combinepdf

Undergraduate Research Day UMT 2018 

School of Informatics and 

Applied Mathematics


Bachelor of Computer Science 

with Maritime Informatics


Seatru Management System 

Aifa Afifah Zikri 

Supervisor: Dr Amir Bin Ngah 

Bachelor of Computer Science with Maritime Informatics 

School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics 

Sea Turtle Research Unit (SEATRU) Management System is a web-based system, which 

is developed to manage the turtle data and volunteer at SEATRU. This system has two 

modules which is volunteer management module and turtle database module. Volunteer 

programme at SEATRU involved in activities that related to turtle management at Chagar 

Hutang, Pulau Redang. In volunteer module,the volunteer need to register and booking 

the available slot. Every slot is equal to one week and each slot need ten volunteers. 

Then the volunteer need to make a payment two weeks before the programme. For 

turtle database module, SEATRU staff will record all the nesting and hatching data of 

turtle in the database. Finally the system will generate several relevant reports. This 

system will benefit the SEATRU in term of reducing the time and cost.


e-HSM: Web Based Hull Stress Monitoring System 

Chow Mun Kit 

Supervisor: Associate Prof. Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



The digital revolution is being a trend and technologies increase paperless work. 

However, there are people and industries that are still using traditional and unsystematic 

way to keep their documents with paper and files. Therefore, we developed a web-based 

system that monitors and manages the hull plates of the vessel/ship. Using this e-HMS, 

will improve the way to keep track and monitoring of the maintenance date of the hull 

plates through the digital log book. e-HMS will alert users regarding to the hull plates' 

status anywhere at any time as long they have internet connection. This will reduce the 

total cost of maintenance if the big problem can secure before the breakdown occurred. 

e-HMS include the several module or function such as vessel registration, hull 

maintenance schedule and overall reports of the vessel/ship condition.


Aquatrop Events Management 

Haw Hock Soon 

Supervisor: Dr Faizah Binti Aplop 

Bachelor of Computer Science 

School Of Informatics and Applied Mathematics 

Establishment of AQUATROP Centre at UMT is to improve the development of aquaculture 

industry by increasing production of fish, shrimp and other aqua important species 

through research and development (R&D). AQUATROP always organize many activities 

to provide opportunity to public who is interested to know or gain aquaculture knowledge. 

However, the only issue that faced by AQUATROP is the lack of promotion of activities. 

Therefore, AQUATROP event management (AEM) is developed to cater for this issue. 

Even better, this online system allows users to conveniently access to this system and 

manage their account or make booking at their own pace.


Scoobe.com Scuba Boat Transportation 

Kunalan A/L Sudhagaran 

Supervisor: Prof. Dato’ Dr. Aziz Bin Deraman 

Computer Science with Maritime Informatics 


Many beautiful islands on eastern peninsular of Malaysia are well known for its great 

scuba diving and snorkeling sites. However, divers occasionally having difficulty in finding 

available boat transportation services for scuba diving activities. Therefore, Scoobe.com 

is developed as an online booking system with the aim to help divers or other potential 

customers to find available boat services. Scoobe.com provides several services such as 

scuba training tutoring, buy & sell scuba equipments and boat booking services only 

within the state of Terengganu. The scoobe.com was developed and operated through 

web-based system. As for boat booking module, boat owners will promote their boats 

and customers can browse and book their preferable boat without making online 

payment. With the development of Scoobe.com, it will attract more divers as it is easier 

for them to find services for scuba diving activities.


Development of (Dss + R) For Forensic Investigation In Detecting Human 

Cadaver Of Clandestine Grave 

Low Mei Yeen 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noor Maizura binti Mohamad Noor 



Locating and identifying human cadaver in clandestine graves can be a very timeconsuming 

process especially when it involves a wide area. The process is further 

hampered by various factors that may be environmental as well as manmade. The current 

methods are using canines as well as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to determine the 

location of graves. However, both methods are not 100% fool proof as they involve a 

significant amount of guess-work. The system which is known as CHAVET is a method 

that calls for the testing of soil using chemicals produced from decomposition of human 

cadaver. It will have a library of data pre-installed to be compared to the data collected 

from suspected soil locations in order to give a calculated result that has taken into 

account the risk factors that will negatively affect the result. Thus, the system will be able 

to aid in forensic investigation work.


Cooking Class Management System 

Natasha Sim Ai Thing 

Supervisor: Dr. Faizah Binti Aplop 

Bachelor of Science Computer with Informatic Maritime 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Cooking Class Management System (CCM) is an online system that provides platform for 

the student, lecturer, and the kitchen lab staff to interact at any time. Despite the efforts 

of the food science student organizing program or activities to provide more skills or 

knowledge on cooking class, certain issues such as lacking of promotion of the activities 

arose. Thus, CCM is introduced to manage the cooking class activities, kitchen lab and 

apparatus booking, availability of the booking session, and at the same time cater the 

arising issues. This online system allows user to access their account and do transaction 

according to their portfolio and access level.


Tilapia Breeding Management System (Wi-Trop) 

Nik Muhammad ‘Inwan Bin Nik Adnan 

Supervisor: Dr. Suryani Binti Ismail 



Breeding is one of the field that contributes to the economic growth of our country and 

is highly profitable to the breeders. Tilapia (Oreochromis Nilotic us) is mainly the most 

favorite freshwater fish among the breeders in Malaysia because of their rapid growth, 

breed and being very "disease-resistant. Currently, the breeders need to record all the 

data into papers or books before transferring it into Microsoft Excel. Therefore, the 

purpose of the Tilapia Breeding Management System of Akuatrop (Wi-Trop) to develop a 

system that will allows management of the breeding pool by the fingertips, control the 

data loss and using paperless concept by implementing the web-based system because 

it is crucial to smoothen the management process. To achieve the purpose system above, 

Wi-Trop system using Agile as system methodology. This system can allow the livestock 

breeder to control the data loss and minimize the mistakes of records.


Scuba Diving License Management System 

Nik Kamarulzaman Bin Nik Pa 

Supervisor: Pn. Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 

Computer Science With Maritime Informatic 

School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics (PPIMG) 

Scuba Diving License Management System is an online web-based system developed for 

Pusat Sukan Dan Rekreasi Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) to manage people who 

interested to acquire a scuba diving license via variety of training available. This system 

is built to replace existing system that using manual system. User had to come over to 

the Pusat Sukan Dan Rekreasi Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) to book and fill the 

form manually if they want to register a scuba diving license. This system is develop using 

agile methodology. This is because clients can make small objective changes without 

huge amendments to the budget or schedule. The process involves breaking down each 

project into prioritized requirements, and delivering each individually within an iterative 

cycle. This system is built to control data loss from occurring as data is stored directly 

into the database and data is more secure by using this system.


Scoobe.com Scuba Tutoring Registration 

Nur Shafika Irasha Binti Sandusi 




Malaysia is well known for its great scuba and snorkeling sites. There are many islands in 

peninsular Malaysia that offer scuba diving activities to both local and international 

tourists. However, customers occasionally have difficulty in finding services for them to 

carry out the scuba diving activities. Thus, Scoobe.com is a web-based system that is 

developed as an online booking system with the aim to help potential customers to find 

scuba diving services within the state of Terengganu. Scoobe.com provides scuba tutoring 

registration service where customers will be able to register and enroll into scuba classes 

by doing online registration. Customers also will be provided with scuba diving guidelines 

to help them to understand more about courses offered. With the development of 

Scoobe.com, it will definitely help customers to carry out their scuba diving activities 

without having to face any problems.


Boat Maintenance Scheduling System of 

University Malaysia of Terengganu 

Nursuhaila binti Md Salim 

Supervisor: Puan Arifah bt Che Alhadi 



Boat Maintenance Scheduling System of UMT was developed to schedule the 

maintenance of boats that are managed by The Boats Administration and Management 

Office of UMT. The current practice, all information for maintenance scheduling was 

manually recorded or written in paper. Therefore, an online system is important to user 

for making maintenance scheduling. The main objectives of the system are to analyze, 

design and develop a scheduling maintenance system. The waterfall methodology is used 

as guideline for developing the system. So, this system will help in assisting the staffs at 

the office to schedule boat maintenance efficiently. The system is envisioned to help in 

handling, recording and retrieving the maintenance information.


TTI Boat River Cruise System 

Muhammad Khairi bin Mohamad Nassarudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Rabiei bin Mamat 



TTI Boat River Cruise System is a web based online reservation application aim to assist 

TTI River Cruise organization. The purpose of this system is to help TTI staff to manage 

their river cruise operation in term of reservation module. Current system required 

customer to come over to the service counter to make reservation. In addition, the data 

in current system is not well organized. Thus, the main objective of this application is to 

improve the reservation process as well as managing data systematically. The 

methodology used to develop this system is a waterfall methodology and this system 

used 3 tiers architecture. This system only focused to TTI staff and their customers. As a 

result, this system provided systematic database so that every transaction and request 

by the users can be managed and should control the data loss. Finally, user-friendly 

interfaces are designed so user can easily use this system.


Mangrove Management System (Mms) 

Nur Amirah bt Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr Faizah bt Aplop 



Mangrove is one of the important tropical plants that grow between land and sea. They 

form forests of salt-tolerant species and are adapted to the coastal environment. 

Destruction of mangrove may occur globally either because of global changes or human 

activities. This will cause the extinction of mangrove habitats. Sahabat Setiu is an 

organization that help in conservation of wetlands by providing services such as 

reservation for replanting mangrove. However, Sahabat Setiu basically have been using 

a manual reservation system for this purpose. Therefore Mangrove Management System 

(MMS) is developed to allow online reservation for replanting the mangrove. Even better 

this system can helps in increasing the awareness among the public about the existence 

of various species of mangrove that are found in Setiu. By having this kind of dynamic 

system, it provides a fresh start to the existing Sahabat Setiu’s facebook page which is 

very limited.


One-Stop Center for E-Lekor (E-Commerce) System 

Nurul Ashikin Bt Mohd Fazli 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Ghazali b. Sulong 



‘Keropok Lekor’ is a traditional Malay favorite fish cracker or snack originated from the 

state of Terengganu, Malaysia. Business of the snack is scattered around the state with 

hundreds of vendors ranging from small store to big factories. However, most of them 

depend on traditional way to market and sell their products due to lack of e-commerce 

exposure. Therefore, E-Lekor system was develop as a One-Stop Centre Business to 

Business (B2B) and Business to Customer (B2C) e-commerce platform using web-based 

technology. The systems provide a platform for vendors and buyers to buy and sell the 

snack. The vendors regardless throughout size and location have equal opportunity to 

market and sell their products via this platform. Agile methodology has been used to 

develop this system correspondently. In addition, this platform provides several modules 

such as vendors, buyers and admin. Thus this will make the system more efficient and 

easy to use.


Shark Classification Using Augmented Reality 

Azmin Ashraff Bin Abdul Aziz 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz K Abdul Hamid 



Sharks Classification Using Augmented Reality is an augmented reality system that focus 

on type of sharks. The problems that occur is when the students want to learn about 

shark species and body parts, they have some difficulty to find the real sharks. The 

method that have been use is Unity and Vuforia for database. So that, the solution is to 

make an application that can show the body parts of sharks. The objectives are to make 

the learning session become more fun, easier to understand and to make it more 

attractive. Extreme programming have been use to develop this application. For the 

expected result, I hope that students can make the learning session become more 

effective. As a conclusion, this application is so useful for students and people that want 

to learn about shark species.


Plant Nutrient Deficiency 

Tee Seng Siong 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin K. Abd. Hamid 



Classification of nutritional deficiencies, in a plant, is a problem for industry, since they 

do not have the knowledge to identify nutritional deficiencies neither receive technical 

assistance. The use of expertise can be time consuming because it need to take back the 

sample to laboratory for further analysis. Besides that human are prone to exhaust their 

energy thus can lead to more error in discovering the nutrient deficiency while examine 

the plant. There is no integration between the technology and individual expertise. In this 

paper, we proposed color base image analysis and segmentation to analyze and classify 

the image of plant according to deficiency classes by using image processing. This 

algorithm works by analyzing the characteristic of the plant leaf using color space. After 

the feature of interest leaf are extracted, the system will classify it according to their 

deficiency. Thus, people just need to take picture of the plant leaf using their mobile 

phone to get the relevant information.


Fisherman welfare and natural disaster in Kuala Terengganu management 

system (e-Bantuan) 

Shazwanabila Binti Arshad 

Supervisor: En. Mohammad Aizat Bin Basir 



Fisherman welfare and natural disaster in Kuala Terengganu management system (e- 

Bantuan) is a system built for fisherman, Fishermen Associations (PNK) and Fisheries 

Development Authority of Malaysia (LKIM) officers. The existing system was used 

manually by user where user needs to fill up the application forms and user does not 

know the status of the application. By using this system, users can store and update data 

online. User also can check their application status, whether the application is approved, 

in progress or denied. The methodology chosen as a guideline for developing this system 

is agile methodology. In conclusion, this system makes user easier to apply the fund 

application.


Ship Attendance System (SAS) 

Fatin Syahirah Binti Abu Talib 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz K Bin Abdul Hamid 



Attendance is very crucial to the ship company to ensure all crew adhere to the specific 

boarding timeline. Ship Attendance System (SAS) is a system which aims to register the 

attendance of the crew who board on ship. By having this system, the company will be 

able to replace paper-based traditional system. Taking attendance manually using paperbased 

system, there is a chance of missing data, prone to human error and requires for 

manpower for monitoring purposes. But, with this system, these issues are less likely to 

happen. Even better, this system is not only for taking crew’s attendance, but also allows 

the company to manage their crew’s info and profile efficiently. It can reduce the impact 

of data loss and at the same time reduce human effort.


Sistem Tempahan Rakaman MOOC (UMT) 

Khairunisa Binti Salman 

Supervisor: Prof. Dato' Dr. Aziz Bin Deraman 



Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is an online course at unlimited participation and 

open access via the web. Sistem Tempahan Rakaman MOOC (STRaM) is a computerized 

system that allows users to book recording schedules according to their time suitability. 

In the current system, all forms are recorded manually which makes tracing record seems 

difficult. Therefore, the system was developed to assist in organizing the recording 

schedule. The objectives of this system are to analyze, design and develop a recording 

scheduling system. The system will be used by UMT’s lecturers and staffs. Agile 

methodology has been used to complete the system. As a conclusion, the system allows 

lecturers from various schools in UMT to register in the system and easily book their 

schedules according to their suitability. Hence, the process of managing recording 

schedule could be made easier.


Marine Pollution Database System 

Nurul Jannah binti Ali Wafar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Muhammad Suzuri Bin Hitam 



Marine Pollution Database System is a computerized system that store all pollution related 

research information that conducted by researcher from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 

Problem faced by researchers when using manual system is data not manageable and 

possibility of overlapping data that will cause difficulties to generate report. Moreover, 

researchers face difficulties to achieve sampling schedule information and which stations 

they will conduct the research. However, this system is more focused on the research 

conducted at selected survey location. This computerized system is important because it 

helps to auto create the schedule of the sampling and store many information despite of 

manual system. The system also allows researchers to look for the reports that have been 

generated based on the information entered. Researchers also can view list of stations. 

As a conclusion, this system is developed to be more user friendly and helpful to be used 

by marine scientists.


Diesel and Petrol Subsidy Management System 

Siti NurFarahim Binti Shaharudin 

Supervisor: Puan Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 

Bachelor in Science Computer with Maritime Informatics 


The process of purchasing subsidy fuels for registered fisherman is managed by PNK to 

help the fisherman purchase the subsidy fuels which is provided by the government to 

fulfill their needs of buying fuels at cheaper prices. To make sure the subsidy given can 

be manage and allocate systematically, a web-based system which named as Sistem 

Pengurusan Diesel dan Petrol Nelayan is developed. The methodology of Waterfall System 

Development Life Cycle is used in developing the system which allows the implementation 

to follow step by step of the method. By having an E-Subsidy system, fisherman can have 

a portal which they can update their status of using the fuel while the responsible party 

will monitor their activities and make proper decision based on their monitoring. The sales 

center also can get benefit from this system which they will provide subsidy for registered 

fisherman and store their transaction to avoid fraud.


Scoobe.com Scuba Equipment Buy and Sell System 

Ooi Eng Hooi 




Malaysia is famous of it’s beautiful islands on eastern peninsular and it attract plenty of 

scuba divers every year including local divers. However, divers occasionally facing 

difficulty in buying new scuba equipment in low price or selling their equipment which 

are still usable. Therefore, Scoobe.com is a web-based system developed to help divers 

in Terengganu area to trade their scuba equipment. Scoobe.com provides a platform to 

allow divers either buy, sell their equipment in reasonable price or direct trading one 

equipment with another. Once a deal was made in the system, users will meet in real life 

and done the payment or trading face to face. Besides that, Scoobe.com also provide 

other services like scuba training tutoring and boat booking system. With the 

development of Scoobe.com, it will definitely help divers to save cost in upgrading their 

scuba equipment.


Continuous Professional Development 

Emilia Binti Aiyob 

Supervisor: Profesor Madya Dr. Noor Maizura Binti Mohamad Noor 



Continuous professional development (CPD) is a new system build for the staff of 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The aim of this system is to create a new way for 

the staff to calculate and record their trainings and assessments in the system throughout 

the year. Therefore, the staff will try to develop their professional qualities and enhance 

their skills and knowledge by improving their attendance to the programs held by UMT. 

This web-based system applies merit system to replace the existing system that being 

used by the staff. The existing system did not apply merit calculation and only show 

status and calculated time for their training and assessment manually. This system will 

record their information and calculate their merit. By developing CPD system, the staff 

can acknowledge their status and the total of merit gained.


Android Application for Ship Information Using Augmented Reality (AR) 

Muhammad Hafizuddin Bin Nazlie Leong 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin K Abd Hamid 



UMT have two well-known research vessel, which is RV Discovery and Siti Maya floating 

lab. These vessels are allocated at Duyong Island and Kenyir Lake who is far from UMT. 

In IR 4.0 era, we can use some advance technology that can visualize these assets on 

screen interactively. That technology is called Augmented Reality(AR) and we develop an 

android application using it. This can provide platform to everyone to have more 

understanding towards these vessels by reaching some information using it. By introduce 

this application, everyone enables to visit and navigate through these vessels virtually. 

Out of all this, using AR technology can attract people to learn more about one of most 

proud assets of UMT.


Aquatic Laboratory and Hatchery Equipment 

Reservation System 

Nurfariza Farhana Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir Binti Haji Wan Yussof 



The development of technology is becoming more widely used in all areas. Previously, 

the administrator in the management department of the Tropical Aquaculture Institute of 

University Malaysia Terengganu only provides the booking form that need to be filled in 

by the applicant. There are many weakness in manual system such as slow booking 

process. To solve this problem, the development of Aquatic Laboratory and Hatchery 

Equipment Reservation System is done. The system is built to simplify the booking 

process of Aquatic Laboratory and Hatchery equipment in UMT and makes the system 

more systematic. In fact, the system is also designed to have several user friendly 

features such as easy to use. The system is developed using waterfall model which have 

systematic arrangement for the construction of a system. With this system, students can 

make laboratory and equipment reservation via online and approval process is done 

directly into the system.


Sistem Penjadualan dan Penjejakan Kontena 

Nazaratul Ikhmal Mohd 

Supervisor : Puan Arifah binti Che Alhadi 

Bachelor of Computer Science with Informatics Maritime 

School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics. 

Container Scheduling and Tracking System is a computerised system that allows users to 

monitor their cargo movement. The problems of the previous system are excessive usage 

of time and cost as well as data redundancy. Thus, this system was developed to help 

users achieve optimum performance by reducing time and cost used. Furthermore, this 

system also allows users to exterminate problem related to data redundancy which help 

administrator to provide more reliable data. The objective of this system is to analyse, 

develop and test scheduling and tracking of cargo. This system will be used by forwarding 

agents and port management team to manage container transportation at Port Klang 

only. The agile methodology is applied in this project. As a conclusion, this computerised 

system allows forwarding agents to register and keep track of their cargo movement and 

provides port management team an easy solution to manage cargoes throughout the 

process.


Online Food Ordering System Using Mobile App on Cruise Ship 

Muhamad Mahyuddin Bin Ishak 

Supervisor: Mohammad Aizat Bin Basir 



Online food ordering system using mobile app on cruise ship that enable ease for the 

passenger it overcome because the disadvantages of the traditional queueing system. 

This online food ordering system using mobile app has been designed and built for 

passenger on the cruise ship. By using this system, passenger can easily make an ordered 

the food and the system provides food delivery services and passenger also can track the 

order. Waterfall methodology is used to develop this system. The food ordering using 

mobile app is the system and the result will obtain shows that order will received to the 

restaurant from the user that do an ordering while using a mobile phone. The payment 

can be made online or pay-on-delivery system. Finally, that is this system has been used 

and it is clearly proven to passenger who are onboard can ease to make food ordering 

on this cruise ship.


System for Estimating Digitate in Coral Reef Environment 

Che Wan Kamalrudin Bin Che W. Salleh @ Che Wan Semerang 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Suzuri Bin Hitam 



In current time, monitoring coral reef status and health state are done with the assist of 

image processing technique. Mostly current monitoring today are non-automated system 

and need to be done manually. The purpose of this research is to propose a new method 

for estimating digitate coral reef using image processing tool box. Therefore, the System 

for Estimating Digitate Coral in Coral Reef Environment will be used to automate the 

process of estimating digitate coral in coral reef environment. The scopes for System 

Estimating Digitate Coral Reefs (SEDCR) will be used by Institute of Oceanography and 

Environment (INOS) in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). This system will also cut 

down time taken to estimate a digitate coral distribution that is usually done with manual 

approach using System Coral Point Count with Excel extension (CPCe).


Best Fresh Fish (BFF) System 

Fatin Hazwani Mohd Sobri 




Best Fresh Fish (BFF) is a system which developed to support the market of fresh fish. 

This system provides a platform for fishmonger to advertise the fish that they sold. 

Traditionally the buyer needs to meet the suppliers themselves to buy the fish and for 

the supplier it is vice-versa. By using this system, the suppliers can promote their fresh 

fish using online approach and it will help buyer to choose different type of fish and make 

order directly from the supplier. This system is developed based on the web technologies. 

Therefore, the user can use the system anytime and anywhere as long as there is internet 

connection availability. Moreover Agile Methodology has been used where few processes 

have been done which started with planning, designing, building and testing the system. 

This system will help and increase the growth of our economies because the transaction 

can be done in 24 hours.


Berth Booking System 

Harnani bt Abdul Majid 

Supervisor: Mr. Sumazly Bin Sulaiman 


School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics (PPIMG) 

Berth Booking System (BBS) is a web-based system that specially created for Marina & 

Duyong Resort (MDR) in order to help their customers to make an online booking berth 

for vessels in an effective way. Previously all the process has done manually. The main 

objectives outlined in this study is to analyze, design and develop a system which can 

help MDR customers to make a booking and the system also handles MDR customers 

payment process. The methodology used is the agile methodology because we expected 

the direct and active involvement from the user. Thus, with this BBS the MDR customers 

can help their problem in managing berthing booking and offer more flexible ways to the 

customers.


Online Appointment Management System for School of Marine and 

Environmental Sciences 

Lily Fariza Binti Abdul Rashid 

Supervisor: Dr. Rozniza Binti Ali 



The rapid development of computer technology has enabled most management problems 

in an organization to be solved using computer-aided tools. Online Appointment 

Management System is proposed to assist lecturers and students of School of Marine and 

Environmental Sciences (PPSMS). The manual appointment system had caused a few 

complications to both lecturers and students. Some slots were being duplicated while 

some appointments were cancelled without prior notice. This will cause some difficulties 

as lecturer and students might be occupied with other things. Due to overcome the 

problem above, this proposed system consists of three modules which are appointment, 

schedule and profile. This system has able to generate reports on how many appointment 

are made in a particular time. To achieve the proposed system, waterfall methodology is 

used. The proposed system was successfully developed and has helped the PPSMS to 

have a more effective and systematic appointment management.


Web-based Coral Cover Analysis System (CCAS) 

Nabilah Naimah Binti Mohd Hussin 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuriana Binti Abu Bakar 

Bachelor Degree Science Computer with Maritime Informatics 

School of Informatics and Applied Mathemathics 

Coral is important to provide the variety of biological resource for human and also 

ecological functions for any organisms that live in the ocean. However, coral data have 

been manually collected using papers, and then data was calculated using Microsoft Excel 

to obtain the results. Therefore, Web-based Coral Cover Analysis System (CCAS) was 

developed to computerize the data collection and analysis tasks such as calculate the 

standard deviation and percentage of coral cover, then generate the reports 

automatically. In addition, this system is a web-based system that can be accessed at 

any time and everywhere as long as there is an internet connection. This system adopted 

Agile methodology because it could improve development of CCAS when user change 

their requirements over time. As a result, this system capable to assists researchers that 

involves in the coral research to do their tasks efficiently and effectively.


Billing Management System 

Nik Mohamad Zaeem Bin Nik Man 

Supervisor: Dr. Farizah Bt Yunus 



Billing management system is a system that ensure the effectiveness and accuracy of 

wholesalers at LKIM Chendering Jetty in billing that need to be handed over to their 

customers.This system helps fishermen to receive payment from sales proceeded 

accurately and can facilitate them to claim subsidized petrol or diesel from the 

government through the Malaysian Fishermen’s Association. In developing this billing 

management system, the methodology selected is the Agile method. The method used is 

suitable with the system and programmers can easily understood the method and can 

provide a quality documentation system. The system is user-friendly because it is 

developed on demands and needs derived from the user itself. As a conclusion, this 

system will definitely increase the efficiency of other existing system at the jetty and help 

fishermen to optimize their time at sea.


Classification of Foraminifera 

Normaliesa Binti Mohamad Noor 

Supervisor: Dr. Rosmayati Binti Mohemad 



Foraminifera is an organism which made up from small sediment and form a shell after a 

period of time. Foraminifera is important for guideline in searching petroleum in deep 

sea. Many websites did not give specific information and some of information can make 

confusion because there is argument where the species that been found and had been 

set their name were having different name while it was the same species because of 

some researchers cannot correctly identify the organisms. The main objective of this 

study are to design and develop Web-based Classification of Foraminifera System in order 

to classify the species. The main scopes are to identify and gather information about 

forams. Waterfall model methodology is applied which consist planning, analysis, design, 

implementation and system phase. A Web-based tool known as Classification of 

Foraminifera System used to classify the forams and deliver the info about it has been 

successfully develop.


Scuba Booking Management System at University Malaysia Terengganu 

Nur Aina Fatihah Binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Noraida Binti Haji Ali 



The society has been dramatically changed with the evolution of technology and online 

computerizing system has been used. Previously, the administrator in the management 

department of the scuba at University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) only provides the 

booking form that needs to be filled in and many probabilities would be happen. There 

are many weaknesses from the use of this manual system such as overlapping booking. 

To solve this problem, a study was conducted to build a Scuba Booking Management 

System at UMT. This system is built to simplify the booking and make more systematic 

and it also designed to have several user friendly features such as easy to use. The 

system is developed using waterfall model. This model has a systematic arrangement for 

the construction to this system. As a result, students can make equipment booking via 

online and approval system is done directly into the system.


Sistem Pemantauan Simulasi Pelajar 

(SPSP) 

Nur Faten Ezzaty Binti Alias 

Supervisor : Puan Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 

Bachelor of Computer Science with Maritime Informatic 


Universiti Malaysia Terengganu has offered many programmes and one of them is GS68 

by which the students have to use full mission simulation to enhance students’ ability 

practically. However, the process of evaluating the course has been conducted manually. 

This can possibly cause a loss of record. While having to wait for the instructor to finish 

with the evaluations, the lecturers and students also have difficulty to access the 

performance evaluation. Therefore, the Sistem Pemantauan Simulasi Pelatih (SPSP) is 

needed as platform for instructor, lecturers and students to perform the evaluation and 

access the performance results more effectively with the application of agile methodology 

in this project. Additionally, SPSP will assist instructors to be more transparent in 

evaluating students’ performance. SPSP also provides students with instant access to the 

evaluation results efficiently at anytime and anywhere.


e-FroX:Frozen Seafood Ordering System 

Nur Shuhada Binti Ahmad Badri 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



e-FroX is one of the platform in online business especially for seafood frozen that operates 

around the Kuala Terengganu. e-FroX is developed to improved buying process compared 

to previous system. The previous system uses manual ways because it need the 

customers to buy seafood at the market so it will wasted time and energy. In addition, it 

also offers delivery services to the customer’s home with perfectly frozen and provides 

packed ready for their freezer. This application also provides a place for fisherman to sell 

directly to the customer via this platform to advertising and offers. Furthermore, this 

application consists of several modules such as admin, seller and buyers. So, by using 

this application it will improved client service through greater flexibility.


PC-INOS Management and Monitoring System 

Nurliyana Binti Mohd Kamal 




Starza is the company that supplies computer to UMT. This company has been using a 

manual computer renting services to UMT. However, this manual system has many 

limitations. It requires more man power and resources and very time consuming to ensure 

smooth renting transaction between UMT and Starza. Therefore, the PC-INOS Monitoring 

and Management System (PCMMS) is developed to cater all these limitations. This online 

system only allows INOS staff to book and rent computer from Starza at their own pace. 

It is a secured system and offers access up to 24 hours 7 days a week. By having this 

system, indirectly it will create awareness and promote paperless environment.


Fishing Boat Recognition System 

Nur Iezat Hakimi Bin Osman 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir Bt Haji Wan Yussof 



Terengganu State Fisheries Office has conducted several licensing activities, among them 

are renewal of licenses, penalties and cancellation of licenses. The first problem is the 

difficulty to control the fishermen that do not park their boats on a registered base. 

Secondly, the fishermen also do not comply with some of the regulations in regards of 

licensing activities. The problem can be saved by a mechanism for the organization to 

check the owner of boat if they park at the wrong base through the system and gives 

penalties. While the boat owners allowed to have a licensing activity via online system. 

The adopted methodology for this project is the Rational Unified Process (RUP) model as 

this model is capable to understand the system development. There are four phases 

included in this model which are establishment, decomposition, construction and 

transitions. As a result, the licensing and penalties activity can be implemented 

successfully.


Web-Based Boat Service and Activities Management System 

Sharifah Munirah Binti Syed Muhamad 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuriana Bt. Abu Bakar 


School of Maritime Informatic and Applied Mathematic 

Boat services are getting high demand in the tourism industry. However, there are several 

obstacles faced by the boat service management and customers that used the services 

since the management and booking process was done manually. Accordingly, a Webbased 

Boat Service and Activities Management System (BSAMS) was developed to 

computerize the boat service management and booking process at Pulau Kapas, 

Terengganu. By using BSAMS, management staffs could record the booking 

automatically, customers enable to find out available day and date to make a booking 

and enjoy any offers without need to go to office counter. The adopted methodology for 

this project is the Rational Unified Process (RUP) model as this model is capable to 

understand how the system works. There are four phases in this model which are 

establishment, decomposition, construction and transitions. As a results, management 

and booking boat activities can be done systematically and efficiently by using BSAMS.


Coral Identification Application (Android) 

Muhamad Syamil Haiqal Bin Kamaruzzaman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 


School of Informatics and Mathematics 

In current time, in order to identify corals, divers have to bring a Coral Finder book in 

order to identify a coral. Identification provides information on current genus population. 

Therefore, the Coral Identification Application is an app that is important in helping 

researcher to identify type of coral in matters of Genus Names, Key Features, Colony and 

Corallites in this region. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop an Androidbased 

Identification System in order to facilitate and simplify the identification process. 

This system also cut down time taken to identify a coral that is usually done manually. 

The methodology used in this research is agile method. Coral Identification Application 

has successfully been developed an android based system for current researchers.


Sistem Tempahan Tiket Feri 

Mohammad Afif Bin Hassan 

Supervisor: Dr.Masita@Masila Binti Abdul Jalil 



The Ferry Ticketing System is a web-based application that is developed with a specific 

aim to assist Sejahtera Ferry Services Sdn Bhd with an online ticketing system. The Ferry 

Ticketing System serves as an all in one system which deals with most of the aspects of 

online ticket booking. For the current ticket purchase process, passengers will have to 

buy it at the official ferry counter at the jetty. Therefore, an online booking must be 

developed to facilitate passengers in ticket purchases. To meet the needs of users, this 

system can track and inform the user that the ferry is full. The methodology used to 

develop this system is a waterfall methodology. This system only focuses on passengers 

of Sejahtera Ferry Services Sdn Bhd. In addition, this system is built to reduce data loss 

from occurring as data was stored directly into the database.


Tailor System 

Anis Binti Azizan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mohd Pouzi Bin Hamzah 



The tailor shop is now a popular choice when people began to find clothes fit to their 

size. Due to that, the management and ordering system at the tailor shop is much 

needed. With this system, staff not only can update and record customer details but also 

can handle customer orders more organized. Even though there are some existing system 

for tailoring but the requirement for every system are difference regarding to the policies 

and the services provided by the shop. This system been developed using the agile 

methodology. Agile method is the capacity to create and reply to trade so that you can 

achieve an uncertain and turbulent surroundings. This is because the system needs to be 

improved from the user over time. In conclusion, this system is specially designed for 

tailor shop to manage their customer details and handle customer orders more organized.


Sistem Pengurusan Hatcheri Akuatrop 

Mohd Nadzrul Adzizi Bin Adnan 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya. Dr. Noraida Binti Haji Ali 



In post-industrial revolution 4.0, the rapid development of industry and technology 

happens that allows us to interact with all devices available around us. Although the paper 

usage can be reduced as the use of online media is an option but there are still used a 

paper for recording Hatcheri Akuatrop's data and management information. Sistem 

Pengurusan Hatcheri Akuatrop is a web-based system that developed to facilitate the 

management and processes carried out in Hatcheri Akuatrop Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT). The methodology used to develop this system is a waterfall 

methodology. This system focuses the use only for the UMT’s citizens and the staff of the 

Hatcheri Akuatrop. In addition, this system is built to manage the process of user 

information, aquaculture life and damage complaints. Thus, can control data loss from 

occurring as data was stored directly into the database and data security also more secure 

by using this system.


Squid Jigging Reservation System 

Mohd Shafiq bin A.Razak 

Supervisor: Dr Rozniza binti Ali 



Squid Jigging Reservation System is online reservation system aims to replace the current 

manual practice in keeping record of reservation information of Squid Jigging Reservation 

System. Currently, customer has to come over to boat owner to make the reservation 

indeed. To overcome the problem as described the reservation system is purposed. The 

purpose system will provide the information security, preventing the data loss and to 

make the reservation more efficient. To achieve the purpose system above, the waterfall 

methodology and 3 tier architecture are designed to develop the purpose system. As a 

result, this purpose system will provide to develop to control the data loss and to minimize 

the mistakes as well.


Simulation Room Management System 

Muhammad Danish Izzat Bin Azman 

Supervisor: Mrs. Arifah Binti Che Alhadi 



Simulation Room Management System was developed to help users to make reservation 

and manage a schedule for simulation room. The problems is redundant schedule 

between class and student own reservation. The solution is to develop a system that 

manages reservation and schedule. The objectives are to analysis, design and develop a 

system. Simulation Room Management System is a web-based system that focuses on 

management at Simulation Room in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Waterfall 

Model is chosen as a guideline to develop this system which consists of Analysis, Design, 

Implementation, Integration and Construction. As a conclusion, this system is easy for 

users to make a reservation and checking for the availability of simulation room. The 

admin also can easily handle or manage the schedule of simulation room.


Buoyancy Aid (BA) Management System for University Malaysia 

Terengganu Sport Center 

Nadiatul Najihah Binti Mohd Nazri 

Supervisor: Puan Arifah Binti Che Alhadi 



Buoyancy Aid (BA) management system for University Malaysia Terengganu Sport Centre 

is a system used to manage the informations of BA, suppliers and users. The current 

practise, all the information was recorded manually or written on papers and it’s also 

difficult for user to check the availability and status of the BA. Therefore, this system will 

save and record the data in the database. So it’s easy for users to search and retrieve 

the data in future. The objectives of this systems are identifying and analyzing the need 

of the system, designing, develop and test the system. This system only focus on BA 

management system in UMT sports centre. The methodology that being used in 

developing this system is Agile Method. In conclusion, this system has the features that 

can resolve most of the problems and help speed up all the process and help staff monitor 

the records more efficiently.


The Water Activities Reservation System 

Nuratika Binti Ingkat 

Supervisor: En. Sumazly bin Sulaiman 



At present, bookings of water activities at Persatuan Kanu Terengganu are handled by 

paper-based reservation. Currently the customer need to go to the counter physically to 

make reservation for activities, which is brings some difficulties for them. It is crucial for 

organization to improve the reservation process by establishing an effective web-based 

system and at the same time increases the income of the business organization. The 

online water activities reservation system (OWARS) offer many benefits, include allowing 

all the customer to book water activities equipment, view their reservation, make 

cancellation and online payment. The staff are allowed to do all of these operations, on 

behalf of any member, as well as additional features such as reviewing the popular water 

activities among tourists, retrieve the customers’ information and re-check the booked 

sessions so that they can get more accurate data about business operation.


Sea Freight Management System 

Syafiqah Binti Mat Saad 

Supervisor: Dr. Rosmayati Binti Mohemad 

Bachelor of Computer Science & Maritime Informatics 


Sea freight is a service of delivery goods by sea using a vessel. It involves tedious 

processes with multiple phases of delivery and track and trace. There is some sea freight 

management for requesting delivery goods need to be done by phone call or fax. The 

main objectives of this study are to design and develop a Web-based Sea Freight 

Management System in order to facilitate and speed up the delivery processes. The main 

scope of this study is container ship delivery goods from port to port. This system is 

primarily used by container shipping companies and public. The waterfall methodology is 

applied in this research which consists of planning, analysis, design, implementation and 

system phase. A Web-based tool known as Sea Freight Management System for 

systematically managing the process of delivering goods has been successfully developed.


Sistem Permohonan Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Tentera Laut (TLDM) 

Abdul Muhaimin bin Abdul Halim 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Hafhizah Abd Rahim 

Bachelor Degree of Computer Science with Maritime Informatics 


In the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0, business processes are being automated in order 

to simplify the daily tasks including government management services. This includes the 

management services for promotion of Royal Malaysian Navy (TLDM) officers. The 

application is developed to assess navy officer if they qualify for the new or higher position 

in the department. In this application, there are four (4) modules, namely update officer 

information, manage training, manage exam, and apply for the promotion. The 

methodology for this project is waterfall model and three-tier architecture. As the system 

is a web-based system, it uses JSP and servlet as the web application services. This 

system simplifies the old procedures for the officers to apply job promotion. As a 

conclusion, this system reduces the complexity of the management of TLDM department 

and provides guidelines for the officers to follow the correct procedure for better position 

in the department.


Sistem Diagnosis Ikan Hiasan 

(S-DiasIH) 

Nurul Ain Azwa Binti Che Kang 

Supervisor: Puan Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 



Diagnosis is a mechanism used for identification of an illness or other problem by 

examining the symptoms. The symptoms will be choosing by observing the appearance 

and the behavior of the fish. The current diagnosis process usually conducts by 

researchers. Therefore, a proper diagnosis record does not exist and it implicates the 

difficulties for the breeders to diagnose all the fishes’ symptoms. Therefore, Sistem 

Diagnosis Ikan Hiasan (S-DiasIH) will be develop to store all information related to the 

diagnosis of the disease. The main objective of this study is to develop web-based system 

in order to identify the disease of ornamental fish. In addition, S-DiasIH will be a platform 

to provide opportunities for researchers to share the findings with public and could be 

some help to prevent the disease.


Shrimp Farming Management System 

(SPPU) 

Wan Mohamad Afnan Bin Wan Abdul Malik 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir Binti Hj. Wan Yussof 



Shrimp Farming Management System (SPPU) is a system that focuses on systematic 

and complete information management that was developed for Akuatrop Sdn. Bhd. 

which is a company that breeds and sells shrimps as their main business operation. The 

system is developed to provide a comprehensive and systematic information 

management to assist in generating company’s report for future convenience which is 

being done using the manual filing system in current time. It also simplifies the problem 

in storing the business data using the manual way such as customer information for the 

use of Akuatrop Sdn. Bhd.’s staff. By implementing the agile methodology, user and 

system requirements need to be studied and analyzed. Next, based on the user’s needs 

that are obtained through user requirements, the SPPU will be design. Lastly, the 

system will be developed based on the design that has been completed. As a result, the 

system will be used by the staffs of Akuatrop Sdn. Bhd. to facilitate the company’s 

business operation particularly in managing the customer and company’s information.


Fish e-Market 

Muhammad Luqman Bin Mohd Saat 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ghazali Bin Sulong 

Bachelor Degree of Computer Science with Maritime Informatics 


Fish e-Market is an online system that provides a platform for fisherman as fishmongers 

and household customers as buyers to do seafood business transaction among them at 

any time. Basically, this system is introduced and developed to help fisherman in Kuala 

Terengganu area to sell their fresh fish to potential buyers or customers without using 

middle man services. Eliminating middle man offers many advantages for both fisherman 

and customers including effective money management, and could gain beneficial 

information from both sides that can be used for future transaction. Besides that, the 

flexibility features offered by this system will pave the way to progressive business 

expansion. For now, there are 20 different kind of fishes being registered in the system 

and the stock is updated on daily basis.


Jetty and Supply Reservation System 

Mohd Ilman Nabil bin M.Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr. Suryani binti Ismail 



LKIM, Chendering’s jetty is one of the Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia branches and 

well known. Normally the jetty is a main target for fishermen to anchor their boats in the 

area around Kuala Terengganu. According to the officers of LKIM, Chendering the jetty 

is also used by C3-class vessels and records of the reservations is recorded poorly and 

communication between them is hard. The objective of The Jetty and Supply Reservation 

System for LKIM, Chendering is to develop a web based system that can store these 

reservations and establish communication with the jetty authorities. Waterfall 

methodology is used for the development of this system. The Jetty and Supply 

Reservation System for LKIM, Chendering has been developed to facilitate the 

communication between both parties and to record reservations. The result obtained 

shows the reservation made are well-organized and communication is well established.


Cloud-Based Online Ticket for Passenger Boat 

Farah Nurfareeza binti Mat Ealimi 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr Mohd Pouzi bin Hamzah 



Buying a ticket is often a difficult and extremely time-consuming task that required us to 

queue at the ticket counter. Much unfortunate if the ticket of the time schedule that we 

want is sold out. In order to solve these problems, developing a Cloud-Based Online 

Ticket for Passenger Boat system would be really helpful in time-reducing and also 

energy-consuming. The system development of this project presents the analysis, design 

and implementation plan of a computerized system of a passenger boat’s ticket counter 

operation and management. The system has been designed to cover the function of 

online ticket payment and passenger’s registration. The software tool used is a PC-based 

software running on Microsoft Windows 7 (2009). The programming development tool is 

JSP, which is used to develop the user interface. On the back-end, MySQL is used as a 

database tool for storing data and its definition.


Fish & Artemia Management System at UMT’s Breeding Lab 

Noorshazwani bt Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir bt Haji Wan Yussof 



A management system is a set of activities used by an organization to ensure it can fulfill 

all the tasks required to achieve its objectives. A failure to manage a particular record will 

give a big impact towards an organization. A file-based system will make it difficult for 

the workers to do some checking on the record as well as to correct the record. Hence it 

is important to have a computerized system to manage the data especially when it comes 

to a number of users. A Fish and Artemia Management System for the Breeding Lab in 

UMT is a web-based system that will help the lab staffs, the lecturers and the students 

of PPSPA to record the fish and food usage, fish application as well as to manage the 

suppliers and stocks for the lab. The methodology that was being implemented in the 

system’s development is the waterfall model.


Bachelor Degree of Computer 

Science 

(Software Engineering)


Online Printing Service System 

Tan Jin Khai 

Supervisor: Dr. Masita @Masila Binti Abdul Jalil 

Bachelor Degree of Computer Science (Software Engineering) 


The modern printing industry has evolved throughout the years. Printing shops are 

becoming the usual place users go to get their printing jobs done. However, this process 

still remains manual, time consuming and inconvenient. It was realized that the main 

issues faced by printing shops are the manual price quoted by the printing shop owner, 

long waiting time for the printing process to complete or they have to collect the printed 

products by themselves. Therefore, Online Printing Service System (OPSS) is developed 

to solve these issues. Even better, this system allows users to conveniently access and 

manage their accounts or have their printings delivered to them.


Let’s Count! 

Yap Jia Hui 




Rapid advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) gives major 

impacts to human in many aspects. One of the most affected areas is the educational 

system as the way of how students learn keeps on evolving in line with progressive 

development of ICT. Let’s Count! is an android based educational application system to 

help primary school students to learn basic arithmetic operations. This application was 

designed and developed using Android studio, while SQLite database application is used 

for managing the data storage. Let’s Count! is developed in a form of an android-based 

game to attract primary school students to learn, think, and play at the same time. It is 

an effort to encourage this group of students to experience more enjoyable way of 

learning mathematics.


Image Steganography using Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion with 

Huffman Coding 

Siti Nur Amalina Binti Azahari 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Ghazali Bin Sulong 

Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Engineering) 


Steganography is an art of hiding information within information in such a way that no 

one know the content of secret message except sender and recipient. Steganography 

always mistaken as the cryptography because both techniques used as mean to protect 

the information from malicious people. The difference between this two techniques are 

cryptography encrypt the contents of a secret message from unauthorized users, while 

steganography conceals the existence of the message. In this research, image 

steganography is being focused. There are a lots of methods that have been proposed 

before this far. Hence, image steganography using Least Significant Bit (LSB) insertion 

with Huffman Coding is presented in this research. This study focuses on capacity aspect 

only whereas security is beyond of this study. The process involves compressing the 

secret message, then embed it into the least bits of cover image in selected pixels and 

finally created stego-image.


Acropora Branching Coral Reef Estimating System 

Ahmad Muhaimin bin Md Japar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Suzuri bin Hitam 



There are over 149 species described as acropora branching coral. Monitoring of coral 

reef is important because coral reefs offer important ecosystem services for fisheries, 

tourism and other socio-economic sectors. Image processing is one of many methods 

that use for estimation. It can manipulated or perform some operations through an image. 

Some useful information from the image will be extracted or in order to get an enhanced 

image. The image will be imported via image acquisition tools. The features from image 

such as Hue Saturation Value (HSV) will be use to undergo Canny Edge Detection and 

Blob analysis. The image processing will analyzing and manipulating the image. The 

output in which result can be altered image or report that based on the image analysis.


Seriwali Jewellery Management System 

Fathimah Kamilah Binti Nik Marazi @ Nik Zulkifli 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Hafhizah Binti Abdul Rahim 



In the modern world, computers are important to help us in our daily life. This includes 

the business system where computerized system does help much in business 

management. In this project, jewellery management system is developed to ease the 

management of Seriwali shop. This system contains five modules which are user account 

registration, wishlist, appointment, product management and report generation modules. 

There are three main actors for the system, namely customer, staff, and manager. Each 

actor can access certain modules according to their roles. In order to develop this system, 

this follows agile model and three-tier system architecture. As the Seriwali Jewellery 

Management System is a web-based system, it uses JSP and servlet as the web 

application services. In a conclusion, the use of this system will ease the manager and 

staff of the shop to manage the sales to be more systematic and organized.


e-Train: Web Based Training Application System (Conferences) 

Mohamad Faiz Bin Mohd Sabri 

Supervisor: Associate Professor Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



Today, all lecturers and staffs are compulsory to attend any conferences as a training 

module for Key Performance Index at least once in two years’ time supported by 

Department of Registrar. They must apply using the standard or manual form and 

supporting by head of department or school and approve by the committee members. By 

using this approach, normally at least 1 month to get the approval form the committee 

members. e-Train was developed to overcome this problem for reducing the processing 

time for the approval. By using this web based application, users can apply whatever time 

at any ware as simple easy thru the internet facilities. e-Train included the registration 

and application module, approval life cycle module and reporting module. Users access 

control list was provide to administrator, approval and users. This application were reduce 

the processing time and approval can be done as soon as possible.


Home Cleaning Service Center (Cuci-Cuci Services) 

Nurul Aqilah Binti Ruslan 

Supervisor: Dr Rabiei Bin Mamat 



In the edge of industrial revolution 4.0, many services depend on computers and Internet. 

Home Cleaning Service Center (Cuci-cuci Services) is a service that also uses computers 

and Internet to connect service providers with customers. Usually, customers for cleaning 

service provider come from the neighborhood surrounding only. In addition, home 

cleaning service providers should always be aware of any calls or orders from customers 

who need their services. Therefore, the main objectives highlighted in this study are to 

develop a Cuci-cuci Services System to speed up and facilitate the process of homecleaning 

service booking. The methodology used in this study is waterfall model and using 

Java programming language with MySQL database. A Cuci-cuci Services System has been 

successfully developed to facilitate customers to get home cleaning services and to ensure 

that the booking process is more systematic. Upon testing, service providers and 

customers show acceptance toward this system.


Graphic Designer Management System 

(Grafique Wall) 

Ahmad Fadzilah Rafiq Bin Mohammad Faisal 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Noraida Binti Haji Ali 



Grafique Wall, is a web-based, graphic designers management system which serves as a 

platform for clients and the graphic designers to fulfil their task within the realm of graphic 

design. The problem faced by graphic designers, especially new ones, are not having a 

platform for them to show their worth, while the clients does not have a place to seek 

them. The objective of Grafique Wall system is to provide a job-seeking platform for both 

users, at the same time enhancing designers profile. The main focus of this system will 

be on graphic designers and their client, developed using waterfall methodology. Grafique 

Wall will act as the middle-man for job offers between the clients and the community of 

graphic designers. With the system graphic designers can also up-market themselves by 

showcasing their previously done designs and artwork, as well as, selling it to other 

designers.


Image Steganography Using Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion Technique 

with Caesar Cipher Cryptography 

Fatinah Najibah Binti Ahmad Shukri 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr Ghazali Bin Sulong 



In the global networked world, there is a phenomenal growth in data transfer and sharing. 

Security plays a vital role in transmitting the private data over the communication medium 

which tends to be open and insecure. Hence, in order to transfer the data securely to the 

destination without any modifications, there are many approaches like cryptography and 

steganography. This research deals with a combination of cryptography and 

steganography techniques - Caesar Cipher and Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion 

Technique. The formal is used to shuffle the secret message, while the letter is used to 

embed the encoded message into the cover image. By so doing it can protect the message 

from malicious attacks. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by 

standard measurements, PSNR and NCC values.


