRvXvHmwbh.tHRtylRzJvXez;Ckoh.ngtDR0HRtvD>cHvXe*D>rh>e'd;M>b.tgxD.w> 

oh.nge>yX>rEkRwz.vJ.I 

======================================================================= 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

=======================================================================I 

2IA zJvX eH.tylRuHGm'D; vgtylRuHGm twD>ylRM. w>*h>w>usdRvX tb.C;'D; w>td.ql. td. cVylRzsJ;'D; 

w>b.'db.xH;vX w>rRvD>t*h>tusdR M. rh> ez;b.tDR ph>uD;{gI t'd=erh>Ckoh. ng 'D; z;b.tDRwcD 

ymzsgxD.M>ySR vHmt0JtHR trHRM.wuh>I 

======================================================================= 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

=======================================================================I 

3)vHmwbh.tHR zJvX ez; Ckoh.ngtDR0HRtvD>cHw>*h>vDRvDRqDqDvXeo;pX>qX tDRt'd. u wX> M. 

rh>w>*h>rEkRvJ.'D;uJG;vDRb.tDRM.wuh>I 

======================================================================= 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

=======================================================================I 



4IAw>*h>w>usdR rEkRoh.wz. vX twvd.b.vX ySRrRw>zdt*D>b.vJ.I b.rEkRtCdvX wvd.b.M. 

wJzsgxD.b.wuh>I 

======================================================================= 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

5IA w>*h>w>usdR 'D;w>*DRvX ttd.vX vHmwbh.tHR tylRM. rh>tzd;rHvdmto;ph>uD;{gI 

======================================================================= 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

6IAytJ.'d;vXySRz;vHmzdwz.uymzsgxD.tw>xH.vXvHmwbh.tHRtylRCkm'D;vHmAt'd= w>*DRwz.cJ 

vXm rh>tvDRo;pX>qXph>{gI 

======================================================================= 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

7)cgqlngvHmvX yuxk;xD.tDRwz. b.C;'D;w>td.ql.td.cV ylRzsJ;'D;w>b.'db.xH; vX w>rRvD>tHR 

etJ.'d;z;oh.ngtgxD.w>*h>rEkRwz.vJ.I 

======================================================================= 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

8)vXvHmwbh.tHRtylRM. etJ.'d;[h.ul.[h.z; tgxD.w>*h>w>usdR t*kRt*R rEkRwz. vJ.I 

======================================================================= 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

======================================================================== 

'Dyk>0J>vXtz;vHmwbh.tHRA0Ho;plRpH;qXb.M>ySRw>oHuG>wz.tHR'D;qSXb.M>uhRySRzJ 

MAP Foundation 

PO.BOX 7 

Chiangmai University 

Chiangmai 50202 

Tel:/Fax 053 811202 


39

.w>xk;xD.tDRvXvg 

b.w>xk;xD.tDRcDzsd 

vged.0hbXRA2007 


P.O.Box 7 

Chiangmai University 

Chaingmai 50202 

Tel/fax: 053 811 202 

Email: 

map@mapfoundationcm.org 

Design & layout: 

MAP Media Support Unit 

POSH (CHE team) 

ySRxXzSd.w>*h>w>usdR 

Copyright MAP Foundation 2007 

b.w>pJ;usH;tDRvXuD>uFD.wJ. cDzsd Prachakorn Business co. 

146/106-7 mahidol rd. T. Tasala Chiangmai 50000 

Tel: 053 308 771-2 

Fax: 053 308 773 

Email: pprint@asia.com


For the Health and Knowledge of Ethnic Labour 

P.O Box 7, 

Chiangmai University, 

Chiangmai 50202, Thailand 

Tel/Fax 053 811 202 

Email: map@mapfoundationcm.org 

Website: www.mapfoundationcm.org 

vHmwbh.tHRb.w>eDRvDRuvDAw>wb.qg'D;yORtDRb.

POSH

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?