Question System 

Mirza Syahmi Bin Mohd Hasni 


Bachelor in Computer Science (Software Engineering) 


Massive Online Open Source (MOOC) are common in our world today. QS is a MOOC 

system which only focus on question storage and quiz generator. In other word, QS can 

help lecturers to store questions data and preparing the quiz based on the store question. 

Currently, lecturers need to rewrite the question even though the question already exist 

in the past year questions. In addition, lecturers cannot monitor the progress of the 

student by question type. QS is developed using Agile Methodology whereas its develop 

according to exact time and performance of the system. As a result , QS did not only 

acting as a question storage but also as a place where student can test their knowledge 

in the subject matter while their progress is monitored by the lecturer.


Fish Augmented Reality 

Mohamad Ali Imran Bin Mohamad Arshad 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Mustafa Bin Man 



As the world move on the fast pace due to rapid advancement of information and 

communication technology. Many Augmented Reality (AR) projects rely on specific or 

customized hardware, and the mechanisms that correlate data added by technology with 

the real world are often technically complex. Mostly, people did not know about AR. 

Children bored to study from book only. Develop, Fish Augmented Reality(FAR).This will 

show fish model in Augmented Reality based on based on book that will be make with 

full of information about fish. It will be implemented on mobile devices, and the 

application can be used by all user includes in education process by teacher and student. 

It will make learning process become simple and fun. This Program will be using marker, 

unity and vuforia.


Online Hardware Reservation and Delivery System 

Mohamad Arif Bin Rahmat 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Muhammad Suzuri Bin Hitam 



Online Hardware Reservation and Delivery is an e-commerce system for a hardware shop. 

This system can be used by all hardware shop but currently it scope only cover for the 

Hardware Mana Lagi shop situated at Taman Maidam, Kuala Terengganu. The system is 

develop based on the problem faced by the vendor and customer. The main problem is 

the shop is situated at a non-strategic location as it is hardly to find. This problem cause 

customer to waste time to search for the shop. Besides, customer need to come to the 

shop to purchase item which might be not available. This also cause the customer to 

waste time to go to another shop to find the item they need. The main purpose of this 

system is to ease the transaction process between customer and vendor by making a 

virtual platform for buying hardware product from the shop. Thus, by developing this 

system, all these problem can be solved.


Meal’s Finder 

Muhamad Firdaus bin Shaharudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Masita @ Masila Binti Abd. Jalil 



This system is a hybrid of mobile and web application that focuses on searching for local 

meals with accurate information of the restaurants and their menu. Although there are 

many related application available, most of them unable to provide accurate information. 

Therefore, the Meal’s Finder is designed to provide a simple solution in managing each 

of the information that exist in the system and all the registered restaurants will be 

automatically pinpointed to their own locations for easy navigation. The system will also 

compare each of the menu available in every aspect. The purpose of this system is to 

help people in finding their preferred meals nearby and also connects everyone through 

foods. With a better and easier interface design, Meal’s Finder will give the satisfaction 

for every user when using the application. Any future improvements of the system will 

be based on user’s opinion and recent trends.


Cloud-Based Kindergarten Management System 

Muhamed Syahmi Bin Mohd Abdul Rahim 

Prof Madya Dr Mohd Pauzi Bin Hamzah 



Kindergarten Management System is a method to help the teacher and manager of 

kindergarten in handling students’ information. This task usually difficult and extremely 

required more time and human effort. During managing students, the teacher must be 

aware of many limitations there are to be dealt with. By using this system, they will be 

assisted in managing students’ information efficiently and it will save more time as it has 

provided with optimal constraints satisfaction to ease the task. The Cloud-Based 

Kindergarten Management System for kindergarten is developed based on the 

management structure in the local kindergarten. The system implements a solution that 

best fit the management solution. Results from the system testing show that the 

objectives of the system have been successfully achieved. Additionally, possible future 

works to improve the usability of the system are also identified and discussed.


Dieyta’s Pizza Online Ordering and Management System 

Muhammad Hafiz Bin Abd. Azis 

Supervisor: Arifah Binti Che Al Hadi 



Dieyta’s Pizza Online Ordering and Management System is a system that enable 

customers to place order through online system. The current practice, all the customer 

orders was recorded manually or in written paper. Therefore, the online system was 

developed to handle the purchase or ordering process. The main objectives of this project 

is to analysis, design and develop online ordering system. This Dieyta’s customer was 

restricted to the Kuala Nerus area only. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology 

is used as a guideline to develop the system which consists of four phases that is 

Inception, Elaboration, Construction and Transition. As a conclusion, this system was 

easily for managing or monitoring the customer orders. The reports of sales or stocks can 

be generated easily for daily, monthly and annually.


e-FoodRunner: Web-based Application for Food Order and Delivery Service 

Muhammad Hishamuddin Bin Khider 

Supervisor: Associative Prof. Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



The issue of people tends to neglect to take a meal is a serious matter especially people 

that busy with their works. This matter become worse if they have to que for a long time. 

Furthermore, people who don’t have transport like first year university’s student that have 

to go to food stalls, and restaurant by walking. This will make them to skip meals just 

want to do their assignment and activities. Therefore, e-FoodRunner being develop to aid 

this people as an agent for ordering and delivery services for food. The application of the 

e-FoodRunner consists of Registration Account, Account Management, Ordering Meals, 

Meals Management, and Generating Reports. By using this e-FoodRunner, users or people 

could focus on their tasks or activities without forget to take meals.


myRunner 

Nur Afiqah binti Rusli 

Supervisor: Sir Sumazly bin Sulaiman 



The rate of technological advancement is increasing with time. The emergence of the 

Internet quickly revolutionized the traditional errand services and online services is 

becoming very common. An errand service is a business which acts the role of a personal 

assistant running errands for people who either do not have the time or transport to do 

the errand. Students of University Malaysia of Terengganu (UMT) might not own any 

transport or may have a very busy time schedules. As a result, there are students who 

would kindly pay for someone to do errand services. Therefore, myRunner is introduced 

as an alternative to help fulfill the need of these students. With myRunner, students can 

request a runner to help with their errand through online. Besides, for those students 

who might need extra money, they can register to become a runner. Thus, this system 

gives an advantages to both customer and runner.


Sistem Tempahan Makanan (FoodEasy) 

Nurul Farhana Binti Mohd Zamzam 

Supervisor: En. Sumazly Bin Sulaiman 



Food Ordering System (FoodEasy) is online or web-based system that to facilitate 

customers to buy food.The most crucial part of this kind of transaction is the time 

constraint. Caused by the busyness of the individual to make a task at a certain time so 

willing to not go out to buy meals at the cafeteria due to distance are too far. Additionally, 

students feel wasted to wait for food during peak hour. Not only that, there are some 

students who do not have transportation, which causes difficulties in purchasing food. 

Therefore, Food Ordering System (FoodEasy) is introduced alternative to help fulfill the 

need of these students and UMT’s staff. Using FoodEasy, all ordering related transactions 

is done through online at anytime and anywhere as long as there is Internet connection. 

The advantage of having this online reservation system is beneficial for both customer 

and cafeteria.


Furniture Stock Management System 

Nurul Solihah Binti Zulkfli 




One of the crucial transaction of a furniture store is to track stocks and supplies on daily 

basis. It requires exhaustive continuous manual monitoring to ensure every transaction 

is being recorded. Furniture Stock Management System(FSMS) is developed for store 

users to manage furniture’s stock inventory systematically. This system offers many 

advantages in terms of maintaining the right balance of stock, managing product and 

staff details, and accounts for stock reporting. Using FSMS, all transaction related to stock 

and product management can be done through online anytime and anywhere as long as 

there is Internet connection. Even better, the system is designed and developed to allow 

access in any electronic gadget such as mobile phone, tablet or phablet.


Athlete Scheduling System 

Aisyah Shamira binti Baharuddin 




Most students are juggling between in-class tasks and sports activities at school. Proper 

scheduling ensures the important activities and tasks are covered at appropriate times. 

Athletes Scheduling System (ASYS) is a web-based scheduling system developed for 

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kijal to help manage students who involved in sports 

activities. This online system is introduced due to many ongoing issues caused by existing 

manual system. The aims are to help smoothen the scheduling processes, manage 

athletes’ activity effectively and efficiently, and at the same time promote paperless 

environment. The advantage of having this online scheduling system is manifold. It is a 

very flexible system and accessible from anywhere at any time. ASYS not only will benefit 

both athletes and trainers, but also the school as a whole.


Web-Based Lorry Reservation and Rental System (LRRS) 

Abdul Zariq Arif Bin Abd Rashid 

Supervisor: Dr Zuriana Binti Abu Bakar 



Lorry is one of the important vehicles for transferring the goods. Unfortunately, formerly, 

the lorry company managed the lorry reservation and rental manually and the customers 

make a booking via phone call. Therefore, a Web-based Lorry Reservation and Rental 

System (LRRS) was developed to replace the manual system. The LRRS aims to help the 

lorry company to manage lorry reservation and rental services and facilitate customers to 

book and rent lorry via online. Moreover, LRRS enable the lorry drivers to easily access 

and review their duties schedules. The Waterfall model has been adopted as a 

development methodology in order to develop this system. This methodology has been 

selected because it supports the system development process by completing the specific 

phases from early until final stage of the development. Finally, this system enables 

customers, the lorry company and drivers carry out their tasks in a systematic and 

efficient way.


Tudung Online Store 

Muhammad Akmal Hafizin Bin Jusoh 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 



Tudung Online Store (TOS) is a system developed to provide the customers and sellers 

easiness in purchasing and selling tudung by using online transaction. The system can be 

used by customer and seller that registered through the website by providing certain 

credentials. Currently customers need to purchase them manually at the store which were 

time and cost consuming, while sellers need to display their product at opening of their 

stores daily and manually writes purchased product which also time consuming. 

Therefore, TOS has been developed to overcome these problems by providing simple 

interface for users and automatically record order in transaction. The Waterfall Model 

approach was adopted as development methodology. Taken together, this system helps 

the customers in purchasing processes and helps sellers to manage their product and 

sales. Customer can purchase the products and sellers can track their sales online. Thus, 

the system is easy to use and systematic.


Augmented Reality Tour for Underwater and Marine Park 

Muhammad Hisham Bin Hamid 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin K Abdul Hamid 



AR applications enrich the physical world around us with additional useful virtual 

information and accessibility. As in Malaysia tourism there is no ICT advancement such 

as Augmented Reality (AR) that been Incorporated into the tourism activities. The 

purpose of the Augmented Reality Tour for Underwater and Marine Park is to enhance 

local tourist technology. The scope of this research is to focus and implement Vuforia AR 

SDK features in Unity software into the mobile-based application that can provide a real 

virtual experience to the users by using only compatible smart phones. Users is allowed 

to experience the virtual 3D environment in the marine exhibition park and available to 

see real life underwater by the marks in the exhibition park. In conclusion, as our 

expectation, it will create interest either to local or outsider tourists for them to experience 

and appreciate local marine reserve as one of the most beautiful underwater.


Home Tuition Management System 

Nurbazeida binti Basiron 

Supervisor: Dr Masita @ Masila binti Abdul Jalil 



Private or home tutoring lessons are currently in great demand. However, parents are 

facing difficulties in finding the right tutors for their children that meet their desired 

criteria. Home Tuition Management System (HTMS) are intended to help parents or 

student to search and book for their favorite tutors while tutors can promote their 

services. HTMS is a web-based system that will provide a tuition management system for 

the end users which include the parents, students and the tutors. The methodology that 

are being used in this system is agile software development model. With this system, 

parents or students can easily book for their preferred tutor while the tutors can 

promoting their talents. To conclude, HTMS will provides a one stop center for all home 

tutoring needs and purposes that will make user’s life more convenient.


Web-based and Android Anime Product Management System 

Tan Jin Yun 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuriana Binti Abu Bakar 



Electronic commerce is a platform that is related to purchase and sell goods or services 

over the electronic network, primarily the internet. Previously, all the process such as 

order product, manage orders, manage product, calculation, inventory replenishment and 

report generating were used manual method that greatly increased the mistakes in terms 

of human errors. Thus, Web-based and Android Anime Product Management System 

(WAAP-MS) was developed in order to solve the problems that related to the manual 

method. WAAP-MS enable to computerize all the manual process and could automatically 

display the products visually. This system adopted the Rational Unified Process (RUP) 

methodology. This system was developed on a web-based and Android platforms, in 

which, users can access the system at any time at anywhere as long as it has an internet 

connection. As a result, WAAP-MS could assist Anime Potato Company to do their daily 

task effectively and efficiently.


Medicine Identifying Application 

Shamsul Amri Bin Mohd Kamal 

Supervisor: Dr Farizah Binti Yunus 

Bachelor of Science Computer (Software Engineering) 


Nowadays, Augmented Reality (AR) system is a newly emerging technology and can be 

applied in various aspects including medication world. AR will facilitate users to identify 

information about medicine by develops the application. The development of this 

application is important to solve the problem that facing by pharmacy’s student with their 

learning, pharmaceutics with the wrong medicines and the patient with allergic issue and 

medication schedule handling problem. Therefore, “Medicine Identifying Application” is 

proposed to achieve user’s target and give benefits to them. Next, the agile methodology 

had been choosing due to its ability that can make the changes to the application at any 

phase. The finding of this application is helping the users to manage their medication 

schedule wisely and identify the information of medicine easily. To conclude, the objective 

for this application had been achieved and the result for identifying and managing the 

medicine is successful.


Bakery Management System 

Shifaa Akhtar Binti Mohd Fauzi 

Supervisor: Pn. Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 



In Double UD Enterprise, the process of placing orders had been conducted manually by 

writing it in a book. It needs to be referred every time the owners need to and this might 

lead to confusion. Orders might be misunderstood because of the handwriting and there 

might be redundant orders. Owners were also facing difficulties in advertising baked 

goods because there were only small number of customers whom would noticed it. 

Therefore, Bakery Management System (BMS) has been developed to assist the owners 

in conducting the process of managing orders. In order for BMS to be developed, agile 

approach has been used as methodology. By having computerized system, owners could 

performed the process systematically where orders are stored in database. The website 

could advertised the baked goods, making sure it is noticeable for everyone.


Information System of Butterfly e-Mariposa 

Siti Mazlina Bt Abdul Wahid 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



e-Mariposa is a system used to manage the butterfly information and provide access to 

butterfly watchers to help them record sightings. In Malaysia, a proper web based system 

does not exist in providing specific information about butterflies and there is no platform 

for the watchers to record their sightings. By developing e-Mariposa, users will find it 

easier to find any information regarding butterflies. The agile methodology is used in 

developing this system. In conclusion, this system has the features that can ease users 

in finding information about butterflies.


Grey-Scale Image Watermarking Using Least significant Bits (LSB) Insertion 

and Canny Edge Detection 

Siti Nurul Fasihah Binti Asseri 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Ghazali Sulong 



The growth of internet had change the form of image which is analogue image to digital 

image. Copyright infringement of digital images has become a major concern amongst 

netizens. One of the solutions is digital watermarking -process of embedding a piece of 

code in a digital image in order to provide copyright information. It is quite challenging 

to achieve both the desirable robustness and imperceptibility in Digital Watermarking. In 

this research greyscale Image Watermarking using least significant bits (LSB) and canny 

edge detection is used. The experimental results revealed that the PSNR and NCC values 

were more than 30db and 0.6, respectively, which considered achieved both 

imperceptibility and robustness.


Development of SUKIM Management System Based On Web (EZSUKIM) 

Nabil Syahmi Bin Jumani 

Supervisor: Dato’ Dr. Aziz Bin Deraman 



SUKIM is one of programs under patronage of Informatic Maritime and Applied 

Mathematics club, COMTECH to showcase students’ skills and provide a great exposure 

for students to pursuit their passion in sports. However, since SUKIM has been managed 

manually by committees, they have spent a lot of time to complete processes involved 

especially during match day which has lowered committees’ productivity and diminished 

quality of the program itself. Hence, in this project, all requirements have been gathered 

to develop a user friendly and interactive web-based SUKIM management system called 

EZSUKIM to ensure all processes are well-organized in utmost performance and enhance 

users’ comprehension. Java Web was chosen to be a core technology in this project and 

supported by Oracle Glassfish web server and Apache Derby database server. All the test 

and results were shown based on real data sources provided by COMTECH.


Web Based E-Commerce System For Air Conditioner 

(WBECS-AC) 

Lee Yi Hong 

Supervisor: Dr. Farizah Yunus 



Web-based applications become an important element in humans’ life since the Third 

Industry Revolution. Now, most of the business cannot be expanded without using webbased 

system. In Kuala Nerus Terengganu, there are still many shops that are operating 

manually. The client of this project sells air conditioner and its related parts using manual 

system. Problems found from the client when using manual system are constricted access 

to business data, human errors, and limited customers. Therefore, Web Based E- 

Commerce System For Air Conditioner (WBECS-AC) is proposed to solve these problems. 

The methodology used for this system is agile method because of its flexibility to adjust 

the requirements with client. WBECS-AC is expected to help those air conditioner retail 

shops in terms of providing a focusing and user-friendly online platform for selling their 

products.


One-Stop Centre eCommerce System for Secondhand Goods 

(eSG) 

Lau Wei Tong 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ghazali B Sulong 



The number of secondhand markets have exploded due to the interest of the consumers 

towards the secondhand goods. However, the buyers have to spend their quality time to 

pay a visit in different shops to search for their interests. Hence, One-Stop Centre 

eCommerce System for Secondhand Goods (eSG) was developed as a web based B2B 

and B2C e-commerce system for secondhand goods which focused on the secondhand 

sport shoes for men. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology was applied for 

the overall project plan. By using eSG, the vendors can market and sell their products 

through the platform. In addition, the buyers can purchase the secondhand sport shoes 

by accessing only one (1) system instead of visiting all the bundle shops. In a nutshell, 

the buyers are able to find the suitable sport shoes by entering the measurements of 

their foot using eSG as fitting size is very critical.


Hostel Management System for Daily School 

(SPASMH) 

Sallihah Binti Mat Jusoh 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir Hj Wan Yussof 


School of Informatic and Applied Mathematics 

The Student Affairs of SMK Kubang Bemban, is responsible for managing the dormitory 

for students in SMK Kubang Bemban. The existing system used by the hostel 

management is not fully computerized and there are some drawbacks. There are three 

(3) main weakness of the current system identified: i) data is not well managed, ii) unfair 

result, iii) waste of time and manpower. Hostel Management System for Daily School 

(SPASMH) is developed to solve the problems related to the hostel management process. 

Waterfall Methodology is used in the development of this system. For system 

development, Java technology is used and the information is stored in the MySQL 

database. SPASMH system has the following characteristics: a student profile registration, 

hostel application and allocation, payment of fees, damage complaint and generating 

reports. The resulting system will simplify the management of hostel and to make the 

hostel management to be more efficient and systematic.


Okane (Students Advertisements Portal) - Transport Service 

Ahmad Wafiy Syukri Bin Nasoha 

Supervisor: Prof Dato Dr Aziz Bin Deraman 

Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Engineer) 


Online business had ease a lot of people and it is now one of the most effective business 

method available. In order to help students especially student of University Malaysia 

Terengganu developing their business, Okane Student Advertisements Portal are been 

developed. Student sometimes looking for new and used items, services or perhaps 

simply find a way to advertise their personal business, for the purpose Okane provide 

online advertising facilities to find advertisements of their interest or advertising their 

business. In transportations services module of Okane, transportation service provider 

can provide their services in the portal. Potential customer can browse the portal to find 

the services that suits the best. The advertisements will equipped with essentials details 

to ease the customers to directly connect to services provider for further enquiry or to 

hire the services. As a conclusion, Okane portal provide a simple way for students 

advertise and find transport services.


E-Muslimah 

Abdul Hazique Bin Zainul Abidin 




As the world moves on the fast pace due to rapid advancement of information and 

communication technology (ICT), e-commerce is no longer novelty but becoming 

business necessity. With the availability of mobile technology, business transaction is no 

longer requires for physical store or outlet. Even better the transaction can be done 

anytime and anywhere as long as there is internet connection. E-Muslimah is a webbased 

system that provides an alternative to Muslim women to buy Muslim’s compliance 

clothes via Internet. It is not just a simple online shopping platform, but instead it 

provides shopping experience flexibility to potential customers. Customer is allowed to 

shop and customize their items, where they can choose color and set any size according 

to their preferences. This system gives an advantage for both customer and company.


UMT-SummonApps: A Mobile-based Application for Checking Valid and 

Invalid Motorists in UMT Car Park Area via Car Plate and Color Recognition 

Muhamad Amirul Syafi bin Masuri 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir binti Hj Wan Yussof 



A parking lot, also known as a car lot, is a cleared area that is intended for parking 

vehicles. In UMT where cars are the dominant mode of transportation, parking lots are a 

feature of UMT area. A parking violation in UMT area is a traffic crime, resulting in fines. 

The parking lots are green, yellow, white and disable person sign. All motorists can park 

their car on white parking lots whereas yellow and green are dedicated for staffs and 

students, respectively. Current practice in UMT uses sticker to differentiate car owner 

either staff or student. Enforcement by UMT Security Unit often fails to implement 

effectively to ensure all motorists park their car on a valid parking lot. Therefore, this 

mobile app is developed to help UMT Security Officer controls a traffic crime by checking 

the owner of the car using automated car plate and parking lot color recognition.


Web Based UMT Staff Training System (E-Latihan) 

Atikah Bt Rosman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr.Noor Maizura Bt Mohamad Noor 


School of Information and Applied Mathematics 

UMT staff training system was develop for the use of relevant officers to access staff 

training data at University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The system aims to enhance the 

existing system capability in UMT so that staff training data can be managed more easily. 

The availability of e-Training system has a lack of genetic courses not all displayed, 

reports cannot be changed into Microsoft Excel and no full staff information who have 

attended the training course. The objectives are to review the system, designing the e- 

training staff system and developing a more attractive and user-friendly e-training 

system. Waterfall model was chosen as a guideline for developing the system. As a 

conclusion, the system will help the staff to easily manage works, saving energy, saving 

time and reducing the use of space for the purpose of storing staff training information 

files. The report also will easily generate by daily, monthly or annually.


E-Café 

AZRI ZUL FITRI B AB RAUB 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nural Jawahir Binti Hj Wan Yusof 



E-commerce is no longer novelty but becoming business necessity, with the availability 

of mobile technology, business transaction can be done much faster. People can shop 

more, order food and services .Thus, a new web-based system is developed which is 

called E-Café to provide an alternative to people which do not want to waste time waiting 

in queue or late order services by ordering via internet. It is not a simple café ordering 

platform but instead it provides booking cuisine or table .It is also a platform for café to 

promote their café business .The scope of the system is only for café within Kuala 

Terengganu. This system uses agile method because of it medium size system and 

changes need to be done in development instead of planning. The result of this project 

will help people to spend less time for queuing and ordering food.


Dapo Pata Apps: A Mobile Based Application for Food Ordering System 

Farah Haziqah Binti Rosli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



In this modern era mobile is becoming as one of the important need of human. Everything 

can be an application and be in the mobile. This application deals with a few problems at 

Dapo Pata in which customer need to go to walk around all stall to view the menu, 

possibility of losing the order and waiting too long for the order. Herein presented Dapo 

Pata Apps, the Dapo Pata system designed exclusively to cater this customer, seller and 

Dapo Pata management. Further, Dapo Pata Apps provides several features such as 

customer can view menu from stalls at Dapo Pata, customize their order and tracking 

their order progress. By using this Dapo Pata Apps, customer can enjoy their food at 

home, order is in order of time and do not worry about losing of order.


Implementing the Web-Based System for Drop Shipping 

Farzana Aqeela binti Latif 




Drop shipping is widely implemented in the e-commerce industry. Dropship is a person 

who does not own any products or keep any goods in stock. Instead, they only transfer 

customer’s order and shipment details to the manufacturer. However, most of the 

manufacturer are still using social media to communicate with their dropships or agents. 

It is a tedious process for the manufacturer to record all the order into Microsoft Excel 

and also to keep track of their inventory. The objective of the Dropship Management is 

to develop a system that can facilitate the processes and ordering by implementing a 

web-based system. Waterfall methodology is used for the development of this system. 

A Dropship Management system has been developed to facilitate the communication 

between both parties and to minimize ordering mistakes. The result obtained shows that 

the order received are well-organized and the communication between both parties are 

well-preserved.


Food Order Web System 

Muhammad Ashraf Bin Shafie 

Supervisor: Dr. Amir Bin Ngah 



Food Order System is developed to help customers order foods online. This system 

contains three modules which are customer module, owner module and runner module. 

In customer module, customer can order foods from registered shops. In owner module, 

owner can retrieve, update and delete the customer and food order details. In runner 

module, runner will send the foods to customers and collect the payment. Lastly, this 

system will benefit the customers to order foods from any registered shop easily.


Student Attendance System Using Barcode Scanner 

Muhammad Faez Bin Sukri 

Supervisor: Dr. Rozniza Binti Ali 



Student attendance system is a system to assist lecturer by recording and monitoring of 

a class attendance. Since, UMT already has their own attendance system, existing system 

requires lecturers to manually record their students’ attendance, as a solution the project 

system will record students’ attendance the instant as their matric card scanned by 

barcode scanner. Furthermore, the system should be able to label students based on 

their status of attendance for example present, absent, or late. The system also should 

be able to display list of students’ information to lecturers. Lastly, every students’ 

attendance will be calculated to detect low attendance students and send them warning 

letter automatically. In the nutshell, the benefit of this system is that it will greatly reduce 

the time consuming of taking attendance and also reduce the work load for lecturers.


JN Motor Store Management System 

Muhammad Hafizuddin Mohd Yusof 

Supervisor: Dr. Rosmayati Mohemad 



JN Motor Store is a shop that sells motorcycles and its spare part which currently works 

manually. The lack of computerized process in managing stock, purchased details and 

staff information contribute to the loss of document, hence the processes became 

tedious. Thus, the main objectives of this project are to design and develop a web-based 

system for JN Motor Store management system. Agile methodology is used in this project 

which consists of problem findings, gathering the requirement, analyzing the 

requirement, design and develop the system based on the user requirement. The result 

from this project enable the buyer to survey motorcycle, check purchasing status and 

make appointment while the staff of the store can manage the stock, make report and 

check their salary.


UMT Web-Based Non-Academic Staff Talent Profile Information System 

(myTalent) 

Nik Siti Nur Hajar Binti Mat Riffin 




My Talent is a web based talent profile information system for the UMT’s non-academic 

staff. It is to support the clients to identify the staff that have a potential to be candidates 

for the higher position based on their performances. Currently, the system does not exist 

making it difficult for the clients to see the records of the staff. The objective is to store 

all the talent’s information and process the talent’s score of each staff. Generally, the 

system focused on non-academic UMT’s staff grade 48 and above and it is developed for 

the usage by staff under talent department of UMT. This is being develop using agile 

methodology. The result of the system is to produce a more systematic and computerized 

talent profile information storage system and can automatically generate the score of the 

UMT staff performances to be nominate as candidates for higher position in UMT.


Sistem Pengurusan Kertas Kerja Pusat Pengajian Informatik & Matematik 

Gunaan (PPIMG) 

Nor Salwanie Binti Che Ab Rahman 

Supervisor: Sir Mohammad Aizat Bin Basir 


School of Informatics & Applied Mathematics. 

Paperwork management system for the School of Informatics & Mathematics applied is 

built for lecturers that will be used in the system. The problem in the current system is 

does not have specific platform, user will be sent the paperwork manually and the 

status of the paperwork will be sent through personal email that might scrambled with 

important email. The system allowing lecturers to send their paperwork into the system 

and the lecturers can check the status of the paperwork through the system which is 

more convenient, whether in process, approve, need more details or not approve. The 

methodology used is agile method. In a conclusion, by using paperwork management 

system lecturers can easily send the paperwork and easily check the status of the 

paperwork through the system.


Farmer Post-Harvest Management System 

Nur Aisyah Binti Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 



Farmer Post-Harvest Management System is a web-based system for farmers and 

wholesalers to manage the sale and purchase of crops. Referring to the existing system, 

the system is implemented manually and there is no database to store the relevant 

information in the process of buying and selling. The main objective of the system is to 

develop a web-based Farmer's Post-Harvest Management System to facilitate the sale 

and purchase of crop products among farmers and wholesalers. In addition, the 

methodology used is a waterfall model which helps developers plan and provide the 

necessary preparation for expected results. This methodology cycle is broken down into 

several phases such as system requirements analysis phase, system design phase, 

implementation phase, system testing phase, and maintenance phase. The outcome of 

this study is to develop a systematic and user-friendly web-based system for farmers and 

wholesalers.


Little Caliph Registration System 

Nur Aliah Binti Ab Jalil 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Noraida Binti Hj Ali 



Information and communication technologies (ICTs) systems now dominate our everyday 

lives. Currently, registration at the Little Caliph Kindergarten was done manually. All data 

has been stored in the file, which can cause data redundancy and loss of data. Parents 

also need to go to kindergarten to register their children, which can cause in waste of 

time and money. The objectives of this system can help facilitate parents’ affairs and help 

kindergartens in managing registration. This system was developed specifically for all 

branches of Little Caliph Kindergarten. The research methodology used in system 

development is based on a waterfall model. Thus, this system is built to replace the 

manual system used by the Little Caliph Kindergarten. With this system, registration can 

be made online and all data can be saved in the database. Little Caliph System also, helps 

parents to register their children online which can save their time and money.


Cosmetic Shop Management System 

Nur Syuhada Bt Zulkefli 

Supervisor: Arifah Binti Che AlHadi 



Cosmetic Shop Management System was developed to enable staff manage their daily 

business. All information was recorded manually or written on paper. It is difficult for staff 

to check the current stock and to manage the supplier information. So, this system was 

developed for managing the records of suppliers and stocks which is the information was 

saved in the database. This system is only use by the Kedai Lubuk Kecantikan dan 

Kesihatan Utara in Alor Setar and all the staff. The objective is to analysis, design and 

develop the management system of cosmetic shop. Agile Methodology was chosen as a 

guideline for developing the system. As a conclusion, the system will help the staff to 

easily manage the supplier and monitoring stock. The report also will easily generate by 

annually, monthly or daily.


Motorcycle Shipping System 

Nurbatrisyia Binti Nasri 




With the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), online 

business transaction is becoming very common. Whilst the most crucial part of this kind 

of transaction is the delivery service. Regardless of the size of the items that need to be 

delivered, anything is possible nowadays. In UMT, personal transportation is very 

important since the university is located far away from public transportations facilities. 

Most of the students here use motorcycle to commute. Students who their hometowns 

are far away from UMT normally would prefer to ship their motorcycle. Therefore, 

Motorcycle Shipping System (MSS), a web-based shipping delivery system is introduced 

as an alternative to help fulfill the need of these students. Using MSS, all shipping related 

transactions can be done in a very convenient and flexible way through Internet. The 

advantage of having this online delivery system is manifold for both customer and the 

company.


Home Rental Management System 

Nurul Farhana binti Anar Piah 




Home rental management is a profitable process if implemented properly. In particular, 

for a landlord who wanted to do business via doing home rental. An effective 

communication between landlord and tenant are very important yet difficult to improve, 

especially if it is about the problems faced by the tenants. Therefore, the Home Rental 

Management System in the management of rented houses should depend on the 

cooperation between both parties to have a successful business. Accordingly, the main 

objective outlined in this study is to develop a web-based Home Rental Management 

System to speed up business and facilitate tenants. The methodology of the study was 

waterfall model. A Web-Based Rental Management System has been successfully 

developed to provide the convenience for landlords and tenants in managing rental 

housing. As a result, the system shows landlord acceptance in how the system can record, 

manage and share information with tenants.


Okane (Students Advertisements Portal) 

Mohamad Danial Bin Mokthar 


Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Engineer) 


Okane Students Advertisements Portal is an online portal that allowing students to 

advertise and browsing advertisements. One of the main problems are faced by students 

were there is no specifics medium for students for advertising their business and browsing 

for advertisements consume much time. Next problem were advertisements were mix up 

with another contents when advertisements are been held using existing medium which 

are social medias. For this purpose, Okane Students Advertisements Portal was designed 

to provide an online advertisement portal that allowing students to advertise and 

browsing advertisements to look for their service of their interest. With the information 

provided in the portal, the customer can contact with the advertiser. As a conclusion, 

Okane Portal provide a simple and friendly online portal for the students in the campus 

to advertise theirs stuff or to find some goods to buy.


Online Motorcycle Sparepart Store 

Mohd Aedil Bin Fadzel 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 



Motorcycle spareparts store is a commerce business that sell product related to 

motorcycle parts. Usually, customers need to go to the store by themselves to buy 

products. Besides, they don’t know the status of the product is still available or not until 

they go check with the seller. Seller also will face difficulty in storing and managing selling 

record efficiently. This system features two types of users which is seller and customer. 

Looking at the current situation in online business, this system is develop to ensuring 

continuity in the management of the business. This system provides solutions where 

customers can purchase product anytime they want and they can check the availability 

of the product. Furthermore, the selling record will be recorded automatically in the 

database. In addition, using the methodology of the waterfall model while the software 

is in use NetBean 8.2 and the database was developed using MySQL.


Campus Safety Management System 

Mohd Azri bin Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr Farizah binti Yunus 



Safety is the state of being “safe”, the condition of being protected from harm or other 

non-desirable outcomes therefore Campus Safety Management System was 

developed.The existing system requires lots of human work and has a lot of weakness 

such as human error. The system was developed to replace the existing safety 

system.The system was developed to let multiple users make reports easily. Hence, with 

this e-Campus Safety System, reports about criminals, theft and others can be access 

online and saved easily. Waterfall methodology is used to develop the system because 

waterfall model works very well for smaller projects where requirements of the system 

are very well understood. The finding of this system is to let UMT citizens and visitors 

make reports easily without using any manual procedure such as existing system. As a 

conclusion, the e-Campus Safety System will ease the users to make report.


UMT’s non-Academic Staff Competency Assessment System (MySoul) 

Siti Salihah Binti Nor Azhar 




UMT’s non-Academic Staff Competency Assessment System(MySoul) is a web-based 

system that is developed to identify the skills, knowledge and behaviors influenced by the 

personal characteristics of non-academic staff in UMT. This assessment system will ask 

candidates to demonstrate and apply knowledge in various contexts that meet the desired 

criteria. The problem identified is the talent possessed by non-academic staff in UMT 

could not be systematically and fairly assessed. Hence, MySoul is developed to solve the 

problem and record the individual talents in a computerized term. The objective is to 

design a system that facilitates the officer to evaluate the competence gap analysis 

report. Next, the scope for this system involves UMTs’ non-academic staff ranging from 

grade 41 to grade 52. The project methodology used to develop this system is Agile 

Method. MySoul will definitely facilitates the assessment of staff talent in UMT.


Mobile Drug Details (Pharmacy Management System) 

Siti Zubaidah Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin K. Abdul Hamid 



Mobile Drug Details (MDD) is a system that allows users to extract information regarding 

drugs, to booking a particular drug from the pharmacy, and to manage booking 

information. A current existing system doesn’t allow users to review their transaction 

activity and the currently available system usually work in a stand-alone environment 

compare to the cloud-based environment which expected by many. To solve this problem, 

a cloud-based system is designed for MDD. Besides, this system uses Android Studio as 

a platform to write coding and SQLite as database management system. This system 

should be able to access anytime, and anywhere as long as existing an Internet 

connection. This system should ease the users to book their drugs, managing their 

booking, and reviewing their transaction activities. MDD gives advantages for many users.


Computer Accessories E-Commerce System 

Tan Hup Chian 

Supervisor: Professor Madya Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 



As web-based applications emerging, it becomes more and more common. Now, no 

businesses can success without using web-based system in its business. In Kuala Nurus 

Terengganu, there are still many shops yet that are not using online system and the 

target of this project is one of the shop that selling computer accessories and computer 

hardware. The problems found in that shop when not using any online system are 

constricted accessible to business data, human errors, and limited customers. Therefore, 

the LAKU.COM is the solution and its scopes are providing platform which is web, and 

only used in Malaysia. To complete this project, 3 related e-commerce web site are 

reviewed which are Verbatim, BestBuy, and Ncixus. LAKU.COM is expected to be very 

useful to those computer accessories retail shops that still do not have online platform to 

sell their products.


Online Book Store Sales Management System 

Ummu Najwa Fajrina binti Abdul Ghani 

Supervisor: Arifah binti Che Alhadi 



Online Book Store was developed to manage the online book sales. The current practice 

of Koperasi Buku Berhad all sales information was recorded manually and it’s hard for the 

staffs to manage the data efficiently. Then, the online book store sales management 

system was proposed to overcome these problems. The solution is to create an online 

book store that allows to record data sales, stocks, customers, transactions and the 

profits. Waterfall methodology was used as a guideline to develop the system. The 

objectives of this project are to analysis, design and develop the online book store sales 

management system. This system was only for Koperasi Buku Berhad and the customers 

are limited to UMT’s student and staff. In a conclusion, the development of this system 

can reduce time for purchasing the book. This system also more systematic in a way of 

managing the data sales.


Estimation of Fungiidae Sp. Coral Reef Distribution Via Still Images 

Ahmad Danial Bin Mohd Amin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Suzuri Bin Hitam 

Bachelor of Computer Sciences (Software Engineering) 


This thesis presents a proposed method to detect, recognize and estimate a coral reef distribution 

of the type Fungiidae Sp. by using Local Binary Pattern technique. The conventional technique of 

estimating the distribution of Fungiidae Sp. Is through manual survey which is conducted using 

CPCe software. This manual technique is not consistent, subject to human error and taking a lot 

of operator time. Therefore, in this thesis, a new proposed method based on Local Binary Pattern 

is proposed to estimate the distribution of the Fungiidae Sp. coral reefs distribution. It is 

anticipated that the proposed method will lead to rapid detection with consistent recognition 

results. At this time of writing, the proposed method has been tested on selected samples and it 

show the possibility of making this process automatic. Further investigation is ongoing to ensure 

the workability of the method.


Bachelor of Science 

(Financial Mathematics)


New Tabu Tenure Setting Strategy of Tabu Search for 

Solving Quadratic Assignment Problem 

Ahmad Muizzuddin Bin Mohd Rahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohamed Saifullah Bin Hussin 

Bachelor of Science (Financial Mathematics) 


Various studies have been conducted using Tabu Search (TS) for solving difficult 

optimization problems, for example, the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP), an NPhard 

combinatorial optimization problem that appears in many practical applications. 

Several procedures have been identified in TS that affect its performance on the QAP, 

such as the local search used, tabu list size and tabu tenure. Tabu tenure is one of the 

parameter that greatly affects the performance of TS. The objective of this research is to 

propose new tabu tenure setting strategy to improve the performance of TS for solving 

the QAP. This objective can be accomplished by studying existing tabu tenure setting 

strategy of TS when solving the QAP.


Modelling the Freight Rates by using Barndoff-Nielsen and Shephard 

Stochastic Volatility (BNS-SV) Model with a View Torwards 

Pricing of Future Freight Rates 

Aik Jia Yin 

Supervisor: Dr Che Mohd Imran Bin Che Taib 



Shipping freight rates are very volatile. Such volatility property of freight rates may be 

explained by supply and demand curves. Spot freight rates respond quickly to the demand 

for transportation services and the availability of truckload capacity to move the freight. 

In this study investigate the volatility of spot freight rates by a using Barndorff-Nielsen 

and Shephard Stochastic Volatility (BNS SV) process. Such process is a nonlinear with 

combination of randomness, volatility and rate of return which make the model explain 

the freight rates behavior well. The spot freight rates of Supramax has been model and 

then estimate the future freight rates. The forecasted theoretical prices is compared to 

the actual one and the accuracy of BNS SV is determined. The results show that BNS SV 

model is efficient to explain the volatility of shipping market and pricing the future freight 

rates. Modelling the freight rates are beneficial to investors in shipping markets as well 

as shipowners and charter for hedging in the shipping markets.


Student Perception of Takaful Insurance 

Ain Shahira Binti Shaari 

Supervisor: Dr. Chee Chew Seng 



This research is to examine the factors that influencing the participation of students 

towards takaful in order to provide better understanding and exposure the products 

whereby more profitable than conventional insurance companies. By involving a total of 

100 respondents in this research, a structured survey questions were distributed to 

students in various disciplines in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The main objective of 

this research is to gain information why Malaysian students especially from the Islamic 

students is not fully participating in takaful or not subscribing takaful for their insurance 

needs. This study tested four main hypotheses related to the factors that influence the 

students participation in takaful. The results showed that demographic factors, 

understanding and public awareness have significant positive relationship. While the 

perception of service quality factors are not significant relationship and negative value.


Analysis of Financial Portfolio Using Mean-Variance 

Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) Approach 

‘Ainul Nabilah binti Mohd Zaid 

Supervisor: Dr. Binyamin Bin Yusoff 



The main purpose of this study is to construct mean-variance portfolio of stocks from 

Bursa Malaysia using the OWA operator. The OWA operator in mean-variance model is a 

generalization of the arithmetic mean in Markowitz model. The aggregation of expected 

return and risk concerning the attitudinal character of investor from optimistic to 

pessimistic are studied. In response to that, the mean and variance of optimal portfolio 

can be described in an interval. Results showed that, an optimistic investor has the best 

portfolio and has highest utility, followed by slightly optimistic investor, neutral investor, 

and slightly pessimistic investor while a pessimistic investor has the worst portfolio and 

has lowest utility. In conclusion, investment can be made based on investor degree of 

optimism and pessimism towards the expected return and risk of portfolio to reduce risk 

at a profitable return level or to increase profit at minimal risk.


Proving the Ownership of Bitcoins in Transactions Using 

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) 

Anis Naquiyah Farhana Binti Mat Din 

Supervisor: Dr. Hassilah Binti Salleh 



Bitcoin, a decentralised cryptocurrency system has gained a lot of attraction among users. 

In Bitcoin transactions, users communicate based on cryptographic proof without 

involving third parties. Therefore, Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm is used to 

prove the ownership of Bitcoin which plays the main part in Bitcoin transaction. The 

relationship between Bitcoin and ECDSA was studied to determine if this cryptographic 

algorithm can ensure that funds can only be spent by their rightful owners. This paper 

provide the steps of understanding how ECDSA works and how it is used to create a 

Bitcoin transaction. ECDSA has separate procedures for signing and verification. The 

signing process make use of private key while the verification process make use of public 

key. The result shows that the signature is valid when the two points have the same 

values. The results indicate that the users can verify its authenticity without compromising 

its security.


Academic Achievement Factors for High School Students in 

Terengganu by Using Structured Equation Modeling 

Anis Syafiqah Binti Safeai 




Academics are especially important today because it able to determine the direction of a 

person especially among the students. Each student has different academic performance. 

Therefore, various factors are taken into account to ensure whether it affects students' 

academic performance or not. This study was conducted to identify factors that could 

influence the academic performance of the students. To carry out this study, 200 

questionnaires have been distributed to three different type of secondary schools in 

Terengganu. The students who are selected to answer the questionnaire were composed 

of male and female from form five students. This study focuses on five factors that 

influence the academic achievement of students - teachers, peers, family, attitudes and 

finance. To obtain effective research results, the Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) 

method with AMOS and SPSS software. This method is very suitable to get the results of 

the study.


Mathematical Modelling of Wave Impacts on Seaward-Incline Seawall 

Aqmar Haziq Bin Abdul Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Fatimah Noor Binti Harun 



A mathematical model of pressure brought by waves and hit coastal structures are 

discussed in this final year project. Two dimensional of boundary value problem describes 

the process of wave hitting a seawall for all boundaries and it can be written as Laplace’s 

equation. To solve the Laplace’s equation with given Dirichlet boundary conditions from 

the boundary value problem, method of separating variable is used to reduce partial 

differential equation (PDE) to ordinary differential equation (ODE). By principle of 

superposition, the solution that satisfies the bed, free surface and also the infinite 

boundary condition can be found. Then by using Fourier series, the entire solution can 

be solved. The pressure impulse which is distributed on the wall is investigated for varying 

dimensionless constant, µ to know how much the wall is hit. The result shows that the 

pressure impulse will increase as µ increase.


Application of Robust Regression in Production of Maize 

Arni Natasha Binti Azmar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norizan Binti Mohamed 

Bachelor of Science (Financial Mathematic) 


Maize is a kind of cereal and it used as a food source of human and animal. This study 

discusses the use of robust regression analysis in maize production data. SAS software 

has been used in identifying outlier in maize production data. In regression analysis, the 

use of least square method would not suitable in solving problem containing outlier. This 

study needs a parameter estimation method which is robust where the value of estimation 

is not much affected by small changes in the data. The estimators used in this study are 

M, MM, S and LTS estimation. The comparison between estimators of robust regression 

is performed to get the best robust regression and to construct the best regression model. 

Next, the data were contaminated by 10%, 20% and 30% to determine the robustness 

of the model. The result show that the model still robust even though the data were 

contaminated.


Forecasting the Price of Bitcoin with Geometric Fractional 

Brownian Motion Through Monte Carlo Approach 

Che Aimi Mastura Binti Che Mansor 




Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency derived from mathematical cryptography introduced in 2009 

under a pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. Based on the data at World Coin Index website, 

the Bitcoin market price is fluctuated since it being introduced until today. This paper 

demonstrates the appropriate volatility measurement that may provide forecast value 

which closely approximate to actual movement of Bitcoin price for a better investment 

decision. Data is taken from World Coin Index and being analysed through a Hurst 

exponent H > 1 in order to forecast the price of Bitcoin. A Monte Carlo approach with 

2 

10 4 Geometric Fractional Brownian Motion (GFBM) is performed as extensions of historical 

data. The computer algebra system M ATHEMATICA is applied throughtout this paper; in 

particular, fBms are generated as Fractional Brownian Motion Process [ μ , σ , H ]. The 

accuracy of statistical inferences is 10%.


Analyzing Syariah and Conventional Stocks Performance 

in Malaysia: Statistical Analysis 

Chew Wan Jun 

Supervisor: Dr. Syerinna Binti Zakaria 



A rapid growth of Islamic finance in the past decades has attracted many investors to 

focus on Shariah compliant stocks rather than conventional stocks. The argument 

whether the performance of Shariah compliant stocks are better compared to the 

conventional stocks still remains an open question with a lot of studies have been 

conducted. Therefore, this research examines whether there are differences in 

performance between the Shariah compliant stocks and the conventional stocks listed on 

the Bursa Malaysia for the period 2013-2015. Second, whether there are significant 

relationships between stock returns and financial ratios (EPS, ROA, Current ratio, ROE 

and DER) of both Syariah and conventional stocks. By using Mann Whitney U-test and 

Levene’s Test, the result shows no significant differences in returns and risk. Multiple 

regression analysis finds that the financial ratios have relationship with both of Syariah 

and conventional stocks returns.


A Case Study in Starbucks, Puchong Jaya: Gamification Can 

Motivate Customer to Engage in a Loyalty Program 

Chon Man Heng 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Muhammad Safiih Bin Lola 



This research studied how gamification elements could undermine user’s inherent 

motivation to use a loyalty program. The objective of this study is to determine which is 

the most effective gamification element to motivate customer’s intrinsic motivation to 

engage in a loyalty program. Survey has been conducted in front of a Starbucks Brunch 

in IOI shopping mall Puchong and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used after data 

was collected to determine the most effective gamification element. This study found that 

the presence of gamified form using level can strengthen individual’s intrinsic motivation 

to use the loyalty program. These findings can help to provide important practical 

implications for designing a more effective loyalty program. An effective loyalty program 

not only helps to reduce the cost of living of the users, it also can improve the wellbeing 

of the society.


Fuzzy Linear Demand and Fuzzy Linear Supply for 

Equilibrium and Total Revenue 

Chong Pik Huei 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abd. Fatah Bin Wahab 



Nowadays, uncertainties exist in economic world. This research is conducted to determine 

the fuzzy equilibrium between fuzzy demand and fuzzy supply and also fuzzy total 

revenue. In this research, fuzzy theory will be applied as it includes uncertainties in the 

derivation. The methodology is divided into two parts. First, determining fuzzy equilibrium 

requires three steps. Firstly, the left-right fuzzy model including left-fuzzy, right-fuzzy and 

symmetrical mode was determined. Secondly, the fuzzy equilibrium was determined using 

defuzzification. Lastly, -cut was applied to get more precise solution. Secondly, fuzzy 

total revenue corresponding to left-right fuzzy model was determined. The expected 

resulted solution was more precised than in Yao and Wu’s paper for consumer surplus 

and producer surplus in 1999. The fuzzy equilibrium and fuzzy toral revnuewais expected 

to be pinpointed to a new, more precised solution.


Minimax Regret Using OWA Operator in Robust 

Multiobjective Portfolio Optimization 

Chong Shad Min 




Portfolio optimization plays a critical role in determining portfolio strategies for investors. 

The first approach in portfolio selection was suggested by Markowitz based on a meanvariance 

framework. The traditional approach fails to meet the demand of investors who 

have multiple investment objectives. Advances in portfolio management research 

highlight the growing momentum of robust portfolio optimization. Robust optimization 

has become a widely implemented approach in investment management for incorporating 

uncertainty into financial models. This research is conducted and aimed to propose a 

robust multiobjective portfolio optimization model based on minimax regret approach 

using OWA operator. The key advantage of the OWA operator is the ability to represent 

complex scenarios by using the degree of optimism and pessimism of the decision maker. 

The applicability of this model is tested in the real case study of 30 blue-chip stocks on 

the Bursa Malaysia.


Stability and Sensitivity Analyses of Pneumonia 

Dynamics in Children under Five 

Chow Yee Voon 

Supervisor: Dr. Ummu ‘Atiqah Binti Mohd Roslan 



Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children under five which results in the 

growing numbers of mortality rate to arise every year. The SVCIR (Susceptible- 

Vaccinated-Carrier-Infected-Recovered) pneumonia dynamics mathematical model is 

studied. The objectives in this study are to prove the positivity and boundedness solutions 

of the model, to analyze the stability of the equilibrium points of the model and to 

investigate the most influential parameter of the pneumonia model. The positivity and 

boundedness solutions are proven. Next, stability analysis has been carried out by using 

Jacobian matrix to determine the stability of the disease free equilibrium (DFE) and 

endemic equilibrium (EE) points. The results showed that both DFE and EE are locally 

asymptotically stable. The sensitivity analysis showed that the contact rate between 

individual has been identified as a significant parameter. Therefore by controlling this 

parameter it can help to reduce the mortality rate in future.


An Improved Cooling Schedule of Simulated Annealing 

for the Quadratic Assignment Problem 

Chua Yin Gen 




In this paper, we focus on studying the ways to improve cooling schedule of simulated 

annealing for the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). In the study of QAP, simulated 

annealing will reflect the parameter of cooling schedule or annealing schedule to take 

control on finding an optimal solution. For example, the cooling factor, initial temperature, 

stopping temperature, acceptance ratio and the number of moves at each temperature 

will indirectly or directly influence the result of convergence. Nevertheless, it is not always 

guarantee that those parameters will improve the performance. Reheating mechanism is 

applied to solve this problem by reset the temperature back to starting temperature to 

increase the acceptance criterion during the annealing process. At the end of the paper, 

the idea of improved cooling schedule is going to be propose for the next implementation 

of algorithm.


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Vaccine 

Acceptance Population in Malaysia 

Diong Pei Yun 

Supervisor: Dr. Auni Aslah Bin Mat Daud 



Vaccine acceptance refers a spectrum of behaviors and beliefs from the rejection of all 

vaccines to accept all the vaccines. The objectives of this study are to construct a 

mathematical model of vaccine acceptance population, carry out the stability analysis of 

the model to investigate the behavior of the model and perform the sensitivity analysis 

on the model parameters to determine the key model parameters for the selection of the 

most effective control strategies. The dependent variables of the model are vaccine 

acceptance population, vaccine hesitant population and vaccine refusal population. 

Besides, the model is governed by a system of three first-order ordinary differential 

equations. The model has six possible equilibrium points. Wolfram Mathematica 11 is 

used to find out the equilibrium points. The local stability analysis is carried out using 

Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The normalized forward sensitivity index is 

used in the sensitivity analysis.


Pricing Crude Palm Oil Futures (FCPO) in Malaysia 

Evon Ong 




In most of researches, it is found that incorporate more than one characteristics of 

agricultural commodities futures prices in the pricing model is outperformance due to 

these prices move in special characteristics. However, there is no similar research in 

pricing Malaysia’s Crude Palm Oil Futures (FCPO). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is 

to investigate the presence of stochastic volatility, price jumps and seasonality in daily 

FCPO prices for determining better FCPO pricing model. For that, daily FCPO log returns 

are examined by using GARCH(1,1) model and stochastic volatility (SV) model and then 

both models are compared to show SV model is better to forecast FCPO returns. Monthly 

volatilities used for seasonality analysis meanwhile Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard (BNS) 

jump test conducted with realized variance and bipower variation. According to the 

results, stochastic volatility and seasonality are present in FCPO returns. Finally, this paper 

could help in providing better FCPO pricing model.


Atom-Bond Connectivity Index of Graph with Two Edges Added 

Fatin Zulaikha Binti Mohd Zainuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohamad Nazri Bin Husin 



The atom-bond connectivity index of a graph G, denoted as ABC(G), is defined as the 

sum of the weight √ d u+d v −2 

of all edges uv of G, where d 

d u d u (or d v ) denotes the degree of 

v 

vertex u (or v) in G. The ABC index provides a good model for the stability of linear and 

branches alkanes as well as the strain energy of cycloalkanes. The purpose of this 

dissertation is to explain the concept of ABC index. Besides that, we also investigate the 

effect of ABC index when two edges are added. As a results, we prove that ABC index of 

a graph increase when two edges are added. We end this dissertation by highlighting 

some open problems for future investigation.


An Improved Initial Temperature of Simulated Annealing 


Goh Kok Han 




Application of the Simulated Annealing (SA) in solving Quadratic Assignment Problem 

(QAP) has a long tradition due to the effectiveness of the algorithm. Studies have found 

that initial temperature of SA is one the most important factors that determines the 

performance of the algorithm. While studies of initial temperature on SA were rather 

limited, here we focus on a better strategy to identify the most suitable initial temperature 

in SA. Even though SA is a very popular algorithm, there is a very limited C++ source 

code available. Hence, a reimplementation of the SA in C++ is done in this study. The 

performance is tested on different classes of instances from QAPLIB. The results are 

compared with those from the default SA. The experimental results show that the 

proposed initial temperature formula has a better performance than the default SA in 

solving the QAP.


A Structural Equation Modelling on Tourists’ Satisfaction 

and Loyalty in Penang, Malaysia 

Hana Binti Hairi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sabri Bin Ahmad 



This study aims to assess tourists’ perceptions towards quality tourism services provided 

at Georgetown. The purpose of this study is to measure tourist satisfaction and loyalty 

by examining the impact of quality tourism product on overall tourist satisfaction. The 

method used is Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The data were collected by 

distributing the questionnaires to tourists around Georgetown area. The data were 

analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 to determine the relationship between service 

qualities, tourist satisfaction and tourist loyalty. By using the method SEM, structural 

model for this study can be achieved. The result shows that service quality directly 

impacted tourist satisfaction and loyalty throughout destination accessibility, destination 

accommodation and tourist amenities. This study also revealed that respondents were 

loyal to Penang, intend to revisit and recommend Penang as a holiday destination.


Tabu List Size Setting of Tabu Search for the 

Quadratic Assignment Problem 

Iffah Syazaliyana Binti Mohd Sari 




Tabu Search (TS) is used widely to solve combinatorial optimization problem such as the 

Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). However, there is still a room for improvement in 

TS. Tabu list size is one of the important elements in TS that can be improved by adjusting 

its size to achieve the maximum performance. However, the size of tabu list varies 

depends on the size of problem used. In this paper, we will discuss how the previous 

studies set up the suitable tabu list size to tackle QAP and a new strategy of setting tabu 

list size is proposed. The size change of tabu list for every predetermined number of 

iteration will be our main focus as it can influence the performance of TS. Even though 

there is a drawback for this research, the new proposal is expected to be more effective 

for solving QAP.


Study of Effectiveness of Video as a Learning Tool for Students 

Intan Nur Arissa Binti Amran 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Baini Binti Ismail 



In this research, an attempt has been made to study the effectiveness of educational 

video as a learning tool. In addition, offline video are the main focus of this research as 

high school students in rural area without any internet connection is our priority. Rural 

area students does not have any additional information that they can get from the 

internet, thus this offline educational video is prepared for them. There are several 

method used to conduct this research. First, the researcher studied the basic concept of 

Trigonometry deeply as Trigonometry was the topic that this research was focused on. 

Next, an educational video regarding Trigonometry was created and showed to the 

students. Lastly, Trigonometry sample question was given to the students to evaluate 

their achievement in order to analyze the effectiveness of the video. As the results, the 

video managed to help students gain deeper understanding and mastered basics of 

Trigonometry.


Factors Affecting the Selection of University Students 

Enrolled in Mathematics Courses 

Karen Anak Saong 

Supervisor: Dr. Syerrina Binti Zakaria 



The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that give significant effects on 

selection of courses among undergraduate student’s in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

especially in Mathematics courses. In attempt to answer this question, two courses have 

been chosen in this project which is Bachelor Science of Financial Mathematics and 

Bachelor Science of Computational Mathematics. The data is obtained from a survey that 

have been conducted among Mathematics students to identify which factors affecting the 

selection of student into both courses. A few suggestion have been given to help in 

alleviating the situation.


Price Mean Reversion and Seasonality in Malaysia’s Crude Palm Oil Futures 

Kong Shuenn Ying 




Future market, in particular for agricultural commodity becomes popular due to its 

uncertainty changing in global food prices and high food demand. To capture future prices 

movement, a mathematical model is essential. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is 

to model empirically agriculture commodity future prices. Therefore, a Schwartz Model is 

generalized by incorporating factors of mean-reversion and seasonality. Next, a closedform 

solution for future pricing is derived from that model. Results of parameters 

estimation are obtained based on daily historical observations of crude palm oil futures 

(FCPO) from Bursa Malaysia by using Maximum Likelihood method. Finally, an empirical 

comparison is made between the estimated and actual prices using the Root-Mean- 

Square Error (RMSE) method. It is expected that the proposed model fits actual FCPO 

prices.


YouTube Users Behaviour by Crisp Set and Fuzzy Set 

Qualitative Comparative Analysis 

Kuah Chin Chong 




YouTube, a website under Google which is the largest platform for users to share their 

video creations to the world. Google AdSense is a system which share the advertisement 

revenue to the video uploader in YouTube. Google AdSense system had attract many 

youngster to join the YouTube career, but lots of them may don't know the criteria of 

video which can attract audience. In this study, the objective is to identify the criteria of 

video that may affect the intention of YouTube users to click the video by using Qualitative 

Comparative Analysis (QCA) with both crisp set (csQCA) and fuzzy set (FsQCA). Then, 

the outcome of both csQCA and FsQCA are compared to identify which criteria will affect 

the users and which is the better method to identify the criteria. Lastly, the result can be 

a guidance for new creator on YouTube to optimize the views and also income generated 

by YouTube.


The Factors that Influence the Food Intake among 

Univeristi Malaysia Terengganu Students 

Laily Asmida Binti Zakaria 




Food is a necessity component for living things. The meals we eat should be nutritious to 

ensure a healthy and fit body. However, students today do not practice a healthy diet 

thus leading to a variety of health problems. Therefore, a study was conducted to identify 

the factors that affect food intake among students. A total of 150 undergraduate students 

were randomly selected for sampling. By applying the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 

method as well as SPSS software, analysis was performed through a quantitative method 

using a set of questionnaires. This questionnaire contains 33 items in the form of 

statements relating to the study. The result from this study indicates that financial is the 

most significant factor in affecting students’ food intake. Hence, it is expected that this 

research can raise awareness among students to make better food choices and taking 

meals regularly to live a healthy lifestyle.


Comparison of Electricity Prices between Solar Photovoltaic System and 

TNB by Levelised Cost of Electricity and Cash Flow Technique 

Lam Wai Lick 




Solar photovoltaic (PV) system, which known as a natural renewable resource renders 

“green electricity” to Malaysian. However, huge PV system installation cost maybe 

unaffordable to most Malaysian due to the lack of technological development of 

renewable energy but it is expected to be reduced in the future. The aim of the research 

is to compare the price of electricity supplied from renewable sources and non-renewable 

sources, which compare PV power plant (PVPP) with Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and 

PV rooftop (PVR) system with TNB, purposely to show that which investment will be 

better for investors. Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) is modelling to calculate the price 

for PVPP to compare the price with TNB, undergo break-even analysis. Then, cash flow 

technique is used to calculate annual cash flow of PVR system compared with price from 

TNB to undergo break-even analysis. Finally, the result shows PVR system is the best 

choice.


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Rumours Spreading in a Population 

Lee Pei Yng 




The arrival of the Internet for social communication purposes has induced a new way of 

rumour spreading among the individuals. The objectives of this research are to construct 

a mathematical model for rumour spreading, conduct the stability analysis of the model 

and carry out the sensitivity analysis on the model parameters. The dependent variables 

of the model are ignorants, spreaders, medium spreaders and stiflers. A set of nonlinear 

ordinary differential equations is developed to describe the dynamics of rumours 

transmission among the individuals. The local stability analysis is performed using 

Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria to determine the stability of the equilibrium 

points. Mathematical software is used to verify the results. The normalized forward 

sensitivity index is used to determine the dominant model parameters. This research can 

help the authorities to control the widespread of rumours in a population.


Prediction and Stability Analysis on Malaysia Bank Lending 

Rate by using Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (CIR model) 

Lim Bee Gaik 

Supervisor: Dr. Ummu ‘Atiqah binti Mohd Roslan 

Bachelor of Science in Financial Mathematics 


The Base Lending Rate have been replaced by a Base Rate since 2015. It increases 

transparency of customers in the Base Rate. Hence, it is interested to know how the Bank 

Lending Rate would change over time. In this project, the estimated value of Bank 

Lending Rate can be analysed by using Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (CIR model). The 

objectives of this project are to find the fixed points for the CIR model and their stability, 

to estimate the parameters in the CIR model by using Maximum Likelihood Estimation, 

to predict the Bank Lending Rate for the future ten years and to analyse the stability of 

the parameters in CIR model. From this research, two stable fixed points were established 

for the CIR model. Besides, the future values were also predicted. All parameters in the 

model do not give significant impacts on the dynamical system of CIR model.


Ranking Fuzzy Numbers based on Circumcenter and 

Nagel Point for Financial Risk Management 

Loh Pooi Ling 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Lazim Bin Abdullah 



Banks have been practising financial risk management ever since the exposure of various 

types of risks, which affect the performance of banks. However, authentic risk factors led 

to financial risk management in banking sector are indecisive. This paper aims to propose 

risk values for the selected risk factors contributed to the financial risk management in 

banking sector using ranking fuzzy number. The method of ranking fuzzy numbers based 

on circumcenter and Nagel point is proposed to determine the highest ranking risk factor 

for each method for financial risk management in banking sector. Five experts were 

invited to provide qualitative linguistic evaluation over the rank of risk factors in financial 

risk management. The risk values obtained from the two proposed methods review the 

highest and the lowest risk factor. An implication for banks is that the importance of 

addressing risk and paying close attention to the risk management to avoid losses.


Mathematical Modelling of Wave Impacts on Vertical Seawall 

Maisarah Binti Mohd Japeridin 




Wave impacts breaking against on seawall can cause pressure impulse. In impact 

problem, the pressure is in a large magnitude and happen in short duration. The most 

significant objective of this study is to model the pressure impulse by waves breaking 

against the vertical seawall. This pressure impulse problem can be treated as a twodimensional 

boundary value problem. Thus by using Laplace equation and a suitable 

boundary conditions to this problem, it can solved by using the separation of variable and 

Fourier series method. Then, the effect of the small angle of inclination from the vertical 

of structures is investigated. By the end of this study, it is found that the angle of 

inclination seawall increase, the pressure impulse also increase. This shows that the angle 

of inclination seawall affects the pressure impulse.


Overcrowding Model of Pufferfish Population in Malaysia 

Maisyarah Binti Mohamad 

Supervisor: Madam Siti Madhihah Binti Abd Malik 



Malaysia has 1.8 million tonnes of freshwater fish with the value of RM18 billion. 

Nevertheless, there are fish that less caught by fisherman like pufferfish. The pufferfish 

species have no demand from the peninsula compared to Sabah and Sarawak due to 

toxic nature and not suitable for consumption. Normally, the pufferfish will be released 

back into the sea if caught by fishermen. Therefore, it can cause overcrowding. Thus, 

this study is to analyses the unbalanced population when overcrowding occurs. In this 

study, the logistics equation is used to construct a model of overcrowding pufferfish 

populations. The separation of variable method is used to solve the logistics equation. 

The results obtained show two critical point values, where the first critical point value is 

0 tons refers to the population of the pufferfish approaching extinction and the second 

critical point value is 10 tons referring to a sustainable value.


Prediction of the volatility of Return Crude Oils 

Price Using Time Series Models 

Maizura Binti Mohd Mahat 

Supervisor: Dr. Hanafi Bin A.Rahim 

Becholar of Science in Financial Mathematics 


This article used of the volatility model for crude oil returns in relation to its ability to 

identify and predict volatile facts on the data. The study uses monthly data for the closing 

price used from November 1993 to November 2017. In this context, we assess the 

existence of the volatility of crude oil returns using conditional volatility models. AR and 

GARCH (1.1) models are better models for capturing volatility rather than the EGARCH 

and IGARCH models. The AR and GARCH (1.1) models also provide superior performance 

in sample volatility forecasts. We conclude that the AR and GARCH models (1.1) are 

useful for modeling and forecasting forecasts in the volatility of crude oil return volatility.


Price Forecasting of Crude Oil Using Box-Jenkins Method 

Mohamad Rusydi Bin Md. Said 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurfadhlina Binti Abdul Halim 



Box-Jenkins method is a method that was introduced by George Box and Gwilym Jenkins 

in 1979. This method is one of the most popular and widely used for predictions. This 

study is aimed to determine the best model for forecasting crude oil commodity prices. 

This foreclosure is because Malaysia is still dependent on the price of international 

markets that are highly vulnerable to the volatility of world crude oil prices. In addition, 

this study was conducted to predict the price of crude oil in first 3 months of 2018. The 

data was taken and analyzed using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average 

(ARIMA) model. The results show that the ARIMA (1,1.0) model is the best model for 

predicting crude oil prices in 2018. The forecasting results were chosen based on the 

smallest MSE 1.27345 value and the MAPE value was 0.08%.


Choose an Investment in Shares which Characterized of 

Islamic by Using the Approach of Fuzzy Logic 

Mohammad Al Aqib Bin Zainuddin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abd Fatah Bin Wahab 



Stock investment refers to the purchase of shares of listed companies on Bursa Malaysia. 

The purpose of this project is to determine the appropriate features to use in the stock 

selection. In addition, this project also is to analyze the existing stocks in the market and 

then choose which is more Islamic. We developed a fuzzy logic’s method by applying this 

logic method in a project. There are four basic characteristics of the syariah developed 

based on two main sources that is al-Quran and al-Sunnah.The fuzzy mathematical 

method is utilized by using the criteria of stock investment selection as recommended by 

Islamic syariah. The discussion focuses on simple mathematical calculations using If-Then 

type fuzzy rules. Software Matlab is used to demonstrate the usability and usefulness of 

the proposed outcome of this approach. At the end, one stock was be chosen as the stock 

which most fulfilled the characteristics of Islam.


Investment Analysis Using Fuzzy Probability 

Mohd Fahzan Bin Fauzi 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Abdul Fatah Bin Wahab 



In the uncertain economic environment, basic knowledge of the cash flow computation 

contains many ambiguities. Cash and interest rates are usually estimated by guessing 

based on expected values or other statistical methods to obtain them. The fuzzy set 

number can overcome the difficulty in estimating this parameter. This study was 

conducted to examine cash flows and interest rates using fuzzy probability approach. In 

this study, there are two types of investment analysis made. First, the fuzzy parameters 

used in the stochastic investment analysis. Then, subsequent investment analysis uses 

the concept of a fuzzy probability event.


Penilaian Kualiti Perkhidmatan Hotel di Terengganu 

dengan Pendekatan Mantik Kabur 

Muhamad Haiqal Bin Jaman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abd Fatah Bin Wahab 


Quality is a feature of a product and service that can meet the needs of customers. The 

evaluation of the quality of this service is subjective and unclear as well as a blurring 

assessment. Determining the quality of hotel services in Terengganu is based on 

customer satisfaction on services offered either excellently or not. This research is 

focused on customers of Permai Hotel Kuala Terengganu, Felda Residence Kuala 

Terengganu, and Asia Premium Hotel. The evaluation of this service is also a linguistic 

problem. The fuzzy design approach has been used in this study. Many of the previous 

studies related to linguistic problems have been solved by using this fuzzy method. The 

analysis of the study found that customer satisfaction can be divided into two, facilities 

and other services.


The Exchange Rate Forecasting of Ringgit Malaysia 

against United State Dollar 

Muhammad Faiz Bin Abdul Haris 




Foreign exchange rates is important in determine the level of trading performed for a 

country in a market. This study was conducted to obtain the best fit model in forecasting 

the foreign exchange rate and then predict the exchange rate of Ringgit Malaysia against 

US Dollar for 2017 by using Box Jenkins approach. The Ringgit Malaysia exchange rate 

timeline data for 2014 to 2016 obtained from Bank Negara Malaysia was used in this 

study. The accuracy of the forecast is compared with Mean Absolute Percentage Error 

(MAPE) and Mean Square Error (MSE). Model ARIMA (1,1,0) is the best model to forecast 

the exchange rate of Ringgit Malaysia against US Dollar with MSE of 0.0004755 and 

MAPE of 5.2884%.


Ranking of Airlines in Johor Bahru Using Fuzzy Multiple 

Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) 

Muhammad Hairul Haikal Bin Abdul Rahim 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Fatah Bin Wahab 



This study applies the fuzzy set theory to evaluate the service quality of airline. Service 

quality is a composite of various factor, among them many intangible factor is difficult to 

measure. This characteristic introduces the obstacles for respondent in replying to the 

survey. In order to overcome the issue, we invite fuzzy set theory into the measurement 

of performance. By applying AHP in obtaining criteria weight and TOPSIS in ranking, we 

found the most vital aspects of service quality are air fare and the least is customer 

service hotline. The most concerned attribute is departure and arrival time, inflight 

services, ground services and flyer program.


Forecasting the Consumer Price Index in Malaysia 

Using the Box-Jenkins Methods 

Muhammad Harrisuddin Bin Sarpan 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurfahdlina Binti Abdul Halim 



The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an index value that capable of providing an overview 

of the current economic performance of a region. Box-Jenkins method that is quite 

popular in forecasting is applied in this study to predict the value of the country's CPI in 

the future. With this CPI forecasting value, the government can provide a better economic 

planning for the country. The main aim of this study is to predict the country's CPI value 

for 2017 by applying the Box-Jenkins method. The data used are derived from the official 

portal of the Department of Statistics, Malaysia from 1970-2017. With the analysis done, 

the SARIMA (2, 1, 1) 12 model is seen as the best model that can be used to predict the 

CPI value for 2017. The MAPE value which is 3.29 shows that the forecasting value 

obtained is acceptable.


Modelling of Salam Contract on Commodities Value 

Based on Profit and Loss Sharing Principle 

Muhammad Khiruzzaman Bin Abdul Munin @ Abdul Muin 




In order to protect the worldwide Islamic financial assets estimated at nearly $ 3.5 trillion 

by 2021, there is a need to build a competitive and viable Islamic financial product. This 

study proposes a traditional Islamic contract of Salam, which can be commercialized as 

a new Islamic financial derivative product. However, due to the lack of quantitative 

research on Salam's contract, this study aims to develop a mathematical model of Salam's 

contract on commodities based on the principle of profit and loss sharing and then to 

illustrate the value of its return. Through this study, model of Salam's contract value for 

commodities has been constructed and its value of return has been illustrated which 

further this Salam contract are expected can be traded as a new Islamic financial 

derivative as well as meeting the needs of Muslims in hedging the risk of financial market.


Forcasting Volatility of Stock Prices Using Arch and Garch Models 

Muhammad Qurzainaen Bin Zulkifli 

Supervisor: Dr. Che Mohd Imran Bin Che Taib 



This study analyzes the forecasting volatility of the stock prices in Malaysia. The daily 

data of KPJ berhad are observed starting from January 1, 2010 until December 31, 2015. 

Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and Generalized Autoregressive 

Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) are used to model the variances of the stock 

prices. ARCH and GARCH models are also used in getting robust estimation since both of 

them required a large amount of data which makes they tend to fit the in-sample-data 

but they also tend to fall apart in the out-sample-data. Results found that GARCH 

performed better than ARCH model by measuring the statistical performances since the 

Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and Root Mean 

Square Error (RMSE) of GARCH is smaller than ARCH model.


Comparison Between Box-Jenkins and Holt in Forecasting 

Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) 

Muhammad Rasydan Bin Khalid 




The Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) serves as a achievement benchmark of 

Malaysia current economic condition. It’s consist of 30 major shares in Bursa Malaysia. 

The main objective of this study is to determine the best fit approach between Box- 

Jenkins and Holt methodology in forecasting the KLCI for year 2017. The sample data 

from year 2015 until 2016 was obtained from Investing.com. This study shows that 

ARIMA (1,1,0) is the best model for Box-Jenkins method while there is no suitable for 

Holt in forecasting the KLCI index for 2017. This model was chosen because it has the 

smallest MSE score of 116.117 and MAPE score of 6.66%. The KLCI index performance 

for the year 2017 is forecast in the decreasing trend.


Stability and Hopf Bifurcation of Within-Host 

Chikungunya Virus Infection Model 

Muhammad Salehin Bin Mat Said @ Abdul Rahman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zabidin Bin Salleh 



Chikungunya virus is an arthropod-borne alphavirus which is transmitted by mosquitoes. 

Hopf bifurcation is basically a critical point where a system’s stability switch and a periodic 

solution arises. In other words, it is local bifurcation in which a fixed point of dynamic 

system loses stability. In this research, we will study the stability and also the hopf 

bifurcation of Chikungunya virus infection model. Now we consider finding the stability of 

equilibria in the virus infection model, the existence of Hopf bifurcation inside the model 

also the stability and direction of the Chikungunya virus infection model. We consider 

using the Jacobian Matrix method in finding the stability of equilibria in the model, and 

using the Normal Form method and Centre Manifold Theorem to find the stability and 

direction of Hopf Bifurcation inside the model. The result of this research are, the model 

has asymptotically stable equilibria, there is an existence of Hopf bifurcation and it is 

asymptotically stable with supercritical direction.


Predict the Volatility of KLCI Using Stochastic Time Series Models 

Muhammad Shuhaifuddin Bin Mohd Shukor 




The FTSE Bursa Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) which comprises of 30 

largest listed companies on the main board of Bursa Malaysia is often used as a 

benchmark for the overall stock market performance in Malaysia. In this study, the daily 

data for the closing prices was used from October 14, 2013 to March 28, 2018 in order 

to track the volatility of the daily returns on the KLCI. Next, ARCH effects have been 

found to exist in the KLCI daily returns via Lagrange Multiplier test (LM). Thus, this 

research was conducted by applying two stochastic time series models, namely GARCH 

(1,1) and EGARCH (1,1) methods. Hence, the final result shows that EGARCH (1,1) has 

overcomes GARCH (1,1) with the lowest errors detected. Therefore, it can be concluded 

that EGARCH (1,1) is a predictive model which is more superior than GARCH (1,1) in 

forecasting the volatility of KLCI.


A Study on Improved 2-Exchange of Tabu Search for 

the Quadratic Assignment Problem 

Muhammad Syamil Bin Naseh 




Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is a typical combinatorial optimization problem. 

Various methods can be used in solving QAP such as Tabu Search (TS), Simulated 

Annealing, Genetic Algorithms and many others . The part that we will look upon in 

solving the QAP is to improve the TS of 2-exchange procedure. It is said that the 2- 

exchange is very time consuming and not too efficient in achieving the global optimum 

value. 2-exchange act as the movement in finding best swaps or pairs of edges in the 

assignment problem to minimize the tour length of the model. In this paper, we will 

compare and look into discussions from previous studies regarding this matter. The 

effectiveness of the implementation is demonstrated with the experiments data from 

previous research. Although there is a limit for this research, I am hoping to see the best 

performance of the method from the discussion.


Stability and Sensitivity Analyses for the Dynamics of Leptospirosis Disease 

N Yuvanesvari A/P Narayanan 

Supervisor: Dr. Ummu ’Atiqah Binti Mohd Roslan 



Leptospirosis is one of the important infectious diseases which are caused by bacteria 

called Leptospira. It spreads to human population when the open wounds in contact with 

the water or soil containing urine of the infected animal. In this project, we study the 

mathematical model of Leptospirosis transmission with the aim to control the disease in 

future. The objectives of this project are to investigate the positivity and boundedness of 

the Leptospirosis model, to find the stability of the equilibrium points of the model and 

to determine the most influential parameter in Leptospirosis model by using sensitivity 

analysis. At the end of this research, we proved that the solution is positive and bounded. 

We also obtained saddle point which implies unstable for disease free equilibrium and 

locally asymptotically stable for endemic equilibrium. This Leptospirosis disease can be 

controlled by decreasing the human transmission rate which has the most positive 

sensitivity index.


Mathematical Model for Control of Measles Epidemiology 

Nadia Izzaty Binti Shamsudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Chong Nyuk Sian 



Mathematical modelling is one of the important tools to study the spreading dynamics of 

infectious diseases. In this project, we employ an Susceptible-Exposed-Infected- 

Recovered (SEIR) model to examine the transmission dynamics of measles. The stability 

of the model is analysed. We discover that the stability of disease-free and endemic 

equilibria depends on the basic reproduction number, R0. That is the disease- free 

equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R0 < 1, whereas the endemic equilibrium is 

locally asymptotically stable if R0 > 1. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate 

the transmission dynamics of measles and validate the theoretical results. Therefore, in 

order to achieve the extinction of measles, we have to keep the basic reproduction 

number below the unity. Moreover, control strategy (such as vaccination and awareness 

programmes) should be employed to supress the infection rate.


The Impact of Television Viewing On the Academic Performance 

of High School Students 

Natasha Binti Abu Hasan 




Cluster analysis is a function of grouping a set of data and class it into same subgroups 

where the segment of each subgroup are more similar to each other than to those in 

other subgroups. In this project, our aims are to analyze between the selection of 

television program and academic achievement by students in high school. Some survey 

are carried out by distributing the questionnaire to high school student. This method can 

separate the students with different age into the television programs segment. We also 

use k-mean clustering algorithm for examine student’s academic performance and the 

selection of television program based on cluster analysis and utilizes standard statistical 

algorithms to grouping their scores data and television channels according to their 

academic achievement and selection of television programs is represented. The research 

study between the selection of television program and academic achievement by students 

in high school.


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis on Education Level of Malaysians 

Nazeeha Azeeza Binti Ahmad Taufik Hidayah 




A high level of education in a country is an indicator for determining the status of a 

developed nation. The objectives of this study are to build a mathematical model for the 

education level among Malaysians, carry out the stability analysis of the developed model 

and perform the sensitivity analysis on the model parameters. The dependent variables 

of the model are studying Degree students, graduated Degree students, studying Masters 

students, graduated Masters students, studying Ph.D. students and graduated Ph.D. 

students. The model is governed by a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations. 

The local stability analysis of the equilibrium points of the model is carried out using the 

Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. MATLAB is used to verify the results. The 

sensitivity analysis is conducted using the normalized forward sensitivity index to 

determine the dominant model parameters.


Analysis of Job Status in Malaysia: Logistic Regression Model Approach 

Nihayatul Muhirah Binti Mohd Khobir 




In getting to a high-tech nation status, job opportunities are getting dwindle and 

competitive among graduates. Therefore, this study is conducted to identify factors that 

influence job employment opportunities for Malaysia citizen. Data used in this study is 

secondary data which is obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia from 1985 

to 2015 except for 1991 and 1994. The data were analyzed using the Logistic Regression 

method. This study found that the demographic factors of urban and rural, ethnicity ie 

bumiputera and chinese, gender factor namely male, marital status factor ie single and 

married and education level factor ie middle and tertiary level influencing employment 

opportunities in Malaysia . Therefore, based on past studies for this study it can be 

concluded that the employment status in Malaysia is strongly affected by the factors 

mentioned above. This study is believed to provide important information for research 

and students in the future.


Comparison between Box-Jenkins Method and Econometric Method 

in Forecasting Malaysia Crude Palm Oil 

Noor Ezzati Binti Mohd Sobri 




Fluctuation of crude palm oil prices not only affects the relevant sectors, but also stock 

market index. Hence, forecasting this time series is crucial for country stability. In this 

study, the data of crude palm oil monthly prices were obtained at Index Mundi, from 

January 2006 to December 2017. Box-Jenkins and Econometric method were used in this 

study to predict the crude palm oil prices. The results of the study found that there is no 

ARIMA model of Box-Jenkins method meets the criteria after white noise error tests were 

performed. Meanwhile in Econometric method, AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) was selected as the 

best from the other seven models. This is because AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) has the smallest 

AIC value among the others. In conclusion, after Box-Jenkins and Econometric method 

were compared, the model of AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) was selected as the best model in this 

study.


Application of Robust Regression on Wind Speed Data 

Noor Fatihah Binti Zolkefli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Norizan Binti Mohamed 



The most critical thing during the site choice for offshore wind farm development is wind 

climate analysis. For this case, accurate wind data are needed. Buoy measurement is 

considered as a reference source of data obtained from less accurate sources. The 

regression techniques developed by using the principle of ordinary least squares (OLS). 

But wind speed data normally containing several outliers that cause the validity of the 

regression analysis may be questioned if it is not accurately checked. This research 

concentrated on the implementation of the most important robust regression method, 

which can detect and reveal outliers and maintain their efficiency at the same time. The 

data used for this research is taken from National Data Buoy Center. The used of robust 

regression is vital in wind speed application as outliers are present in the available data 

sample. The estimators used in this study are S-estimator, LTS-estimator, M-estimator, 

and MM-estimator.


Application of Robust Regression in Air Pollution 

Noorazulaiza Binti Mohd Nordin 




Pollution can be divided into several categories and one of them is air pollution. Air 

pollution depends on variation nature and human factors which can contribute to the 

emission of differences gases. The most common pollutants produced are carbon 

monoxide (CO), sulfur oxide (SOx), ozone (O3) and particular matter (PM). Besides, this 

is not only a local problem, but it included all over the world. The objective of the research 

is to study the percentage of the air pollution and contributing factors for the pollution. 

Robust Regression is introduced to find the values that can minimize a robust estimate in 

the model which is highly resisted to the leverage points and robust to the outliers in the 

response. The LTS estimator, S estimator, M estimator and MM estimator are used in this 

study to compare which estimation perform the best robust estimator.


The Risk Factors of Hypertension Using Multiple Logistic Regression 

Nor Adibah Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Nor Azlida Aleng@Mohamad 



In this era globalization, hypertension has been showed a sustained, consistent and 

independent of heart disease that lead to cause of death. Hypertension is also known as 

high blood pressure. High blood pressure is an increase of blood pressure in the artery. 

The factors that cause hypertension should be known to prevent it. Therefore, this study 

was run to determine the risk factors that may cause hypertension disease. A 

hypertension model is built to test the interaction and significance between the factors. 

A sample of 200 respondents has been taken to set up as data in this current study. The 

factors that emphasized in this study were age, family background, gender, uses of 

tobacco, consuming alcohol, unhealthy diet, physical condition and weight. In this study, 

multiple logistic regression have been used and applied to analyze factors that can 

influence hypertension disease. Logistic regression is the appropriate regression analysis 

to run when the dependent variable is dichotomy (binary).The use of mathematical 

software Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 24 is applied in this 

research as alternatives calculation procedures derived from the methodology.


Screening for Dyscalculia in Kuala Terengganu 

Nor Adilla Binti Ismail 




The objectives of this study are to develop structure process for the students to be 

screened for dyscalculia so that a data to detect students who facing dyscalculia can be 

obtained and get the information about dyscalculia rate in Kuala Terengganu. There are 

a few methodologies in order to achieve the objectives. Firstly, we need to know the 

signs and symptom of dyscalculia as symptoms may vary from child to child. The 

screening questionnaire is developing by using eassyQuizzy as the application for 

Dyscalculia Screening. After the targeted students complete a questionnaire, we can 

obtain the data based on it and survey that had be given to the students. At the end of 

this study, a screening test for dyscalculia will be developed. This application will helps 

people to find differences between dyscalculic and non-dyscalculic students in hopes of 

being able to further research and knowledge of this lost ability.


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Political 

Tendency in Two-Party System 

Nor Azierah Binti Dawam 

Supervisor: Dr. Auni Aslah Binti Mat Daud 



Malaysia is one of the countries which practices a Two-Party System. In this study, a 

mathematical model for the population dynamics of the voters in the Two-Party System 

is proposed. The dependent variables of the model are number of indecisive voters, 

number of Barisan Nasional supporters, and number of Pakatan Rakyat supporters. The 

model is governed by a system of non-linear first order ordinary differential equations. 

The equilibrium points of the model have been obtained analytically and MATLAB is used 

to verify the results that obtained manually. Their local asymptotic stability has been 

analysed using Routh Hurwitz criteria. The result of this study shows that the equilibrium 

points are locally asymptotic stable. The sensitivity analysis is carried out using the 

normalized forward sensitivity index to identify the dominant parameters in the dynamics 

of voters.


Hopf Bifurcation in a Reaction-Diffusion 

Nor Azua Ilyani Binti Mohd Shukri 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Zabidin Bin Salleh 



In this research, we want to determine the Hopf bifurcation in a reaction-diffusion. There 

are many objectives which contribute of study regarding to the Hopf bifurcation in a 

reaction-diffusion. Some method was used to determine the Hopf bifurcation in a 

reaction-diffusion. For the ordinary differential equation (ODE) system, the method of 

Taylor Expansion and Poincare Andronov-Hopf were used. Next, for the partial differential 

equations (PDE) system, the method of the normal form and center manifold theorem 

were used. We also applied the equilibrium point, the stability of the periodic solutions 

and the direction of the Hopf bifurcation in this system. Thus the result for the equilibrium 

point of the system is stable or unstable based on the property changes when the 

parameter c towards to the fix C 0 while the result for the direction of Hopf bifurcation is 

supercritical and the bifurcating periodic solution are unstable.


Quadratic Expression and Equation for Infective Ways of Learning 

Nor Farah Hanim Binti Mohamad Norizan 




The purpose of this study is to diagnose the student’s common errors and to investigate 

student’s conceptual understanding in learning Quadratic Expression and Equation. 

Quantitative method is used for analyzing data where the instruments was used to 

determine error and student’s conceptual understanding in learning Quadratic 

Expression and Equation is diagnostic test. The sample of this study are 25 students 

who seat for the diagnostic test. Descriptive statistic in the form of percentage was 

used in data analysis. The finding revealed that majority students unable to expand the 

quadratic expression, errors involving positive and negative signs, wrong in calculation 

and wrong concept in operation of addition, subtraction and multiplication. Video and 

slide were produced for learning aids. Video and slide used Malay language so the 

students can understand the concept easily.


The Students Involvement in Co-curriculum Activities 

Nor Hafizah Binti Mohamad 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Sabri Bin Ahmad 



This research conducted to determine students’ involvement in co-curricular activities at 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) using the Structured Equation Modelling Method 

(SEM). A total of 176 students taking the co-curriculum recreation course were selected 

to be used the sample. The information obtained through a quantitative method which is 

a set of questionnaire forms to determine the involvement of students in co-curriculum 

activities. This research was carried out using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) 

approach and involving two software, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 

and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS). The results showed that the implementation 

of co-curriculum activities, student’s personality, student’s attitude in group work and 

student’s leadership are significant to the student involvement in university activities while 

the facilities that being used by the students are not significant at all. Therefore, it is 

hope that this study will enhance student awareness to engage in co-curriculum in order 

to enhance student’s personality, teamwork and leadership.


The Development of Teaching Aids in Straight Line 

Equation for Form 4 Student 

Nor Shahirah Binti Bakar 




The purpose of this project is to develop teaching aids for the topic of Straight Line 

Equation. The main reason to develop the teaching aids is to accomodate an alternative 

for learning approach to form four students in Mathematics rather than just referring to 

teachers and textbooks. Teachers can also use the teaching aids as another method of 

teaching. The provision of the teaching aids using Powtoon and Microsoft Power Point to 

make the learning process become more interesting. Powtoon is used for making learning 

video while Microsoft Power Point is for the examples of low and high level solving 

questions. I hope that these teaching aids can be used effectively in order to improve the 

teaching and learning for teachers and students in this topic.


Fuzzy Logic System for Loan Evaluation in Islamic Banking 

Norazra Izzati Binti Azwan 




Due to the uncertainty and injustice problem in determining personal loans, the study 

aims to facilitate users to check the number of eligible loans through online. This study is 

to achieve the following objectives which are to identify the basic criteria for a fuzzy 

determination that influence the assessment of loans for the Islamic banking system, to 

develop a fuzzy logic system for loan evaluation based on the fuzzy logic concepts for 

controlling the uncertainty and inaccuracy of data using human subjective judgments by 

applying data from survey results. In this project, the fuzzy logic method introduced by 

Lotfi Zadeh in 1965 was used to anticipate the credible creditworthiness of borrowers. 

The MATLAB software was used to produce a loan evaluation system in Islamic banking. 

Conclusion, this project is developed to facilitate banks that adopt a Syariah-compliant 

system and produce a fair, simple and detailed fully machine system.


Application of Robust Regression Model on Freshwater Fish Data 

Norfaziana Binti Zakaria 




Freshwater fish culture in aquaculture industry is growing rapidly in the Asian region, 

including Malaysia. Freshwater fish culture is growing as one of the foodstuffs and a 

source of income to the country. Research in this field was carried out to add the findings 

of the use of fishery data in mathematics. The data used is freshwater fish data from 

Official Portal of Malaysia Fisheries Department. The data was selected from 1965 until 

2015. In this study, the M, MM, S and LTS of regression estimator were used to detect 

outliers are present in the available data sample. The comparison between estimators of 

robust regression performed to get the best robust estimator and to build the best model. 

Then, the data was contaminated to determine the robustness of the model. The result 

showed that the model is robust even though the data was contaminated.


Predicting the Volatility of Natural Rubber Price Using Time Series Models 

Nur Adilla Binti Othman 

Supervisor: Dr. Hanafi Bin A. Rahim 

Bachelor of Science in Financial Mathematics 


The natural rubber industry is one of the most important economies in country. This study 

discusses about the volatility of natural rubber price using the time series models. The 

study used the daily data for April 2013 to November 2017. The existence of 

autocorrelation and ARCH effect was tested using Durbin Watson test and Lagrange 

Multiplier test respectively. Further, ARCH (1) and GARCH (1,1) models are used. In 

addition, the QGARCH (1,1) model has also been used to study the volatility of this natural 

rubber price. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) 

are computed in order to evaluate the performance of the identified model. The results 

obtained from the comparison that have been done on all three models show that GARCH 

(1,1) model is the best model for natural rubber data.


To Study the Volatility of Malaysian Ringgit/ US Dollar Exchange Rate 

Nur Ain Binti Ariffin 




Exchange rates are important financial problem that is receiving attention globally. The 

aim of this study is to evaluate the volatility of daily Malaysian Ringgit/ US Dollar 

(MYR/USD) exchange rate using. In this study, the daily data over the period Jan 1 st 

2008 to Jan 1st 2018 consisting of 2610 observations. The Durbin-Watson and Ljung-Box 

are used to test the existence of autocorrelation. Besides that, the Lagrange Multiplier 

Test are also used to detect the existence of ARCH. This research used several volatility 

model such as ARCH (1), GARCH (1,1) and GJR-GARCH (1,1) to model the return series. 

The modelling and forecasting performances are compared using the Akaike Information 

Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Based on the result, GARCH 

(1,1) is the best model to forecast the MYR/USD exchange rate returns.


Estimating The Life Cycle Cost and Sensitivity analysis of Palm 

Biodiesel Production in Malaysia 

Nur Aisyah Binti Abd Rahman 




Biodiesel fuel gains more interest as alternative fuel due to the environmental pollution 

and diminishing supply of fossil fuel. The investor of biodiesel fuel used the life cycle cost 

and payback period to help them for determining the profitability of investment. This 

study aims to calculate the life-cycle cost and payback period for a palm biodiesel 

production in Malaysia. It also investigates the sensitivity of the life cycle cost in different 

values of capital cost, operating cost, biodiesel conversion efficiency, interest rate and 

crude palm oil (CPO) price. Besides, this project used present value factor to develop the 

life cycle cost model and payback period method. As a result, biodiesel production for 

operating cost of 20 years shows profitability in investment based on the assumptions for 

the values of certain variables. Hence, the variation in CPO price is more sensitive to the 

life cycle cost compared to other variables.


Relationship between Chain Recurrence Rates and Topological Entropy 

Nur Aizatul Adawiyah Binti Mohd Sofian 




In this research, we want to describe the relationship between chain recurrence rates 

and topological entropy in dynamical system. There are objectives in this research which 

are to investigate the properties of chain recurrent, chain transitive and chain mixing 

maps, to describe the structure of chain transitive dynamical systems and to show that 

the growth of the chain mixing times can give information about topological entropy. For 

the methodology for this research, we explain how to describe the structure of chain 

transitive maps in dynamic systems, we explore the properties of the chain recurrence 

and mixing times and we relate the chain mixing time to topological entropy. The result 

from this research is the properties of chain recurrent, chain transitive, and chain mixing 

maps, we can described that the structure of chain transitive maps. Last, the result is, 

that topological entropy can be calculated from the growth rate of ε-chain.


Gold Price Forecasting by Box-Jenkins Method 

Nur Atikah Binti Khalid 




In general, the nature of gold that acts as a hedge against inflation and its stable price over the 

course of the financial crisis has made it a unique commodity. Price forecasts are a must for gold 

producers, investors and central bank to know the current trends in gold prices. Forecasting the 

future value of a variable is often done with time series analysis method. This study was 

conducted to determine the best model for forecasting gold commodity prices as well as 

forecasting world gold commodity prices in 2018 using Box-Jenkins approach. The data used in 

this study is obtained from Investing.Com from year 2015 until 2017. This study shows that 

ARIMA (1,1,1) is the best model to predict gold commodity prices based on Mean Absolute 

Percentage Error (MAPE). MAPE value for ARIMA (1,1,1) is 0.02%, where this value proves that 

forecasting using ARIMA (1,1,1) is the best forecasting because MAPE value is less than 10%.


Controlled Drug Release for Cardiovascular Stents 

Nur Atiqah Binti Yusoff 

Supervisor: Dr. Shalela Binti Mohd Mahali 



Drug-eluting stent (DES) have greatly transformed in the field of interventional 

cardiology. Drug-eluting stents has dramatically reduced restenosis and request for reintervention. 

Furthermore, drug-eluting stent is a metallic prosthesis implanted into the 

arterial wall and coated with a layer of biocompatible polymeric gel that encapsulates a 

therapeutic drug. In this paper, we are interested in the mechanism of drug elution into 

the arterial tissue as stent acts as a source of drug which is transport from coating of 

stent to arterial wall. An analytical solution to the model is derived and a formula drug 

mass (per unit area) as function of time in both coating of stent and arterial wall is 

obtained. The effectiveness of the method is well demonstrated by the numerical results. 

Besides, the model is used to determine the concentration of drug at both coating and 

arterial wall.


Atom-Bond Connectivity Index of Graph with 

Three Edges Deleted 

Nur Azila Binti Zawawi 




The Atom-Bond Connectivity index of a graph G, denoted as ABC(G) was proposed by 

Ernesto Estrada et al. ABC index is defined as the sum of the weight √ d u + d v −2 

d u d v 

of all 

edges uv of G, where du (or dv) denotes the degree of vertex u (or v) in G. The ABC 

index provides a good model for the stability of linear and branches alkanes as well as 

the strain energy of cycloalkanes. The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the 

concept of ABC index. Besides that, we also investigate the effect of ABC index when 

three edges are deleted. As a results we prove that the ABC index of graph decrease. We 

end this dissertation by highlighting some open problems for further investigation.


Evaluating Hedging Performance in the Crude Palm Oil Futures 

Market Using Multi Mean GARCH Model 

Nur Farahanis Binti Abd Ghani 




The use of different mean specifications getting less attention even though it may give 

non-trivial effects to the measurement of hedging performance results. This study aims 

the evaluating of the hedging performance in the crude palm oil futures market based on 

three different mean specifications, namely, simple intercept, Vector autoregressive 

(VAR) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). GARCH model was employed to show 

the evidence of hedging performance measurement in the crude palm oil by using the 

risk minimization and investor’s utility function. Then, this study finds out that the VAR- 

BEKK model gives the most variance reduction for both in-sample and out-sample 

analysis. Meanwhile, Intercept-BEKK and VECM-BEKK models giving the highest value of 

investor’s utility function. These evidences show that different mean specifications 

producing different hedging performance.


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Home Ownership Level in Malaysia 

Nur Farhah Binti Ramli 




Home ownership is a good property for investment because the value of house price will 

increase every year. This study proposes a non-linear mathematical model that involves 

three state variables namely the numbers of Malaysians who do not have any home, the 

numbers of Malaysians who have one home and the numbers of Malaysians who have 

two or more homes. A flow diagram which describes the population dynamics based on 

home ownership is developed. Based on the flow diagram, a non-linear system 

of ordinary differential equations was derived. In this study, the local stability analysis is 

performed by using Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. By using MATLAB, the 

stability analysis can be proven. The sensitivity analysis is conducted using the normalized 

sensitivity index to determine the dominant model parameters which can be controlled to 

address the issue of home ownership.


A Malaria Compartmental Model 

Nur Husna Binti Ismail 




Malaria – which is transmitted to human via the bites of infected female Anapheles 

mosquitoes – is a scaring threat to global health. This disease has high mortality rate 

especially if no proper treatment has been taken. We introduce a mathematical model 

that is governed by nonlinear ordinary differential equations to examine the spread of 

malaria. We discover that there are two equilibria exist in the model, i.e., the diseasefree 

and endemic equilibria. We find that the stability of these two equilibria depends on 

the basic reproduction number, R 0 . That is, the disease-free equilibrium achieve local 

asymptotic stability if R 0 < 1, while the endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable 

if R 0 > 1. Moreover, numerical simulation is performed to depict the dynamical system of 

this model and validate our analytical results. We find that both numerical and analytical 

results are agreed.


New Strategy for Obtaining Initial Solution of Tabu Search 


Nur Husnina Binti Hashim 




Many studies had been done on Tabu Search (TS) for tackling Quadratic Assignment 

Problem (QAP). However, the understanding of the interaction between the initial solution 

and the performance of the algorithm still have room for further studies. The most 

significant objective is to study the existing strategy to construct an initial solution of TS 

in tackling QAP. This objective can be achieved by studying several of the existing method 

on obtaining the initial solution for QAP, Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and Traveling 

Salesman Problem (TSP). The second objective of this study is to propose a new strategy 

based on the previous study to produce an improved initial solution. By the end of this 

project, we expect a better solution can be obtained using the proposed strategy in 

generating an initial solution. The idea presented may be used as a significant 

contribution for practical implementation.


Student Academic Performances among Secondary School 

Using Structural Equation Modelling 

Nur Najwa Nadhirah Binti Che Rosli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Sabri Bin Ahmad 



This research is to modelling about the student academic performances among secondary 

school. The main respondents for this research is form five students at Sekolah 

Menengah Kebangsaan Hamzah and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Jeram based on 

several factors which is family, friends, facilities and factor on student itself. The method 

uses in this research is Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The research starts with a 

test of Analysis Factor by using SPSS 25.0. Then, the factors will create a model in AMOS 

21.0. After that, confirmatory (CFA) of the model will done by using Pooled CFA. Method 

that used in this research for the data is by passed the questionnaire to the respondent 

from class to class. The result shows that factor on facilities, friends and student itself 

have a significant relationship on the student academic performances.


Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number with ELECTRE III 

Method for Portfolio Selection Problem 

Nur Narzihah Binti Hamzah 




The purpose of this research is to select the best stocks based on their rankings. The 

ELimination ET Choix Traduisant la REalite (ELECTRE III) is one of the methods that can 

be used to solve such problem under multiple conflicting criteria. The strengths of this 

method are it employs outranking relations and also take into consideration the 

preference thresholds. Fuzzy set theory is one of the tools used to deal with ambiguity 

caused by financial market and subjectivity of experts’ decisions. In real life, the experts 

may evaluate the performance of stocks by using the linguistic judgments. Hence, fuzzy 

ELECTRE III has been proposed. However, fuzzy ELECTRE III model is unable to deal 

with higher degree of uncertainty such as the hesitancy element. Hence we proposed 

ELECTRE III with Interval-valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number (ELECTRE III-IVIFN) as a 

holistic model that capable in modeling the complex problems of stock selection.


Evaluating the Image of Collagen Architecture in Skin using 

Fast Fourier Transform Method 

Nur Nashrah Binti Hamsah 




This paper presents on how to study and observe the image of the collagen structure in 

skin corresponding with a series of chronologically aged skin samples derived from model 

of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previously, many existing techniques have been developed to 

analyze the structure of the collagen. However, most of the proposed techniques are not 

sufficiently sensitive to detect progressive pathological changes in the dermis, such as 

those seen in ageing. Therefore, in this research, we are evaluating the image of collagen 

architecture formed from the picrosirius staining method in which the image of picrosirius 

stained skin revealed the basket weave structure of dermal collagens qualitatively. Then, 

by using this picrosirius image, we are able to perform a mathematical model to evaluate 

the collagen structure through Fast Fourier Transform method. The evaluation results 

show that some significant differences in collagen-related changes are found in different 

aging skins.


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Dynamics of Malaysian 

Population-Based on Socioeconomic Status 

Nur Qistina Sharmini Binti Adam Ranjeet 




A good level of socio-economy is important because this will be the indicators for 

determining the progress of a country. The objectives of this study are to develop a 

mathematical model of Malaysian population dynamics based on socioeconomic status, 

carry out the stability analysis of the developed model and conduct the sensitivity analysis 

on the model parameters. The dependent variables of the model are hardcore poverty, 

poverty, easy poverty and not poor. The model is governed by a system of linear first 

order ordinary differential equations. The local stability analysis of the equilibrium points 

of the model is conducted using Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. To get the 

equilibrium points, we will be using MATLAB. The sensitivity analysis is performed using 

the normalized forward index sensitivity to determine the dominant model parameters.


Stability Analysis for Tuberculosis (TB) Disease Dynamics Model 

Nur Shuhada Binti Rusdi 




Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis (MTB). It is well-known that this disease is a major global health problem. 

To analyze this problem, we want to examine the non-negativity of equilibrium points, 

positively-invariant and attracting region of TB model and to investigate the stability 

analysis using Jacobian matrix. At the end of this project, the results showed that we 

have two equilibrium points which are Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) and Endemic 

Equilibrium (EE). From this model, we obtained two types of stability which are saddle 

and locally asymptotically stable. The study of TB dynamics is important since it can give 

us better understanding about TB disease and we can also identify the health conditions 

of some infected population through the TB model.


Mathematical Modelling in HIV/AIDS Infection in Human Population 

Nur Syahirah Afiqah Binti Safian 




HIV is a major global public health challenge and currently we have millions of people 

living with HIV. Thus, in this project, we would like to consider an HIV mathematical 

model to examine the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS virus in human population. The 

positively invariant and attracting region and the stability of the model will be analyzed. 

We identify there are two equilibria exist in the model, i.e., the disease-free and endemic 

equilibria. The stability of these two equilibria depends on the basic reproduction number 

R 0 : the disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R 0 ≤ 1, whereas the 

endemic equilibrium achieves local asymptotic stability whenever R 0 > 1. In addition, 

numerical simulations will be performed to illustrate the dynamic of this model and 

validate our theoretical results. We find that the disease burden can be controlled by 

reducing the effective contact rate of the infected population.


The Effect of Geometric-Arithmetic Index of Graph with Three Edge Added 

Nurfadillah Binti Che Musa 




The concept of geometric-arithmetic (GA) index was put forward in chemical graph theory 

recently. Furthermore, several works has already appeared dealing with this index. 

Namely, these are obtained from the ratio of geometric and arithmetic means of some 

properties of adjacent vertices. The first GA index was proposed by Vukičević and was 

simply named “geometric-arithmetic index”. It’s define as GA(G) = ∑ 

√d 1 d 2 

v i v j 1 

2 (d i+d j ) 

. The 

purpose of this dissertation is to explain the concept of GA index. Besides that, we also 

investigate the effect of GA index when three edges are added into the underlying graph. 

As a result, we prove that the GA index increase when three edges added into the 

underlying graph. We end this dissertation by highlighting some open problem for the 

further investigation.


Predict the Volatility of Gold Future Price using Time Series Models 

Nurfazlina Binti Mohamed 




This study uses the GARCH, IGARCH and ARCH models to forecast volatility in gold future 

prices. At this time, gold is known as a safe place during uncertainties and economic 

crises as it is considered more stable than any other asset class. Subsequently, this study 

has used weekly data from 5 January 1997 to 31 December 2017 for 10 years to forecast 

the volatility of the gold price using the ARCH, GARCH and IGARCH models. The Lagrange 

Multiplier we used to test the ARCH effect in the return series. The researcher employ 

the ARCH (1), GARCH (1, 1), and IGARCH specifications (1, 1). The results of this study 

show that GARCH (1, 1) is a better model than ARCH (1) and IGARCH (1, 1) to forecast 

the volatility of gold future prices.


The Mathematical Model of Robust Regression 

for Tuberculosis Using MM-Estimator 

Nurhafizah Binti Othman 

Supervisor: Madam Nor Azlida Binti Aleng@Mohamad 



Outliers detection is one important method in statistics research as it is able to help the 

process of constructing the best-fit model. One of the famous methods in outliers 

detection is robust regression. This method can be used to provide resistant outcomes in 

the data set containing outliers. The purpose of this study is to identify the presence of 

outliers using MM-estimator and build the best-fit model by using the medical data. The 

tuberculosis data is used due to the fact that this fatal infectious bacterial diseases still 

spreading in Malaysia and worldwide. In this paper, the contributing factors of 

tuberculosis are gender, hypertensive diseases, smoking status, low body weight and 

diabetes diseases. By using this five variables, the fitted model of tuberculosis can be 

develop using Statistics Analysis System (SAS) software.


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Brain Drain in Malaysia 

Nurhidayah Binti Ismail 




Brain drain refers to the departure of highly trained, educated or qualified people from a 

particular country to another usually for better pay or living conditions. In this study, a 

mathematical model of brain drain in Malaysia is proposed. The dependent variables of 

the model are the number of Malaysian students locally and overseas, the number of 

Malaysian skilled labor abroad and the number of Malaysian skilled labor in the country. 

The model is governed by a system of three nonlinear first order ordinary differential 

equations. The equilibrium point has been determined manually and verified using 

MATLAB. The local stability analysis of the proposed model was carried out using Jacobian 

matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out 

using the normalized sensitivity index to determine the key model parameters that can 

be controlled to address the issue of brain drain.


The Relations between Topology Entropy and Algebraic 

Entropy by Pontryagin Duality 

Nurin Nafisah Binti Mohd Khiri 




The Pontryagin dual Ĝ of G is the group of all continuous homomorphisms G→T, 

endowed with the compact-open topology. If φ: G ⟶ G is a continuous 

endomomorphism, its dual endomorphism. φ̂: Ĝ ⟶ Ĝ is defined by φ̂(X) = X o φ for every 

XεĜ. The Pontryagin dual of abelian group is always compact. The objective of this 

research is to describe the Pontryagin duality that connect the topological and the 

algebraic entropy. In addition, there must have further investigation about Yuzvinski 

Formula and Addition Theorem .Third, to prove the Bridge Theorem for the case of 

connection between topology entropy and algebraic entropy. The result of this research 

is topology entropy and algebraic entropy are connected by Pontryagin duality theorem 

which they have a properties that shown similarities of both entropies. To be more clear, 

it is used Yuzvinski Formula and Addition Theorem as ingredients to proof Bridge 

Theorem. Using this properties, thus Bridge Theorem have been prove.


An SEIR Model to Study the Infection of Rabies Diseases 

Nurshahira Binti Mohd Rani 




Rabies is one of the most dreadful infectious diseases that could be transmitted from 

animals to humans through saliva of the infected animals. In this project, we consider a 

mathematical model to examine the transmission dynamics of rabies virus among dogs 

and from dog to human populations. This model will assist in predicting the spread of 

rabies in both human and dog populations. The basic reproduction number of the system 

is derived using the next generation matrix approach. The existence of disease free and 

endemic equilibria is studied and its stability is analyzed. The disease-free equilibrium is 

locally stable whenever the basic reproduction number R 0 < 1. Otherwise, the endemic 

equilibrium achieves local stability. Moreover, numerical simulations are performed to 

depict the dynamics of disease transmission. We find that by increasing the immunization 

rate and decreasing the annual dog birth rate, there is a possibility that rabies will die off.


Estimating Individual Food Consumption from the 

Household Food Consumption Based on the Age, Gender and 

Body Mass Index (BMI) Using Econometric Model 

Nurul Ainaa Binti Mainor 




The rapid growth of obesity gave a huge threat to our health and country in which it will 

also impact us at the economic level. By identifying the sources that can contribute to 

obesity individually, we can help in reducing this issue from getting larger. The aim of 

this research is to estimate the individual food consumption based on the household food 

consumption and analyze its relationship between food consumption and obesity at the 

individual level. We use econometric model to estimate it based on the profile of average 

individual caloric intakes according to their age, gender and body mass index (BMI) across 

the food nutrients. The results show that individual food consumption in terms of caloric 

intake increases with BMI but differences across their age, gender and also the food 

nutrients. To be more specific, obese and overweight people consume more fat than 

normal weight people.


Application of Grey Model GM (1,1) on Electricity Energy Consumption Data 

Nurul Alwani Binti Mohd Afifi 




Electricity energy consumption (EEC) known as a vital driver of economic development 

and an indispensable part of people’s daily activities. Thus, an accurate electricity 

consumption prediction is needed to mirror the developmental level of economy in a 

country. Grey Modelling, GM (1,1) is one of the forecasting techniques which has been 

proved successful in prediction. GM (1,1) does not need any prior knowledge and it can 

be used when the amount of input data is limited. In this study, the data of total electricity 

energy consumption that is obtained from Department of Statistic Malaysia is applied on 

Grey Modelling (1,1). The purpose of this study is to test the accuracy of the model by 

using different sample sizes. The evaluation of modeling accuracy is determined by 

statistical indicators namely APE (Absolute Percentage Error), MAPE (Mean Absolute 

Percentage Error) and RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error). Based on the studies conducted, 

small sample sizes indicate highly forecasting level.


Statistical Analysis of Consumer Price Indices 

in Malaysia by Multiple Regression Model 

Nurul Ashikin Binti Khair-Al-Anwar 




This study focuses on analysis of on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Malaysia where 

used to measure inflation rate of the country. The CPI is measured by comparing the 

average price of goods and services in the base year with the average price of goods in 

the current year. The data series used in this study is 36 years from 1981 to 2017. In this 

study, correlation analysis and multiple regression methods are used to identify the main 

factors that influenced of CPI. The results of the analysis show that food, beverages and 

tobacco as well as transportation describe a significant impact on the CPI in Malaysia. 

This study found that the coefficient value obtained by R 2 = 1.000 where this value of 

100% for models is proven to be the best model in determining the CPI forecasting for 

future economic development of the country. 

.


A Mathematical Model to Study the Infection of Ebola 

Nurul Atiqah Binti Mohd Razali 

Dr. Chong Nyuk Sian 



Mathematical model is frequently used in the study of infectious disease especially to 

examine the spreading dynamics of an infectious disease. In this project, we apply an 

SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infection-Recovered) model that is proposed by [1] in the 

study of Ebola Virus Disease. The stability of the disease free and endemic equilibria of 

this model is analyzed. The analytical results show that the disease-free equilibrium of 

the model is locally asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is less than 

one, whereas the endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if the basic 

reproduction number is greater than one. Moreover, the positively invariant and attracting 

region of the model is identified and we discover that the solution of the model is 

bounded. In addition, we illustrate some numerical results that depict the dynamics of 

this model and we find that our theoretical and numerical results are agreed well.


Numerical Solution for Hydrophilic Matrix System of Drug Delivery 

Nurul Iman Shuhada Binti Zulkifli 




In this paper, we are going to evaluate the mathematical model of the main transport 

phenomena involved in the drug release process from hydrogel matrices. For the past 

decades, hydrogels have been playing a significant role in areas such as biomedical 

engineering, agriculture, etc. This have eventually lead to the numerous research on 

hydrogels to know how it works for controlled drug delivery system. The traditional 

delivery system is no longer relevant as it caused the uncontrolled and immediate drug 

release kinetics. However, among the numerous research done, there are only a few that 

can fully explain about the swelling phenomenon of hydrogel. The lack of understanding 

about this particular process could lead to another problem. It is very crucial to 

understand about rate and degree of hydrogel swelling. Numerical result shows that the 

matrix composition dramatically changes with time, resulting in strongly time-dependent 

conditions for the occurring mass transport process.


Modeling the Concentration of Tirapazamine in the Blood 

Vessels by using 2-Compartment Model 

Nurul Nadia Ezaty Binti Mohamad Asri 

Supervisor: Puan Siti Madhihah Binti Abdul Malik 



The increase in the number of Malaysians suffering from tumor caused another treatment 

method to be sought to cure the illness. A new alternative method has been introduced 

which is the use of a drug named Tirapazamine. The combination of chemotherapy, 

radiotherapy, and Tirapazamine can kill more tumor cells effectively because 

Tirapazamine is able to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy. In this 

study, a patch that contains Tirapazamine has been used. Therefore, a two-compartment 

model has been developed to study the change in the concentration of Tirapazamine on 

the patch and in the bloodstream. This model has been solved by using the separation of 

variable and integrating factor method. The result shows that the concentration of 

Tirapazamine has decreased over time on the patch. However, in the bloodstream, the 

concentration of Tirapazamine has increased at first and then, decreased over time.


Outlier Detection by Using Robust Regression Parameter Estimation 

Nurul Najwa Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Mrs Nor Azlida Binti Aleng 



The presence of outliers in a data set can result in significant error rates. Outlier that 

exists in some data sets can be important data for the data set or may be non-critical 

data in a data set. The study was conducted using 500 blood pressure data sample The 

purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of outlier in blood pressure data 

sample, making comparisons on some of the best methods of detecting outlier and to 

test the robustness of sampled data when contaminated by 10%, 30% and 50%. The 

method used in this study was a robust regression method using the Least Trimmed 

Square (LTS) estimator and the MM estimator. The outlier was detected by using the SAS 

9.4. The findings show that outlier detection using robust regression method which is LTS 

estimators is more effective than MM estimators.


Three Compartments Model for Drug 

of the Diffusion in Blood Vessels and Tissues 

NurulNadzirah Binti Zaidi 

Supervisor: Madam Siti Madhihah Binti Abdul Malik 



This study focuses on drug diffusion in blood vessels and tissues based on mathematical 

modeling. This study is to obtain the analytical solution equation for three compartments 

model for drug diffusion in blood vessels and tissues by using separation of variable and 

integrating factor. In addition, this study was conducted by using different initial 

concentration values of drugs and different rate constants. From these three 

compartments, we can conclude that if time taken to get rid of drugs is longer if the initial 

concentration, c 0 is higher. The transfer rate between the compartments is faster if the 

rate constant is higher. The maximum concentration of tissue compartment is higher than 

the venous compartment. Mathematical modeling is appropriate for the detection of drug 

diffusion in the body and it can easy to the pharmacist to know the concentration of drug 

that should be accepted for each arterial, tissues and venous compartment.


Analysis the Relationship Between Selected Economic 

Factors with GDP: Multiple Linear Regression 

Ong Yin Inn 




This study aims to examine the correlation and analyze the relationship between gross 

domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI), poverty rate, unemployment 

rate and inflation rate. The data were obtained from World Bank, UNDP and Department 

of Statistics Malaysia. A sample of 30 years from 1987 to 2016 were be used in this study. 

The Pearson correlation has been calculated, and multiple linear regression analysis has 

been conducted to analyze the relationship between GDP, HDI, poverty rate, 

unemployment rate and inflation rates. Based on correlation analysis, there is a 

correlation between GDP with HDI, poverty rate and unemployment rate but there is no 

correlation between GDP and inflation rate. By regression analysis, it shows that HDI and 

unemployment rates are statistically significant relationships with GDP. The results of this 

study contribute to further research to enhance Malaysia's GDP and economy.


An SIR Cholera Model with Vaccination, Therapeutic 

Treatment and Water Sanitation 

Sarah Rahimah Binti Othman 




Cholera is an infectious disease caused by bacteria, Vibrio Cholera that can lead to 

dehydration and even death if proper treatment is not taken. Here, we would like to 

propose an SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model incorporate vaccination, 

therapeutic treatment and water sanitation to investigate the spreading of cholera. The 

existence of equilibrium point is examined and the stability of the model is analyzed. 

There exists two equilibria (i.e., the disease-free and endemic equilibria) in the model. 

We find that, cholera will either die off or persist under certain conditions. Furthermore, 

numerical simulation are carried out in order to illustrate the dynamics of disease 

transmission and validate our theoretical results. By increasing the rates of vaccination, 

therapeutic treatment and water sanitation, we will able to control the cholera outbreak.


Pemodelan Matematik bagi Kepekatan Kolestrol dalam 

Sistem Peredaran Darah dan Hati 

Shafinaz Ameera Binti Saidon 

Supervisor: Madam Siti Madhihah Binti Abd Malik 



Cholesterol is found in the blood vessels as well in the human body cell and homeostasis plays a 

vital role to maintain physical in a balanced and stable state. However, due to unbalance 

homeostasis has led to health problems such as stroke, chest pain and heart attack which causing 

deaths each year. This study was conducted to investigate the model of two compartments for 

cholesterol transport in the bloodstream and liver in the human body. Then, the model is solved 

to generate the concentration of cholesterol profile. The solution is numerically solved by using 

Runge Kutta method. The results showed that there is a problem in the transportation of 

cholesterol from the liver to the bloodstream when the concentration ratio is less or equal to one 

or vice versa. Finally, this model can assist with the appropriate treatment strategy when the 

value of the parameter cholesterol transport is changed.


Modelling of Data Blood Pressure by Using Robust Regression 

Shuwatie Binti Maidin 

Supervisor: Puan Azlida Binti Aleng@Mohamad 



The presence of outliers can influence the significant error rates. It can contribute to the 

incorrect of the analysis results. Generally, ordinary least square estimation (OLS) is most 

frequently used for estimation of the parameters in the model. Unfortunately, OLS cannot 

produce the best result when the data are contaminated with outliers. To remedy this 

problem, robust regression is an alternative to OLS when data are contaminated with 

outliers. The purpose of this study is to detect the presence of outliers in blood pressure 

data. The blood pressure data will be modeling by using the robust regression model. 

Least Trimmed Square (LTS) and MM-estimation were used to develop the best fit model 

by using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4.


The Mathematical Model of Robust Regression for 

Body Mass Index (BMI) Using MM Estimation 

Siti Adawiah Binti Md Yusop 

Supervisor: Pn. Nor Azlida Binti Aleng @ Mohamad 



In medical statistics research, there are many methodologies used to investigate and to 

model the relationship between two or more variables. The existence of an outliers makes 

a model fails to fit the data. The use of least squares method would not be appropriate 

in solving problem containing outliers. Robust regression is the most popular method that 

has been used to detect outliers and to provide resistant results in the presence of outliers 

in the data set. In this study, MM estimation is used to develop a best fit regression model 

using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The purpose of this study is to detect outliers in 

Body Mass Index (BMI) data. This approach is extremely useful in identifying outliers and 

assessing the adequacy of a fitted model.


Investigating the Ability of Gold as Hedging Tool Against Inflation in 

Malaysia by Using Markov Switching-Vector Error Correction Model 

Siti Hajar Binti Nankir @ Abdul Rahim 




This study analyzes the ability of gold as hedging tool against inflation particularly in 

Malaysia. The monthly data of Consumer Price Index (CPI), Producer Price Index (PPI) 

and gold prices are observed starting from January 2010 until January 2016. Johansen 

Cointegration Test is used to check the existence of cointegrating relation between the 

price of gold with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Producer Price Index (PPI). An 

approach of Markov Switching-Vector Error Correction Model (MS-VECM) is also used in 

the transition probabilities at two regimes switching dependent states. Results found that 

gold has the ability to be a useful tool to hedge against inflation since there is 99% of 

the total sample size are recorded in the growth state.


First Passage Time Derivation for Wave Perturbation by 

Skew Brownian Motion 

Siti Noranisa Seiril Emyza 

Supervisor: Dr. Ilyani Binti Abdullah 



The skew Brownian motion behaves like Brownian motion except use an independent 

Bernoulli random variable of parameter p to choose the sign of each excursion. This study 

was conducted to determine the derivation of first passage time using the skew Brownian 

motion method. The derivation of the first passage time is used to determine the effect 

of perturbation on the movement of the ocean waves. The skew Brownian motion is 

constructed with consideration of one-dimensional Brownian motion. The transition 

probability density function of skew Brownian motion is solved using the fundamental 

solution of the absorbing boundary to obtain the derivation of the first passage time. As 

a result, the first passage time can be formed using the skew Brownian motion method. 

Therefore, the time taken by a sea wave to approach the endpoint with the presence of 

disturbance can be determined by this derivation.


Modeling the Blood Alcohol Concentration in the Body 

by using 2-Compartment Model 

Siti Norzulaikha Binti Suhaimi 

Supervisor: Puan Siti Madhihah Binti Abd Malek 



Alcohol or ethanol is a substance found in liquor that can cause drunkenness. Alcohol 

causes many adverse effects on the mind and the human body. In this study, the 

movement of alcohol in the body is represented in the mathematical model. The general 

solution equation for the model depends on two free parameters which are the initial 

alcohol concentration in the stomach after ingestion, and the rate of alcohol absorption 

into the bloodstream. A two compartment model was developed to indicate the change 

in the alcohol concentration, which initially being ingested into the stomach, then being 

absorbed into the bloodstream. Separation of variables and integrating factor method 

were used to solve the model. The result of this research showed that the alcohol 

concentration in the stomach decreased over time. However, in the bloodstream, the 

alcohol concentration increased initially and then decreased over time.


Application of Robust Regression Model on Soybean Data 

Siti Nur Aisyah Binti Ismail 




The soybean is economically the most crucial bean in the world, providing ingredients for 

hundreds of chemical products and vegetable protein for millions of people. In regression 

analysis, the use of least squares method would not be appropriate in solving problem 

containing outlier. So we need a parameter estimation method which is robust where the 

value of the estimation is not much affected by small changes in the data and provide 

results that are resistant to the outliers. The aim of this research is to construct a robust 

regression model for predicting the production of soybean by using S-estimator, LTSestimator, 

M-estimator, and MM-estimator. The data used are soybean data obtained 

from BPS in Indonesia. Not all factors are suspected to affect soybean production 

availability in Indonesia. Then, the comparison value of R 2 has been implemented 

between the estimators to get the best robust estimator.


Financing Structure and Insolvency Risk Exposure of Islamic 

Banks in Malaysia Using Hausman Test 

Siti Nurhidayat Binti Musa 




Risk management has become an important function in the operations of the bank as 

there are some banking crises nowadays. However, we find few studies on risk 

management and lack of empirical investigation on factors affecting the risk of Malaysian 

banks. Therefore, this study analyzes the impact of financing structure on Islamic banks’ 

insolvency risk exposure and to identify the factors that affecting the risk of Islamic banks 

in Malaysia. In this study, two models are tested that is fixed effects model and random 

effects model. Besides, to apply the likelihood ratio test and the Hausman test. Hausman 

test are used to test economic models based on the comparison of two different 

estimators of model parameters. The result shows that factors that influence the risk 

exposure of Islamic banks in Malaysia are real estate sector, inflation, index of 

specialization and others.


Application of Robust Regression Model on Mortality Rate Data 

Siti Nursuhana Binti Ramli 




Human mortality rate caused by diseases, accidents and others that affect the people in 

the United States. This research was carried out to add findings of the use of death rate 

data in mathematics. The data used is death rate data from USA Life Expectancy. 

Mortality rate data in fifty countries in the US are selected based on the several causes 

as an independent variable which are diabetes, kidney disease, stroke, accident, lung 

disease, Alzheimer and influenza pneumonia. Robust regression methods are introduced 

to detect the outliers in the data. In this study, the M, S, MM and LTS of robust regression 

estimator were used in this study to make a comparison between estimators and to build 

the best model. Then, the data were contaminated to determine the robustness of the 

model. The result showed that the model is robust even though the data were 

contaminated.


To Study the Volatility of Samsung’s Stock Price Using 

Stochastic Time Series Models 

Siti Nursyafikah Binti Roslan 




Samsung is multinational company which its headquarters is located in Samsung town, 

Seoul. The daily stock price data from 11 th May 2007 until 11 th February 2017 was applied 

in this study, in order to track the daily return of Samsung’s stock price. Moreover, the 

Lagrange Multiplier Test was employed as to examine the ARCH effect in the Samsung’s 

stock price data and it shows that there is existence of ARCH effect in the return data 

series. Moreover, GARCH (1,1) model and TGARCH (1,1) model were applied in this study. 

From the comparison of the AIC and SBC, it shows that TGARCH (1,1) yield the smallest 

error compare to GARCH (1,1). Therefore, it can be conclude that TGARCH (1,1) is the 

best model for forecasting the volatility the Samsung’s stock price.


Choquet Integral and Frank Bonferroni Mean Operators Based on 

Fuzzy Set and their Applications in Building Sustainability 

Sitinur Batrisyia Binti Mohamad Jamil 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd. Lazim Bin Abdullah 



Nowadays, building sustainability is an important issue in this world due to the 

environmental concerns. There were many criteria must be considered such as the usage 

of water, usage of energy, materials used to build the building and many other criteria in 

order to have a sustainable building. This paper describes about the sustainable building 

based on Fuzzy measure-Choquet Integral, ranking of criteria based on Frank Bonferroni 

mean operator and the comparison of measurement between Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, 

United States and United Kingdom. The collection of data in this research was conducted 

by interviewing the experts of this course. Some calculations that were needed in this 

paper was calculated by using Fuzzy measure-Choquet Integral Calculation System and 

Super Decisions software. The result shows that Malaysia is still behind from the other 

developed countries in the term of building sustainability criteria.


The Application of Robust Regression Model on Poverty Rate Data 

Sumaiyah Binti Saidin 




The poverty in Malaysia is commonly caused by a few factors such as birth rate, income 

rate, inflation rate, population and unemployment. From the Department of Statistics and 

Economy Planning Unit (EPU), the data on rate of poverty and the factors that lead to 

this issue can be found monthly and also annually. In this study, the data is collected 

annually using 50 years of data from 1966 to 2016. The objective of this study is to detect 

outliers and compare the robustness between four estimators which are M-estimator, 

MM-estimator, S-estimator and Least Trimmed Square (LTS) estimator. The robust 

estimator that remains unaffected and give result that is resistant to outliers will be 

selected as the best model in this study. Hence, LTS estimator was selected since it does 

not breakdown easily and robust in the presence of outliers.


Analyzing Factors Affecting the Trade Balance: 

Multiple Linear Regression Model 

Tan Jie Ying 




Trade balance (TB) is difference between the value of exports with the value of imports 

in a country. TB can affect a country's economic strength. Therefore, this study aims to 

identify the relationship of factors affecting TB in Malaysia. Data for 32 years (1985 – 

2016) collected from the Malaysian Statistics Department, World Bank, economics trading 

and Index Mundi. Next, this data was analyzed by using Pearson correlation and multiple 

linear regression. Analysis correlation shows that FDI, REX, GEXP, HCEXP and MGR have 

correlation to TB. It is found that the GEXP and HCEXP factors have multicollinearity 

problems. Hence these two factors will be analyzed using two different regression models. 

The best model was found by involving several independent variables to have significant 

impact on TB which are FDI, REX, GEXP and MGR. The results of this study are expected 

to be used as reference for researchers in relevant field.


Forecasting of Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price by using ARIMA 

Model With and Without Discrete Wavelet Transform 

Tan Pui Man 




Natural gas, as the cleanest burning fossil fuel leads to increasingly importance of its 

price forecasting due to growing concern about pollution. Hence, combination of wavelet 

approach and time series forecasting are tested in this research to predict natural gas 

price. ARIMA is implemented as the forecasting model but it can be easily affected by the 

noise in time series without pre-processing the original data. Therefore, discrete wavelet 

transform (DWT) is used as a pre-processing technique for denoising. DWT decomposes 

the original signal into series of approximation and detail components then reconstructed 

them by filtering of threshold value. The Henry Hub natural gas (HHNG) weekly spot price 

as a benchmark for US market, are used for this study. The forecasted results of ARIMA 

with and without DWT are compared. Finally, the result indicates that the employment of 

DWT is capable in improving the performance of HHNG weekly spot price forecasting.


An Improved Neighborhood Search of Simulated Annealing 

for the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) 

Tan Rui Yao 




Quadratic Assignment Problem is one type of combinatorial optimization problems that 

we face in our real life from many fields, such as social science, engineering, economic 

or even on vacation planning. So far, Simulated Annealing is known as one of the most 

suitable methods to solve the Quadratic Assignment Problem by obtaining a good solution 

in a short period. But in fact, it still has a lot of room for improvement. In this research, 

we try to propose an improvement in the neighborhood search of Simulated Annealing, 

which is to use the 3-exchange neighborhood to obtain a better quality solution in a 

shorter time. In the end of this research, it was expected that the outcomes would be an 

improved Simulated Annealing algorithms. It will bring a great success if the 

implementation of Simulated Annealing can be further optimized and improved, so that 

more combinatorial problem can be solved with more effectively and efficiently in the 

future.


Fuzzy Delphi based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Data 

Envelopment Analysis in Evaluation of Stock Market 

Tan Xin Jin 




Evaluation of stock plays a significant role in selecting a stock from the stock market since 

there are many criteria which affect the stock market. In this study, Fuzzy Delphi based 

on intuitionistic fuzzy sets is used to study the rank of standards that affect the stock 

market and classify the best stock. Besides, five qualified experts have ensured the logic 

of the collected information. The results show that the most critical factor that affect the 

stock market and the best stock are identified. Meanwhile, the efficiency of stock market 

was discussed in this research by using Data Envelopment Analysis. The results show 

that few stocks that are most efficiency can be recommended to the investors. An 

implication for evaluating the stock market is that the importance of addressing the 

standards and paying close attention to the criteria that affect the stock market to avoid 

losses.


Analysis of Factors Affecting Number of Employed Persons 

in Malaysia: Multiple Linear Regression Approach 

Tang Mei Hui 




Unemployment has become a serious issue in Malaysia, thus a study should be carried 

out. This study aims to investigate factors affecting the number of employed persons in 

Malaysia. The methodology of this study is multiple linear regression. Among the variables 

involved in this study are dependent variable that is number of employed persons and 

independent variables that are zone, ethnicity, level of education achievement and crude 

oil prices. Dummy variable has been applied to categorize data of number of employed 

persons in Malaysia according to 5 zones that are north, east, south, central and Borneo. 

Results of study also show that factors of zone, ethnicity, level of education achievement 

and crude oil prices affect number of employed persons. Through multiple linear 

regression approach, it shows the influence of factors of zone, ethnicity, level of education 

achievement and crude oil prices to the number of employed persons.


Application of Robust Regression in Body Fat Percentage 

Tee Xing Yi 




In regression model, the dataset which contaminated with outliers can bring a big 

distortion to Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator and bring an unstable or unreliable 

result. An outlier is a point which lies far away from others in a random population sample. 

If a model successful to fit the data then it will extremely useful in multiple regression 

model. In this research, we introduce a robust regression estimator to detect outliers in 

a contaminated dataset and provide a reliable result which has different type of 

estimators that can be used in investigating the relationship between two or more 

variables such as M estimator, S estimator, MM estimator and LTS estimator. Besides 

that, the efficiency of estimators will be analysed and we expect that the robust M 

estimation is an alternative approach in dealing with outliers in a real life dataset and 

provide a resistant result.


The Effect of Overfishing of Tuna towards the Population of the Tuna 

Ummi Nur Ezzaty Binti Ropa 

Supervisor: Puan Siti Madhihah Binti Abdul Malik 



Fishery activities play an important role in Malaysia's social and economic development. 

The production of tuna from Malaysian waters has decreased due to widespread fishing 

activities resulting in decreased and threatened tuna population. Excessive fishing takes 

place as fisheries is a source of income for fishermen and fish is a source of protein in a 

daily diet of humans. Furthermore, fishing activities are increased drastically due to the 

development of sophisticated fishing gear. This will further encourage fishermen to 

continue fishing activities with a lot of catches. Therefore, indirectly fish populations will 

be affected and increasingly threatened. Logistics equation is used to model the 

population growth of tuna. Overfishing model of the tuna populations is solved by 

separation of variables. The result shows that two value of equilibrium point, which are 

zero that referred to the extinction of tuna population. Another point is 1,000 that referred 

to the sustainable value.


Predict the volatility of Coffee Price using Time Series Models 

Wan Fitriah Binti Wan Jusoh 




Coffee is actually is very healthy drink and widely used in the world. It is loaded with 

antioxidants and beneficial nutrients that can improve your health. The aim of this study 

is to analyze the best model to expect the volatility of the coffee price by using the time 

series models. The weekly data taken from the US Coffee C Futures Historical Data was 

used started from January 4, 1986 until October 1, 2017. The autocorrelation effect was 

tested using Durbin Watson test and ARCH effects are exist through the Lagrange 

Multiplier test (LM) therefore GARCH (1,1) and EGARCH (1,1) model was applied in this 

study. Hence, the empirical results show that EGARCH (1,1) model seems to be better 

describing the volatility of the coffee price.


The Application of Fuzzy Soft Set Decision Making in Indentifying 

the Preference of Fast Food among UMT Students 

Wan Nor Aina Syazwani Binti Wan Ghazali 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gobithaasan Rudrusamy 



This study is conducted to identify the preference of fast food by UMT students using 

Fuzzy Soft Set theory. There is a huge increase of Malaysians against fast food who claims 

these foods are unhealthy. The complexity of data makes it difficult for Malaysians to 

choose fast food. Before a student makes a decision, he/she will look into several factors 

to choose fast food. This study will use Fuzzy Soft Set theory to represent student factors 

into choosing fast food. To complete the study, a questionnaire was conducted on a 

number of students at (UMT). Furthermore, the problem solving in Fuzzy Soft Set for 

decision making is computed to identify the main factors that influence student choice. 

Finally, the identification of these factors can help Malaysian fast food companies be more 

vigilant to customers’ decision making factors and thus increasing the country's economic 

value to a higher global level.


Portfolio Optimization for Heavy Tailed Assets 

by Using Markowitz Model 

Wong Ghee Ching 




The theory of portfolio optimization together with Capital Asset Pricing Theory (CAPM) 

provides the building blocks in portfolio management. This study poses what is the exact 

return distribution, diversification ratio of portfolio, and portfolio’s performance 

benchmarked against a relevant market. Therefore, a study is conducted to investigate 

the statements to maximize expected returns correspondent with individually acceptable 

levels of risk by using Markowitz model. Using historical data from 2007 to 2016, a 

backtesting study of the portfolio optimization is performed to find an optimal portfolio. 

CAPM is used to measure the portfolios’ performance by associating its comparison with 

a relevant market driven benchmarked. Thus, the portfolio shows an optimal weight 

structure for investments. The evaluation result indicated that the minimum variance 

portfolio optimization may substantially improve the investment performance. 

Consequently, this model could help investors and financial institutions to construct an 

optimal portfolio with multiple assets by diversifying asset allocation.


Comparison between BFGS Method and RMAR Method 

Wong Poh Mee 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Fadhilah Binti Ibrahim 



In optimization, there are many methods that can solve the unconstrained nonlinear 

optimization problems. Hence, it is very important to determine which method is the most 

effective to solve the problems. In this research, BFGS method and RMAR method will be 

compared by finding the optimal minimizer. The objectives of this research are to 

compare both methods in term of number of iterations and running time, to determine 

which method is the most effective, and to identify the similarities and differences 

between the two methods. The algorithms of the two methods were tested by using 

different test functions. The MATLAB software was used to compute the results. As a 

conclusion, the result in this research is that the BFGS method is the most effective 

method in solving the unconstrained optimization problems. The similarities and the 

differences of the two methods were identified.


The Comparison between Different Versions of 

Conjugate Gradient in Minimization Problems 

Yan Lai Lee 




Optimization is widely used in many fields such as mathematics, economics and 

engineering. One of the useful mathematical technique is the conjugate gradient method. 

However, different conjugate gradient methods correspond to different versions of the 

parameter β k . The different versions of the parameter have different rate of convergence. 

Besides that, the Polak-Ribiere-Polyak (PRP) method is generally regarded to be one of 

the most efficient conjugate gradient methods. This research aims to compare the three 

different modified PRP method which are β k BZAU , β k SRMI , β k 

MRM 

with exact line search in 

minimization problem, to determine which version is the most efficient conjugate gradient 

version as well as to identify the similarities and differences between the versions of the 

parameter β k . In this research, the algorithm of conjugate gradient is used to solve 

optimization problems and compared by changing the parameter β k which are β k BZAU , 

β k SRMI , β k MRM . The number of iterations and Central Processing Unit (CPU) time per second 

for each of the β k will be computed by the MATLAB. The results showed that β k 

BZAU 

is 

the most efficient version of modified PRP Moreover, the similarities and difference 

between the versions of the parameter β k were identified after comparing both methods.


The Effect of International Trade in Malaysia’s Economy Growth 

Yii Yuann Chi 




International trade consists of inflows (imports) and outflows (exports) of goods and 

services in the country and associated with economic growth. In addition, trade openness 

is also expected to have an impact on economic growth due to its definition of total 

exports and imports compared to the GDP ratio. So this study aims to identify the 

relationship between exports, imports and trade openness with gross domestic product 

(GDP) in Malaysia. The method used in this study is Pearson correlation coefficient and 

multiple regression method. Data used was 1967-2016 has been found on websites such 

as World Bank and Global Economics. Based on the analysis, all independent variable 

have a correlation with GDP and also have a significant relationship with GDP in Malaysia. 

The further research can be carried out to include other factors like labor force and foreign 

direct investment (FDI) that can bring effect to GDP.


A Portfolio Selection based on Hybrid of Interval 

Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and TOPSIS 

Zarith Sofea Binti Othman 




Portfolio selection is a complex process which involves the analysis of financial markets 

under uncertainty. The existence of various types of investors with different preferences 

also contributes to its complexity. Therefore, in this study, the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic 

(IT2FL) model with TOPSIS is proposed to handle the complexity and uncertainty in the 

portfolio selection problem. The proposed model is tested on 25 companies listed on main 

board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). The input data is analyzed using 

MATLAB software with the IT2FL toolbox. It is shown that the hybrid model of IT2FL and 

TOPSIS is successfully applied in portfolio selection process to handle the aforementioned 

problems. Lastly, the significance of the study is to ease the investors in analyzing and 

ranking and decision strategies for worthy investments.



(Computational Mathematics)


Investigation of Total Domination Number in Tree Graph 

Aeisyah Nabila Bt Hilmey 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslan Bin Hasni 

Bachelor of Science (Computational Mathematics) 


A graph is made up of vertices called vertex and lines called edge. Graph can be defined 

as a set of V vertices and set E of edges. A total dominating set of G with no isolated 

vertex is a set S of vertices of G such that every vertex is adjacent to a vertex in S. The 

total domination number of G denoted by γ t = γ t (G) is the minimum cardinality of a total 

dominating set. In this project, we will focus on determining the total domination number 

in tree graphs. Besides, we will find the comparison between the total domination number 

and the domination number of cycle, tree, complete and star graphs.


Mathematical Model of Drug Dissolution of Carbidopa & Levodopa Tablets 

Ahmad Murshidi Bin Mohd Zulkifli 




This research is mainly about mathematical analysis on drug dissolution of Carbidopa and 

Levodopa tablets. Drug dissolution is a process which a solid drug enters in to a solution. 

In this research, a model that consider the physical changes to the drugs is acknowledged 

and studied, aimed to calculate in-vitro drug release of a spherical drug with the 

assumptions that the drug still maintained its spherical shape as it dissolved. At the same 

time, real data of the same drug dissolutions from in-vivo testing is recorded for 

reference. The first objective is to evaluate the unknown parameters of Carbidopa and 

Levodopa drug releases in Hixson-Crowell model based on real in-vitro laboratory data. 

The second is to manually determine the drug dissolution of both tablets. At the end of 

this research, Hixson-Crowell model can be considered to calculate the real-life drug 

dissolution as the data of both drugs releases calculated using the model are close to the 

real in-vivo data.


Application of Integer Linear Programming Model 

for Profit Maximization in an Organization 

Aisyah Humairah Najihah Binti Nor Alias 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aidya Hanum Binti Aizam 



Profit maximization is fundamental and crucial for any organization. An analytical and quantitative 

method on how an organization could gain maximal profit with least cost is seldom used. 

Qualitative decisions is obviously risky and time consuming with the uncertainties to be inspected. 

As for the reason, this study aims to develop a mathematical model in order to reduce the risk 

and the time spent to guarantee the revenue of a company risen with least possible cost of 

management. Linear programming model will be formulated to solve the problem with Python 

programming and Microsoft Excel. The solutions are then compared to ensure that the developed 

Python program is verified to be applied in a chosen organization. The results of ideal financial 

worth of resources are determined. This could be benefial for the organization to apply the model 

to their management activities.


Domination Subdivision Number in Some graphs 

Aisyah Kimiko Binti Mohd Azlan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslan Bin Hasni 



A set S of vertices of a graph G = (V, E) is a dominating set if every vertex of V(G)/ S 

is adjacent to some vertex in S. The domination number is the minimum cardinality of a 

dominating set of G. The domination subdivision number of G is the minimum number of 

edges that must be subdivided (where each edge in G can be subdivided at most once) 

in order to increase the domination number. In this project, we will investigate the 

concept of domination number and domination subdivision number for some standard 

graphs including path, cycle, tree and star.


Modelling the Secondary Students’ Eating Behaviour in Terengganu by Using 

Structural Equation Modelling(SEM) 

Alif Azizi Bin Parlan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sabri bin Ahmad 



A study is made to find out whether environment, emotion and school’s approach will 

affect the awarness of students’ eating behaviour. The objectives of the study is to find 

out the factors that affect awarness of students, behaviour and to build up SEM that 

involve factors that affect the awareness of students. The study involved 201 Sekolah 

Menengah Sheikh Abdul Malik students by using questionnaire forms. From the pilot 

Cronbach’s Alpha is about 0.911. The secondary students’ eating behaviour modelling is 

developed by Structural Equation Modelling method. RMSEA value obtained is 0.079 

which is smaller than 0.080. Chi-Square/df is 2.236 which is smaller than 5.00. The results 

obtained which are the measurement model is significant and corresponds to the study 

data. The findings of the study show that there are three factors that affect the eating 

behaviour of secondary school students which are the environment, emotion and the 

school’s approach.


Solving Nonlinear 1 st - order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using 

Higher-Order Adams-Moulton Methods (AM) 

Amira Natasha Binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Loy Kak Choon 



In this project, we proposed the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd - order Adams-Moulton methods to solve 

nonlinear 1 st - order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These methods are chosen 

since they are more stable than the explicit methods and can deal with stiff problems. 

However, the disadvantage of using such implicit methods is that Newton’s method is 

required to solve the resulting fixed point problems. We used two test cases comprised 

of one test problem and one manufactured solution for the numerical illustration such as 

to analyze the error and to reproduce the order of convergence as well as identifying the 

L error 

2 

to ensure the solution exist. Finally, we captured the Central Processing Unit 

(CPU) time to quantify the efficiency of AM methods of various order of convergence with 

different step sizes by using Octave.


Modelling of Shallow Water Equations by Using Implicit Higher-Order 

Compact Scheme with Application to Dam-Break Problem 

Amirah Binti Azharuddin 




This study discusses the method of solving the non-linear shallow water equation of two 

dimensional space in the form of conservation with numerical simulation of dam-break 

problem. The scheme involved in this numerical method is a higher order compact 

scheme for inviscid and incompressible flow. Higher order compact scheme produces 

precision and strong features in the solution of finite difference methods. Additionally, 

these schemes use small stencils to calculate errors from governing equation and produce 

better solution. To solve the algebraic system, the method used is Bi-CGSTAB (Bi- 

Conjugate Gradient Stabilized) with preconditioning. The resulting model is a good 

alternative to solve the shallow water equation by replacing the existing method of the 

Mac-Cormack explicit method or Beam and Warming method.


Application of Linear Programming in Penaeus Monodon Feed Formulation: 

Growth, Survival and Colour Enhancement 

Anis Syahirah Binti Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr Nur Aidya Hanum Binti Aizam 



The commercial farming of P. monodon in Malaysia was initiated in late 70s. Even so, 

nutritional requirements of P. monodon for growth, survival and colour enhancement 

show a knowledge gap for sufficient diet due to lack of evidence and diseases caused by 

genus Vibrio. The existed commercial feeds using conventional methods by farmers might 

be reliable however, are costly to fulfil P. monodon daily feed routine. This project was 

conducted to create a linear programming as to minimize the cost and time consumption 

as well as to provide sufficient nutrients in P. monodon feed with the help of Advanced 

Interactive Multidimensional Modelling System (AIMMS). The results obtained consist of 

combination of different ingredients and supplements which contain essential and 

sufficient nutrients for P. monodon. The formulation produced is beneficial to shrimp 

farmers by providing cheaper and improved shrimp feed to overcome the existence 

problems regarding P. monodon farming.


DEMATEL and VIKOR Method Based on Single Valued Neutrosophic Set for 

Managing Renewable Energy Sources in Malaysia 

Boon Pei Ni 




The usage of renewable energy sources (RESs) has become popular in order to avoid 

insufficient of non-RESs materials. Nowadays most of the countries have replaced RESs 

as their main sources energy for nation development. In this research, we develop causes 

and effects factors that influence RESs and find out the ultimate RESs. VIKOR method 

was used for ranking and figure out the optimal RESs, while DEMATEL method was 

applied to find out the causes and effects among 10 factors. The data was collected 

through questionnaire and online database from SEDA websites for analyse. MATLAB 

software was chosen to test the efficiency of the model. From the results, social 

acceptability, social benefits, investment costs, and reliability factors are the causes that 

affect RESs. Solar energy was the ultimate renewable energy systems among RESs. This 

research could be valuable references for sustainable energy development of countries.


Timetabling Problem by Integer Linear Programming Approach to University 

Course Timetabling in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Candy Loh Siew Yen 




This research was conducted to prove that the general basic model, which is formulated 

using standard Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) proposed by previous research, 

is applicable for the University Course Timetabling (UCT) problem. In order to construct 

a valid timetabling for university course problem, a raw data was collected from public 

university, which consists of 27 group of programmes, 449 core courses, 59 rooms and 

70 timeslots. The data are analysed and verified to the model constructed. A 

mathematical software, AIMMS with CPLEX solver has been used to obtain the results 

besides testing the efficiency of the model. The optimal result obtained have proven that 

the model is applicable and a valid timetable is produced which fulfils the preferences of 

each party involved such as students and lecturers. The outcome of this research would 

indirectly assist the administrative staffs in charge in producing an effective course 

timetable for university.


Determinacy of Concurrent Generalised Reachability Games 

Chai Joo Khang 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Termimi Ab Ghani 



In this paper, we focus on the concurrent stochastic games on graphs, more specifically 

is infinite two-person games played on finite graphs with imperfect information. Firstly, 

we study on the concept of generalised reachability games. Then, we study on the 

determinacy the game and also the optimal and ɛ-optimal strategies in this game. We 

also proved in showing the existence of memoryless and randomized ɛ-optimal strategy 

for Player I and memoryless and randomized optimal strategy for Player II in any 

reachability games. We are concerning to give simple expressions of value of this game 

by defining a limit value and the value is same as the value of this game.


( G′ 

)-Expansion Method for Solving Korteweg-de Vries Equation 

G 

Chai Yong Xin 

Supervisor: Dr. Azwani Binti Alias 



In this research, we focused on nonlinear partial differential equation (NLPDE), especially 

for the traveling wave phenomena. Traveling wave can be modeling into mathematical 

modeling, namely Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. NLPDE can be solved numerically 

and analytically, it is easier and faster to get the approximate traveling wave solutions 

numerically but that is too complicated to get the exact traveling wave solutions 

analytically. However, ( G′ 

)-expansion method is an analytical method to solve KdV 

G 

equation easily and directly by transforming the NLPDE to second order ordinary 

differential equation (ODE). By using the ( G′ 

)-expansion method to solve the KdV 

equation, a set of traveling wave solutions are expressed by hyperbolic, trigonometric 

and rational functions. Thus, the obtained results will be analysed and showed graphically 

by using Mathematica. 

G


Investigation of Geometric-Arithmetic (GA) Index of 

V-Phenylenic Nanotubes and Nanotori 

Chong Pey Yee 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslan Bin Hasni @ Abdullah 



Let G be a simple graph with vertex set, V(G) and edge set, E(G). Geometric-arithmetic 

(GA) index is one of the topological indices based on degrees of vertices. This index is 

considered by Vukičević et al. (2009) and is defined as follow: 

GA (G) = ∑ 

2√d u d v 

uv∈E(G) 

d u + d v 

in which du is the degrees of vertices u and dv is the degrees of vertices v. V-Phenylenic 

Nanotubes and Nanotori are examples of carbon nanostructures that comprise cycles with 

length four (C4), six (C6) and eight (C8). This research is aimed to investigate the GA 

index of V-Phenylenic Nanotubes and Nanotori. As a result, the GA index of V-Phenylenic 

Nanotubes and Nanotori with different numbers of atoms in their structures are 

computed.


Designing of Stool by using Partial Differential Equation 

Fatin Alina Binti Zulkifli 




Designing of 3D object have been used in generating various models and objects. In 

Computer Aided Design (CAD), surface generation with suitable conventional method are 

Bezier surface and B-spline. These methods have many control points to produce an 

object. Hence, we need long time to generate object. Thus, Partial Differential Equation 

(PDE) is used as PDE are able to control the size and shape of object by considering a 

small set of design variables or parameters. The purpose of this project is to generate 

the smoothies object of stool. The methodology are to extract boundary point from the 

stool using Autodesk Maya and to convert point to boundary curve by using the Fourier 

coefficient solved using the MatLab. Hence, the fourth order of PDE need to be solved in 

order to generate a stool. As a result, smooth PDE surface of stool can be produced. 

Otherwise, difference diameter of stool will be produced.


Stabilize the Oscillations using Leapfrog Method 

Fatin Amierah Binti Zailani 




Oscillations occur not only in physical systems but also in biological systems and in human 

society. The simplest mechanical oscillating system is a mass, subject to the force of 

gravity, attached to a linear spring. Thus, not all the oscillations are stable. To stabilize 

the oscillations, leapfrog method was used to solve this problem. The leapfrog method 

which is second order, is closely related to a modification of the Euler method called 

Euler-Cromer. However, the Euler method is an energy increasing method. This means 

that as iterate over time, the sequence of solutions will produce an increasing numerical 

oscillations. Since each updated solution will have more and more oscillations, the energy 

of the system will increase artificially. This method is popular because it is more accurate 

over a longer time-iteration range. We call this a stable method.


The Combination of Exponential Integrator and Multistep Methods for 

1 st -order Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 

Fatin Farehah Binti Zamri 




We proposed an Exponential Integrator method (EIM) combining with Adams Bashforth 

approach to solve the nonlinear 1 st – order ODEs. We investigated the property of the 

numerical error, convergence and efficiency of the resulted methods. For instance, they 

were thoroughly assessed using test problems. EIM is more stable than many explicit 

methods since the methods solve the linear part using exact integration and the 

interpolation strategy only for the nonlinear part. High – order Adams Bashforth methods 

are also combined with EIM to produce higher-order schemes for better accuracy to the 

numerical solution. These numerical schemes are implement using Octave programming 

language. The major contribution of this research project is to introduce more stable 

methods while still being explicit to solve various models associating with first-order 

nonlinear ODEs.


Hopf Bifurcation in A New Chaotic System via Hybrid Control Strategy 

Fatin Najwa Binti Rahim 




Hopf Bifurcation is a critical point where a system's stability switches. We investigate an 

existence of Hopf Bifurcation of the system, find out the control strategy and behaviour 

in the controlled model. The three objectives are to analyse the existence of Hopf 

Bifurcation, to test the control strategy and behaviour of Hopf Bifurcation and to 

investigate the direction and stability of bifurcating periodic solution. The existence of 

Hopf Bifurcation can be prove by using two equilibrium points which are E O (0,0,0) and 

E 1 (b, gb 

, b) . The design a hybrid control strategy to control Hopf Bifurcation is by using 

b−c 

both state feedback and parameter control added to the model. Parameter φ 2 determines 

the direction, parameter β 2 determines the stability while parameter τ 2 determines the 

period of periodic solution. By using normal form, the direction and stability are analysed. 

The numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the three methods for three 

objectives.


Deriving Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion 

Fazhlen Binti Mohd Sabri 

Supervisor: Dr. Ruwaidiah Binti Idris 



The purpose of this research is to derive Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion. Kepler’s Law 

of Planetary Motion are three scientific laws that describing the motion of planet around 

the Sun. First, we use Newton’s Gravitational Law to derive the Kepler’s First Law which 

states that planets move around the Sun in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus. Deriving 

Kepler’s Second Law by proving that the line connecting the Sun to a planet sweeps equal 

area in equal times. Finally, by showing that the squares of the orbital period of a planet 

is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit, we achieved the derivation 

of Kepler’s Third Law. We get the derivative of the Kepler’s Law by showing that derivation 

of each of the laws are based on it description.


DEMATEL Method and Choquet Integral Based on Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets in 

Evaluation of Solid Waste Management 

Goh Pin Xin 




Solid waste problem caused tremendous pressure on the local environment. Design of 

solid waste management system (SWMS) should take into consideration of multiple 

alternative solutions and evaluation criteria. However, designing an excellent SWMS 

which considered all criteria are challenging. The purpose of this research is to determine 

the causes and effects criteria of solid waste management (SWM) using Pythagorean 

Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (PFDEMATEL) method and rank 

the SWMS between two cities by comparing Pythagorean Fuzzy Choquet Integral (PFCI) 

value. Data used in this research were collected from related website. Matlab software is 

used to obtain the casual diagram of criteria while Fuzzy Measure-Choquet Integral 

Calculation System is used to obtain PFCI value. The result shows that the causes and 

effects criteria of SWM can be determined by PFDEMATEL while the result of comparing 

the PFCI value shows the difference in current SWMS between two cities.


Factors Affecting Diabetes using Multiple Logistic Regression 

Haikal Dzulkanain Bin Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Puan Nor Azlida Binti Aleng@Mohamad 



The number of people with diabetes mellitus is increasing all over the world. Diabetes 

mellitus was a disease that sufferred by the people when their glucose level in the body 

were higher than normal glucose level. Normal glucose level were from 4.0 to 5.9 

mmol/L(before meal) and under 7.8 mmol/L(at least 90 minutes after meals). In this 

study, a multiple logistic regression model is used to fit the risk factors of diabetes. The 

current study aimed to analyze factors that can influence diabetes mellitus. The 

independent variable in this study are age, height, weight, Body Mass Index(BMI), 

gender, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and serum fasting glucose. 

Statistical Package For The Social Sciences(SPSS) 24 is applied for describing and 

interpreting the results.


Frieze Group Concept in Woven Technique 

Halimahtul Sadiah Binti Sulaiman 




Generally, people see that mathematics only deals with numbers and calculations. 

Without they realize, mathematics also involves matters relating to arguments, logic, 

data, modelling and so on. Most mathematical use is seen in engineering, science and 

technology branches. Only a few can associate the use of mathematics in the art branch 

especially those that involve artwork such as braided rope, feather yarn and woven. In 

this study, a mathematical model for the art of interaction involves the theory of frieze 

group using translational and half turn. Each object has its own functions and values. 

From the study, it was found that using translation and half-turn method give perfection 

at the angle in the repetition process in curve to produce more tidy weaving.


DEMATEL and VIKOR Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets for 

Public Transport in Kuala Lumpur 

Heng Zhen Fan 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Lazim Abdullah 



Economic growth brings prosperity, wealth, job opportunities and higher income for the 

population. However, overwhelming traffic challenges exist in major cities. Kuala Lumpur 

is facing an uphill task to confront the rising number of vehicles. This is due to less citizen 

widely used the public transport. Therefore, the purpose of this research are to identify 

the factors that encourage citizen to use public transports and rank the alternatives 

respectively using decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method 

and VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method based on 

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets. Data is collected from experts’ opinion by questionnaire survey. 

The result revealed that “cost”, “time”, “comfort” and “availability” are the cause’s factors 

while “cost” is the most important criterion and “LRT” is the best alternative to overcome 

the issue. This research is suitable for Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) to increase the 

users of public transport and to avoid the redundancy of public transport.


Equation Using Exp-Function Method 

Hew Vee Nee 




Schwarzian Korteweg-de Vries (SKdV) equation is studied to obtain the exact travelling 

wave solutions by means of Exp-function method. SKdV equation is a nonlinear wave 

equation, where its nonlinear term is modified by introducing Schwarzian derivative into 

the basic Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. It is known that most researchers prefer 

numerical method in solving nonlinear problem due to its simple operations. However, 

analytical method is used to obtain exact solutions as numerical method will only obtain 

approximate solutions. This research is aimed to solve SKdV equation analytically using 

Exp-function method and the behavior of exact solutions of SKdV equation is analysed. A 

straightforward analytical method called Exp-function method is proposed as the 

methodology of this research. This approach provides rational combination of exponential 

functions as an ansatz. The families of exact solutions of SKdV equation is the expected 

result of the research where solitary and periodic waves can be constructed.


Mathematical Modelling for Flower Petals 

Iqbal Hakim Bin Robaen 




In this research a general model to plots roses petals will be develop using polar 

coordinate systems. The relation between cartesian coordinate and polar coordinate 

system also in discussion. From the result we visualise even and odd petals of roses using 

Maplesoft.


DEMATEL and VIKOR Method Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and 

Neutrosophic Sets in Application of Wastewater Treatment 

JASMINE FU MING YEE 




Wastewater treatment is mostly being used by most developing countries. However, 

failure of costly system on wastewater treatment may happen due to several reason such 

as sustainability or unsuitable due to geological and hydrological conditions. Suitable 

alternatives on wastewater treatment should find out to reduce the failure of costly 

system. In this paper, intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL is used to identify the causes and 

effects factors of selection of wastewater treatment alternatives. Expert’s opinions play 

an important role in the selection of wastewater treatment alternatives. Four system of 

wastewater treatment have been evaluated from each criterion weighed by expert’s 

opinions. Neutrosophic VIKOR method is used to determine the most suitable wastewater 

treatment alternatives. At the end of this research, we will be able to find out the most 

important criteria use to determine which alternative of wastewater treatment to choose. 

It may be useful in realistic scenarios for future reference.


Critical Pathway Method (CPM) for Construction Planning 

in University Malaysia Terengganu: Makmal Sains Nautika 

Ko Foo Weng 




This research is to solve a construction project problem using Critical Pathway Method 

(CPM). CPM plays an important in controlling and monitoring the whole construction 

project as to ensure the construction schedule is on the right track. A construction project 

often facing problems of not completing on time due to poor scheduling. Therefore, the 

aim of this project is to minimize the duration of completing a construction project and 

to try decrease the delays of completion time by providing a well arrange construction 

plan. The construction project used for this particular study is on Makmal Sains Nautika, 

which located in University Malaysia Terengganu. The Master Programme of Work is 

obtained from Pusat Pembangunan dan Harta to calculate the CPM and Microsoft Office 

Project is used to improve the accuracy of calculation. The complete results with further 

discussions and suggestions are presented together in this research.


Selection of Criteria on Coastal Erosion Problem using 

Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process 

Lau Poh Xia 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Termimi Bin Ab Ghani 



Coastal erosion is one of the global problems which also one of the nation’s environments 

major concerns. This is because coastal area plays a main role and it will give a grave 

impact on tourism, ecology, the agriculture indirectly. Thus, this study aims to investigate 

eight selected alternatives that associate with coastal erosion problem using Interval 

Type-2 Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (IT2-FAHP). To compute the relative weight and 

ranking all the alternatives, there are seven steps of IT2-FAHP to determine. At the end 

of the study, the result of the highest risk factor that contributes coastal erosion is 

shoreline evolution with the highest percentage (15.243%) compared with another seven 

alternatives.


DEMATEL and VIKOR Methods Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets in 

Evaluating Sustainable Agricultural Practice 

Lau Sze Ying 




The modern farming technologies nowadays utilized by farmers to increase the 

agriculture productivity have induced a serious impact to the environment. A sustainable 

agricultural practice (SAP) is vital to preserve the environment while increasing the 

agriculture productivity. Hence, this research aims to evaluate the interdependence 

among the criteria and determine the best crop commodities for SAP by using a 

combination approach that integrates intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS) with Decision-Making 

Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I 

Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods to reduce the ambiguity in human judgement. 

Based on literature review, ten comprehensive criteria related to SAP were selected. The 

results revealed that cultivation, crop value, crop demand and environmental condition 

are the causal group and oil palm is the best crop commodities for SAP. The findings of 

this study could provide a valuable reference for farmers in selecting the crop 

commodities for SAP.


Analytical Solution of Korteweg-de-Vries-Burgers Equation using 

First Integral Method 

LIM HUI YUAN 




The Korteweg-de-Vries-Burgers (KdVB) equation has arises in many different physical 

contexts as a model equation merging the effects of dispersion, dissipation and 

nonlinearity. It can be widely applied to many physically significant fields such as the 

propagation of waves in an elastics tube filled with a viscous fluid. The KdVB equation 

has neither nontrivial bell-profile traveling solitary waves, nor periodic waves. Previously, 

analytical solution for KdVB equation is more complicated because of the nonlinear term 

appear in the equation. However, in this research, an analytical method which called first 

integral method is suitable to get the actual solution of equation and investigate the 

behavior of KdVB equation by applying the theory of commutative algebra. Propagation 

of traveling waves with different effects has been studied in this research. At the end of 

this research, a traveling wave solution of the KdVB equation is obtained by using first 

integral method.


Investigation of Atom-Bond Connectivity (ABC) Index of 

Carbon Nanocones 

Lim Pei Xuan 


Bachelor of Science ( Computational Mathematics ) 


A topological index of a chemical graph G is numeric quantity attributed to G. One of the 

famous topological indices is atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index, which was proposed 

by Ernesto Estrada (1998). ABC index is based on the degrees of vertices of graphs. The 

ABC index is defined as follow, 

d(u) + d(v) − 2 

ABC(G) = ∑ √ 

d(u)d(v) 

uv∈E(G) 

where E(G) is the set of edges, whereas d(u) and d(v) are the degree of terminal vertices 

u and v of edge uv in G, respectively. In recent years, nanostructures involving carbon 

have been the focus of an intense research activity, which is driven to a large extent by 

the quest for new materials with specific applications. The simplest example of the 

nanostructured carbon is carbon nanocones, which were discovered by Ge and Sattler 

(1994). Therefore, the purpose of this project is to investigate ABC index for some simple 

graphs and carbon nanocones.


An Extension of Dematel-Based Method for Coastal Erosion 

Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 

Lim Su Chin 




Nowadays, coastal erosion is a major problem that everyone concern about it. In most 

cases, coastal erosion occurs due to natural effects but there are cases of erosion due to 

human-induced factors. The environmental changes such as sea level rise, tidal wave, 

and climate change may affect the coastal zone. In addition, the rapid development 

activities also imply a pressure on the natural environment resulting in the case of coastal 

erosion. This study intends to investigate the risk factors related to coastal erosion 

problems using a decision model based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2-FS) and 

Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. This method is 

proposed to test the four identical of criteria and its sub-criteria that contributes to the 

coastal erosion. The result indicates that the most influential factors is wave condition, 

followed by climate change, relative sea level rise, and shoreline changes/ evolution.


Mathematical Modelling of Atherosclerosis-affected Artery with Forced 

Korteweg-de-Vries-Burgers (fKdVB) Equation 

Lim Yong Zhi 




The forced Korteweg-de-Vries-Burgers (fKdVB) equation is a nonlinear evolution equation 

that can be used for mathematical modelling of Atherosclerosis-affected artery. 

Atherosclerosis is a disease which plaque builds up inside the arteries and will cause 

various diseases according to which artery is affected. The analytical solution cannot be 

used to solve this equation due to the forcing term that breaks those symmetries 

associated with the unforced systems. Thus, the semi-implicit pseudospectral method is 

being used to develop a numerical scheme to solve the fKdVB equation with arbitrary 

forcing. This research focused on different type of forcing that represent the size of 

plaque in the artery. We analyze the numerical results to understand the propagation of 

blood flow with the presence of different size of plaque in artery. The propagation of 

blood flow in the arteries should be different as the presence of various size of plaque in 

the artery.


Using Social Network Analysis to Elucidate UMT Students Network 

Lingeswaran A/L Ramachandran 




Social network analysis is used to study the structure of the graph or pattern that contains 

two basic components of individual vertex (students) and edges (connections between 

students). The aim of this study is to identify individual, intermediate, group measures 

and reciprocity between UMT students. The objectives are to identifying class 

representative, to identify subgroups which can be used to divide the students into 

groups for completing assignments and to find the reciprocity between students. The 

collected data is represented in the form of adjacency matrix from UMT 3rd year 

computational mathematics students for subject geometric modelling by survey form and 

UCINET 6/ Netdraw are employed to measure for centrality, Girvan Newman and 

cohesion. We identify class representative using in-degree, betweeness whereas outdegree, 

in-closeness and out-closeness not suitable. We identify subgroups by doing 

clustering using Girvan Newman to identify academic standard of students in groups. We 

identify reciprocity by visualise student network.


Study of Network Games with Many Attackers and Defenders 

Mak Jia Le 




In network games with two types of players, attackers and a defender, Mavronicolas et 

al. (2008) introduced that network game as an undirected graph which vertices are 

attacked by attackers whereas the edges are selectively protected by a defender. They 

showed that unless the graph is trivial, a graph-theoretic network game has no pure Nash 

equilibrium. In this research, we discuss the network games with many attackers and 

defenders with interchange the roles of player. In addition, the objective of this research 

is to prove the existence of Nash equilibrium in the new model of network games. In the 

graph-theoretic network games, if attacker caught by the defender, it will receive 0 and 

1 otherwise. We provide a graph-theoretic characterization of Nash equilibrium of our 

new model, in particular we study the properties of new model and prove the existence 

of Nash equilibrium in the new model of network games.


Designing of Pan using Partial Differential Equation 

Maziah Binti Mohamad 




Free-form surface is used in creating designs assisted by Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 

and Computer-Aided Geometry Design (CAGD). Other methods such as B-Spline, Bezier 

surfaces and Non Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) also can be used to generate a 

design. However, spline method prevents spline surfaces from being fully utilized in 

design application because control point and related weight distributed across the surface 

unevenly. So, the purposed of this project to use Partial Differential Equation (PDE) to 

generate a smooth surface of pan. This method starts with finding boundary points of 

pan by using Autodesk Maya and records the coordinates in term of xyz. Then, change 

the boundary points to boundary curves by using coefficient of Fourier series and use 

fourth-order elliptic PDE to generate a pan. As a result, smooth PDE surface of pan can 

be produced. Then, the difference types of size and depth of pan can be generate.


Multi-Soliton Solution of The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) Equation 

using Hirota Method 

Mazrina Binti A. Rahim 




The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) 

that has a nonlinearity and dispersion effects that can produces solitary wave known as 

soliton.The purpose of this research is to obtain the multi-soliton solutions of KdV 

equation by using Hirota bilinear method.Before seking solutions for multi-soliton 

solution,the KdV equations will undergo bilinearization with involvement of identities and 

properties of the Hirota D-operator.After obtaining the bilinear form for KdV 

equation,multi-soliton solution is produced.Hirota method is used to produce multi-soliton 

solution which are more simpler,and easier way to be understand compared to other 

complicated method such as Inverse Scattering Transform method (IST).Besides,Hirota 

bilinear method is the fastest in finding a soliton solutions.Finally,the Mathematica 

software is used in obtaining the 1D graphs and surface plot graphs and the interaction 

between solitons can be observed.


Case Study about Personal Sharing Between Two Different Groups in 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 

Mohd Aiman Bin Abdul Halim 




Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model 

pairwise relations between objects. Formally, a graph is a pair of sets (V, E) where V is 

the set of vertices and E is the set of edges, formed by pairs of vertices. In this study, 

we discuss the concept of reciprocity in social network. The concept taken for the study 

is personal sharing among two different groups of students in Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT). The data collected is presented as a directed graph in which an arc 

from one node to another node represents the existence of personal sharing between the 

students. An analysis of these directed graph is carried out and the pattern of personal 

sharing between male and female students reveals difference of behaviour between two 

different groups of students.


Comparison of Attractors in Dynamical Systems 

with Attractors in Skew Product Dynamical Systems 

Mohd Tirmizi Bin Mohd Lutfi 




Most dynamical systems occur in real life are chaotic and crucial to solve analytically. A 

better understanding of the behaviour of the systems is required to analyse the systems 

itself. This project focuses on a concept of attractors in both usual dynamical system and 

skew product dynamical system. In particular, we consider and prove the notion of 

attractors, basin of attraction, compactness and invariance of the attractor in both 

systems. In the next part of the thesis, we compare both systems in term of the attractors 

and provide examples from Ashwin (1996) and Keller (2014) to visualize more about the 

attractors in both systems. This study is important to characterize the attractors in skew 

product dynamical system especially the existence of invariance graph where the 

invariant concept in skew product system is different from the invariance in usual 

dynamical system.


Production of Carpet Patterns Using Forbidden Symmetry 

Muhammad Ambia Bin Abdullah 




Forbidden symmetry is one of our methods of determining unstable symmetry using real 

vision. Symmetrical basic methods such as rotation, translation, reflection and symmetry 

are applicable to the production of carpet patterns studied in this study. So as 

appreciating an art can be seen art of carpet pattern is able to step deep in the production 

of patterned concept of basic symmetry. Using a 3-fold symmetry method and a 5-fold 

symmetry over the original image, the new pattern for the carpet can be generated. 

These new patterns can be shown to have similarity with the original image through oneto-one 

mapping. This has proven that mathematics is also capable of producing an 

impressive art.


Mathematical Models for Drug Diffusion through the Compartments of Blood 

and Tissue Medium 

Muhammad Faeiz Adzfar Bin Hisham 




This research is a study to develop mathematic models in understanding the distribution 

of drugs in the human’s body through oral and intravenous route. Two models were 

considered based on a diffusion process using Fick’s principle and law of mass action. 

The rate constants for the law of mass action were used based on the drug efficiency on 

different surfaces. The solutions obtained upon solving the ordinary differential equations 

considering the rate of change of concentration in different compartments by using the 

eigenvalue methods. Numerical parameters have been used in computing the drug 

concentration in the different compartments. Upon illustrating the variation of drug 

concentration with respect to time, the graphs were plotted using Maple software. Based 

on the graph, the drug concentration in the first compartment are decreasing whereas 

the drug concentration gradually increases in other compartments.


Solution of 1D Wave Equation in Polar Coordinates using 

Cubic B-Spline Quasi Interpolation 

Muhammad Faqihul Ajmal Bin Hakimin 




In this research, the cubic B-splines Quasi Interpolation method is considered for solving 

one dimensional wave equation in polar coordinates. This research was conducted to 

solve 1 dimensional wave equation in polar coordinates using cubic B-spline Quasi 

Interpolation and compare the results of numerical experiments with analytical solutions. 

A typical forward difference approach had been used to discretize the time derivative 

while the cubic B-spline Quasi Interpolation is applied as an interpolation function in the 

spatial derivative where these two methods are applied to singular hyperbolic equation. 

The accuracy of the method for both equations is discussed. The efficiency of the method 

is illustrated by some test problems. The results of numerical experiments are compared 

with analytical solutions by calculating root-mean-square error L 2 and maximum error 

L ∞ . From the test examples, we can say that the B-spline Quasi Interpolation scheme is 

feasible and the error is acceptable.


The Relationship between Attitudes and Perceptions of Academic 

Achievement in Sport with Sport Behavior in High School Using Structural 

Equations Modelling(SEM) 

Muhammad Hafiz Bin Ibrahim 



Schools of Informatics and Applied Mathematics 

The school system that is very concerned about academic achievement is also a 

contributor to drowning the talent of the sport that is in the student. This study is to 

model the relationship between sports involvement and their influencing factors to 

engage in sports such sports involvement, their perceptions and attitudes. Data were 

collected using questionnaire and 330 respondents are from Bukit Kepayang National 

High School, Negeri Sembilan and Pelindung National High School, Kuantan Pahang. The 

method for this study is used by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and using two 

statistical software, Statistical Packages for Social Sciences(SPSS) and Analysis of Moment 

Structure (AMOS) . The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) value 

obtained is 0.071, which is smaller than 0.08 and Degrees of Freedom for Chi-Squared 

Test (Chi-Square / df) is 2.665 which is smaller than 5. Thus, the results obtained are 

the measurement model are significant and corresponds with the study data. The result 

show that three factors of the sports behavior of secondary school students are significant 

with sports reasons, perceptions and attitudes towards sports.


The Edge Version of Atom-bond Connectivity Index 

of Nanotori 

Muhammad Harith Bin Azhar 




Topological indices is one of the newest branches of mathematics. An example of 

topological indices is the edge version atom-bond connectivity (ABC e ) index. The purpose 

of this research are to obtain a new formula for ABC e index of L(C 4 C 6 C 8 [p , q]) and 

L(TC 4 C 8 (S) [p , q] ) nanotori where p and q denoted as column and row. In the first part, 

we explain the concept of line graph and the ABC e index. In the second part, we compute 

each line graph of nanotori given and compare each nanotori is correlating toward ABC e 

index. As a result, the new general formula for ABC e index of L(C 4 C 6 C 8 [p , q]) and 

L(TC 4 C 8 (S) [p , q] ) nanotori had obtained. We found that the increase of p and q, the 

more sensitive it will correlate toward ABC e index. Hence, we end this thesis by 

highlighting some open problem for further investigation.


Adaptive Projective Lag Synchronization of 

Uncertain Complex Dynamical Networks with Delay Coupling 

Muhammad Ilyas Bin Rosli 




This research investigates the problem of projective lag synchronization behavior with 

delayed coupling in drive-response dynamical networks model with identical and nonidentical 

nodes. An adaptive control method is designed to achieve the projective lag 

synchronization with constant time delay and with time-varying coupling delay. In 

addition, the model harbors fully unknown parameters and disturbances. By using 

Lyapunov stability theory and adaptive laws, the unknown parameters are estimated. In 

addition, the unknown bounded mismatch and disturbance terms are also overcome by 

the proposed control. Finally, the simulation results reveal that the states of the dynamical 

network with delayed coupling can be asymptotically synchronized onto a desired scaling 

factor under the designed controller. Additionally, the results prove the validity of the 

proposed method.


Production of Merbok Batik Patterns Using 

Basic Symmetry and Fourier Series 

Muhammad Irfan Bin Albany 




In this study, a new Batik Merbok pattern was produced using the symmetry and Fourier 

Series method. From the Fourier and the symmetry analysis of the curves that have been 

carried out on the original image of the burung Merbok, a pattern of Batik Merbok in the 

form of wave which it shape are wavy and symmetrical was produced. This new pattern 

is similar to the original image of the Merbok by one-to-one mapping.


Modelling Level of Environmental Care Awareness among Secondary 

Students: Approach of Structural Equation Modelling Method (SEM) 

Muhammad Nabil Hakim Bin Mohamad Yusof 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Sabri Bin Ahmad 



In one study, although environmental subject had applied in the teaching of school 

curricular in Malaysia but its importance cannot be achieve, as students did not try to 

relate what they had learned in their daily life (Evalyn, 2003). Thus, this study has 

conducted to model the level of environmental care awareness among secondary 

students. Data are collect through a questionnaire. About 269 secondary students in 

Perak have selected in this study. Pilot study has conducted and found that the 

Cronbach Alpha value is 0.850. This study uses Structural Equation Modelling method 

(SEM) as approach. Through this method, a model has developed. The results, found 

that RMSEA value is 0.077 which is smaller than 0.08. While the ChiSq/df value is 2.605 

which is smaller than 5.0. The study show that the knowledge factors have a significant 

effect on students’ awareness while education factors have no significant effect towards 

students’ awareness.


Application of Grey Model in Gross Domestic Product 

Nabila Fudzha Binti Mahfudz 




Grey theoretical model GM (1,1) is one of the model system that analyse mathematical 

system with less complete data or incomplete information and associated with time series. 

This study aims to apply Grey Model in country economic forecast which is in Malaysia. 

It was applied on Gross Domestic Product. Gross Domestic Product is a value of goods 

and services produced by all factors within a country for a period of one year. The data 

used is the country account data obtained from the website of Department of Statistics 

in Malaysia which is from year 1959 to 2016. Means Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is 

used to measure the accuracy of every forecasting. Different sample size will influence 

the forecasting and determine the value of MAPE. Based on this study, the results showed 

that the sample data size affects the resulting value and the accuracy of predicted value 

depends on the value of MAPE.


Analyzing Tourism Industry in Kuala Terengganu by Sentiment Analysis of 

Facebook and TripAdvisor 

Nadhirah Atiqah Binti Zunaidi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhamad Safiih Bin Lola 



Various online travel websites nowadays show the review of previous travelers but does 

not show the traveler’s exact feelings. Therefore, this research will help tourist to find out 

the overall review of Kuala Terengganu’s tourism industry based on three different 

categories such as hotels, tourist attraction, and food and beverages outlet. By applying 

Sentiment Analysis to social media review on these places, the overall satisfaction can be 

found whether it is positive, negative or neutral. The analysis will extract user’s feelings 

and the percentage of satisfaction. The sentiment percentage of each review is analyzed 

by an online text analysis tool named ParallelDots. It can be concluded that most travelers 

were satisfied with the tourism industry of Kuala Terengganu with some ideas for 

improvement by each category. Therefore, the tourist satisfaction information model 

obtained may help tourist to plan their vacation wisely in order to improve their 

satisfaction.


Runge-Kutta Methods for Solving 

First-order Nonlinear Odes. 

Ng Boon Wang 




Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are encountered in various fields for solving 

specific numerical problem. Numerical methods are used to understand and determine 

the approximation solution close to exact solution of nonlinear ODEs. Runge-Kutta 

methods (RK methods) are multistage methods which can efficiently produce high order 

of accuracy or small magnitude of error. However, RK methods require relatively large 

CPU time when achieve higher stage. We find two suitable test cases of numerical 

illustration and calculate the CPU time to compare whether these methods are suitable 

to solving nonlinear ODEs. When test problem from manufacturer solution, RK methods 

achieve small error and higher order of convergence which is important to do error 

analysis. When implementation of one exact solution and one manufacturer factor, we 

proved the uniqueness for these two ODEs to ensure the solution exists. We implement 

the code of two test cases comprise of test problem to analyse error.


Study on Shortest Path Problem: 

A Case Study in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Ng Yoke Ching 




Shortest path problem is that path in which the sum of weighted or the included edges 

is minimum. Apply the shortest path algorithm in a routing system can solve a lot of 

problems that happen on road for example traffic jam, lack of parking place, etc. All these 

problems occurred in many places including Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). 

Hence, due to these reasons, bicycle lane is suggested to implement along the road in 

UMT. Bicycle’ routing is the priority problem while travelling from one place to another 

place in communication networks. The shortest path or shortest distance between place 

to place can be found through studied a few algorithms. For example Dijkstra’s Algorithm 

and Bellman-Ford Algorithm. In the end of this research, Dijkstra algorithm, Bellman-Ford 

algorithm and Floyd-Warshall algorithm will be studied, investigated and compared to 

find the most suitable shortest path algorithm that can be applied for bicycle lane in UMT.


Operational Planning of Routes and Schedules for A Fleet of 

Fuel Supply Vessels at Kuala Kemaman, Terengganu 

Nik Nur Akmalaili Binti Mohd Yusoff 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. (Muhamad Safiih Bin Lola) 



Ship is the most common transport used in trading and carrying worldwide items that are 

being serviced. However, these shipping things cost a lot than any other transports in 

fuel supply or time consumed. This is because the paths the ships take are long and far. 

Therefore, the objectives of this research are to describe the operational planning 

problem of designing routes and schedules for a fleet of fuel supply vessels providing fuel 

to customer ships and also to minimize the total time consumed and the cost of fuel 

supply by the ships operated. We are able to design routes and schedules for the supply 

ships which is the route B. We are also able to minimize the total time consumed and the 

cost of fuel supply because the cost of fuel increases inversely proportional with the total 

time taken.


Modelling the Causal Relationship of Risk Factors Associated to 

Coastal Erosion Using Dematel Method 

Noor Syazwani Binti Mohd Hisham 




Malaysia is known for its coastal resources and these areas are often used as socioeconomic 

developments. However, these activities give effects such as coastal erosion. 

There are many factors related to coastal erosion, so the objective of this study is to 

investigate the most influence risks factor to coastal erosion problems. We have used 

Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to solve this 

problem. It is because its ability to gathers collective information to capture the causal 

relationship between potential criteria and visualize them into diagraphs. We have 

identified four dimensions and fourteen criteria as critical factors contributing to the 

erosion. Then, we obtained that shoreline changes and relative sea level rise are net 

causes while wave condition is the most influence risks factor to coastal erosion problems. 

Last but not least, hopefully this research could be beneficial to others.


Modelling Students Soft Skills Through Uniform Bodies in University Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT): Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) 

Nor Afiqa Binti Yunus 




This study was written to examine the effectiveness of the uniformed body in shaping 

soft skills among the members of the Kor Suksis University Malaysia Terengganu and 

modeling student soft skills that developed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). 

The elements of soft skills studied are communication skills, teamwork skills, critical 

thinking skills and problem solving, leadership skills and ethical and moral skills. A total 

of 168 members of Kor Suksis were selected to participate as respondent. Structural 

Equation Modeling was used to analyze this study using AMOS and SPSS software. The 

result of this study is there is a significant relationship between leadership skills and 

teamwork skills and there is a significant relationship to the communication skills and 

ethical and moral skills. This study proves that student’s participant in uniformed bodies 

could lead in nurturing the soft skills within themselves.


Cubic Trigonometric Bezier Curves with a Single Shape Parameter 

Nor Aimie Fazliza Binti Kamarudin 




This project aims to reproduce cubic trigonometric Bezier curves with single shape 

parameter. To note traditional Bezier curves cannot be used to represent conic sections 

without inserting weights for each control points. The objectives of this project are to 

identify the basic function and characteristic of the cubic trigonometric Bezier curves with 

a shape parameter and to generate various shapes of cubic trigonometric Bezier curves 

with Mathematica. The shape parameter gives the control to create various shapes thus 

its has high potential for design environment. The first part delves with the identification 

of its the basic functions and the characteristics of the curve. The second part delves with 

various shape design. It is evident that the cubic trigonometric Bezier curve with the 

shape parameter are closer to its control polygon than the traditonal cubic Bezier curve 

which can be useful during design intent.


Improving the Accuracy of Primary Productivity from Satellite Imaginary 

(MODIS) using Hybrid Partial L-Moment and Bootstrap Method in Kuala 

Terengganu Offshore, Terengganu, Malaysia. 

Nor Arine Binti Ab.Rahman 




The use of Vertical Generalized Production Model (VGPM) is exposed to larger error value, 

which may affect the accuracy of the results. Therefore, this project attempts to hybridize 

bootstrap approach with Partial L-Moment to obtain accurate estimation results. The 

proposed model is applied to the data from the satellite imaginary (MODIS) in Setiu. The 

findings indicate that the Partial L-Moment with bootstrap approach is the best model 

compared to the Vertical Generalized Production Model since the error produced are 

smaller. This shows that the proposed model is best to use in the measurement. It can 

be concluded that the application of Partial L-Moment with bootstrap method is very 

useful to provide more accurate decisions. Therefore, the measurements obtained may 

provide useful information for policy makers and researchers in the field of marine.


The Well-being of the Children of Coastal Community using 

Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) 

Nor Asikin Binti Mohamad Shaifuldin 




In East and West states such as Terengganu and Selangor, the coastal community 

inhabits a special place in their history. The objective of this study is to model the wellbeing 

of coastal communities which are the psychological and spiritual well-being also life 

satisfaction as well as to see the relevance between motivation, self-esteem and social 

support. The questionnaire was distributed to 175 students comprise the East Coast and 

West Coast selected secondary school. This study uses the Structural Equation Modeling 

(SEM) method. The result shows that social support affect the well-being of the children 

of the coastal community, namely psychological well-being, spiritual well-being and 

satisfaction. While two other factors which is self-motivation and self-esteem do not 

directly affect the well-being of the coastal community. Generally, self-motivation, selfesteem 

and social support are important to the well-being of the community.


Hybridization of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Multiple Linear 

Regression (MLR) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) for Prediction 

of Chlorophyll-a Water Quality in Sri Manjung Perak 

Nor Azaliah Binti Rozali 




Chlorophylls represent in our daily life with their natural colour of earth, green. It is 

greenish pigments that found in plant to absorb energy. Objectives of this research are 

to develop new model artificial neural network (ANN) with multiple linear regression 

(MLR) and principal component regression (PCR) method for prediction of chlorophyll-a 

water quality and to test the effectiveness of the model developed in by using 

hybridization ANN with MLR and PCR. Issues highlighted here are to develop the best and 

most accurate method to predict the chlorophyll-a in water quality and to determine the 

comparison between hybridization of ANN with MLR and PCR methods. The results of this 

comparison methods show that only one method is chosen to develop the new model of 

ANN. It can be concluded, once the model developed from the method chosen, the ANN 

model able to gain the new data set.


Property Land Processes using Radial Basis Neural Network Methods 

Nor Syazwani Binti Shaharin. 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Safiih Bin Lola 



Heavy rainfall and critical infrastructures are the reason why landslide can happen. 

However, the danger of landslides can be mitigated if the hazard zone is predictable and 

mapped before any arming activities are carried out. So to assist in reducing the incidence 

of landslides, this study was conducted to build a model using the RBFNN method. Test 

the model that has been built using the RBFNN, whether the method is effective in 

calculating errors in data. Radial Basis neural network (RBFNN) is the mapping 

mechanism of a multivariate information space to another. It can help finding the right 

value of correlation between the factor of soil collapse and soil displacement. Therefore, 

the results of this study show that the RBFNN method is the best way to overcome the 

problem of landslide because this method is able to estimate vulnerable areas to 

landslides using space databases for certain areas.


Solving Nonlinear First-order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using 

Backward Differentiation Formulae (BDF). 

Noramira Binti Mohd Ezi 




Backward Differentiation Formulae (BDF) methods are categorised as linear multistep 

methods. BDF methods are fully implicit, thereby increasing the overall stability of the 

schemes. Higher-order BDF methods are popular used to solve stiff nonlinear first-order 

ODEs without relying on a very small step size. While gaining better accuracy by using 

test problems, for fisrt, second and third order BDF methods are reproduce the order of 

convergence using Octave programming language. BDF methods with higher-order of 

accuracy are exceptionally accurate but are less efficient than explicit and semi-implicit 

methods since they require Newton’s method to be computed at each step size. The 

significance of output from this research project is a proper understanding of BDF 

methods and to know how to compute first-order nonlinear ODEs especially involving stiff 

nonlinear ODEs problems.


Geometry Design of a Dining Table by Using 

Partial Differential Equation 

Norhaniza Binti Mohd 




Free-form surface is widely used to generate a design with the help of Computer-Aided 

Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). Other methods are B- 

Spline, Bezier surfaces and non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS). However, these 

methods have their disadvantages, for Bezier surfaces, its do not provide local controls 

which can affect the overall shape of the patch. Therefore, this study proposed to use 

Partial Differential Equation (PDE) to generate a smooth surface of the dining table. 

Generally, the study begins by extracting the boundary points of the object using 

Autodesk MAYA software and record the points in term of xyz-coordinates. Next, change 

the boundary points to boundary curves by using the coefficient of the Fourier series. 

Finally, use the fourth-order elliptic PDE to generate the dining table. As a result, a smooth 

PDE surface of the dining table can be produce. Then, the shape can be manipulated with 

different diameters.


Quadratic Trigonometric Polynomial Curves with a Shape Parameter 

Norsafiqah Binti Mohd Rahimi 




Quadratic trigonometric polynomial (QTP) curves with a shape parameter have its own 

basis function that can be described with trigonometric functions. Curved objects can be 

found everywhere which always need for mathematical fidelity, high precision, artistic 

freedom and flexibility which can helped by Computer-aided geometric design (CADG). 

Work on curve design of QTP have different in closeness to the given control polygon 

compared to B-spline, QTP have C 2 continuity which is non-uniform knot vector and 

quadratic B-spline have C 1 continuity. There are some advantages of using a shape of 

QTP curve. The purpose of this research are to determine the properties of the QTP 

curves with a shape parameter and discuss the about the shapes the curve using 

Mathematica and how benefits for design intent. Furthermore, we use Mathematica 

explicitly to show the characteristics of the trigonometric basis function which enables 

QTP as a suitable curve for design intent.


Solving Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations by 

Reduced Differential Transform Method (RDTM) 

Norshahirah Binti Mohamad Sopi 




Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) are normally more difficult to solve, compared to 

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), mainly for nonlinear PDEs. Nonlinear PDEs 

involves one or more partial derivatives of one or more variables with nonlinear terms. 

An analytical method will be focused to solve nonlinear PDEs, in particularly for Advection 

equation for single equation and then, proceed with Coupled Burger’s equation for 

coupled system. Reduced Differential Transform Method (RDTM) is an analytical methods 

in solving nonlinear PDEs. This method is applied in a direct way and does not require 

any linearization or discretization. Therefore, RDTM will be applied for Advection and 

Coupled Burger’s equation in this research. In conclusion, exact solutions for both 

equations will be presented, and the solutions will be analyzed using Maple.


Solving the Advection Equation using Semi Lagrangian Technique 

Norsyamira Binti Nasaruddin 




The semi Lagrangian method is a combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian methods. 

Weather models affect long-term weather forecasts when tested at larger levels. Failure 

in Eulerian schemes causes difficulty in achieving stability and simulated precision with a 

longer time step. Semi Lagrangian uses a larger time step in identifying the trajectory of 

a particle. The essential feature of semi Lagrangian numerical models is that the total, or 

material derivatives, in the equations of motion are treated directly by calculating the 

departure points of fluid parcels. The departure point of a particle are chosen in such a 

way that they always surround the departure point. The method used in this study is the 

semi Lagrangian method. The outcome of this study is that the advection equation can 

be solved using the semi-Lagrangian method and the stability of the semi-Lagrangian 

method can be determined.


Comparison between Penalty Method and Barrier Method 

for Constrained Optimization 

Nur Affikah Binti Zulkifli Jusbron 




Constrained optimization is one of complicated parts in optimization which is defined by 

the process of optimizing an objective function with the presence of constraints. In order 

to solve the problem of constrained optimization, we transformed the constrained 

optimization into the unconstrained optimization form. There are several methods to solve 

the constrained optimization but we only consider two methods which are Penalty and 

Barrier method. As for Penalty method, we solve the method on infeasible region while 

Barrier method is solving in feasible region. From this result, we get to compare the 

number of iterations and the accuracy of optimal solution for both method.


Methods to Test for Equality of Two Normal Distributions 

Nur Ain Binti Md Yusof 




Most statisticians use statistical tests for two independent samples under normal 

assumption as a routine. However, many studies have shown that statistical tests do not 

necessarily will get the accurate answers. The aims of this research are to introduce twosample 

model with equal variances and to introduce two-sample test and the F test for 

equality of variance where the test problem for the equality of two normal distributions 

are identified and the test is apply to a set of actual data to illustrate the result of the 

test. This study describes the information about the procedure of test that used to test 

the equality of two normal distributions which are likelihood ratio test and combination 

of p values. The result of this study is the minimum method since the minimum method 

is the closest to a diagnostic test and it is corresponds to the Bonferroni correction.


The Use of Fuzzy Logic in Reducing the Rate of 

Juvenile Delinquency at Terengganu 

Nur Alya Syuhada Binti Mohd Riduan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Fatah Bin Wahab 



The purpose of this study was to identify factors that contributed to the rising rate of 

juvenile delinquency and to predict the effectiveness in using fuzzy logic for reducing 

crime rates among the teenagers. There are 150 randomly selected respondents among 

Terengganu’s people to answer the questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into 

two parts where Part A is about the background of the respondents and Part B need 

respondent’s responses for the factor that contribute the juvenile. There are five factors 

that have been studied such as family factor, peer, education, economic and 

environmental. SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Science) and MATLAB are used to 

process and analyze the data obtained. The results of this study show that economy 

factor is the factor that makes the rate of juvenile delinquency increase. Lastly, the 

responsible party must make faster move to solve the problem in juvenile delinquency.


Modeling the Well-Being of the Fisherman Community: 

Structural Equation Modeling 

Nur Amira Shafikah Binti Ab Jamal 



School of Informatics and Applied Mathematic 

This research is aimed to model the Fisherman's Wellbeing in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 

Several factors such as fishery attribute, government role and community role are tested 

to see the significant relationship of factors with fisherman’s wellbeing. Data was collected 

from the questionnaires that were distributed to fisherman in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 

Each factor in the measurement model was analyzed. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 

was used to find the result with the assistance of SPSS 22.0 and AMOS software. The 

result shows that fisherman attribute, government and community greatly influence the 

wellbeing of fisherman communities. This research proved that fisherman attribute, 

government and community show a significant relationship with fisherman’s wellbeing.


Student Satisfaction about Car-Free Day 

in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Nur Fathiah Binti Rosli 




The car-free day is a program where vehicles are prohibited to enter at certain zones 

around Universiti Malaysia Terengganu(UMT). One of the objectives of this program is to 

tell student about the importance of the environment by encouraging students to walk or 

bike. Therefore, this study was made to identify the satisfaction of UMT students on this 

program. The study involved 100 respondents comprising UMT students and was 

analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) method. Quantitative methods 

were used to analyze questionnaires with 26 items which contained UMT students' 

satisfaction factors on car-free day. This study had been analyzed using SPSS and SPSS 

Amos software. The finding of this study is a model for student satisfaction on car-free 

day. The result shows that the three factors which are health, environmental and reduce 

traffic jam are not significant with students’ satisfaction on car-free day.


Personal Sharing in Small Groups Among 

Computational Mathematics and Fisheries Students 

Nur Fatin Atiera Binti Maliki 




Graph theory is a study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model 

pairwise relations between objects. In this research, we focused on the concept of 

reciprocity in the social network. The concept taken for the study is personal sharing in 

small groups among third year undergraduate programme of Computational Mathematics 

and Fisheries in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Reciprocity is a social norm of 

responding to a positive action with another positive action and it creates various social 

bonds. Social network refers to the articulation of a social relationship among individuals 

and groups. The data collected is represented as a directed graph where an arc from one 

vertex to another vertex represents the existence of the personal sharing. An analysis of 

the directed graph is carried out and the pattern of the personal sharing are identified. 

Thus, the pattern reveals a substantial difference of behaviour among the students from 

the two different courses.


Hybrid Approaches Based on ARIMA, ANN and Bootstrap Method for 

Wind Speed Time Series in Terengganu, Malaysia 

Nur Fatin Najwa Binti Abdul Nasir 




Hybrid Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Network 

(ANN) model is widely used, especially to improve the accuracy of the forecasting model. 

However, this hybrid model can become more accurate by constructing the standard 

error. In this research, new model of ARIMA and ANN with bootstrap method was 

developed and test the effectiveness using data wind speed in Kuala Terengganu. In 

order to investigate, the single ARIMA, single ANN and hybrid model with bootstrap 

method was developed. The result shows that hybrid model with bootstrap method is the 

best alternative to reduce the error for forecasting wind speed time series. Therefore, 

this hybrid model with bootstrap method becomes alternative in order to make a model 

more accurate as well as efficiency.


The Edge Version of Geometric-arithmetic Index of Nanotubes 

Nur Hafiza Azwani Binti Mohd Saidi 




Topological indices are numerical values associated with chemical constitutions for the 

purpose of correlating chemical structure with various properties such as physical 

properties, chemical reactivity or biological activity. Three major classes of topological 

indices such as distance based, degree based and counting related polynomials and 

indices of graphs. The edge version of geometric-arithmetic, GA e index is one of the index 

in degree based of topological indices. It’s introduced based on the end vertex degree of 

edges of their line graphs from the geometric-arithmetic, GA index. In this dissertation, 

we focused on the concept of GA e index used to apply and discuss for L(TUC 4 C 6 C 8 [m, n]) 

and L(TUSC 4 C 8 (S)[m, n]) nanotubes. As a result, we produce the general formula for 

GA e index and the comparison between GA e index for L(TUC 4 C 6 C 8 [m, n]) and 

L(TUSC 4 C 8 (S)[m, n]) nanotubes. Then, we investigated the comparison between the 

correlation of GA e index for L(TUC 4 C 6 C 8 [m, n]and L(TUSC 4 C 8 (S)[m, n]nanotubes. This 

shows that TUSC 4 C 8 (S)[m, n] are most sensitivity to GA e index.


Dynamics Analysis on A Modified Leslie-Gower 

Predator-Prey Interaction Model 

Nur Hafizah Binti Nor Azlan 




In this project, we study the population of predator and prey in the ecology system. 

Therefore, we consider a modified Leslie-Gower predator-prey model in order to 

investigate the dynamics of interacting species of predator and its prey. The objectives 

of this project are to determine the stability of the equilibrium points of the interacting 

species of predator and its prey using stability analysis and to investigate the changes of 

stability in this model by changing the values of parameter in the model. From the 

eigenvalues that we get from equilibrium points that we consider, we found that three of 

equilibrium points are unstable while one of them is stable. This is for fixed values of 

parameters in the model. Next, by changing the values of a parameter in the model, the 

results show that there are three types of stability which are asymptotically stable, saddle 

and unstable.


A Malaria Mathematical Model with Treatment 

Nur Suziana Binti Abd Manah 




Malaria disease that is caused by Plasmodium parasites is a life-threatening disease if 

proper treatment or medication does not taken at the early stage of infection. Human 

can get infected by malaria disease via the bites of sick female Anopheles mosquitoes. In 

this project, we would like to investigate the malaria transmission in both mosquito and 

human populations via a compartmental model that is governed by nonlinear ordinary 

differential equations. The existence of equilibrium point is investigated and stability of 

the model is analyzed. We discover that there is a disease-free equilibrium and endemic 

equilibrium exist in the model and, under certain conditions, these two equilibria achieve 

local stability. Moreover, numerical simulations are performed to validate our analytical 

results.


Social Network Analysis as A Tool for The Study of Port Competitiveness 

Papers of Three Selected Journals from 2015 – 2017 

Nur Syafiqin Binti Mohd Ramle 


Bachelor of Science Computational Mathematics 


The focal point of this research is to study about Social Network Analysis (SNA) as a tool 

to find the main reference paper for each journal in the port competitiveness area from 

2015-2017. These papers are concentrated on three academic journals that is journal of 

transport geography, marine policy and transportation research part A. The objectives of 

this research are to identify main reference papers of port competitiveness in three 

selected journals from 2015-2017 and to use UCINET in SNA to analyze collected data of 

port competitiveness papers and explain the relationships. In methodology, the data will 

be interpreted by basic, centrality and intermediate measures. The expected outputs that 

I expect from this research are that we got the clear understanding of the importance of 

SNA in measuring the main references of port competitiveness papers for each journal 

and obtain high-quality results from UCINET software.


Solution of Heat Equation using Explicit Scheme 

Nurhamizatul Aqmal Binti Zulkafli 




Sea breeze is the one of natural phenomena that always related in human daily life. This 

phenomenon can affect human activities caused by movement of wind between sea and 

land. Then, heat equation is used to assume an increase in temperature during day. 

Explicit scheme is used in this research to solve heat equation in one-dimensional. The 

objectives of this research are to solve heat equation using explicit scheme and to show 

that time influenced by heat at the sea during day time. The obtained numerical results 

showed that the weather of the breeze change over time with the approximate solution.


Modelling and Optimizing Bread Production in Harold Bread Bakery using 

Linear Programming 

NurHazimah Binti Yahya 




Linear programming is a mathematical modelling technique for solving optimization 

problem. It has been used to solve optimization problem in many industrial areas such 

as manufacturing, time tabling, transportation and many others. The purpose of this 

study is to formulate a Linear Programming model for maximizing the profit of Harold 

Bread Bakery. Other aspects such as, processing time, the raw material, workers 

working hour and other global factor such as economic problem will be considered to 

gain the maximum profit. This study also focuses on the sensitivity analysis due to 

change of the cost of each ingredient. The optimum result will be obtained by using the 

Microsoft Excel solver. This study will beneficial to Harold Bread Bakery and other similar 

manufacturing company by introducing the approximate way to estimate their company 

daily profit in production of bread.


Construction of Healthy and Palatable Diet for Adolescents at Taman Desa 

Rakyat using Linear Programming 

NurHazirah Binti Razhan 




One of the factors influencing the healthy food choices is socioeconomic statue. The 

unhealthy diets usually happened among the lower-income families since they consume 

cheaper food which are highly in fat. This unhealthy eating patterns would lead to health 

problems such as obesity and malnourishment for the children. Therefore, planning a 

healthy diet menu is important for them to have the sufficient nutrients, energy and 

achieving full growth potential. The purpose of this project is to construct a balanced diet 

model with a minimum cost for adolescents of low-cost flats at Taman Desa Rakyat by 

using Linear Programming. The data on nutrients requirement, number of food 

requirement according to the food groups, nutrition contents of each meals and food 

price will be gathered. Simplex method will be used to solve the model by using MS Excel. 

By formulate the model, hopefully they can prepare based on foods available that 

affordable.


Personal Sharing in Small Group among Mathematics and 

Computer Students 

Nurul Afiqah Binti Nor Azahan 




Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model 

pairwise relations between objects. This research is focused on the concept reciprocity in 

social network. Reciprocity refers to exchange problem between two or more students, 

generally for personal sharing. The concept is applied to personal sharing in small group. 

Personal sharing is referred to the flow of the relationship in social network. Social 

network approach addresses the structure of relationship and mutual interplay between 

the individual and groups. It views social relationships in terms of network theory 

consisting of vertices and edges. The data collected is represented as a directed graph 

which arc from one vertex to another vertex represents the existence of personal sharing. 

An analysis of these directed graphs is carried out and the patterns of the graph are 

identified. Thus, the pattern of personal sharing reveals a substantial difference of 

behaviour among the two different courses.


Semi-implicit Backward-Difference Formulae (SBDF) Methods for First-Order 

Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 

Nurul Amira Eliana Binti Mohd Rahimi 




We proposed SBDF methods to solve nonlinear 1 st -order ordinary differential equations 

(ODEs). SBDF methods which treat the linear term implicitly and the nonlinear term 

explicitly are known to be more stable than fully explicit methods and at the same time 

avoiding Newton’s method. However, they are less stable than the implicit methods. SBDF 

methods are very efficient ODE solvers with a properly chosen step size. We found two 

suitable well-posed test cases (test-problem and manufactured-solution) for the purpose 

of numerical illustration. We derived SBDF methods using Taylor’s expansion and showed 

the order of convergence theoretically. The exact solutions of the two test cases are 

available for numerical benchmarking. We implement the numerical schemes using 

Octave for two test cases using SBDF methods with 1 st -, 2 nd - and 3 rd -order of accuracy. 

Also, the order of convergence was reproduced numerically and the CPU time for each 

SBDF method is compared for efficiency analysis.


Solving Nonlinear 1 st -Order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using 

Adams-Bashforth Methods 

Nurul Atikah Binti Ruslan 




Numerical method are viable mathematical tools to solve the ordinary differential 

equations (ODE) that appears in various modelling problems. We proposed fully explicit 

Adams-Bashforth (AB) methods are to solve the nonlinear 1 st -order ODEs. AB methods 

are very efficient and easy to implement since they do not require Newton’s method. AB 

methods on the other hand are conditionally stable and less robust to handle stiff 

problem. We derived the AB methods and showed the order of convergence theoretically. 

We used two test cases comprises of one test problem and one manufactured solution 

for the purpose of numerical illustration. We solved two test cases using AB methods with 

1 st -, 2 nd -, and 3 rd -order of accuracy via Octave. Lastly, we analyzed the error, reproduced 

the order of convergence and captured the CPU time for efficiency analysis.


Hydrogel Drug Delivery: Diffusion Models 

Nurul Atiqah Binti Muhammad Amin 

Supervisor: Dr. Shalela Binti Mohd. Mahali 



Hydrogel is three-dimensional structure that consists of cross-linked polymer that allow 

the polymer structure to swell when it is imbibe with fluid. In this research, we will 

elucidate the drug release characteristics of diffusion and swelling system. Hydrogel drug 

delivery involve in diffusion and swelling controlled system. We will focus on the solute 

release characteristics of diffusion and swelling system. This model shows the drug 

release in one dimensional. Diffusion model can be solve using advection-diffusion 

equation. The equation cannot be solved analytically because of the presence of an 

advection term and the moving boundary of hydrogel. Therefore, the Landau 

transformation is used to simplify the problem. Three types of growth function that we 

studied were linear, exponential and logistic growth. At the end of this research, we will 

obtain the results using MATLAB software to compare the analytical results with numerical 

simulations.


Two Solitons Solution of Kadomtsev – Petviashvili Equation 

by Hirota Bilinear Method 

Nurul A’zimah Binti Arifin 


Bachelor in Science (Computational Mathematics) 


The purpose of this study is to observe the pattern of the interaction between 2 solitons 

of Kadomtsev – Petviashvili (KP) equation. Generally, KP equation is the extension of 

Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. KP equation is two dimensional which is more realistic 

compared to one dimensional KdV equation. Hence, it is more difficult to obtain the exact 

solution. The general form of KP equation is 

(u t + 6uu x + u xxx ) x ± 3u yy = 0 . 

where subscripts denote the derivatives of the corresponding variables, which are t is 

time, x and y is space coordinate in the direction of propagation. In this study, Hirota 

Bilinear Method were used in order to obtain the solution of soliton of the KP equation. 

The pattern produced by the interaction of two solitons were a triad, a quadruplet and a 

cross. All the movement of triad, quadruplet and cross are move independently.


Comparison between Weighted Sum Method and ε-Constraint Method in 

Multi-objective Optimization Problems 

Nurul Fatin Nabila Binti Muhamad 



School of Informatics And Applied Mathematics 

The purpose of this research is to compare between weighted sum method and ε- 

constraint method to find an optimal solution in multi-objective optimization problem 

(MOPs). MOPs is a problem that having infinite numbers of Pareto optimal and there are 

conflicts among objectives. The decision maker (DM) need to choose a solution that 

satisfied his/her requirement and preference. These two methods are converting MOPs 

into a single objective where weighted sum method multiplying each objective function 

by a weighting factor meanwhile ε-constraint method transforming one of the objective 

functions into a constraint. From the result, we conclude that ε-constraint method is more 

preferable method compare to the weighted sum method because a lot of runs are 

redundant that there can be a lot of combination of weights that result the same efficient 

extreme solution while ε-constraint method able to produce a different efficient solution 

almost at every run.


On the Complexity of Economic Dynamics: 

An Approach through Topological Entropy 

Nurul Hasni Binti Che Daud 




Topological entropy is constant of topological dynamical systems or nonnegative number 

which measures the complexity of the system. Is topological entropy can be compute 

with prescribed accuracy to analyse the chaotic behaviour of dynamical systems given by 

some economic models? We focus on piecewise monotone maps which often appear as 

dynamical models in economy. Our aim is to show that when topological entropy can be 

approximated up to a given error, it is a useful tool to examine the chaotic dynamics in 

one dimensional models. An algorithm is presented for computing the topological entropy 

of a piecewise monotone map of the interval which having three monotone pieces. The 

accuracy of the algorithm is discussed and some graphs of the topological entropy 

obtained using the algorithm are displayed. Some of the ideas behind the algorithm have 

application to piecewise monotone functions with more than three monotone pieces.


Dynamics Analysis for Earth’s Climate System 

Nurul Nadhirah Binti Ag Ahmad 




It is well known that climate system is complex, unpredictable and chaotic. In this project, 

we consider a Lorenz system namely the Earth’s Climate System (ECS) model on how it 

related to the climate change. The objectives of this project are to investigate the 

behaviour of ECS model over time by using time series, to examine the stability of 

equilibrium point at ECS model by using stability analysis, and to study the sensitive 

dependence on initial condition of the model. Our results showed that the time series plot 

obtained for ECS model can be used to predict the behaviour of climate system. Thus, 

for stability analysis results, we obtained that the equilibrium points are saddle and thus 

unstable. Finally, we have shown that ECS model is sensitive to different initial condition 

and this indicates that this model has chaotic behaviour.


Comparison between Karmarkar’s Method and Simplex Method 

in Linear Programming. 

Nurul Syafieqal Amira Binti Mohd Sidi 




Linear Programming is mathematical technique that has been used in modelling to 

achieve maximum profit or minimum cost in many problems that happen around us. A 

business field is one of the example. Every company’s goal is to obtain profit in sales of 

their product. To achieve the goal, we have to minimize the raw material of a product 

while getting the maximum profit. In this research, Karmarkar’s Method and Simplex 

Method had been used to find the most efficient and accurate optimal solution to solve 

this kind of problem. The result has shown that, Karmarkar’s method is suitable to be 

used for large linear programming while Simplex Method is suitable for simple problem.


Social Network Analysis of Small Group 

using Friendship Network 

Nurul Syaheera Binti Din 




Social network is a social structure that made up of nodes, ties, given weights, directions 

and signs. Individual, intermediate and group measures provides overall social behavior 

and interaction. UCINet is social network analysis software used draw and analyze 

collected data that allows elucidating complex networks that describing real data. This 

research describes the sociality of a batch of Computational Mathematics students and 

their interaction that lead to a complex relationship and social structure. The objective is 

to investigate the basic principles of social network analysis in terms of relationships and 

structures, to identify the differentiation of the group of Computational Mathematics 

students by adding few attributes and to use mathematical and graphical techniques to 

analyze the collected data and clarify their relationships. The collected data is represented 

as a directed graph to measure centrality, subgroup, and cohesion. Results indicate that 

Malaysian students mingle based on their gender and religious background which reflects 

their grades.


Symmetry Concept in Parametric Curve Equations using 

Congruent Modulo 

Nurzuliana Binti Zulkifli 




Parametric equation are usually used to denote coordinate points that form a geometric 

objects such as curves or surfaces. Meanwhile, symmetry means the image of an object 

does not change their shape after any transformation such as reflection, rotation and 

translation. This research was conducted to study the use of symmetry concepts in 

parametric curve equations and polar coordinates. The parametric curve equation and 

polar coordinates are used to track the movement of the point that complete a circle with 

the intervals from 0 to 2π, which is aided with congruent modulo to obtain a symmetrical 

pattern in the results. From this research, it can be concluded that the symmetry curve 

can be obtained from the parametric curve equations and polar coordinates using 

congruent modulo.


The Effect of Non-Uniform Basic Temperature Profile to the Onset of Benard- 

Marangoni Convection in Micropolar Dielectric Fluid 

Oh Joo Yik 




Linear stability theory has been perform to study the effect of non-uniform basic 

temperature gradient to onset of Benard-Marangoni convection in horizontal layer of 

micropolar dielectric fluids. Three combination boundary conditions will be consider in 

this study which is free-free, free-rigid and rigid-rigid for adiabatic and thermal 

temperature conduction are considered. The influence of various parameters to the onset 

of convection has been analyse using single term Galerkin technique. The possibility of 

delaying the onset of convection by the application of a cubic basic state temperature 

profile is demonstrated.


Semi-implicit Finite Difference Method for 

One Dimensional Shallow Water Equation 

Ong Sin Yi 




The aim of this research is to solve the one-dimensional shallow water equation in the 

semi-implicit scheme. Shallow water equation is widely implemented in handling fluid flow 

problem. However, shallow water equation is difficult to solve by an analytical approach. 

Thus, the method used in this research is the semi-implicit scheme finite difference. The 

shallow water equation is discretized by using finite difference and Crank-Nicolson 

scheme to form the equation in the semi-implicit scheme. Besides that, the objectives of 

this research are to solve the one-dimensional shallow water equation by using semiimplicit 

finite difference methods and calculate the height of water wave and the product 

of depth-averaged velocity and water velocity. At the end of this research, the shallow 

water equation is solved by using semi-implicit finite difference method and the height of 

water wave and the product of depth-averaged velocity and water velocity are calculated.


Single Valued Neutrosophic Set DEMATEL and Intuitionistic Fuzzy 

Set DEMATEL and Its Application: Factors Influencing 

Subcontractors Selection 

Ong Zhee Ching 




Subcontractors usually help general contractors to overcome problems that related to the 

need for special expertise, limitation in finances and shortage in resources. However, 

selecting a good subcontractor is not a trivial task as many criteria need to be wisely 

prioritized. The purpose of this research is to develop the causes and effects factors of 

subcontractors’ selection using Single Valued Neutrosophic Set DEMATEL method and 

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set DEMATEL method and also compare the results obtained by the 

two methods. In this research, data is collected from experts’ opinions by questionnaire 

survey and phone-call interview. MATLAB software is used to obtain the causal diagram 

that influenced the subcontractors’ selection. The results are then compared using the 

methods. The conclusion can be drawn that DEMATEL method is the most suitable 

method to find out the causes and effects factors of the subcontractors’ selection. Some 

recommendations will be presented in this research.


The Investigation of Super Graceful Labeling in Graph 

Pang Poh Feng 




Let G = (V(G), E(G)) be an undirected graph with order p and size q. A bijection 

f ∶ V(G) ∪ E(G) → {1, 2, 3, … , p + q} such that f(uv) = |f(u) − f(v)| for every edge uv ∈ 

E(G) is a super graceful labeling. G is a super graceful graph if it admits super graceful 

labeling. In this study, we verified the super gracefulness of path graph, cycle graph, 

complete graph, the complete tripartite graphs K(1, 1, r) and some disjoint union graphs. 

We figured out the trend to label some of the graphs and it is discussed in this paper. We 

also apply three construction methods C1, C2 and C3 introduced by Lau et al. (2016) to 

those super graceful graphs to get new super graceful graphs. The construction C4 is 

verified with examples to show that it creates super graceful bipartite graph.


On Numerical Methods for High-Order Nonlinear Ordinary Differential 

Equations (ODEs): A Reduction to a System of First-Order ODEs 

Puteri Nurul Fatihah Binti Mohamad Azli 




High-order ODEs can be found in many applications, e.g., motion of pendulum, vibrating 

springs, etc. We first convert the high-order nonlinear ODEs to a system of 1 st -order ODEs 

which is easier to deal with. Then, Adams-Bashforth (AB) method is used to solve the 

system of 1 st -order ODE. AB methods are chosen since they are explicit and more efficient 

in terms of shorter computational time. However, the step size h is more restrictive since 

these methods are conditionally stable. We find two test cases (one test problem and one 

manufactured solution) to be used to validate the AB methods. The exact solution for 

both test cases are available for error analysis and convergence later on. The 

implementation of 1 st -, 2 nd - and 3 rd -order AB methods are done using Octave. The error 

was computed to retrieve the order of convergence numerically and the CPU time was 

recorded to analyze their efficiency.


The Relationship between Topological Entropy and 

Pseudo-Orbits in Uniform Spaces 

Ridzuwani Binti Abdul Rahim 




Topological entropy measures the maximal exponential growth rate of different forward 

orbits for an arbitrary topological dynamical systems and pseudo-orbits is it powerful 

tools. We predict the relationship between pseudo-orbits entropy and topological entropy 

and we describe the correlation between uniform spaces and topological entropy. Then, 

justify description about uniform spaces and topological entropy and analyse about 

pseudo-orbits and topological entropy. The methods are, let a uniform space be a set X 

equipped with a uniform structure, collection of X × X each of which contains the diagonal 

and some additional properties. The topological entropy of uniform spaces can be 

calculated in terms of growth rate of pseudo-orbits. Let T ∶ X → X be a continuous map 

of a compact uniform space (X, u) and we get h top (T) = h sep (T) = h span (T) and 

h top (T) = h ψ (T) (the number h ψ (T) will be called the pseudo-orbit entropy of T). Hence, 

the relationship between topological entropy and pseudo-orbits in uniform spaces are 

shown.


Mathematical Modelling for Water Wave Propagation using 

One Dimensional Shallow Water Equation in Tsunami Model 

Siti Nur Syahirah Binti Rosli 




Shallow water equation can be used to describe the propagation of water waves in areas 

such as rivers, shoreline, drainage and others. Based on previous studies, various 

numerical methods have been used to solve the shallow water equation of one dimension 

but these methods have errors in calculations. In this study, the finite difference method 

was used to solve the shallow water equation using explicit scheme. This explicit scheme 

can improve the numerical stability of the solution. The finite difference equation is 

suitable for use as its properties are classified for fluid movement and are suitable for 

water wave propagation in the tsunami model. From this project, the explicit method can 

solve the shallow water equation and it can also gain stability. In other words, the 

propagation of water waves during the tsunami can be identified by simulating the 

tsunami model using the method described.


Exploration of Friendly Index Set 

S’ng Yuan Nian 




Let G = (V, E) be a graph, where V be the vertex set, E be the edge set and let A be an 

abelian group. A labelling f: V → A that induces an edge labeling f ∗: E → A defined by 

f ∗ (xy) = f(x) + f(y). For I ∈ A, v f(i) 

= card{v ∈ V: f(v) = i} and e f (i) = card{e ∈ 

E: f ∗ (e) = i}. For all (i, j) ∈ A × A, a labelling f of a given graph G is said to be A-friendly 

if |vf(i) − vf(j)| ≤ 1 . When A = Z2, the set FI(G) = {| ef (1) - ef (0)| : f is friendly} is 

defined as the friendly index set of G. In this paper, we analyse the concept of friendly 

index set in path, complete, 2-regular, books, edge-gluing and bipartite graphs and 

determined which of them admit in friendly index set.


Geometric Hermite Interpolation by a Family of 

Intrinsically Defined Planar Curves 

Sufia Binti Mohd Ramli 



School of Informatics and applied Mathematics 

This research delves about Geometric Hermite interpolation by a family of intrinsically 

defined planar curves. We investigate intrinsic curves by choosing the curvature radius 

function as polynomials in order to satisfy G 1 continuity. The main objective of this 

research is to generate an intrinsic curve satisfying G 1 continuity and at the same time 

satisfy given end curvatures thus satisfying G 2 continuity. An intrinsic equation of a curve 

is an equation that describes the radius of curvature and torsion of a curve as a function 

of its arc length. It is in the form of a differential equation of arc length with respect to 

the angle called tangent direction. Final results indicate that the tangent direction, arc 

length, and the curvature of an intrinsic curve can be easily obtained by expressing 

curvature function in the form of polynomials. The final section depicts numerical 

examples which clearly indicate its application for various design intent.


Trajectory of Shuttlecock in Badminton Games Using Newton Second Law 

Suzie Surianti Binti Mohd Nasir 




Badminton is one of the famous games in the world. Shuttlecock is the main object in 

badminton games and it has small mass and large cross-sectional area so it decelerates 

fast as it moves in air. Shuttlecock’s characteristic make it has large drag force. 

Shuttlecock also produce high aerodynamic force and sharp flight trajectory. The purpose 

of this research is to find the equation of shuttlecock’s trajectory using Newton Second 

Law, f = ma which is used by finding the terminal velocity. Other objectives is to find the 

relationship between angle and velocity towards trajectory and plotted it by using Maple 

software. Resistance force is one of the factor that influence the shuttlecock’s trajectory 

and it can be modeled in two techniques which is proportional to object speed n = 1, or 

to the speed squared, n = 2. Throughout discussion we come to the conclusion that 

resistance force for n = 2 is the best for shuttlecock’s trajectory.


A Linear Programming Model in Prawn Feed Formulation 

and Its Effectiveness for Macrobrachium Rosenbergi in Malaysia 

Tan Jia Theng 




The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is becoming an increasingly 

important species and considered to have the potential to increase the income among 

impoverished farmers in Malaysia. However, high cost of feed has been an important 

barrier to a forward expansion of its cultivation. Disease has also been considered as one 

of the important constraints in limiting the production of the prawn worldwide. This 

project innovated a formulation of a reduced-cost prawn feed that complies with the 

nutrient requirement of the prawn through a mathematical model using linear 

programming. The formulation consists of common ingredients used in feed production 

as well as incorporation of plant wastes which could be a protein substitute and helped 

further decreasing the cost of feed, but also has the potential to increase survival rate. 

This formulation has the potential to be commercialized which will thereafter solve many 

problems related to farming of giant freshwater prawn.


Mathematical Modeling of Electric Power Flow on 

Two-Conductor Uniform Transmission Lines 

Tan Kok Ping 




Transmission lines transmit power or information from point to point along arbitrary paths 

with high efficiency. So, the mathematical model for the measurable electric power flow 

on transmission lines can be constructed. The main objective for doing this project is to 

construct a mathematical model for predicting the voltage and current at specific position 

and time on the transmission line. Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws are used to derive 

the model. By using differentiation and substitution, the telegraph equation then could 

be obtained. Two different instances of telegraph equations have been chosen which are 

linear and non-linear. The method for solving these two equations is reduced differential 

transform method (RDTM). The solutions for both equations are exponential functions 

which imply that the rate of change of voltage and current along the transmission line is 

proportional to their current value.


Mathematical Model of Affinity-based Drug Delivery System 

by Using Partial Differential Equation 

Tan Li Chin 

Supervisor: Dr. Shalela Binti Mohd. Mahali 

Bachelor of Science (Computional Mathematics) 


Affinity-based drug delivery system have been developed to overcome the limitation of 

unmodified hydrogel. An example of an affinity is provided by the heparin-based but is 

not optimal for controlled released growth factors that have weak affinity for heparin. 

Thus, a peptide-based delivery system of mathematical model should be developed to 

represent how the affinity of a peptide can modulate the release of nerve growth factor 

(NGF). This study aims to develop a mathematical model to represent a peptide-based 

affinity drug delivery system and to evaluate the NGF release profiles based on the 

theoretical data. An explicit finite difference scheme is used to numerically integrate the 

mathematical model of peptide-based drug delivery system. At the end of the study, the 

graphs of the predicted fraction of total growth factor release and it has shown that the 

more the concentration of the peptide, the slower the fraction of growth factor released.


Path Planning for Automatic Parallel Parking in One Trial 

Wan Nor Nabila Nadia Binti Wan Zuki 




This study deals with path planning for parallel parking problem on the Parking Assist 

System and identify the minimum length of the parking space to park a car in one trial. 

This path planning method is based on a geometric approach such as minimal turning 

radii, which can be determined by the geometry of a vehicle and its maximum steering 

angle. The main strategy for parallel parking comes from retrieving a car from the parking 

slot and the process is reversible that can be used in parallel parking maneuvering. The 

fundamental of geometry of circular concept is used to form the s-shaped trajectory 

parking path by the two identical circles tangentially connected. As a conclusion, the 

proposed planning method is independent because it does not depend on the initial 

position of the car, but the car must be parallel with the parking space of standing car.


Identifying the Research Trend of Asian Port Competition using 

Social Network Analysis 

Yung Ai Fung 




This study analysed research trends in port competition using a Social Network Analysis 

(SNA) approach. In particular to identify the changes and evolution trends related to port 

competition by exploring academic journals with keyword “port competition” limiting to 

Asian ports. 51 papers from 1990 to 2017 were collected from Scopus database and the 

network is constructed using UCINET software by visualizing divisions into three 

generations. In this study, the nodes represented ‘keywords’ and edges represented 

‘correlation’ which mean a mutual relationship or connection between two or more 

keywords in a research paper. The results were found that first period (1990-1999) mainly 

focused on “port competition”, “economic policy”, “policy choice” and “port authority”. 

Both “port competition” and “port operation” are two essential keywords for the second 

period (2000-2009). Finally for the third period (2010-2017), “port operation” had the 

highest degree and betweenness centrality which indicate that it is the most referred 

keyword thus roleplaying as the main driving factor of port competition for the upcoming 

years.


Generic Mathematical Model for Cost Reduction with Optimized Nutrients in 

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Fertilizer Production: Effects on Growth 

Performance 

Zahidah Binti Mohd Zaulir 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aidya Hanum Aizam 



The mathematical model aims to reduce the cost of Citrullus lanatus fertilizer production 

and at the same time fulfilling all the nutrients requirements of the crops. Commercial 

fertilizers are commonly used, however it is costly and less affordable for farmers. 

Farmers usually obtains the commercial fertilizer due to lack of knowledge on producing 

homemade fertilizer. The generic mathematical model innovated from this project could 

help farmers to formulate and compose their homemade fertilizer that fulfills all the 

nutrients required by crops with a much cheaper cost comparing to commercial fertilizers. 

Linear Programming method was used to solve and evaluate the model developed with 

the assistance of Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modelling System (AIMMS). The 

usage of AIMMS along with the developed mathematical model can show that 

mathematical method can also be applied on agriculture industry. This model will be 

beneficial for farmers in enhancing Citrullus lanatus cultivation through minimal cost 

production.


Generic Model for Timetabling Problems by Integer Linear Programming 

Approach: An Improvement of the Application towards the Examination 

timetabling Problem 

Zuliyana Farahi Binti Ismail 




This mathematical programming model is designed to improve the previous model for 

university examination timetable. The referred model has successfully implemented the 

general model developed made for all scheduling problem however disregarded the open 

elective courses. Therefore, we took this matter as an improvisation and further prove 

that the general model developed could also be applied to the altered examination 

scheduling model. Real data of a public university in Malaysia is used to test and verify 

the model with specific range of preferences value that represent their preferred 

assignment of examination to the slot and venue. The model is constructed using MILP 

and with Arima to predict the number of future enrolment. The result reported is analysed 

with AIMMS mathematical software with CPLEX solver. The study shows that the general 

model is proven applicable given an optimised solution in which led to the assignment of 

examinations to the most preferred slot and venue.

School of Ocean 

Engineering

Bachelor of Technology 

(Environment)

Preparation, Characterization and Application of Multi-Media Filter for 

Batik Wastewater Treatment 

Anis Syazlin Binti Mohamad Supian 

Supervisor: Dr. Sofiah Binti Hamzah 

Bachelor of Technology (Environment) 

School of Ocean Engineering 


Batik industry wastewater is derived from the coloring and wax removal processes. 

This study aimed to develop an application bio-filtration system for batik wastewater 

treatment. Iron II sulfate (FeSO4) was used for the treatment process while sponge, 

zeolite and sugarcane bagasse were used as filter media for the treatment process. 

FTIR and SEM were used to determine the morphology and surface chemistry of 

zeolite and sugarcane bagasse which acts as adsorbent in this process. From the 

observation, pre-treatment and filtration process using the developed system was able 

to reduce from COD of batik wastewater from 38 mg/L to 17 mg/L (55% removal). 

TSS and turbidity were also successfully removed for almost 98% and 40%, 

respectively. The findings of this study will allow comparison of each media used in 

multi-media filtration as a method of satisfying present and future water quality 

standards.

Preparation and Application of Multimedia Filtration System for Pollutant 

Removal in Aquaculture Wastewater in Mud Crab Hatchery 

Filzah Zahirah Binti Mohd Daud 





Aquaculture wastewater consist of uneaten fish feed, fecal and other excretion and 

residue of the chemicals used. Discharge of aquaculture wastewater directly to the 

water stream without treatment can harm the ecosystem. Thus, this study aimed to 

develop low cost filtration system for mud crab hatchery wastewater treatment. 

Sponge has been used to pre-treat the wastewater mainly to remove the larger 

particles and suspended solid. Sand and zeolite (with and without heat treatment) 

were used as filter media for the treatment process. FTIR and SEM analysis were used 

to determine the morphology and surface chemistry of zeolite which acts as adsorbent 

in this process. The physical (temperature, TSS and turbidity) and chemical properties 

(pH, ammonia, DO) of raw wastewater were determined and pollutant removal 

efficiency of each media used in the filtration system were assessed. The observation 

shows that the filter media with heat treatment were able to promote a better pollutant 

removal compare to untreated media. It was successfully remove the TSS, ammonia, 

and turbidity of wastewater for about 18.8%, 90.7% and 100%, respectively. The 

findings of this research can be a good fundamental knowledge and platform for the 

development and improvement of aquaculture wastewater treatment system in the 

future.

Heat Capacity Measurement in Unsaturated Soil 

Noorlaila Binti Dollah Sani 

Supervisor: Dr. Sunny Goh Eng Giap 




Thermal properties deal with the capacity and movement of heat in soils. It can affect 

the temperature, heat distribution and variation in the soils with time and depth. The 

effect of water content and bulk density on the specific heat and volumetric heat 

capacity of the sieved and repacked soils were studied in the laboratory. The current 

study measured the value of heat capacity by heating a small quantity of soil sample 

with a known power input from voltage meter and measure the temperature change 

over a period of time. The study used sand for investigation. For the kind of soil 

considered, specific heat increased with the increasing water content. Similarly, the 

volumetric heat capacity increased with the increasing water content and soil density. 

Specific heat capacity ranged from 0.83 to 3.134 kJ/kg. o C for sand, while volumetric 

heat capacity ranged from 1.227 to 5.017 MJ/m 3 . o C for sand. The studied water 

contents were ranged from 0.10 to 0.42 (m 3 /m 3 ). The volumetric heat capacity and 

specific heat of sand observed under varying water content and soil density were 

differentiated. The data showed that sand temperature with higher water content 

increased faster than that of drier soil. This suggests that sandy soils exhibit heat 

dissipation in different regions of moisture content.

Preparation and Application of Multimedia Filtration System for Pollutant 

Removal from Aquaculture Waste Water in Shrimp Hatchery 

Nur Fatia Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Sofiah binti Hamzah 




Effluent discharge from shrimp hatchery wastewater consists ammonia that has 

impact on environment. This study aimed to develop low cost filtration system for 

shrimp hatchery wastewater treatment. Sponge has been used to pre-treat the 

wastewater mainly to remove the larger suspended solid. Sand and activated carbon 

(with and without heat treatment) were used as filter media for the treatment process. 

FTIR and SEM analysis were used to determine the morphology and surface chemistry 

of activated carbon which acts as adsorbent in this process. The physical and chemical 

properties of raw wastewater were determined and pollutant removal efficiency of 

each media used in the filtration system were assessed. The findings show that, the 

treated sand (with heat) and treated activated carbon (with acid and heat) promoted 

a good removal of TDS (mg/L), turbidity (NTU) and TSS (mg/L), which are 33.8%, 

73.2%, and 98.6%, respectively. The findings of this study can be a fundamental 

knowledge for the development and improvement design of aquaculture wastewater 

treatment in the future.

Preparation and Application of Low Cost Bio-Filtration System for Batik 

Wastewater Treatment 

Raja Khalidjah binti Raja Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Sofiah binti Hamzah 




Batik wastewater has large contributions to environmental pollution due to the usage 

of dyes and effluent discharging without any treatment. This study aimed to develop 

a low cost bio-filtration system for batik wastewater treatment. Magnesium oxide was 

used for the treatment process while sponge, zeolite and rice husk were used as filter 

media for the treatment process. FTIR and SEM were used to determine the 

morphology and surface chemistry of zeolite and rice husk which acts as adsorbent in 

this process. From the observation, pre-treatment and filtration process using the 

developed system was able to reduce COD of batik wastewater from 38 mg/L to 11 

mg/L (71% removal). TSS and turbidity were also successfully removed for almost 

34% and 7%, respectively. The findings of this research can be a good fundamental 

knowledge and platform for the development and improvement of the batik 

wastewater treatment system in the future.

The Study of Iron and Manganese Removal from Groundwater in Kampung 

Budi, Kelantan 

Muhammad Irfan Bin Ahmad 





Groundwater has been a major water resource in Kelantan. However, the main 

problem for the last 20 years for the use of this groundwater sources are reddishcolored 

water, caused by the presence of ferrous and manganese. This study aimed 

to develop an economic filtration system for groundwater treatment in Kg. Budi, 

Bachok, Kelantan. Mono-media sand with effective size of (D10) 0.5 mm, uniformity 

coefficient (UC) 1.5 and the size range from 0.3 to 2.0 mm was used in a column 

filtration system for groundwater treatment. The effects of filtration velocity towards 

water quality and head loss were monitored. From the observation, the most optimum 

velocity for this filtration system was at 4.38 m/h which able to remove 98-100% iron, 

manganese and turbidity. Next, the head loss is directly proportionate to the flow 

velocity. This study has proven that this mono-media sand filter can be an effective 

and economical solution to remove iron and manganese from groundwater and also 

achieve the drinking water quality standard which is safe to consume.

Preparation and Application of Filtration System for the Final Treatment of 

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Pome) 

Mohammad Rasul Bin Mohyi 

Supervisor: Dr. Sofiah Bt Hamzah 




POME is highly polluting wastewater if discharged directly into the river without a 

proper treatment. The treatment of POME is an important issue by palm oil mills and 

the method of treatment has gained interest by many researchers. This study aimed 

to develop a batch filtration system for POME treatment. Two types of filter media 

which are sand and activated carbon from coconut shell (effective sizes of 0.3mm to 

2.0mm) were used for this filtration system. FTIR and SEM were used to determine 

the morphology and surface chemistry of the media used. This study focused on the 

determination of physical and chemical parameter of POME, effluent quality in terms 

of turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), and influence of bed height media for 

pollutant removal in POME treatment. The result obtained showed that the best 

operating condition for removal of pollutant was at bed height 45cm of sand and 15cm 

of activated carbon with 51% removal. The findings of this study can be a fundamental 

knowledge for the development and improvement of POME treatment in the future.

Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement Using Dielectric Water 

Potential Sensor and Soil Moisture Sensor 

Fatinah Binti Aplop 

Supervisor: Dr Sunny Goh Eng Giap 




Soil is chemically weathered rock mixed with organic and living matter on the earth 

surface. There are a number of important soil properties such as structure, 

consistency, texture, colour, chemical and physical properties. Measurement of 

hydraulic conductivity, can be measured by one of the model such as HYPROP. For 

measuring on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, two sensors will be transferred to 

the computer. First, dielectric water potential sensor for measuring water potential of 

the soil. Second, soil moisture sensor to measure volumetric water content. The two 

sensor will be connected to the data logger and the data will be shown in the 

computer. FORTRAN is one of the software will be used for the data. The data will be 

recorded for the time versus soil moisture content.

Numerical Study of Flow Past A Solid Sphere at Moderate Reynolds 

Number 

Ili Amnani binti Razali 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nurdiyana binti Wan Mansor 




The flow separation occurs whenever the point which it near the surface of sphere 

started to fall at minimum point. In this study, the simulation value of Reynolds 

number is within 50 ≤ Re ≤ 500 has been used. The Reynolds number contributes 

towards the changes of the flow around the solid sphere. The wide formation of wake 

is the caused that brought by the increasing Reynolds number. The unpredictable of 

flow separation around a solid sphere when at different Reynolds number can be 

reduce when the surface of sphere has been added with the roughness and edges. 

Simulation analyses proved that the flow separation around the solid sphere increase 

as the Reynolds number increase. The separation also separates early as the flow 

increase. The formation of wake behind the solid sphere is getting wide. This is shows 

that the flow behavior would affect the flow separation as the Reynolds number 

increase.

Thermal Conductivity Estimation in Unsaturated Soil 

Noralina binti Rosli 





There are several models or methods available to consider changes in thermal 

conductivity during heating and cooling. The major factors affecting the thermal 

conductivity of unsaturated soils are assessed through critical examinations of 

different models and their development. In addition, thermal conductivity values can 

also be measured using sensors. However, equipment such as sensors used to 

measure thermal conductivity values in unsaturated soils is expensive e.g dual probe 

heat pulse sensor. Therefore, this study is conducted to measure the value of thermal 

conductivity through more conventional and cheaper methods than the sensors used. 

Methods for measuring thermal conductivity values are derived from Riha et al., 

(1980). The experimental data can complement the desired heat equation Geankoplis, 

(1993) and this method can also be commercialized in the future. The thermal 

conductivity range of dry sand was from 0.07 to 0.28 W/mK while the thermal 

conductivity of saturated soil was 2.27 W/mK. In addition, the construction of the 

sensor inside the tube helps in obtaining temperature values for the heating and 

cooling process in the water bath. The values are analyzed through Fortran 

programming to get a comparison of the results. The results show that cooling process 

is better than the heating process for unsaturated soil.

Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Sludge as Binding Agent for Rice Husk 

Briquette Fabrication 

Muhamad Hazani Bin Abdul Kahar 





The demand for energy is becoming a critical challenge for the world as the population 

continues to grow. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of POMS as binding 

agent for rice husk briquette fabrication. Different percentage of POMS (20%, 40%, 

60%, 80% and 100%) was used as a binder for the production of rice husk briquettes 

and its effect on the properties combustion, water resistance, durability and moisture 

content of the formed briquette was investigated. FTIR and SEM were used to 

determine the morphology and surface chemistry of rice husk, POMS and produced 

briquette. Analyses revealed the addition of 20% POME sludge with 80% rice husk 

was able to produce a good briquette with combustion properties. For water resistance 

about 100% POMS was the best in term of water resistance. This fundamental study 

exhibit a good alternative in maximizing the use of waste in palm oil mill industry.

Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis for the Degradation of Paracetamol: 

Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode versus Black Light Fluorescent Lamp 

Pritharshini a/p Palanisamy 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Salida Binti Wan Mansor 




Photocatalyst is known as a substance activated by adsorbing a photon and efficient 

in accelerating the reaction without being consumed. The usage of paracetamol has 

been increasing over years and this compound can be removed by wastewater 

treatment but it is not efficient. Thus, photocatalytic degradation using titanium 

dioxide (TiO2) as a catalyst can eliminate the paracetamol contained in water source. 

This study is done by varying the concentration of titanium dioxide using UV LED and 

Black light as an illumination source and to compare the efficiency of these two 

illumination source as to investigate the key parameters: catalyst load. The result 

obtained showed that UV LED is more efficient in photocatalytic degradation compared 

to black light and for the catalyst load, as the concentration of catalyst increases, the 

performance of degradation decreases. Paracetamol can be a harm to everyone, thus 

photocatalytic degradation can eliminate paracetamol in our drinking sources.

Lab Scale Experimental of Wave, Energy Loss in a Sandbar Regulated 

River Estuary 

Nurul Yusra Binti Rosli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Edlic Sathiamurthy 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Sunny Goh Eng Giap 




This study is about recognition of complex sandbar development pattern under 

wave action in a sandbar. The study of is for determination energy loss in a sandbar 

is rarely in morphology or hydrodynamic study. Therefore, a small scale experiment 

of physical model was conducted to determine the velocity of wave action in sandbar 

under several conditions of wave action. The objectives of the laboratory experiment 

is to build the physical model, to measure the wave action velocity and to calculate 

changes kinetic head inside a sandbar caused wave action. The pool will be used is 

3m, 10m and 1.5m in size of width, length and height, respectively. The wave 

generator is used to generate wave in the pool to ensure the movement of wave 

steadily. This experiment was conducted in two types of wave which were short wave 

and long wave (tidal). The waves was measured with Cera Diver Data Logger.

Pharmaceutical Waste Removal with Light-Emitting Diode Based 

Advanced Oxidation Processes 

Afiqah Mastura binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Salida binti Wan Mansor 




Pharmaceutical compound in wastewater has become an important issue as the 

wastewater treatment plant did not treat them and may affect the reuse and disposal 

of wastewater. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs) is one of the effective process 

which involve heterogeneous photocatalysis by using semiconductor metal oxide and 

ultraviolet as the light sources in producing clean water. This study investigated the 

use of a range of different amount of UV/LED which are 30, 60 and 90 as the light 

source and the interaction between TiO2 as photocatalyst which eventually cause the 

degradation of pharmaceutical in wastewater. Results have shown that as confirmed 

in UV-Vis analyses, degradation of paracetamol which is as the target of 

pharmaceutical in wastewater is achieved with higher amount of UV/LED and less 

amount of TiO2 used. Overall, it shows that UV/LED and photocatalyst plays an 

important role in removal of paracetamol in wastewater.

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Crude Oil Stained Silt and Sand 

Sediment 

Aimi Atina Binti Md Desa 





Oil is transported by ships across the oceans and by pipelines across the lands around 

the world. This has resulted in several accidents oil spillage. The residue oil that 

remained after the oil spillage incident will contaminate the sediment and affect the 

hydrologic properties of the soil. Hence, the study regarding the change of saturated 

hydraulic conductivity of crude oil stained sand sediment has been conducted to see 

the changes of water movement between polluted and unpolluted sediment. This 

study was conducted by using Darcy experiment. The average of sand sediment that 

has been used is between 0.710 mm to 0.800 mm. This experiment has found that, 

the presence of crude oil residual has clogged the pore spaces that available between 

sand sediment and thus inhibits the water to flow freely though the interconnected 

pore inside the sediment that was proved by using Darcy Law analysis.

Lighting in the Workplace: An Analysis of the Lighting Quality and the 

Possible Associated Symptoms Related to Lighting 

Aina Mardhiah Binti Zolkapile 

Supervisor: YM Dr. Tengku Azmina Binti Engku Ibrahim 




Adequate lighting is important for human, especially among workers in laboratories to 

perform their task systematically, productively and concurrently in a healthy 

environment. The study aims to measure the lighting quality among staffs working in 

laboratories with excessive usage of computer and identify the prevalence of computer 

vision syndrome symptoms associated with lighting quality. This cross-sectional study 

using a purposive sampling method collected data on socio-demography of 

participants, their time spent daily on computers and the symptoms of computer vision 

syndrome (CVS) using a self-reported questionnaire while the lighting condition was 

measured using a lux meter. The results shows that most of the staffs do not working 

under appropriate lighting which is below than 300 – 400 lux. A big number of staffs 

also experienced one or more symptoms related to computer vision syndrome.

Effects of Sawdust Proportion and Sintering with the Presence of Flux on 

Natural Ceramic Membrane in Treating Dye Wastewater 

Ainaa Binti Amir 

Supervisor: Dr. Asmadi Bin Ali @ Mahmud 




Dye has been widely used in textile industry but the discharge of textile wastewater 

to the river give serious impact towards environment. This study was conducted to 

produce high performance yet low cost natural ceramic membrane for treating dye 

effluent. The ceramic membranes were prepared from clay and different proportions 

of sawdust by slip casting method before sintering at 1000 o C for 2 hours. The 

performances were characterized in terms of porosity, density, mechanical strength 

and permeability. Results showed that the increase in sawdust proportion increased 

the porosity and permeability and also decreased the density and mechanical strength. 

Combination of clay with 20% sawdust showed the best performance. However, these 

low cost ceramic membranes have relatively large pore size and therefore are 

considered less effective for dye treatment application.

Phytohormone: Effects of Auxin Hormone in Anaerobic Digestate on The 

Growth Performances of Cucumis Melo Var. Inodorus CV Melon Manis 

Terengganu 1 Under Soilless Culture System 

Aisyah Binti Ahmad Hasbollah 

Supervisor: Dr. Shahrul Bin Ismail 




To assess the influence of plant hormone which is auxin hormone on growth 

improvement in Cucumis Melo var. Inodorus cv Melon Manis Terengganu 1 by 

fertigation system. Thus this study aimed to examine the effect of phytohormone 

active compound from palm oil mill effluents (POME) digestate on growth of honey 

melon and to identify auxin hormone in POME digestate and to compare the growth 

of Cucumis Melo var. Inodorus with or without the presence of hormone plant. The 

data were collected for one month after treatment. The growth of honeydew melon 

was evaluated with three different treatment which are: 1) only nutrient A and B are 

added as a control, 2) nutrient AB with the addition of plant hormone from auxin 

commercial and 3) nutrient AB with the additional of digestate of POME. The 

investigation was carry out on POME digestate to evaluate the presence of indo-3- 

acetic acid (IAA) by using Salkowski reagent. The data collected shows that POME 

digestate contain IAA.

Antimicrobial Activity of Cerium Doped Zinc Oxide for Antifouling 

Application 

Amie Zaidah Binti Amran 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Rafizah binti Wan Abdullah 




Biofouling causes major problems in medical and engineering applications. Unwanted 

growth of microbes on submerged surface can be prevented by application of 

antifouling agent. In this study, antifouling agent made of Ce doped ZnO powder 

containing various Ce doping concentrations (0.2 to 1.0 mol%) was synthesized 

through citrate gel and solid state sintering technique. Its antimicrobial activity against 

E.coli and S.aureus was determined using well diffusion method and its photocatalytic 

disinfection property was determined in photodegradation test. All synthesized Ce 

doped ZnO demonstrated antibacterial activity only against S.aureus and 

photocatalytic characteristics. Within 180 min of UV irradiation, Ce doped ZnO induced 

photocatalytic disinfection of up to 100% of E.coli and 100% of S.aureus. Exceptional 

antimicrobial activity and photocatalytic disinfection efficiency were observed in 0.8 

mol% Ce doped ZnO. It is therefore proven that Ce doped ZnO powder can break the 

cycle of biofilms and prevent fouling.

Removal of Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) by Using Groundwater 

Treatment System at Kg. Budi, Tawang, Bachok Kelantan 

Anis Syahirah Binti Mohamad Hamdan 





Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd (AKSB) does not supply water for all areas in Kelantan and one 

of the areas happens to be Kg. Budi, which is situated in Tawang, Bachok. The 

communities use groundwater from their private or other initiatives but the 

groundwater is contaminated with iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). This study 

discusses treatment of groundwater containing iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) using 

a replicated model of the real treatment system at Kg. Budi. Emphasis is placed on 

characterizing groundwater in terms of four parameters which are iron (Fe), 

manganese (Mn), total suspended solid (TSS) and turbidity and also on studying the 

performance of each unit of the real treatment system (aeration, sedimentation and 

filtration methods). The experiments using the replicated model were done in two 

ways; with and without aeration. The filtration unit in both experiments were tested 

using different sizes and bed depth of sand. Results showed that with aeration 

experiment removed contaminants up to 20% higher than without aeration 

experiment. Sand grain size and sand bed depth also affected physical water quality. 

This proves that the treatment system is effective in removing iron (Fe) and 

manganese (Mn).

Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Metallic Activated Carbon Derived 

From Microwave Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell 

Carmil Chai 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lam Su Shiung 




Palm oil mill effluent (POME) represents a harmful waste that needs to be treated 

before it is released to the environment. In this study, palm kernel shell (PKS) was 

examined for its potential to be converted into activated carbon (AC) using microwave 

pyrolysis with chemical activation. The AC obtained was then impregnated with nickel 

and aluminum atoms via wet impregnation method (termed “metallic AC”) and tested 

for POME treatment. Up to 33% yield of AC was produced and the AC showed high 

BET surface area and contained a highly porous structure, exhibiting high adsorption 

capacity. The subsequent conversion of AC into metallic AC showed a higher removal 

rate than normal AC in reducing biochemical oxygen demand (up to 85%) and 

chemical oxygen demand (up to 89%). Our results indicate that microwave pyrolysis 

shows promise to transform PKS into a high-grade AC, which can be further upgraded 

into metallic AC for use in POME treatment.

Study on Properties of Sustainable Polypropylene/Rice Husk/Titanium 

Dioxide Composites 

Choo Yao Sheng 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Bin Awang 




Incorporation of rice husk (RH) with polypropylene is one of the alternative in reusing 

back the biomass and reducing the use of plastics. In addition, titanium dioxide was 

added on the content and rice husks is added to determine the mechanical properties 

of polypropylene. Composite was prepared by washing the RH using tap water to 

maintain pH around 7.0-7.5, then RH was dried in oven for 24 hours. RH were dried 

in oven for 24 hours, grinded and sieved using grinder and sieving machine. All of 

these three products were mixed in Brabender mixer and tested based on mechanical 

properties, morphological structure and thermo-gravimetry analysis. From the 

analysis, the tensile strength between neat PP, 90% PP + 10% RH and 60%PP + 40% 

RH were compared. The result showed that 90% PP +10% RH has the highest tensile 

strength compare to both parameters. This showed that RH increase the weak 

adhesion between matrix/filler decrease the strength of composite.

Effects of Temperature on Solar Photocatalytic Efficiency of Zinc Oxide for 

Water Decontamination 

Farah Eilyana Mohamed 





Water pollution is a severe worldwide problem and it gives negative impacts on the 

sustainability of water resources. The efficiency of green technology like solar driven 

water purification is expected to improve by combination of renewable solar thermal 

energy and oxidation process via solar photocatalytic effect. However, very few studies 

investigate the effect of temperature on solar photocatalytic efficiency. This study 

evaluated the efficiency of ZnO mediated and solar driven photocatalytic process in 

removing model organic contaminant and disinfecting model bacteria at high 

temperature (30 – 50 o C). The findings revealed that elevation of photocatalysis 

temperature up to 50 o C by solar thermal collector promoted the inactivation of 

99.99% E.coli and 98% removal of 10 mg/L methylene blue in less than 6 hours under 

full sunlight condition. This observation proves that solar photocatalysis is indeed a 

promising alternative for low cost and reliable water decontamination.

Trend and Status of Ozone Concentration at Different Monitoring Station 

in Penang 

Faridah Binti Mohd Hassan 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Adyani Binti Ghazali 




Ozone (O3) is known as one of the most severe air pollution problems in the world. 

The aim of this study is to determine trend of O3 concentration and its correlation with 

precursors at three different monitoring stations in Penang. Hourly variation of O3 and 

their precursors, namely nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxide (NO) and 

meteorological parameters (temperature and wind speed) were presented using time 

series plots. Results show that hourly variation of O3 showed a maximum 

concentration recorded between hours 1300 to 1400 while NOx and NO2 exhibited 

two maxima, at about 0800-1000 and hour 2000-2100. The daily circle of O3 

concentration revealed a lower nightly level and inverse relation between O3 and NOx, 

evidencing the photochemical formation of O3. Additionally, meteorological factors, 

particularly the temperature may influence the concentration of O3 in the atmosphere. 

Finding from this study can be used as a basic for issuing advance warning to the 

public prior to O3 reaching the peak concentration of a day.

HVAC System Functionality Simulation using ANSYS 

Fasimah Bt Zaidi 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nurdiyana Bt Wan Mansor 




The study presents the functionality of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) 

system install in building to control the indoor air temperature of auditorium and 

provide comfortable condition for occupants. ANSYS software was used to simulate 

the functionality of HVAC to study the indoor air temperature, air velocity at steady 

state condition and the suitable location to install air conditioning inside auditorium. 

3D geometry of auditorium was realized and represented the study element. Mesh of 

3D geometry was created and divided the domain into a smaller geometry. The result 

performed after the analyses were carried out in numerical and graphical. The result 

presented in a graph plotted and spectra of temperature and air velocity. The result 

shown that, the suitable location to install the air conditioning is at the center of 

auditorium. The most comfortable temperature is 26°C. HVAC system simulated used 

ANSYS has provided important result of studied scenario.

Pressure Drop and Velocity across Single Flow Microchannel Heat Sink by 

using ANSYS 

Fatimah Binti Zaidi 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nurdiyana Binti Wan Mansor 




This study is about a numerical simulation of flow in three different models 

microchannel heat sinks. Microchannel is a very important component to help in retain 

electronic device temperature below the maximum allowable temperature which has 

been specified by device manufacture. It is a basic hydraulic channel with size 

1.00milimeter and 100.00micrometer. The ANSYS Fluent Software was used to predict 

the flow in the three types of microchannel, the microchannel are labelled as 

Microchannel A 0.50 mm x 0.50 mm, Microchannel B 0.50 mm x 0.75 mm and 

Microchannel C 0.75 mm x 0.50 mm. The main objective of this study was to identify 

the pressure drop and velocity across the three designed microchannel heat sink. 

Besides, water is been used as the coolant in this study and aluminum is used as the 

solid material of the design. The initial velocity was set in 0.1m/s and the highest 

pressure drop was recorded for the Microchannel A which is square shape 

microchannel.

Biodiesel Transesterification Monitored Using Physical Properties (Ash) 

Fatin Farhana Binti Azri 

Supervisor: Mr. Mohamed Shahrir Bin Mohamed Zahari 




Depletion of petroleum is an urgent problem that need to be solved and it leads to 

much attention on biodiesel production. In this study, biodiesel samples which are the 

crude biodiesel and pure biodiesel were prepared and studied. The properties of ash 

of the sample was measured and compared to the standard biodiesel values stated by 

Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and MS 2008 standard. This study was conducted 

to analyze the ways to check the production of biodiesel by using the physical 

properties method. The biodiesel was prepared and characterized to identify the 

physical properties using standard test method such as the mass of ash. The standard 

range for ash is between 0.001 to 0.180 mass %. Knowledge of the amount ashforming 

material present in a product can provide information as the product suitable 

or not for given application.

Recovery of Freshwater from Seawater Using Microwave Heating 

Han Chai Sean 





Water scarcity is happening around the world due to the lack of clean potable water 

and inland freshwater resources. In this research, microwave vacuum heating (MVH) 

was investigated as a potential desalination technology to recover freshwater from 

seawater. The desalination experiment was performed over a range of microwave 

power and the ratio of activated carbon. The freshwater obtained was analyzed for 

their turbidity, total dissolved solid and salinity. Up to 32 vol% of freshwater was 

obtained at a microwave power of 700 W and 15 g of activated carbon. The recovered 

freshwater was detected to have low turbidity (0.2 NTU), total dissolved solid (0.4 

g/L) and salinity (0.3 ppt) that fall into Class I of National Water Quality Standards, 

indicating that it is safe to be used in agriculture and industry. The results demonstrate 

that MVH shows exceptional promise to be used as a technique for recovery of 

freshwater from seawater.

Microwave Pyrolysis with Physical Activation: A Promising Approach to 

Convert Orange Peel into Activated Carbon for Use in Congo Red Dye 

Adsorption 

Ho Yee Ling 





Orange peel represents a bio-resource to be converted into useful materials instead 

of being dumped in landfill sites. Microwave pyrolysis with physical activation was 

examined to transform orange peel into activated carbon (AC) for use in the adsorption 

of congo red dye. The orange peel was first carbonized via microwave pyrolysis to 

produce biochar, then physically-activated into AC using steam. The results showed 

that AC with the highest yield (75.6 wt%) and adsorption efficiency (18 mg of dye/g 

of AC) were obtained by performing steam activation at 500 o C. The AC was detected 

with a highly porous structure containing mainly mesopores, high BET surface area 

(1360 m 2 /g) and pore volume (2.1 cm 3 /g), thus exhibiting high adsorption capacity 

for dye molecule to be adsorbed onto. The production of AC with improved properties 

suggest the great potential of this method as an alternative for the treatment and 

recovery of orange peel.

Application of Neural Kriging in Wind Mapping Malaysia 

Intan Najehah Bt Mohd Zolkefli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd Zamri Ibrahim 




Before the exploitation of the wind energy it must be estimated and identified the 

potential area of wind energy by mapping. However, this is very difficult task because 

its potency depends on accuracy of the spatial interpolation used to define the spatial 

variability. In this study Neural Kriging (NK) application has been applied in Malaysia. 

NK was the combination of two different techniques which were Neural Networks (NN) 

used Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and kriging interpolator used Ordinary kriging. The 

mean wind speed for 37 stations is the main input use in both techniques, first to 

compute the most of the wind spatial trends and others input (altitude, longitude) 

were also used and organized into a geographic information system(GIS) .Then both 

were combined to perform NK application and illustrate the trend maps. The results 

showed the combination gives better spatial estimation for the nonlinear data to obtain 

a map of estimated wind energy.

Effects of Sintering Time on Natural Ceramic Membrane for the Pretreatment 

of Seawater 

Lai Mei Hui 

Supervisor: Dr. Asmadi Ali @ Mahmud 




Desalination of seawater has become a major concern due to water scarcity. Although 

seawater reverse osmosis is a good desalination technology but its membrane fouling 

rapidly. Therefore, the ceramic membrane (c/m) was chosen for pre-treatment since 

it is high in thermal and mechanical stability and it is not easy to fouling compared to 

polymeric membranes. Then, the low cost natural ceramic membranes can be 

fabricated by using natural clay and sawdust with preparation method as slip casting 

and sintering method. The results showed that the porosity of the membranes 

decreased as the sintering time increased whereas the density, mechanical strength 

increased. However, there was no significant difference for pure water permeation as 

sintering time increased. The removal of the TSS and turbidity can be reached above 

70% and 87% whereas salinity can only be reached 22-34%. As, result, the c/m-120 

had the best performance combined with its characteristics.

Water Vapour Volume Expansion Due To Liquid Evaporation in Enclosed 

Box Using Digital Balance and Humidity Sensors 

Lam Le Ping 





The volume expansion of water vapour occurred during the transition from liquid to 

vapour phase. This circumstance indicated that the water vapour would occupy more 

space in the soil spores as compared to the soil water in liquid phase. According to 

the concept of basic mass relation, the vapour volume was 43, 578 times greater than 

the liquid volume after calculated using the ratio given by Kimball equation. Apart from 

the Fick’s law, it was claimed that the expanding volume would convert into vapour 

advection. In order to study this phenomenon experimentally, the involved parameters 

were the changes of water droplets’ mass and relative humidity in an enclosed box 

throughout the experimental duration. In the end, a mathematical equation was 

derived to improve the governing equation vapour flux in unsaturated soil.

Production of Biochar from Microwave Vacuum Pyrolysis of Spent 

Mushroom Substrate for Potential Use in Mushroom Cultivation 

Lee Xie Yi 





Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) represents a biomass waste generated from the 

mushroom industry that can potentially be re-used in mushroom cultivation rather 

than simply dumped into landfill. In this study, conversion of SMS into biochar was 

performed by microwave vacuum pyrolysis (MVP) over a range of microwave 

adsorbent to SMS ratios. The SMS-derived biochar obtained was re-used as mushroom 

substrate to grow oyster mushroom. The results showed that biochar with the highest 

fixed carbon content (60 wt%) and uniform surface porosity was obtained at the 

microwave adsorbent to SMS ratio of 2:1 (termed “BC2:1”). Up to 50% of moisture 

content and higher mycelium growth rate of 11% were recorded from the use of BC2:1 

as mushroom substrate in mushroom cultivation compared to conventional mushroom 

substrate (sawdust). Overall, the results demonstrate that SMS shows great potential 

as a feedstock for production of biochar for use in mushroom cultivation.

Production and Characterization of Eco Enzyme Produced from Tomato 

and Orange and Its Influence on the Aquaculture Sludge 

Lim Hwei Fern 

Supervisor: Dr. Nazaitulshila Binti Rasit 



University Malaysia Terengganu 

Aquaculture sludge is the wastes produced from fish activities and the amount keeps 

increasing due to human population growth. It is known as non-toxic wastes, but its 

high nutrient contents will cause various environmental problems. Therefore, eco 

enzymes were produced from orange and tomato residues in this research which can 

be used as pretreatment to treat aquaculture sludge before other further treatments. 

The characteristics of each eco enzyme were investigated and its potential efficacy of 

parameters removal was also evaluated. The results showed the enzymes were acidic 

and composed of high total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen 

demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and enzyme activities. It’s also 

showed the enzymes can removed total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended 

solids (VSS), total phosphorus (TP), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and COD 

approximately 71-87%, 49-67%, 94-99%, 68-91% and 47-77% respectively. The 

overall removal percentage by orange eco enzyme (OEE) was also higher compared 

to tomato eco enzyme (TEE) because of its high organic acid contents. Besides, 10% 

concentration of enzyme was showed that it’s more effective in treating aquaculture 

sludge. These findings may contribute to the effectiveness of enzymatic pretreatment 

which can reduce the inhibitors and improve further anaerobic digestion processes.

Effect of Sintering Temperature on Natural Ceramic Membrane for 

Aquaculture Effluent Treatment 

Lim Shey Thing 





Nowadays, amount of aquaculture wastewater produced in Malaysia is increasing due 

to the development of aquaculture. Membrane technology is used to improve the 

quality of aquaculture effluent produced. However, the membrane characteristics will 

affect the effectiveness of the membrane in removing the contaminants. Therefore, 

the aim of this study is to determine the effect of sintering temperature on natural 

ceramic membrane in terms of porosity, density, mechanical strength, water 

permeability flux and morphology. The increase in sintering temperature (800°C - 

1100°C) has reduced the porosity (47.13% - 40.66%) but increased the density (0.89 

-1.06) and mechanical strength (19.99MPa – 23.37MPa) of ceramic membrane 

respectively. The SEM results shown that the ceramic membranes formed were defect 

free. The increment of pore size affected the water permeability flux of the ceramic 

membranes and increase from range 772L/h.m 2 to 14750L/h.m 2 . The water 

permeability flux of the ceramic membranes are directly proportional to filtration 

pressure applied. All the ceramic membranes were applied in aquaculture effluent 

treatment and the best ceramic membrane was produced at 1000°C sintering 

temperature with the removal of total suspended solids (98.91%) and turbidity 

(94.24%).

Removal of Cadmium Ions from Synthetic Wastewater by Using Elephant 

Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum) As a Low Cost Biodegradable Adsorbent 

Ling Shing Yun 

Supervisor: Dr. Asmadi bin Ali @ Mahmud 




At present, heavy metal pollution becomes one of the major environmental concerns. 

Adsorption with activated carbon is effective for heavy metals removal but sometimes 

restricted due to high cost and problems with regeneration hamper large scale 

application. Hence, biosorption is being introduced to replace activated carbon since 

they are available in large quantities, renewable and inexpensive. The aim of this study 

was to investigate Pennisetum purpureum as a potential biosorbent in cadmium ions 

removal. Subsequent to this, the removal efficiency of untreated and nitric acidtreated 

Pennisetum purpureum were investigated by batch adsorption experiments. 

In this study, treated Pennisetum purpureum has larger surface area and is 

mesoporous. Both biosorbents consist of functional groups which are able to bind with 

positively charged cadmium ions. The maximum percent removal for untreated and 

treated Pennisetum purpureum are 92% and 98% respectively. The results 

demonstrated that both biosorbents have their great potential in cadmium ions 

removal.

Field Evaluation of Particulate Matter Measurements Using TEOM at 

Monitoring Stations in Malaysia 

Maizatul Husna Binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Hjh Noor Zaitun Binti Yahaya 




The tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) is one of utilized instrument to 

measure ambient particulate matter concentrations used by Department of 

Environment Malaysia to measure particles concentration across country. In this study, 

an experimental set-up were at 2 Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (CAQM) stations 

(Kuala Terengganu and Kota Bharu stations) for 4 consequent days by using TEOM 

and DustTrak DRX 8533. The open-source software “R” and associated packages were 

used to anlaysed the data. Measurements of particulate matter made with a TEOM 

were found to be lower than DustTrak (DRX). It was found that high concentration of 

PM10 and PM2.5 with over 30% average differences between these instruments were 

indicated through-out this study. Lower relationship with R 2 between 0.20 - 0.30 were 

found which indicated weak correlation were indicated. Other factors such as lagging 

time and the effects of meteorological parameters to the concentrations of particulate 

matter were also observed.

Effects of Extracted Auxin Hormone from Seaweed on the Shoot 

Development of Cucumis Melo Var. Inodorus vc Melon Manis Terengganu 

By Fertigation System 

Mohamed Amir Idzuddin Bin Mohamed Anwar 

Supervisor: Dr. Shahrul Bin Ismail 




Phytohormones influenced plant growth. While a lot of studies have been done on the 

nutrients supplied into the fertigation system, there are lack of studies on the 

effectiveness of plant hormone application along with the common nutrients supplied 

for the development of plants. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the 

presence of auxin hormone in seaweed and to compare the effectiveness of seaweed 

and other type of fertilizers on the development of melon plant. Seaweed sample was 

taken from Sabah and was dried. The seaweed extract solution was prepared and 

then centrifuged. The Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the sample was estimated by colour 

test using Salkowski reagent. The highest development of melon in shoot elongation, 

internote distance and the number of female flowers was achieved in the treatment 

of seaweed extract containing IAA. Thus, it was proven that seaweed contains plant 

hormones (IAA) that can improved the development of melon plant.

Effect of Natural Gas Quantity on Ignition Delay under Diesel Condition 

Mohammad Iqbal Bin Mohd Said 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nurdiyana Binti Wan Mansor 




This study is about using computer simulation software, MATLAB to find the emission 

characteristics in a compression ignition engine. Model were prepared using 

thermodynamics approach. This is meant to find the correlation of ignition delay and 

emission which are particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) generated in the 

combustion process of compression ignition engine and using the MATLAB as effective 

method to find the emission characteristics with given thermodynamics approach. Two 

zone model and followed by PM and NOx formation model was used. With different 

ratio of diesel to natural gas, simulation was executed to find the ignition delay and 

its relation to the emission by the engine with various engine speed and load. The 

significance of this study are towards a better understanding about the application of 

natural gas in compression ignition engine and the correlation of ignition delay with 

the emission from the engine combustion process.

Effects of Fuel Gas Composition on Performance and Emissions in 

Compression Ignition Engines 

Muhammad Aqhmal Bin Yusup 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nurdiyana Binti Wan Mansor 




The effect of fuel gas composition on performance and emissions in compression 

ignition engines was determined. Back to the basic of combustion process, diesel 

engine is a type of internal combustion ignition engine which is burning process occurs 

inside the cylinder to produce power. By using natural gas replace diesel as a fuel the 

gas composition would affects performance and emissions in diesel engines. 

Therefore, this study was proposed to investigate the different fuel gas composition 

of natural gas, methane (CH4), and propane (C3H8) in the combustion process. By 

using OCTAVE software the data value of emission from the three gasses was carried 

out. The effect of gas composition are determine by different value of emission 

Particulate Matter (PM) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) with alter the value of load and 

Rotation per Minutes (RPM). The value of emission has directly proportional to the 

value of carbon in natural gas.

Environmental Noise Pollution at Selected School Located in Residential 

Area with Different Population Density due to Traffic Volume 

Muhammad Fikrilhakim bin Azman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marzuki bin Ismail 

Co. Supervisor: Dr. Samsuri bin Abdullah 




Majority of schools in Malaysia are situated close to the roadside, thus bring along the 

problem of noise pollution. Previous studies have found that noise pollution reduced 

the performance of students. The increasing population at an area induces the usage 

of motor vehicles which then increase the noise level. This study was carried out to 

evaluate the environmental noise level at three primary schools with different 

population density. Data was measured for six days at each schools comprising three 

school days and three non-school days from 0700 hours to 2200 hours. The traffic 

was counted based on classes of motor vehicles as stated by Malaysian Standard using 

tally system method. The result shows that there is significant different (P

Handling Missing Data in Air Pollution Datasets: A Comparison between 

Linear Interpolation Method and Mean Top Bottom Method 

Muhammad Hafizi Bin Mat Rahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Adyani Bt Ghazali 




Missing data is one of common problems in real life datasets especially in air quality 

datasets. The aim of this study is to apply missing values using Linear Interpolation 

(LI) and Mean Top Bottom (MTB) techniques in air quality datasets at Kemaman and 

Kuala Terengganu. Five performance indicators that are mean absolute error (MAE), 

root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R 2 ), prediction accuracy 

(PA) and index of agreement (d2) were calculated in order to examine the best method 

for replacing the missing values. From these performance indicators, mean top bottom 

(MTB) method was found as the best method for predicting missing values compared 

to others method. This was because MTB method gave the smallest values of MAE 

and RMSE and the highest values for R 2 , PA and d2 in almost all parameters.

Evaluation of Manning’s Roughness Formula for Coarse Bed River in 

Terengganu 

Muhammad Hafizzudin bin Muhammad Ali 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman 




Manning’s equation is important parameters in fluvial study to estimate river flows or 

channel roughness in the river. Although Manning’s roughness n has been 

documented in the past, it always unreliable due to the nature of river’s bed material. 

This study was carried out to test existing formula on Manning’s n estimation at coarse 

bed river for application. Pebble counting technique was implemented at Sekayu River 

to develop grain size distribution and to estimate Manning’s roughness n. The actual 

n was formulated using Manning’s equation of v = 1⁄ n × R 2⁄ 3 S 1⁄ 2 . It was found that 

none of the existing equation on Manning’s n estimation can correctly predict actual 

roughness n at coarse bed river. Therefore, future endeavor must be put in place to 

find the best estimation equation on Manning’s n. The calculation on flood routing or 

sediment transport in the river will be trustworthy should reliable Manning’s roughness 

n are in place.

Indoor Air Quality Assessment at Selected Primary Schools with Different 

Microenvironment at Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 

Muhammad Hazwan Bin Husin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marzuki Bin Ismail 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Samsuri Bin Abdullah 



Indoor air quality is recognized in affecting human health especially to children. The 

level of indoor contaminants might be distinct for different land use. Indoor air is more 

important than ambient air quality because the students spent almost 90% their daily 

time indoor either at home. Failure to do this study will disturb the performance of 

children in their learning process. This study assessed indoor air quality at commercial 

and institutional areas in terms of physical and chemical parameters. Sampling was 

conducted during learning session (7.45 a.m-12.45 p.m.) for three school days and 

non-school days. Results showed that there exist statistically significant different 

(P

The Study of Landfill Management in Two Selected Landfills in Terengganu 

Muhammad Khairul Imran bin Mizi 

Supervisor: Dr Izan binti Dato’ Haji Jaafar 

Co-Supervisor: Dr Siti Aisyah binti Saat 



Landfill management is very important to ensure a sustainable landfill. This study was 

conducted at Kg. Sg Ikan Landfill, Kuala Terengganu and Kg. Tertak Batu Landfill, 

Marang. Observation found that wastes sent to Kg. Sg Ikan Landfill were improperly 

manages hence indicated its poor operational system. The objectives are to study the 

operational management system of both landfills based on the performance indicator 

stipulated by the MHLG and give recommendation for the improvement of Kg. Sg Ikan 

Landfill operational management system related to environment and human. 

Qualitative analysis were conducted for two consecutive months through interview 

session whilst for quantitative analysis, 20 questionnaires were distributed among the 

workers and scavengers in Kg. Sg Ikan Landfill. During this process, the landfill 

conditions were observed. Recommendations for the improvement of the landfill were 

focused on sorting, recycling, facilities and enforcement. Better landfill operation 

system will prolong the landfill lifespan.

Production of Biochar-Based Fertilizer for Oyster Mushroom Cultivation 

Muhammad Lukman Bin Jaafar 





Mushroom is a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals and is known to have a 

broad range of uses as food and medicine. However, the production of mushroom in 

Malaysia is still below the demand required. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is one 

of the major waste produced which caused disposal problem. This study was 

performed to produce biochar from SMS using microwave pyrolysis technique under 

different repetition time of carbonisation process and then the biochar was used as 

bio-char based fertilizer for mushroom cultivation. BioC 3 was the best quality biochar 

produced with high carbon content which is 66 wt% and zero sulphur content. 

Cultivating the mushroom with BioC 3 achieved faster mycelium growth rate by 

increasing 30%. Therefore, BioC 3 can be a promising fertilizer to boost up the 

mushroom cultivation.

Hydraulic Geometry of Selected Rivers in Terengganu 

Muhammad Muzakkir Haqmin Bin Mustaffal Kamal 

Supervisor: Dr. Sofiyan Bin Sulaiman 




Hydraulic geometry at Terengganu rivers which is Sekayu are presented in this paper 

and discuss the results of the analysis of all collected data the river based on width, 

depth, velocity and flow disharge. The positive exponents of velocity, depth and width 

have mean values of 0.59, 0.25 and -0.059 respectively where at a station hydraulic 

geometry is describe very well power functions. The higher mean depth exponent 

when compared to mean width and velocity shows that the changing discharge in all 

cross-section in this study is dominated by depth. The power equations and Tri-plot 

diagram describes the hydraulic relation effectively. Remedies for issues related to 

river such as bridge placing and navigation can be improved by developing knowledge 

on the hydraulic geometry parameter such as width, depth and velocity.

The Effect of Treatment Time of Eco-Enzyme on Palm Oil Mill Effluent 

Nadiah Binti Ramli 





Palm oil mill effluent (POME) was identified to give significant contribution in polluting 

the environment. In this study, new safe and environmentally friendly method using 

eco-enzyme has been prepared to be used during pre-treatment stage of POME. Ecoenzyme 

is the fermentation product of pre-consumer supermarket residues (orange, 

pineapple, mango dregs and tomatoes), brown sugar and water. The effective 

treatment time for POME was determined using batch process for the duration of 10 

days by using varying concentration of enzyme solution. Eco-enzyme solution of 

(10%) was found more effective in treating POME and the best treatment time starts 

from the seventh day and above where it could reach almost 50% removal of BOD, 

COD and oil and grease. Results showed that exactly 90% of oil and grease could be 

removed by using eco-enzyme solution. Hence, eco-enzyme could be an alternative 

method in treating waste water as it is cheaper and environmentally friendly.

Sugarcane Bagasse as a Potential Substrate for Pectinase Production by 

Aspergillus niger in Solid State Fermentation 

Ngam Kai Sien 

Supervisor: Dr. Nazaitulshila binti Rasit 




Sugarcane bagasse being generated in the sugar industry contains 28% of the 

sugarcane. These wastes were used in solid state fermentation (SSF) for the 

production of pectinase enzyme by using Aspergillus niger. The main purpose of this 

study is to characterize and optimize the production of pectinase enzyme so that to 

utilize it for the treatment of textile wastewater. The optimized condition for pectinase 

production is 96 hours of fermentation time, 35°C, 10 g of substrate, 10 ml of inoculum 

size and 4.5 pH value. After 10 consecutive days of batch test for textile wastewater 

treatment, result shows a 27.35% reduction in total dissolved solid, 11.81% reduction 

in biological oxygen demand and 90.05% reduction in chemical oxygen demand. 

Overall, pectinase enzymes are able to treat textile wastewater successfully but further 

research should be done to produce the enzyme in mass.

Harvesting Microalgae Chlorella sp. Using Chitosan 

Nik Nurul Tasnim Binti Mohamad Nor 

Supervisor: Prof. Ir. Dr. Ahmad Bin Jusoh 




The usage of inorganic flocculants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride and ferric 

sulfate in wastewater treatment is effective but in contrast may cause the production 

of large volumes of sludge and also negative impacts on human health. In this study, 

the bio-flocculant which is chitosan obtained from the deacetylation of chitin from the 

shrimp and also wastewater from aquaculture industry that contains freshwater 

microalgae, Chlorella sp. have been prepared. The excellent interaction between 

chitosan and the microalgae in the wastewater were shown by the formation of 

coagulated microalgae, and less turbidity of wastewater after undergoing the 

flocculation process. The effectiveness of using chitosan in wastewater treatment was 

proven by the high percentage of microalgae removal after the flocculation process 

and reduction in turbidity of the wastewater. The efficiency of chitosan in wastewater 

treatment was identified from following parameters: chitosan dosage, mixing rate and 

settling time.

Volumetric Water Content Measurement in Unsaturated Sand using 

Arduino Water Sensor 

Noor Amira Binti Sulaiman 





Arduino board is widely used in technology device nowadays. In this study, the Arduino 

is used to control the sensor. The sensor measured the variation of voltage in response 

to the changes of the volumetric water content in the sand. Two types of sensors, i.e. 

uncoated and coated water sensors, were selected for comparison and the results 

were correlated with volumetric water content. In addition, the volumetric water 

content measurements were investigated. Hence, the results from the study would be 

able to differentiate the effects of using different types of sensor and salinities. The 

results showed both sensors could be correlated with the volumetric water content in 

the sand. However, coated sensor generates a stable voltage than the uncoated 

sensor in response the amount of water content in the sand. For saline water in the 

sand, both sensors showed a significant variation in response to the amount salinity 

in the sand.

Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of an Organic Pollutant in a Fixed-bed 

Reactor 

Noor Fathin Farhana binti Zulkifli 





Nowadays, dyeing activities are widely used in many applications. However, dyes can 

cause problems if they are not treated before discharging to the water bodies. 

Photocatalytic process is commonly used for water purification as it is highly effective 

and cheap. This study was conducted to investigate the combination of immobilized 

catalyst in cement and solar light for the treatment of organic dye solution. Thus, the 

effectiveness of using fixed-bed reactor to remove methylene blue (MB) was 

investigated as well as effect amount of catalyst and also initial concentration of 

pollutant. The organic dye was exposed under the solar radiation for 3, 5 and 7 hours 

with immobilized cement that contain different amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2) 

powder. Results showed that the highest rate of degradation occured at 5 mg/L MB 

with 5 g TiO2. This indicates that reactor and photocatalyst surface can lead to an 

increase in efficiency of photocatalytic treatment.

Study of Indoor Air Quality in Two Different Laboratories at Kompleks 

Makmal Berpusat, UMT 

Noor Izatul Aekmal Binti Wan Azmi 





Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in laboratories can be defined as the air quality inside a lab 

that will lead to the comfort and health of the occupants. The aim of this study was 

to measure the concentration of the temperature, relative humidity (RH) and 

Particulate Matter (PM10), in two different laboratories. The measurements were 

carried out during the weekdays for 3 days from 0830 to 1630 by using indoor air 

quality instruments. The results show the concentration of the PM10 and temperature 

are below the limit from Industry Code of Practice 2010 (ICOP 2010) with 33 µg/m 3 

and 25.8°C respectively while relative humidity exceed the limit with 71.1%. Results 

from ANOVA show that there is significant differences recorded for all parameters. As 

for conclusion, from the three parameters one is exceeded the limit therefore, this 

study need more concern to provide a better thermal comfort to peoples.

Seasonal Variality of Particulate Number Count Concentration [PNC] at 

East Coast Environment Using Boosted Regression Trees (BRTs) 

Noor Izziana Binti Hamdan 

Supervisor: Dr. Hajah Noor Zaitun Binti Haji Yahaya 




Particle number is a measuring of air pollution used in air quality standards in the 

atmospheric concentration of particulate matter. This measure expressed in particle 

per cubic metre (particle/cm 3 ). Particle size can be defined by AQEG as nano particles 

(

Effects of Polymer To Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Ratio on Antifouling 

Properties of Epoxy/PEDOT:PSS/Cerium Doped Zinc Oxide Coating 

Noor Sharina Aini Binti Mohd Nasir 





Biofouling is a major problem in naval industry as it causes costly bio-corrosion on 

equipment or structures. Prevention of biofouling is now possible through application 

of epoxy based coating containing ZnO as antifouling agent. This study focused on 

investigation of the antifouling properties of epoxy/PEDOT:PSS/Ce doped ZnO coating. 

The ZnO nanoparticles doped with 0.2 and 1.0 mol% Ce were prepared through the 

citrate gel method and solid state sintering. Epoxy coating formulations containing 

different PEDOT:PSS to nanoparticles ratio (1:1, 2:1, 3:1) were prepared using dropcasting 

method. The produced coatings were characterized using SEM, FTIR, antibacteria 

susceptibility test against Gram-negative (E.coli) and Gram-positive 

(S.aureus) bacteria models and methylene blue photodegradation assay under UV 

light irradiation. The findings showed that coating film containing 3:1 ratio of 

PEDOT:PSS to Ce doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibited the strongest antimicrobial 

against selected bacteria and the highest photocatalytic efficiency. This coating 

formulation is therefore has proven potential as antifouling coating.

Biodiesel Standard Measures through Spectroscopy Methods 

Norafizah binti Abd Halim 

Supervisor: Mr. Mohamed Shahrir bin Mohamed Zahari 




The production and consumption of biofuels continues to increase due to the 

environment and the depletion of fossil-fuel resources. In this work, palm oil has been 

used to produce biodiesel and spectroscopy methods including Fourier transform 

infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible spectroscopy and gas chromatography have 

been applied as the analytical tools. The spectroscopy analysis methods have been 

used for its fast, non-destructive, cheaper and less time consuming technique 

compared to conventional methods. The objectives of this study are to identify specific 

compositions (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters or FAMEs) in biodiesel, relate the specific 

compositions with the standard properties required for biodiesel and to determine 

biodiesel standard properties that can be measured and analysed through 

spectroscopy methods. The characteristic absorption at 1745cm -1 was determined 

through FTIR in FAME whereas and the highest peak at 346.21 nm was determined 

through UV-Visible spectroscopy. In conclusion, spectroscopy is fast method to 

analysis the biodiesel.

Indoor and Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) of Daycare in Kuala 

Nerus 

Norkhoirina Binti Hairuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Noorlin Binti Mohamad 

Co Supervisor: Dr. Suvik A/L Assaw 




This study aims to determine the composition and sources of particulate matter with 

aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 or less (PM2.5) at a day care in Kuala Nerus. PM2.5 

samples were collected using low volume sampler (LVS) at indoor and outdoor of a 

day care from January to April 2018. PM2.5 samples were analysed using Inductively 

Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), while gram stain test was 

carried out to determine the microbial contaminants. The results show that the 

concentration range of the indoor and outdoor PM2.5 varied from 7.55 to 23.98 µg/m 3 

and from 7.03 to 21.88 µg/m 3 . The metals found were dominated by Fe and followed 

by Zn, Al, Ba, Cr, Pb and Mn. The fact that Co had the highest enrichment factor (EF), 

indicates that anthropogenic activities contributed to the presence of this metal in 

PM2.5. Meanwhile, the bacteria were dominated by Gram positive bacteria.

Assessing the Workplace Stress among Non-academic Staff in Universiti 

Malaysia Terengganu 

Normaizatul Akma Binti Kamarudin 

Supervisor: YM Dr. Tengku Azmina Binti Engku Ibrahim 




Work-related stress is one of the major causes of occupational ill health and when it 

becomes chronic and difficult to handle with the situation, it can be overwhelming and 

harmful to both physical and emotional health. This study aims to assess the 

prevalence of workplace stress and to identify the major factors that might contribute 

to stress among non-academic staff in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). A crosssectional 

study was conducted among non-academic staff in selected schools and 

departments in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Participants were given a Malay 

version of questionnaire consisting the socio-demographic items, the Depression, 

Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS 21), stress factor items and questions on coping 

strategy of stress. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social 

Sciences (SPSS). The result shows that the prevalence of stress was around 20% with 

the stress factors such as work stressor: workload and poor relationship in 

organization, physical stressor: workplace environment, and also job insecure. All 

these stressors would affected either staff or organization itself. Thus, the findings of 

this study provided more useful information and can be used as preventive measures 

to reduce stress problem in order to maintain better quality of administrative system 

in UMT.

Influential of Outliers in Prediction of Ground-level Ozone Concentration 

Norsahadah Binti Dor Baser 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Adyani binti Ghazali 




Outliers are data which deviate too far from other observations. The contamination of 

outliers in air pollution data always associated with bias results which presents less 

accurate information of air pollution due to the non-reflecting conditions of the actual 

phenomenon. This study aims to evaluate the influential of outliers on the prediction 

of ozone (O3) concentration at selected sites in Klang Valley. The prediction models 

were developed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and evaluated by performance 

indicator (PI); namely normalized absolute error (NAE) and index of agreement (IA). 

Results show that non-outliers dataset represent better performance with smallest 

error measures and highest accuracy measures. The PI for Shah Alam (NAE=- 

0.222292 and IA=1.053347) and Petaling Jaya (NAE=0.054667 and IA=1.001445) 

respectively. The model developed could be implemented among local authorities and 

nongovernment organization (NGO) in order to prepare people with early action or 

precaution.

Effect of Sawdust on Natural Ceramic Membrane for Treating Palm Oil Mill 

Effluent (POME) 

Nur Adilla Che Samsuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Asmadi Ali @ Mahmud 




Wastewater treatment facility is the most important component in a palm oil mill 

system. However, untreated palm oil mill effluents (POME) are normally being 

discharged to the river and it leads to water pollution. Therefore, this study was 

performed to produce high performance ceramic membrane for treating POME. The 

ceramic membrane which was made of clay and sawdust was sintered at 1000˚C for 

2 hours by using slip casting method. Ceramic membrane with the best performance 

was obtained from combination of clay with 20% sawdust. In addition, it was observed 

that as both density and mechanical strength of the produced ceramic membrane 

decreased, the permeability and porosity have inversely increased. The efficiency of 

natural ceramic membrane to remove the turbidity of POME is 37.77%. However, the 

POME removal efficiency shown by this low cost natural ceramic membrane is 

relatively low as compared to existing ultrafiltration membranes.

Investigation on Biodegradability of Sustainable Polypropylene/Agro 

Waste Rice Husk/Titanium Dioxide Composites 

Nur ‘Afifah Binti Mahyudin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Mohamad Bin Awang 




This research investigates the performance of polypropylene/agro waste rice 

husk/titanium dioxide (TiO2) composites in term of the effects of biodegradability on 

their mechanical property, thermal stability and morphology. An internal mixer and an 

injection molding machine were used to mix and mold composite samples. Soil burial 

test, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an 

Instron machine were used to investigate composite properties. The findings showed 

that the highest tensile strength of the composites was 44 MPa with the addition of 

TiO2. The thermal stability of composites decreased as the content of rice husk 

increased. Morphology observation showed good interaction within PP/RH with 

addition of highest TiO2. Biodegradability of composites slightly increased with an 

increase in natural fibers content. In conclusion, the interaction between three 

elements exhibited good results in term of biodegradability, mechanical properties, 

and thermal stability with also their advantages to be able to resist the environmental 

degradation.

Biocorrosion Performance of Stainless Steel and Mild Steel in Marine 

Environment 

Nur Alia Binti Johari 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Rafizah binti Wan Abdullah 




Biocorrosion occurs as microorganism starting to attach on metal, colonize and form 

a biofilm layer. In short period of time, metal with low corrosion resistant will start to 

corrode and deposit metal deposition. Hence, this study was performed to investigate 

the biocorrosion behaviour of Stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) and mild steel coupons 

upon immersion in medium 3.5% NaCl and natural seawater for 60 days according to 

standard ASTM G31-2004. The selected steel substrates were also subject to 

biocorrosion test in agar media containing Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and 

Escherichia coli (E.coli) for 7 consecutive days. The observations from SEM analysis 

revealed that both SS 316L and mild steel experienced pitting corrosion after 

immersion in all tested media. Based on corrosion rate value, the mild steel has higher 

tendency to corrode either in medium with or without bacteria. The presence of E.coli 

has induced more corrosion on tested substrates rather than S.aureus.

Lighting in the Workplace: An Analysis of the Lighting Quality and the 

Possible Associated Symptoms Related to Lighting among Lecturers 

Nur Aqilah Binti Aris 

Supervisor: Dr Tengku Azmina Binti Engku Ibrahim 




In indoor environment, lighting quality is one of the conditions that need to be 

considered. Health hazards may arise due to the excessive or limited lighting especially 

at the workplace where people mostly spend their times. The aim of this study is to 

identify the prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome-related symptoms associated 

with lighting quality among academic staff working in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 

The CVS-related symptoms are assessed using a self- reported questionnaire and 

lighting conditions are measured by a luxmeter. From this study, it was depicted that 

the academicians are working under lighting which is not in the range between 300- 

400lux as recommended by the guideline. Throughout this study the results discovered 

that majority academicians experienced CVS because of the usage of computer. To 

summarize, an additional artificial lamp should be provided to improve the lighting 

which eventually reduce the prevalence of CVS as a safety measures in UMT.

Groundwater Treatment for Domestic Use in Kampung Budi, Bachok, 

Kelantan 

Nur Asma Aisyah Binti Juhari 





High concentrations of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in groundwater for domestic 

use have been associated with variety problems especially in plumbing, laundry and 

health. Therefore, a water treatment system has been installed to the private well of 

3 houses in Kampung Budi, Tawang, Bachok Kelantan. This study sought to determine 

the level of four main water quality parameters which are the turbidity, TSS and also 

iron and manganese concentration of the groundwater treated with the treatment 

system. The efficiency of the water treatment system was evaluated in terms of 

improvement in water quality and also in term of water flow rate (Q). As confirmed 

by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), treated groundwater contained the level of 

iron and manganese which are fall below the recommended raw water quality and 

drinking water quality standard. The overall removal percentage of iron and 

manganese ranged between 86.47% to 100%. The turbidity of the groundwater was 

also reduced up to 99.22%. This shows that the treatment system is capable to 

physically treat the groundwater.

Effects of Rare Earth Doping on Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide 

Nanoparticles for Antifouling Application 

Nur Basirah Binti Zakaria 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Rafizah Binti Wan Abdullah 




Biofouling is currently a significant concern due to its potential to cause negative 

impacts towards environment. The problem which arises from unwanted microbe 

growth on submerged surface can be overcome with the use of antifouling agent. This 

study investigated the potential antimicrobial activity of ZnO doped with 0.2 and 1.0 

mole% of selected rare earth doping elements (Pr, Er, and Ce) against Gram positive 

(E.coli) and Gram negative bacteria (S.aureus). Synthesis process was completed via 

modified citrate gelation and solid state sintering method. The findings from 

antibacterial susceptibility test using agar well diffusion technique showed that the 

synthesized Pr, Er and Ce doped ZnO powder exhibited bactericidal properties against 

S.aureus. In addition, photodegradation test under UV irradiation revealed that the 

suspension of 2 g/L of doped ZnO has excellent photocatalytic inactivation of E.coli 

and S.aureus bacteria. ZnO doped with 1.0 mol% Er demonstrated the highest 

antibacterial activity and photocatalytic efficiency.

Pressure Distribution around Mixing Blade in Biodiesel Reactor using 

ANSYS 

Nur Fahirah Binti Johari 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nurdiyana Binti Wan Mansor 




Biodiesel is renewable burning fuel that is made from waste vegetable oils, animal 

fats, or recycled restaurant grease that beneficial in diesel vehicles. The right type of 

mixing blade used in biodiesel reactor can reduce the maintenance cost and improve 

the biodiesel production. In this study, the pressure distribution and pressure location 

of three bladed mixing propeller and Rushton blade were determined by running the 

simulation using ANSYS software. The simulation was carried out by transferring the 

CAD model of both blades to the ANSYS FLUENT workbench. After that, grid 

independent test were carried out and turbulence model from viscous model panel 

were selected. The two types of different biodiesel mixing blades have shown different 

pattern in term of pressure distributions. The Rushton blade type has higher pressure 

distribution along the mixing fluid and has highest pressure at its tips compared to 

three blade mixing propeller and it proves that Rushton Blade is more effective for 

biodiesel reactor.

Preparation, Characterization of Polyvinylydene fluoride (PVDF) and 

Polyethersulfone (PES) Nanocomposite Ultrafiltation Membrane 

Nur Farahana Binti Dzul Rashidi 





Polyvinylydene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethersulfone (PES) are hydrophobic polymers 

that is prone to membrane fouling which lead to low water flux and the adsorption of 

foulants onto membrane surface. Therefore the addition of natural clay into 

Polyvinylydene fluoride (PVDF/NC) and polyethersulfone (PES/NC) can be a way to 

improve the properties of original membrane. The objectives of this study are to 

characterize PVDF/NC and PES/NC nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane in terms 

of morphology, mechanical properties, water content, porosity, crystallization, 

functional group and identify the performance of PVDF/NC and PES/NC membrane for 

the pure water flux. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results shown the formation of intercalated 

as well as exfoliated nanostructures.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 

results shown existence of Si-O groups in this nanocomposite ultafiltration membrane. 

Scanning electroninc microscope (SEM) results revealed more finger like pores on 

asymmetric membranes. Mechanical properties reduced whereas water content and 

porosity increased as amount of natural clay increase. Besides, performance of 

membrane was measured in terms of pure water permeability (PWP). The results 

revealed that PWP were directly propotional to the applied pressure. The data from 

PWP also indicated that PWP was increased from 7.1898 L/m².hr.bar (original 

membrane) to 15.286 L/m².hr.bar (nanocomposite). The results shown the addition 

of clay insreased permeability and hydrophobicity of membrane.

Particulate Resuspension during the Use of Vacuum Cleaner: A Case Study 

on Office Carpet in UMT 

Nur Fatanah Binti Rosman 

Supervisor: YM Dr. Tengku Azmina binti Engku Ibrahim 




The exposure to particulate matter can come normally from human activities. It may 

contribute to an increased risk of respiratory symptoms among cleaning workers in 

UMT. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible particulate matters during 

vacuuming activity and to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms 

associated with the said exposure. Particulate matter was measured using Dust Trak 

Aerosol Monitor 8533 for three phases (pre, during and post vacuuming activity) while 

prevalence of respiratory symptoms were measured using a self-reported 

questionnaire. The result shows that the most reading were higher than the WHO 

guidelines. While significant impact amount of cleaning workers were experienced 

respiratory symptoms associated with dust exposure.

Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Titanium Dioxide of its 

Photocatalytic Activity on Organic Azo-Dyes Degradation 

Nur Haya’ binti Mohd Yasin 





Due to the pressing environmental issue from persistent dye wastewater and 

weakness of conventional treatment, heterogenous-photocatalysis from advanced 

oxidation processes (AOP) were deemed as suitable replacement technique for 

wastewater treatment. Heterogenous-photocatalytic activity however is highly 

influenced by physicochemical characteristics of catalyst used. There are less literature 

on pure catalyst as more researchers currently focusing on the integrated process to 

reduce cost of implementation. Photocatalysis experiments were conducted to observe 

the photocatalytic activity exhibited by modified catalyst using methylene blue (MB) 

dye and titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalyst as representatives. Modification on catalyst 

was performed at different calcination temperature and duration to change the 

crystallite size and phase structure. The result of the study shows that the 

photodegradation of MB decreased as calcination temperature and duration increased 

as after 3 hours of photoreaction. The highest end-point relative concentration was 

determined at 0.433 and was exhibited by TiO2 calcined at 1000 o C for 3 hours.

The Awareness Level of 3R among Student Residing in UMT Hostel 

Nur Khalisa Binti Nordin 

Supervisor: Dr. Izan binti Jaafar 

Co-Supervisor: Dr Siti Aisyah binti Saat 




The UMT’s community have lack of awareness on recycling practice in particular how 

to use recycling bins correctly. This is evident where trashes were improperly sorted 

when recycle bin also contained non-recycle solid waste. The aim of this project is to 

introduce proper recycling practice through awareness campaign within hostel 

residence and to investigate the management of recycle facilities installed. 250 survey 

of pre and post questionnaire were distributed. To create the knowledge and 

awareness among student, recycle signage was displayed, jumbo bags were provided 

and a recycle cage was installed. The plastic bottle showed the highest generation of 

recycle item based on 4 times collection by appointed vendor (averagely 50%), paper 

and cardboard (40%) while tin aluminium (10%). The questionnaire found that the 

student generated more plastic bottle (averagely 70%), paper and cardboard (20%) 

while aluminium (10%). Recycling facilities found to be the driving factor for UMT 

community to practice separation and recycling.

Revealing the Hidden Mechanism in Porous Media: Buoyancy Force 

Nur Nabila Binti Ibrahim 





Buoyancy in atmospheric science has its roots its underlying foundations in the alleged 

Law of Archimedes. It is generally accepted that vapor is governed by the physical 

uplifting buoyancy force. However, the phenomenon has not been experimentally 

proven its existence by any measuring device. Hence, in this study, nine physical 

models were constructed to identify and quantify the presence of water vapor 

buoyancy force in an open air. Three types of experimental devices were fabricated 

to distinguish between diffusion and buoyancy, and this was achieved by the loss of 

water from saturated in the form of water vapor. Diffusion and buoyancy mechanisms 

were the only two mechanisms in action for causing water vapor to release from the 

device to the surrounding environment. The loss of water was corresponding to the 

mass loss of water vapor. The results showed that the mechanisms for water vapor 

diffusion and buoyancy. Therefore findings from this study have proven the presence 

of water vapor buoyancy force.

Analysis of Gaseous (CO and CO₂) in A Long Distance Buses in Different 

Road Segment in Malaysia 

Nur Suraya Binti Mustapa 

Supervisor: Dr. Hajah Noor Zaitun Binti Yahaya 




The exposure to the high level of CO and CO₂ in a long hour can lead to respiratory 

problems and could possibly lead to death. In this study, the concentrations of gaseous 

and physical parameters (air flow, speed, relative humidity, temperature and number 

of passengers) were measured in a long distance buses between Kuala Terengganu 

to Ipoh, Malaysia. Each bus travelled for 7 to 8 hours per trip. The parameters were 

measured by using Q-Trak TSI model 7565 Portable IAQ and Kanomax Climomaster 

Model 6531. The data were analyzed using comprehensive software, open air and R 

packages for the variability and statistical analysis. The Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) 

algorithm model for CO and CO2 with learning rate 0.05 and 0.1, tree complexity 5, 

and number of tree is 867 and 809, respectively. This proves that BRT is a reliable 

technique to find the relationship between pollutants and its factor.

Analyzing Particulate Matters (PM10, PM2.5, PM1) Emitted from Vehicles in 

Two Different Altitude of Street Canyon in Malaysia 

Nur Syahirah Binti Che Hamid 

Supervisor: Dr. Hajah Noor Zaitun Binti Yahaya 




Street canyon is a relatively narrow street with building lining up along the both sides 

creating a canyon-like environment. Transportation has emitted hazardous particles 

which could give harmful effect to human health and environment. This study was 

conducted to predict the interactions of Particulate Matters with traffic flow and 

meteorological condition. Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) algorithm is a technique 

which capable to explain the complexity of air pollutant relationship among variable. 

The PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were trained by BRT of learning rate 0.001, 0.05 and 0.1. 

The tree complexity of data are 1, 2 and 2 while number of tree estimated by using 

cross-validation were 4996, 255, and 604 which quantify the pollutants concentration 

using performance indicator such as FAC2, RMSE and R 2 . The R 2 values for PM10, PM2.5 

and PM1 were 0.74, 0.76 and 0.80 respectively. This proved that BRT is a useful 

technique to identify relationships and main factors influencing the pollutants in street 

canyon.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution and Microbial Contaminants in Dust 

Collected from Selected Primary Schools 

Nur Syamimi Iwani Binti Mohammad Azlan 


Co-Supervisor: Dr. Suvik A/L Assaw 




Very fine particles (settled dust) are able to travel deeply into the respiratory tract and 

can affect children’s health. This study investigates the metals concentration and their 

sources as well as microbial contaminants in the settled dust of three primary schools 

in Kuala Terengganu. Samples were analysed for elemental concentrations using 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). In order to 

evaluate anthropogenic influences in dust, the enrichment factor (EF) was used. 

Microbial contaminant was determined through Gram staining method to identify the 

genus bacteria. The metals concentration in each school decreased in the order of 

Fe>Al>Zn>Mn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cd>As> Mo>Sr>Co. The highest EF value was recorded 

for Cd at 230.06 particle (size d = 125 µm) to indicate that the element come from 

anthropogenic sources. Meanwhile, the dust samples were dominated by Gram 

positive bacteria.

Lighting in the Workplace: A Case Study at Perpustakaan Sultanah Nur 

Zahirah, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Nurfatin Thaqifah binti Azhar 

Supervisor: Dr. Tengku Azmina binti Engku Ibrahim 




Good lighting plays an important role in human health. Poor lighting has been 

associated with human health problems. The aims of this study are to investigate the 

lighting quality among the workers working in Perpustakaan Sultanah Nur Zahirah and 

explore the possible health effects related to computer vision syndrome that 

associated with lighting quality. Computer Vision Syndrome-related symptom was 

identified using a self-reported questionnaire, while the measurement of lighting was 

done using a luxmeter. The prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome is 95.8%, with 

the highest prevalence was 27.1% (Fatigue/Tiredness). The lighting quality varies, 

with minimum values recorded was 102 lx. The average result of the lighting level 

based on the minimum values is between 100 to 540 lx. From the present study, it is 

concluded that the participants experienced one or more symptoms of computer vision 

syndrome.

Degradation of Pharmaceutical Waste by Titanium Dioxide Solar 

Photocatalytic 

Nurul Atiqah Mohd Nazri 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Salida Wan Mansor 




Municipal wastewater and effluent which contained pharmaceutical waste has become 

an important issue because it may risk human health when used for drinking water 

after conventional treatment. The solar photocatalytic activity is one of the effective 

process to degrade the pharmaceutical waste by using solar irradiation in the presence 

of catalyst in order to produce clean water. The aim of this work was to study the 

solar light influence and the operational parameter on titanium dioxide (TiO2) 

photocatalytic activity. Photocatalyst dosage and initial concentration of paracetamol 

were varied. Paracetamol was used as a model compound and the paracetamol 

concentration analysed via UV-vis spectrophotometer. Results showed that the highest 

degradation rate occurred at 15 mg/L of concentration and 3.0 g of TiO2. This indicates 

that the solar photocatalytic could play as a role in treating the pharmaceutical waste.

Generation and Characterization of Food Waste in Selected Cafeteria in 

UMT 

Nurul Husnizah binti Hamzah 

Supervisor: Dr. Izan binti Jaafar 

Co-Supervisor: YM Dr. Tengku Azmina binti Engku Ibrahim 




Institutional education is one of the main sources of tremendous amount of waste 

generated in Malaysia which is recorded 37,000 tonnes daily in 2015. The highest 

generation is food waste which is cooked food waste (77%) and uncooked food waste 

(23%). Lack of awareness in managing food waste contributes to environmental 

issues. This study is intended to determine the generation and characterization of food 

waste in UMT cafeteria for an establishment of food waste composting. Quantitative 

method used found that the average daily food waste generation from selected 

cafeteria was 8.2 kilogram. The survey conducted among total of 108 staffs and 

students indicated that most of respondents have lack of awareness about food waste 

management. The findings from this study are important as a benchmark for the 

development of sustainable food waste management that can be practiced by 

university community.

Infiltration Rate of Crude Oil Residue Stained Sand 

Nurul Nadia Binti Md Razip 





Oil spillage leaves behind residual crude oil that remained after the episode. It would 

change the infiltration rate of sediment. This study compares infiltration rates for sand 

before and after being stained with the residual crude oil. Material preparation started 

with sieving process of sand and average size in a range from 0.355 mm to 0.71 mm. 

The experiment of infiltration rate for unpolluted sand was carried out. The result 

obtained stated that water depth over time taken were constant after the experiment 

had been repeated for 20 times. Then, the experiment was repeated with polluted 

sand and the result showed that it’s consumed more time for water to infiltrate. The 

comparison between this two experiment shows that the infiltration rate was 

decreasing. This is because crude oil in soils trapped some of the water, consequently 

lowering the coefficient of permeability of polluted soils.

Development of Risk Calendar for Kelantan State using Rainfall Erosivity 

Index 

Nurul Nor Liyana Binti Mohd Hanafiah 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Sofiyan bin Sulaiman 




Floods are the most widespread natural hazard in the Peninsular Malaysia. Massive 

loss of properties and unaccountable damaged due to the occurrence of the worst 

flood in 2014 made the nation aware of this tragedy. Thus far, there is no risk calendar 

ever produced in east coast of Peninsular to assess flood occurrence. The risk calendar 

was created by looking at the extreme cumulative rainfall in a span of a day. In 

addition, the degree of rainfall erosivity was determined to assess the level of rainfall 

energy. Gua Musang and Kuala Krai districts are the two case-study to create risk 

calendar. The rainfall data were obtained from Department of Irrigation and Drainage 

(DID) station commencing from year 2010 to 2016. It was found that second weeks 

of Month of December is critical time for flood occurrence and the duration of three 

days is a threshold of greater flood events.

Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Two Different Laboratories at 

Kompleks Makmal Berpusat, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Nurul Shafiqa Binti Mokhtar Rudin 





Indoor air pollution in university laboratories are important to the occupants, especially 

for those who work in the laboratories. The aim of this study is to determine the 

compliance of air pollutant which is Particulate Matter (PM₁₀) and two meteorological 

factors which are temperature and relative humidity in two university laboratories with 

the guideline limit recommended by Industry Code of Practice 2010 (ICOP 2010). The 

sampling carried out from 0830 to 1630 for 3 days during weekdays and the 

measurements are taken by using indoor air quality instruments. Results show the 

concentration for PM₁₀ and relative humidity are exceeded the limit from ICOP 2010 

with 669µg/m³ and 70.4% respectively while temperature remained in range with 

24.9°C. Results from ANOVA show that there are significant differences recorded for 

all the parameters. As conclusion, there are two parameters that exceeded the limit 

therefore, it is necessary measure needed to improve the thermal comfort.

Analysis of Particulate Matter (PM10 & PM2.5) Concentration through 

Different Road Segment for Long Journey Buses in Malaysia using Boosted 

Regression Trees (BRT) 

Nurulsafinas binti Abdul Aziz 

Supervisor: Dr. Hjh. Noor Zaitun binti Haji Yahaya 




The aim of this study is to analyze the exposure of air pollutant to the bus driver and 

passenger in long journey buses between Kuala Terengganu to Ipoh, Malaysia by 

measuring concentration of particulate matter and physical parameter (air flow, speed, 

relative humidity, temperature and number of passengers). Each coaches travelled 

averaged between 7-8 hour journey mostly used motorways route that lift passengers. 

The physical parameters and pollutants data were measured by using TSI Dustrak 

8530, Q-Trak TSI model 7565, IAQ Monitor and Kanomax Climomaster. The data were 

analysed using a comprehensive software an open-air R-Software and its packages 

for the variability and statistical analysis. The Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) 

algorithm model for PM10 and PM2.5 with learning rate 0.01 and 0.05, tree complexity 

5, and number of tree 1184 and 700. It was found that the major relative influence 

for this study are temperature (32.44%), relative humidity (22.19%), air flow 

(10.48%) and speed (10.48%).

Estimation of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Unsaturated Soil 

through Experiment 

Ong Sin Tian 





Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is the measurement of soil’s water-retaining ability 

in unsaturated soil. It is one of the unknown parameters, mainly because of the 

possibility of erroneous description of hydraulic properties in the dry range. This study 

aimed to estimate the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity through experiment. To 

achieve the aim, an experimental setup was designed and fabricated in order to 

measure the volumetric water content using GS3 sensors. The data obtained was 

validated and used to estimate the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity with the help of 

mathematical equation and computer application. The primary materials used in the 

study were solute-free water and sand. The open sand column with 5 GS3 sensors 

was weighted from time to time in order to obtain the data of water loss. The 

successfulness in the estimation was expected to be helpful to improve simulation in 

agricultural and engineering application.

Natural Weathering of Sustainable Polyypropylene/Agro Waste Rice 

Husk/ Titanium Dioxide Composites 

Rafeaisah Binti Laisah 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad bin Awang 




Polymer composites have become incredibly important in modern society. Using of 

natural fibers as a filler has been expanded in the research and also in the 

development of reinforcements in thermoplastic matrix that has contributed to 

minimize the impact on the environment. The addition of inorganic particles namely 

titanium dioxide (TiO₂) may protect the composites from degradations related to 

weathering. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of rice husk (RH), TiO₂ 

and natural weathering on polypropylene (PP) composites. The composites were 

prepared using an internal mixer and then injected into desired parts using an injection 

molding. It shows that the addition of TiO₂ increased the tensile strength of PP/RH 

composites. The PP90/RH10/TiO₂5 composites retained the highest value of tensile 

strength after the exposure to natural weathering.

Infiltration Rate of Crude Oil Residue Stained Sand and Silt Sediment 

Rohaniza Binti Abdul Wahab 





Oil spillage brings a lot of adverse effects to the environment especially on hydrology 

system that involved the sediment. After episodes of the oil spill, it may decrease the 

quality of water. In this study, residual of crude oil stained sand and silt sediment has 

been prepared. The infiltration rate of polluted sand will be different from unpolluted. 

Infiltration rate was affected by the particle sizes of the sediment, the size of the sand 

that has been used in this study is between 0.0710 mm to 0.0355 mm. As there is 

presence of crude oil residue, it clogged the pore spaces that available and thus 

inhibits the water to penetrate through the interconnected pore inside the sediment. 

As a result, the infiltration rate of crude oil residue stained sand sediment that has 

recorded by the Diver data logger is reduced compared before they have been stained.

The Foliar Amino acid (FAA) Nutrient Plant Booster for Agricultural Growth 

of Spinach (Spinacea oleracia sp) 

Roslaili Binti Malik 

Supervisor: Dr Shahrul Bin Ismail 




The growth of spinach (Spinacea oleracia sp) was experimented to study the effects 

of foliar amino acids (FAA) application on agricultural growth. The FAA were produced 

from wastes (fish wastes, animal wastes and fruit wastes) that transformed into 

valuable added products which is organic liquid fertilizer. Allowing six weeks for the 

decomposition, the extracts were filtered and the nutrient contents were determined 

using standard analytical procedures. The FAA was applied to the spinach once every 

three days and the other replicated served as a control. The results clearly indicated 

that the FAA significantly increased the growth parameters (plant height, leaf area 

and number of leaf) and enhanced the time of plant growth. These findings suggested 

that the FAA application can be used effectively to improve and promote crop 

productivity.

Production and Characterization of Eco-enzyme Produced from Pineapple 

and Mango and its Influence on Aquaculture Sludge 

Rubashini Vadiveloo 





Aquaculture sludge containing nitrogen and phosphorous has become major concern 

due to its harmful effects to the environment. Thus, this study proposed to investigate 

the potential use of pineapple and mango eco enzyme as an enzymatic pretreatment 

agent to treat aquaculture sludge. The enzyme solution was prepared by fermentation 

of mixture of sugar, fruit waste and water in the ratio of 1:3:10 respectively and the 

characteristics of enzyme were investigated by the parameters such as pH, total 

solid, total dissolved solid, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand 

(COD) and enzymatic activity (amylase, protease, and lipase). The performance of eco 

enzyme was determined by characterizing the sludge for the 10 days enzymatic 

pretreatment in the presence of various eco-enzyme concentration solutions (5, 10, 15 

times dilution). The parameters tested were total suspended solid (TSS), volatile 

suspended solid (VSS), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total phosphate (TP) and COD. 

The 10 th day pineapple eco enzyme sample (10%) showed maximum removal rate % 

of TSS and VSS nearly 30- 40% whereas 68.3% for COD. The findings showed that 

eco enzyme has the capability to reduce pollutant in aquaculture sludge.

Harvesting of Chlorella sp. Using Aspergillus niger As Bio-Flocculant 

Safrida Aini Bt Safrudin 

Supervisor: Prof. Ir. Dr. Ahmad bin Jusoh 




Rapid development of aquaculture industry has contributed to highly amount of 

nutrient in wastewater that can lead to eutrophication and deterioration of water 

quality. Phycoremediation is one of the biological techniques in water treatment that 

offer low cost treatment in removing the excess nutrient content in wastewater using 

microalgae. The aim of this study is to control the microalgae biomass through the 

process of microalgae harvesting using fungus, Aspergillus niger as bio-flocculant. 

Besides the objectives of this study are to monitor the growth pattern of microalgae, 

Chlorella sp. and to determine the optimum condition that effect the harvesting 

process such as dosage of bio-flocculant and pH value of treatment. The methodology 

that will be used for this study consists of three phases which are cultivation of 

microalgae, cultivation of fungus and mixing of both microalgae and fungus for 

harvesting process. The result of this study indicated that the optimum dosage of bio 

flocculant is 30 gL -1 while the optimum pH value of the treatment is in the range 6 to 

8. Harvesting microalgae Chlorella sp. using fungus Aspergillus niger is promising a 

good performance in treating the wastewater from aquaculture industry.

Assessing the Workplace Stress among Non-Academic Staff in UMT 

Salziriyan Binti Mohd Kassim 

Supervisor: YM Dr. Tengku Azmina binti Engku Ibrahim 




Workplace stress has become as one of the serious increasing worldwide 

phenomenon. This study aims to assess the prevalence of workplace stress and to 

investigate the major factors that contribute to stress among non-academic staff in 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Self- reported questionnaire of sociodemographic 

items, sources of stress, coping strategies, and validated Depression, 

Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), in Malay version has been prepared and was 

distributed among the staff for the purposes of workplace stress assessment. Collected 

questionnaire was then analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science 

(SPSS). Result shows that, most non-academic staff experienced stress related 

symptoms where the sources of stress various from work pressure, lack of social 

support to include environment factors. The findings from this study were important 

to determine the associated factor and stress prevalence among non-academic staff 

in UMT and will be used as a baseline data for preventive measures.

Effect of Polymer/Metal Oxide Hybrid Composite on Antifouling Properties 

of Epoxy/PEDOT: PSS/Cerium Doped Zinc Oxide Coating 

Siti Norlin Salwanie Bt Mohd Arifin 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Rafizah Bt Wan Abdullah 




Biofouling is one of the major concerns because it potentially causes negative impacts 

towards various engineering and environmental applications. Development of effective 

antifouling coating is therefore crucial for protection of structures and sustaining 

hygiene surfaces. In this study, coating formulations made of Epoxy/PEDOT:PSS/Ce 

doped ZnO have been prepared and investigation on its antifouling properties of has 

been performed. The effects of varying PEDOT:PSS-Ce doped ZnO hybrid composite 

composition (1, 3, and 5 wt %) were observed. The properties of Epoxy/PEDOT: 

PSS/Ce doped ZnO coating were characterized using ATR-FTIR and SEM. Antimicrobial 

and antifouling activities were determined through the disc diffusion method and MB 

degradation assay, respectively. The findings showed that the distribution of ZnO on 

surface morphology decrease with increasing the composition of hybrid composite. 

Furthermore, the coating demonstrated hygienic properties by exhibiting higher 

antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative 

bacteria and photocatalytic efficiency up to 40% under UV illumination.

Lab Scale Experiment of Wave Energy Loss in a Sandbar Regulated River 

Estuary 

Siti Nur Athirah Binti Muhammad Radzi 





This study determines energy loss of wave in a sandbar regulated river estuary in lab 

scale experiment basin. A physical model was built to measure the wave action velocity 

height with well water level. It represent the real condition of the river estuary is close 

by sandbar. The limit of research about conducting energy loss that influence by factor 

of wave in a sandbar regulated river estuary. The finding of kinetic head loss and 

identify velocity of these factor between their correlations between amplitude and 

velocity head of wave at 10 volt, 15 volt and 20 volt because by of reflection and 

interference and it showed the positive correlation coefficient between wave heights 

with well water level.

Effects of Temperature on Zinc Oxide Mediated Photocatalytic System for 

Decontamination of Water 

Siti Nurathirah Farhana Binti Nazri 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Rafizah Wan Abdullah 




Occurrence of persistence organic compounds in industrial effluents has emerged as 

a crucial problem to wastewater treatment plants. Presently, photocatalytic treatment 

using ZnO photocatalyst is considered a promising method to solve the problem, but 

its efficiency relies on selection of suitable range of operating conditions. Therefore, 

this study was conducted to assess the temperature dependence of photocatalytic 

efficiency of ZnO in temperature range of 20 to 60 o C. Photodegradation of 10 mg/L 

of methylene blue was performed under UV-light irradiation in the presence of 1 g/L 

of ZnO for 120 minutes. In addition, the simultaneous influence of temperature and 

other operational conditions including salinity (1 – 35 g/L NaCl) were thoroughly 

investigated. The findings showed that photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO depended on 

temperature. The optimum operational condition for the photodecomposition of MB 

using ZnO catalyst was found to be at high temperature (60 ͦC) and high salinity (35 

g/L NaCl).

Biodiesel Standard Measured Chemically by pH for Different Samples 

Siti Ramlah Binti Ayoup 

Supervisor: Mr. Mohamed Shahrir Bin Mohamed Zahari 




Fossil fuels become decreased from day to day because of currently increasing 

dependence on it. In order to save our resources without compromising our needs, 

renewable fuels offer the best solution. The renewable fuels such as biodiesel are 

known for their environmental friendliness. An experiment was carried out to produce 

biodiesel from plant-based new cooking oil and used cooking oil. This study proposes 

a simple method to monitor standard of biodiesel properties which is through pH 

measurement and relate it to the acid number. The pH of biodiesel samples was 

measured and the acid number of oil sample was then determined by using the 

potentiometric titration method according to ASTM Standards. pH value for biodiesel 

produced from new cooking oil was found more acidic than the biodiesel obtained 

from used cooking oil. The findings from this study are useful in developing a simple 

quality measurement method for biodiesel.

Cafeteria Food Waste Composting: Experimental Process Monitoring and 

Quality Control 

Suhair binti Omar 





Food waste is a type of municipal solid waste that is largely generated per person 

daily, however can be reduced through composting initiative. This study was done by 

focusing on its aims to evaluate the physico-chemical and biological changes of 

cafeteria food waste, and to evaluate the final compost product quality. The 

composting process was conducted for eight weeks based on different percentage 

ratio of food wastes(FW)to dry leaves(DL) in separated composter bins which was 

either 40:60 or 60:40. The samples were collected every week and lab analysis was 

done. The analysis parameters involved were such as colour (dark brown), odour 

(earthy smell), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio(C:N

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Crude Oil Stained Silt and Sand 

Sediment 

Suriyani Binti Salleh 





The release of crude oil into the environment by oil spills is receiving worldwide 

attention due to the potential risks posed to the ecosystem. Oil spillage that occurs 

will also decrease the quality of water. Thus, the research regarding the change of 

saturated hydraulic conductivity of crude oil stained sand sediment was conducted to 

help in order to reduce the potential of water to be polluted. The saturated hydraulic 

conductivity was conducted using Darcy Experiment and formulated by Darcy Law. 

The size of the sand sediment that has been used is between 0.710mm to 0.800mm. 

Besides, the present of crude oil in sand sediment bring significant changes in the 

movement of water. As confirmed in Darcy Law analysis, the unpolluted sediment has 

higher hydraulic conductivity than polluted sediment. This proves that the present of 

crude oil is indeed clogged the pore spaces and inhibits the water movement through 

the sand sediment.

Rainfall Erosivity and Probable Risk Month for the Terengganu Area 

Syafikah binti Saipul Bahari 





The 2014 flood that happened from December 2014 to January 2015 is considered to 

be the worst flood in a decade. In this study, the application of the ROSE Index has 

been used to predict the probable risk month for Kuala Terengganu and Hulu Besut 

area. The application of the ROSE Index emulates the use of rainfall intensity, rainfall 

energy rainfall erosivity at characterizing the risk level. The category of low, moderate, 

high, very high and critical risks are classified to develop an eventual risk calendar 

throughout the year. It was found that month of December is a critical time for these 

two districts and the second week is susceptible to receive high amount of rainfall 

event. The rainfall erosivity exceeding the normal national range and proven to be one 

of the main causes for major flood disaster on 2014.

Microwave Pyrolysis Production of Activated Carbon for Use in Herbicide 

Removal 

Thoo Ding Shan 





Palm kernel shell (PKS), an abundantly available oil palm waste in Malaysia, was 

transformed into activated carbon (AC) by microwave pyrolysis for use in herbicide 

removal. The PKS was first carbonized into biochar which was then upgraded into 

activated carbon via physical activation by steam. The highest yield of AC was 35% 

and an optimum adsorption efficiency of herbicide (1.5 mg of herbicide per gram of 

activated carbon) was obtained by performing carbonization at 700 W of microwave 

power combined with 30 mins of steam activation time. The AC produced was detected 

with high carbon content (78 wt%), high BET surface (418.9 m 2 /g) and high pore 

volume (0.188 cm 3 /g), thus indicating that many adsorption sites were available for 

the herbicide to be adsorbed onto. Overall, the results demonstrate that the AC 

derived from the microwave pyrolysis of PKS can be used as a promising herbicide 

adsorbent.

Status of Air Quality during Normal and Car Free Day in Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu 

Ungku Nur Huda Binti YM U Iskandar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marzuki bin Ismail 

Co Supervisor: Dr. Samsuri bin Abdullah 




Air pollution is one of the most important environmental and public health issues. 

Thus, Car-Free Day has been initiated in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) in line 

of reducing the emissions from motor vehicles in the campus as motor vehicles are 

the major contributor towards air pollution. Hence, this study aims at determining the 

effectiveness of implementing Car-Free Day towards the air quality status in UMT. 

Data was collected for parameters namely Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide 

(CO2) and Particulate Matter (PM10) in every 5 minutes interval for 9 hours which 

covered both academic and administration zones. Data was analyzed in terms of 

temporal and spatial distribution by using Boxplot and Surfer 12. The result shows 

that there exists statistically significant different (P

Indoor Air Quality Assessment at Selected Primary Schools with Different 

Microenvironment at Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Wan Ahmad Faiz Bin Mat Isa 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marzuki Bin Ismail 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Samsuri Bin Abdullah 




Studies have discovered that indoor air contamination influences human, in 

particularly children and the elderly more compared to ambient air. Children spent 

majority of their daily time in an indoor environment such as school and their home. 

Failure to determine the indoor air pollution can escalate health problem and degrade 

the children learning process. Investigation on indoor air quality status at selected 

schools in Kuala Terengganu with different surrounding human activities was 

conducted for chemical and physical indoor parameters was conducted during school 

hours (7.45am to 12.45pm) for three consecutive school days and no school days. 

Results showed that there is a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) of indoor 

air quality status for industrial and residential areas. The overall status parameters 

showed indoor air pollution industrial area is higher than residential area. Finally, our 

finding reveals that surrounding human activities strongly influence the indoor air 

quality status at selected primary schools in Kuala Terengganu.

Rainfall Derived Infiltration and Inflow (RDII) for Sewer Pipeline: A Case 

Study for Georgetown Sewershed Area 

Wan Nor Azlin bt Wan Azhar Amran 





The town of Georgetown, Penang has experienced problem at the sanitary sewer 

collection system which there’s an overflows which indicates inflow and infiltration in 

the sewer pipelines. The purpose of this research is to determine the rainfall derived 

infiltration and inflow (RDII) for sewer pipeline at Georgetown sewershed area which 

focusing at the sewer network in Hutton Lane (PEG125). The research methodology 

for this research using computer modelling to access the volume of the rainfall that 

effects the sewer network and access the capacity of the sewer network performances 

can hold. The result from this research produced RDII Flow Hydrograph and the 

capacity assessment of result of the sewer pipelines in Hutton Lane. Outlines from the 

problem areas identified during this phase of the study, provides recommendation for 

future investigation and improvement to sanitary sewer collection system, where 

applicable.

Preliminary Assessment of Air Pollutant Sources Identification by Using 

Chemometric Analysis 

Zaharin Bin Ahmad 





This study aims to carry out a preliminary assessment for pollutant sources 

identification using a statistical approach which is chemometric analysis consisting of 

Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) at 

three selected sites. Both statistical methods were applied to identify pollution sources 

for each monitoring site and was verified by profiling work. The HACA results grouped 

the five air pollutants into 3 different clusters based on the characteristics of 

pollutants; Cluster 1 (NO2 and SO2), Cluster 2 (O3) and Cluster 3 (PM10 and CO) which 

represents possible sources from traffic emissions, transformation from primary 

pollutants and industries, respectively. The DA provide values of correct assignation 

of 95.4%, 72.20% and 89% by using the standard, forward and backward stepwise 

modes, respectively. While profiling work shows both sites were surrounded by traffics 

and industries. Results from this study perhaps can be used to provide an effective 

plan to reduce the emission of air pollutants

To Study the Trend of Saltwater Intrusion of Surface Water in Sungai 

Terengganu 

Nur Liyana binti Mohd Nor 





Saltwater intrusion became severe problems to many countries in coastal aquifers and 

it leads to depletion of water resource and unpleasant to drink. The purpose of this 

study are to monitor the changes of salinity pattern in Sg. Terengganu and to 

determine the level of salinity that affects the taste of drinking water. Analyses were 

executed along Sg. Terengganu and Rumah Pam Pulau Musang which involves 

multivariate analysis to determine the correlations between the influences of seawater 

movement. As the reading of salinity was taken during high and low tides, both tides 

shows the higher level of salinity which are 1.94 ppt and 0.64 ppt at the estuary. This 

results show the increase in the salinity of the water in an estuary. While at the 

upstream, ocean water recedes, causing a drop in salinity. This proves that the salinity 

level in Sg. Terengganu did not exceed the limit and are acceptable to drinks.

Assessment of River Stability Using Hydro-Morphologic Index for Selected 

River in Terengganu 

Muhammad Irfan Bin Shahidan 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman 




The study of river stability become fundamental not only to the hydrologists but river 

managers as well. The deviation of river from equilibrium state can be interpreted as 

the occurrence of severe erosion or sedimentation in the river. The term of hydro is 

refer to water while morphologic is appearance through our eye observation. Thus, 

hydromorphologic assessment was carried out to test channel stability at Sekayu River 

in Kuala Berang. The river index such as Channel Stability Index (CSI), Johnson Index 

(1999) and Pfankuch Index (1975) were used to test channel stability at Sekayu River. 

It was found that all 11 selected cross sections at Sekayu river show excellent stability 

based on the score provided by those indexes. This finding can help authority to make 

similar assessment to the other river section of interest and also has its significance 

especially to our government that can help to identify mitigation measure for river 

restoration process.

Orange Peel Waste as a Potential Substrate for Pectinase Production by 

Aspergillus Niger in Solid State Fermentation 

Lim Loo Yee 





Pectinase enzyme is the eco-enzyme produced from the fermentation of vegetables 

or fruit wastes with Aspergillus niger. Application of pectinase enzyme on pretreatment 

of textile wastewater is efficient, eco-friendly and low-cost. The 

characterization of pectinase enzyme was conducted based on pH, Chemical Oxygen 

Demand (COD) and pectinase activities. Besides, optimization of pectinase enzyme in 

SSF was conducted based on incubation time, temperature, substrate concentration, 

inoculum size and pH. The parameters were tested from the pre-treatment of textile 

wastewater with pectinase enzyme which included total dissolved solids (TDS), 

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and COD. The highest pectinase activity showed 

extracted enzymes were optimally energetic in pH of 5.5, 35°C, 96 hours, 10 g 

substrate concentration and 6ml inoculum size. 10% dosage of dilution pectinase 

enzyme was used to test the efficiency on pre-treatment of textile wastewater. This 

study was showed that high potential application of pectinase enzyme on the 

treatment of textile wastewater.

Heavy Metals Composition in Dust from Primary School Environment 

Mohamad Hafizudin Bin Baharudin 





Soils or dust are considered regional sinks of chemical emissions and are frequently 

rich in heavy metals. This study aims to analyse the chemical properties and 

sources of heavy metals in dust collected from school environment. 36 dust 

samples were collected using soft paint brush from three primary schools in Kuala 

Terengganu. The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, Cd and Ni in dust were 

determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP- 

OES). Enrichment factor (EF) analysis was performed to identify the sources of 

heavy metals from natural or anthropogenic sources. Meanwhile, the health risk 

assessment (HRA) was conducted to evaluate the potential health risk of children 

from dust exposure. The concentration of heavy metals were different due to 

locations, and sources. It can be concluded that, heavy metals contain in soils and 

dust will give bad effect to human especially small children due to their pica 

behaviour.

Production and Characterization of Eco Enzyme Produced From Fruit 

Waste and Its Influence on the Aquaculture Sludge 

Olgalizia Galintin 





The high composition of food waste in solid waste is one of the critical environmental 

issues since decomposition process produces and emit carbon dioxide and methane 

into the atmosphere and causes a greenhouse effect. Therefore, this study was 

conducted to characterize and determine the effectiveness of eco enzyme produced 

from fermentation of fruit waste as a catalyst to treat aquaculture sludge. The 

effectiveness of the eco enzyme was determined based on Total Suspended Solid, 

Volatile Suspended Solid, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Ammonia and Total 

Phosphorus with the different dilution factor of the eco enzyme (5%, 10%, 15%) for 

10 days (Batch process). The results showed that the eco enzyme possesses Protease, 

Amylase, and Lipase. Meanwhile, the results of the treatment process showed the 

enzyme solution (10 %) was found more potent and economic in treating aquaculture 

sludge. This eco enzyme are proved to effective as a catalyst and also as a solution to 

reduce the composition of food waste in solid waste.

The Effect of Fermentation Time on Biocatalytic Activities of Eco Enzyme 

Nurul Nabilah Binti Nor Azman 

Supervisor: Dr. Nazaitulshila Bt Rasit 




Eco - enzyme or garbage enzyme is a complex solution produced by the fermentation 

of fruit wastes, molasses and water at a ratio of 1:3:10. This procedure applied to 

reduce the quantity of organic waste that cause the greenhouse effect from landfills. 

The waste was collected from pre - consumer which consists of orange, pineapple, 

tomato and mango dregs. In this study, the fermentation time of bio catalytic activities 

of the eco - enzymatic was investigated. This enzyme possessed amylase, lipase and 

protease activities. The activities for each enzyme increase after three months 

fermentation. The percentage of chemical oxygen demand (COD) for this enzyme 

decreases after 3 months fermentation process and continue decreasing after 

undergoing 5 months fermentation process. This condition of enzyme activities proves 

that the longer the enzyme was kept, the effectiveness of enzyme increased such as 

for further wastewater pre - treatment.

Interpolation of Wind Speed Using the Self-Organizing Maps in Malaysia 

Nor Shaziera Binti Mohamad Shah 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd Zamri Ibrahim 




The determining the wind speed in a wide area system and high dimensional space is 

difficult and supervised learning neural networks that the network need external help. 

In this study, its present novel approach to spatial wind speed estimation in Malaysia 

by using Self-Organizing Map (SOM) method to obtain a map of the average wind 

speed over the entire region in the Malaysia. The mean wind speed for 37 stations is 

the main input use in trained SOM. And then estimated wind data measured to test 

error and correlation coefficient by using the Pearson’s Correlation Equation and lastly 

wind speed at different height are extrapolated by using the power low profile. The 

results showed with the map of the average wind speed at different height in Malaysia 

with the validation set by the SOM network. The SOM is powerful method for mapping 

in large area and able to reduce that maps high dimensional data into smaller 

dimensions.

Harvesting Microalgae, Chorella sp. by Using Dissolved Air Flotation with 

Moringa Oleifera 

Anis Nadirah Binti Saiful Bahri 





Aquaculture is an important industry in Malaysia which produce large quantities of 

organic matter that demand wastewater treatment. In this study, the optimum dosage 

of coagulant, Moringa oleifera was determined for effective flocculation of freshwater 

microalgae, Chorella sp. which acts as a binder to coagulate particulate. In addition, 

the air flow rate was determined for maximum biomass removal efficiency of Chorella 

sp. by dissolved air flotation. The absorbance of the sample was measured by using 

UV-vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1800) whereas turbidity of the sample was 

measured using turbidity meter. The biomass removal efficiency was calculated from 

the absorbance ratio. The result showed that optimization of coagulation-flocculation 

was achieved when dosage of Moringa oleifera at 50 mg/L and the biomass removal 

efficiency was achieved 81% by dissolved air flotation at air flow rate 20.684 kPa. This 

proves that Moringa oleifera and dissolved air flotation have a great potential for 

microalgae harvesting.

Bachelor of Applied Science 

(Electronics and 

Instrumentation Physics)

The Study of Laser Diode as Fish Attraction Light Source 

Ahmad Afnan bin Zainul Azlan 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Nazri bin Dagang 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Electronics and Instrumentation Physics) 


Artificial light in fisheries has been one of the most advanced and successful method 

for capture purposes. As the technology getting advanced, it had evolved from 

incandescent lamp, halogen lamp, metal-halide lamp, and Light Emitting Diode are the 

conventional fishing lamp for fisheries industry. This project utilised Laser Diode (LD) 

with 3 colours red, blue, green as light sources. The main objectives in this research 

project are to study the ability of LD to attract fish, to determine their spectrum colour 

and to evaluate their power consumption. The process sequence is firstly the lamp 

prototypes preparation. Next, is the lighting setup then the fish attraction phase and 

lastly is spectrum determination. The result shows that blue (450nm) and green 

(532nm) colour wavelength able to attract the fish and LD saves 25% energy of the 

power consumption. In conclusion, LD developed an alternative light fishing 

technology as for a new approach.

Ambient Non-Ionizing Radiation Exposure of Kuala Nerus: on Site 

Measurement and Spatial Analysis 

Ahmad Izat Arif bin Ilyas 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Hazmin binti Sabri 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Roslan bin Umar 



The advancement of man-made technologies may causes non-ionizing radiation (NIR) 

exposure on human. NIR can be sourced from all electronic and electrical appliance 

around us. NIR is believed to give adverse health effect thus become public concern. 

Therefore, this study is conducted to measure ambient NIR exposure value at four 

selected areas which are at campus areas (UMT and UniSZA) and residential areas 

(Kampung Jati and Batu Rakit). The measured data is then compared with the 

standard limit of exposure reference level recommended by the International 

Commission on NIR Protection (ICNIRP). The spatial model of exposure have been 

developed using GIS technique. UMT recorded the highest electric field strength 

emitted of 37.822 V/m. The result of this study could be used to determine the public 

radiation exposure, thus, health risk monitoring could be done. Moreover, it will benefit 

telecommunication service provider and spectrum monitoring could be managed by 

Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC). 

Undergraduate Research Day UMT 2018

Zinc Oxide Embedden Photonic Crystal Structure for Thin Film Solar Cell 

Aidid bin Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Fariza Hanim binti Suhailin 


School Of Ocean Engineering 

In this work, we fabricate the photonic crystal to learn its properties which potential 

to enhance solar cell application. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is chosen as the 

material for this study due to better understanding of material properties and widely 

available data. PMMA is synthesized by green process because it does not use 

surfactant and only used water as dispersion medium. This process is known as freeemulsifier 

emulsion polymerization reaction. This method enables a low cost of 

production and a high quality of photonic crystal lattice. By this process, the size of 

PMMA sphere will be form and range of sizes is 400 nm to 600 nm. The size of PMMA 

spheres is used to control the lattice spacing. In this research, we investigated the 

sized size of photonic crystal which is PMMA and determined which sized is near to 

solar intensity.

The study of CdS Concentration on the Optical, Structural, Electrical and 

Morphological Properties of CdS/PVA Composite Film 

Ain Kartini binti Abd Jalil 

Supervisor: Dr. Chan Kok Sheng 



Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles known as a good semiconductor were 

synthesized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix in different concentration to 

investigate the effect of CdS nanoparticles on structural properties and electrical 

conductivity as a conductive polymer. The prepared films were characterized by using 

XRD, UV-vis, FTIR, SEM and EIS. The amount concentration of Cd + used strongly 

influenced the size of CdS nanoparticles, which were observed by XRD, UV-vis and 

SEM. Result of XRD indicated CdS nanoparticles were formed in hexagonal crystal 

structure. UV-vis observed the energy band gap was increased when amount of 

concentration decrease. SEM showed smaller grains of image when higher 

concentration of CdS was used. FTIR showed increase of its intensity since it indicates 

the hydroxyl group was the active cites and peaks became broader and strong after 

adding the CdS. EIS observed an increasing in electrical conductivity when there was 

reduction in particle size of CdS.

The Synthesis and Characterization of YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductor Added 

with Gd2O3 (0.0, 0.3, 0.7 wt %) Nanoparticles 

Aliah Nursyahirah binti Kamarudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Aima binti Ramli 



Superconductor is a material that showed a superconductivity phenomenon of 

electrical conductivity with zero resistance. Yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa2Cu3O7- 

x) is a group of crystalline chemical compound and famous for displaying high 

temperature superconductivity. In this research, YBa2Cu3O7-x samples with addition of 

Gd2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized via solid state reaction method.Then, the 

samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and Scanning Electron 

Microscope (SEM). The phase formation of the samples were found to be 

predominantly single phase perovskite structure Y-123 with orthorhombic and 

secondary phase Y-211 and impurities Gd2O3 are well distributed. SEM revealed that 

the average grain sizes calculated from image J decreased and samples become more 

porous as the addition of Gd2O3 nanoparticles increased. Therefore, the growth of 

YBa2Cu3O7-x grains had been limited as the addition of Gd2O3 increased due to the 

weak links and poor connectivity thus resulting in degradation of superconducting 

properties of the samples.

Developing Android Application for Bus Tracking Management 

Amynina Nabila binti Mohd Azhar 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Zaki Bin Annuar 



This work present the development of android application for bus tracking 

management. The development of Bus Tracking application system is made in Android 

Studio and the MySQL database is created to store the estimated arrival time of bus 

for selected bus stop. The software stack WAMPP is used to retrieve the bus 

information activities from MySQL database into Bus Tracking Android apps using 

dynamic scripting language PHP. The results display the live time of bus arrival at the 

bus stop for a certain destination through android’s user interfaces. The system is 

made to provide more accurate bus arrival time so that people do not have to wait for 

a long time.

The Influence of Milling Time on the Surface Morphology and Particle Size 

of Supercapacitor Electrodes 

Andrian Kalang anak Fedrick 

Supervisor: Dr. Khadijah Hilmun binti Kamarudin 

Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Mohamad Isa 



Ball-milling is one of important techniques used to reduce the particle size of electrode 

materials in order to enhance the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor. In 

this study, carboxylmethyl cellulose-ammonium nitrate was employed in the 

fabrication of supercapacitor as solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). The effect of ball 

milling times and milling speeds were determined. The influence of milling time on the 

charge-discharge characteristics and specific capacitance of supercapacitor was 

investigated via galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD). In addition, the surface 

morphology and cross section of the supercapacitor was studied using scanning 

electron microscope (SEM). The impedance analysis on SPE revealed the room 

temperature with ionic conductivity of 8.8586x10 -3 S/cm. SEM analysis revealed the 

decrease of particle size with the increment of milling time. Supercapacitors are able 

to deliver high rates of charge and discharge for the increasing demands on the energy 

storage device.

Development of Mobile Temperature Monitoring System based on Arduino 

Using Gui-Cayenne 

Asma Nadzirah binti Nasri 

Supervisor: Dr.Wan Mariam Binti Wan Muda 



In this research, a mobile temperature monitoring system was developed. Interior 

temperature for home are very crucial to be monitored as it may due to fire. Thus, 

this system ensures the protection of home from serious damage no matter how 

extreme the season. Temperature sensor will be placed in the areas of user’s home 

where they want to monitor the temperature. The parameter of the temperature and 

humidity is sensed by the sensor. Information captured is sent to the microprocessor 

to be processed then transmit the information to the Cayenne application through 

mobile. These are generally known as a real time monitoring system with an alert 

system using buzzer to generate alerts in case the parameters exceed the permitted 

levels. Therefore, this paper describes the development of mobile temperature 

monitoring system. The proposed system is expected to help house resident keep 

updated with their surrounding home temperature when they move away.

Ultrasonic Pre-treatment on Osmotic Dehydration of White Radish 

(Raphanus Sativus L.) 

Che Wan Muhammad Khir Ridzuan bin Che Wan Rozelah 

Supervisor: Dr. Nora Salina Binti Md Salim 



White radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a root crop vegetable with higher moisture 

content; which make it more susceptible to deteriorate. Thus, osmotic dehydration is 

one of the suitable methods for extending the shelf life. In this work, the influence of 

ultrasound pre-treatment prior osmotic dehydration on the mass transfer, shape and 

microstructure of white radish were investigated. The white radish dices were 

subjected to ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 50 kHz for 10, 20 and 30 min. Osmotic 

dehydration process was then carried out by immersing the pre-treated samples in at 

different osmotic solutions: 10 % (w/w) NaCl and 10 % (w/w) NaCl with 25 % (w/w) 

sucrose at room temperature for a contact period of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120,150 and 

180 min. The results show that the mass transfer of pre-treated samples increased 

with the increase of ultrasound pre-treatment time. The observation can be confirmed 

through the shape changes and microstructural property.

An investigation on the Hydrogenation Properties of 4MgH2 + Na3AlH6 

composite catalyzed with FeCl3 for Hydrogen Storage Materials. 

Chew Zhia Yee 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohammad Bin Ismail 



In this research, the hydrogen storage properties of 4MgH2 + Na3AlH6 composite 

doped with FeCl3 catalyst were investigated. Based on temperature-programmed 

desorption results, the first stage of onset desorption temperature of 4MgH2 + Na3AlH6 

was reduced from 170 °C to 140 °C after adding FeCl3. Three dehydrogenation steps 

with a total of 6.3 wt% of hydrogen released from 4MgH2 + Na3AlH6 with 10 wt% 

FeCl3. The re/dehydrogenation kinetics of 4MgH2 + Na3AlH6 composite was also 

improved by addition of FeCl3. The Kissinger analysis show the apparent activation 

energy was 128 kJ/mol for doped composite, 12 kJ/mol and 30 kJ/mol lower for undoped 

composite and as-milled MgH2 respectively. The enhancements of 4MgH2 + 

Na3AlH6 hydrogen storage properties with the addition of FeCl3 were due to formation 

of the in-situ Fe and MgCl2 species.

An Efficient Sun Tracking System for Improving Solar Pv Production Using 

Raspberyy Pi 

Dielaey Ariessa binti Mat Lazim 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhamad Zalani Bin Daud 

Bachelor of Applied Science Physics Electronics and Instrumentation 


Global warming nowadays indicating that high level of green energy produced by 

renewable sources such as solar power is needed. Solar photovaltaic (PV) system is 

one of the systems that has become an alternative in Malaysia. To make effective use 

of solar PV production,its efficiency must be maximized. “An efficient sun tracking 

system for improving solar pv production using Raspberry Pi” developed in order to 

maximize the amount of solar pv production. The system deals with fabrication 

between Raspberry Pi, stepper motor, timer and sun position data. To ensure 

maximum power of solar radiates tracked on solar panel, this tracking system use 

Raspberry Pi as the main role to control every movement of stepper motor. Besides, 

sun position data is used as reference for calculating the number of step needed by 

stepper motor. The Raspberry Pi then will read the step input and rotated stepper 

motor together with timer (delay).

The Development of Water Treatment System from Activated Carbon 

Prepared from Nephelium Lappaceum 

Elizer Nithiya Rachagan 

Supervisor: Dr. Hidayatul Aini binti Zakaria 



Previous research shows that although alum is effective as a coagulant in wastewater 

treatment, it may also deteriorate health over a long period of time. Activated carbon 

(AC) from biodegradable materials has shown promising results. The purposes of this 

research are to prepare AC from Nephelium lappaceum (NL) seeds in different sizes 

and determine the efficiency in reducing turbidity in synthetic wastewater. The AC was 

prepared in powdered form with different sizes (1mm,2mm,4mm) followed by 3 

varying heating durations. The AC was tested in synthetic wastewater sample made 

from kaolin to investigate the effectiveness of different sizes and heating durations of 

the AC as a water treatment system. Characterization of the AC was done using FTIR, 

XRD, BET, and SEM to determine the functional groups, structural state, surface area, 

and morphological analysis respectively. A further study regarding the combination of 

conventional AC and NL should be conducted.

Development of Water Treatment using Activated Carbon from Moringa 

Oliefera 

Farasyahida binti A. Samad 

Supervisor: Dr Hidayatul Aini Binti Zakaria 



Clean, safe and readily available water is very crucial in everyday life especially for 

health, hygiene and the productivity of the community. However, conventional 

wastewater treatment includes the usage of alum would affect health with prolonged 

consumption. That is why this research was carried out to focus on the development 

of water treatment using activated carbon from Moringa oleifera seeds. 

Characterization of the sample was made using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier 

Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET), Scanning 

Electron Microscope (SEM) and Turbidity Meter. Then, all samples were tested against 

kaolin wastewater. Therefore, this study had proved that the activated carbon from 

Moringa oliefera is suitable for high turbidity water treatment. A further study 

regarding the combination of activated carbon and Moringa oliefera should be 

conducted before these samples are available for further use so that we can compare 

which sample works best for water treatment.

Simulation and Optimization of a Hydrogen Storage Tank for a Prototype 

Fuel-Cell Car by Using Genetic Algorithm 

Heng Chee Ching 

Supervisor: Dr Nurul Hayati binti Idris 

Co-Supervisor: Dr Wan Mariam Wan Muda 



In this research, a simulation and optimization of hydrogen storage tank for a 

prototype fuel-cell car were conducted by using genetic algorithms. The mathematical 

equations of the car system were derived from hydrogen tank, fuel cell, amplifier and 

motor and simulated using Simulink. The hydrogen tank was optimized by minimizing 

the cost of hydrogen tank using the optimize tool. By comparing the different values 

for diameter and height, the values obtained from the optimize tool is effective and 

could estimate the minimum cost to develop the hydrogen tank. The results seem to 

be promising and could be further extended to real size of car, to realize the future 

car powered by hydrogen as a fuel.

Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte using Starch Complexed with Sodium 

Hydroxide and Its Application 

In Zinc- Carbon Battery 

Ho Kin Ting 

Supervisor: Dr Mohd Faiz Bin Hassan 



Various composition of solid polymer electrolyte based on corn starch complexed with 

sodium hydroxide and glycerol as plasticizer were prepared using solvent cast 

technique. Optimum ionic conductivity, 3.93 X 10 -3 S/cm was recorded with 

composition of 25wt% NaOH. Complexation of starch and NaOH in polymer matrix 

were proven with the increase in intensity of peak from the result of Fourier Transform 

Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Crystallinity of polymer thin film was determined by 

XRD spectroscopy, proven that complexation occur and crystallinity peak emerge for 

higher concentration of NaOH. Surface morphology was carried out with scanning 

electron microscope.

Development of A Real Time Energy Data Logger Using Arduino for 

Monitoring the Building’s Energy Consumption 

Husna binti Yusof 




Excessive use of energy in building will lead to waste of money. The information about 

the energy usage is not known leading to continuous waste without being aware by 

the user. Energy monitoring system is one way that can help the user in monitoring 

the building’s energy consumption so that energy efficiency improvement can be 

carried out. This research proposes development of a real time energy data logger 

using Arduino for monitoring the building’s energy consumption. The system deals 

with the construction and interfacing between Arduino UNO, Current Transformer 

sensor (CTs), live wire cables, electronic circuits and plug load. The energy monitoring 

systems use Arduino UNO as a Central Processing Unit (CPU) due to its capabilities for 

faster processing to measure the current in the household. A current transformer 

sensor is used to collect the energy data that is then processed by the Arduino.

Microwave Puffed Rice 

Huzaifah binti Abdul Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Nora Salina binti Md Salim 



Puffing is one of the potential methods that have been implemented in food industry 

for product development. Puffed rice, is a popular ready-to-eat product especially in 

South-East Asia. Puffing in microwave oven has been reported and commercialized as 

it offers efficient and faster heating in reaching the puffing conditions. The objectives 

of this study were to investigate the puffing performance of the Malaysia paddy variety 

MR-297 in microwave oven. The experiment were carried out based on two 

parameters which are three levels of power ( 600 W, 700 W and 800 W) and three 

levels of moisture content (11% , 14% and 17% w.b.). The best conditions for puffing 

the paddy were determined based on the puffed yield and expansion volume. The 

results show that microwave power level of 800 W at moisture content of 14% w.b. 

produced the highest puffing yield with the expansion volume of 2.22.

The Effect of Structure of Metamaterial Towards the Enhancement of Antenna 

Performance 

Iswan bin Lapagang 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Nazri Bin Dagang 



This research focus on the study of the characteristics of antenna using metamaterial 

concept. The reasons that metamaterial is chosen are to miniaturize the size of 

antenna and increase the performance in return loss and gain. The focus of this project 

is to study on the best structure for antenna application. The design and simulation of 

different metamaterial structure is carried out using CST software. The performance 

of antenna is studied by interpreting the return loss, gain and radiation pattern 

generated from simulation. As a result, the highest return loss is given by Split Ring 

Resonator structure (SRR) which made up from silver with -34.6300 dB in range of 

frequency of 7 GHz to 18 GHz. For the gain, it is the Symmetrical structure which 

made up form silver that has the highest value which is 5.570 dB compare to SRR with 

4.447 dB within the same frequency range.

Electroless Deposition of Silver on Silicon 

Izanie bin Muhamad Zuki 




Electroless deposition is a simple and versatile method for metal deposition over a 

surface. Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. A 

semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound that can 

conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium 

for the control of electrical. This research are to study the deposition of silver 

nanoparticle on the silicon (Si) substrate at different deposition time and to further 

investigate the morphology, structure and conductivity. The first is the cleaning 

process on silicon substrate and second step is the deposition of silver on silicon with 

different deposition time. the characterizations, in which the sample will be tested with 

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X- 

Ray Diffractometer(XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red(FTIR), and Four Point Probe. 

Then the data obtained will be analyse.

The study on Quality of Radiographic Images Based in The Different 

Energy (kV) and Current (mA) Applied on The X-Ray Tube by Using 

Computed Radiography 

Khairul Anwar bin Rosley 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Hazmin Binti Sabri 



Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a technique used to evaluate the integrity of a 

component and product. Radiographic Testing (RT) is NDT method of inspecting 

materials for hidden flaws by using the ability of short wavelength electromagnetic 

radiation to penetrate various materials. In industrial sector, trial and error method 

for the exposure timing is used in Digital Radiography. There are many standards 

published that show the requirement that need to achieved for each radiographic 

image before proceeding to analyse the flaws or defects. To obtain radiographic 

images that meets all the requirement is difficult. Therefore, this study aims to confirm 

an assumption which is 60% exposure timing for White IP based on D7 Film Exposure 

Chart of GE Titant Isovolt model and to study the relationship between the different 

energy (kV), current (mA) and exposure timing (s) applied on the X-ray tube by 

producing radiographic images quality for two samples with different thickness based 

on standard DIN EN ISO 17636-2.

Synergism of Zinc Oxide Nano- powder with Active Compound from 

Turmeric and Lemongrass as Microbial Inhibitor 

Lau Gee Een 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Sabri bin Mohd Ghazali 

Co- Supervisor: Dr Che Azurahanim binti Che Abdullah 



Zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit attractive antibacterial properties since they have 

small particle size leading to good surface reactivity. Lemongrass and turmeric 

endowed with biologically active polar compounds is widely used in folk medicine 

practice as traditional medicine. The aims of this project are to synergize zinc oxide 

nanoparticles with both extracts and measure the zone of inhibition to determine their 

effectiveness. The active compounds are extracted from both lemongrass and turmeric 

and were added into zinc oxide nano-solution in ratio to form antimicrobial agent and 

tested by disc diffusion method. The combination of both extracts and suspension of 

extracts with zinc oxide nano-solution showed antimicrobial activity against gramnegative 

bacteria, Escherichia coli, with diameter of 1.5, 1.6 and 1.1 cm respectively. 

There is no antibacterial activity on grampositive bacteria, Staphylococcus Aureus. 

To conclude, the suspension of both extracts with zinc oxide could be further 

developed for pharmaceutical biological agents.

Investigating Correlation of Surfactants on Hydrothermal Synthesized 

Batrium Titanate Nanocubes 

Lee Chiau Peng 

Supervisor: Dr. Lee Oon Jew 



Barium titanate, BaTiO3 is the perovskite oxides with ferroelectric and dielectric 

properties that can be utilised in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC). Owing to 

device miniaturization, nano-sized barium titanate is crucial for integrating into the 

electronics industry while still preserving its high dielectric properties. In this research, 

barium titanate was synthesised through hydrothermal process at 230°C for 48 hours 

with the presence of barium hydroxide, bis (ammonium lactate) titanium dihydroxide, 

oleic acid and varying the concentration of tert-butylamine. The samples show 

intermediate phase during hydrothermal synthesis but exhibit single phase of BaTiO3 

with high crystallinity after calcination at 900°C for 6 hours. Scanning electron 

micrograph demonstrates that BaTiO3 are in cubic shape with sharp edges with the 

help of capping agents namely oleic acid and tert-butylamine. The remaining of Ba-O 

and Ti-O functional groups indicate that the organic functional groups decompose at 

high temperature. The dielectric constant of approximately 579.15 is achieved in 

BaTiO3 measured at 1k Hz.

Study on the Improvement Hydrogen Storage Properties, Microstructure, 

and Activation Energy of 10 wt% SrTiO3 -doped with MgH2 + Na3AlH6 

composite for solid state hydrogen storage 

Lew Woon Bing 




In this study, the hydrogen storage properties of 10 wt% SrTiO3 added MgH2 + 

Na3AlH6 were investigated for the first time. MgH2 + Na3AlH6 doped with SrTiO3 

exhibited an improvement in the onset dehydrogenation temperature and isothermal 

de/rehydrogenation kinetics compared with the undoped MgH2 + Na3AlH6 composite. 

The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that SrTiO3 did not decompose throughout the 

heating processes. Besides, result from the pressure-composition-temperature 

showed that the initial desorption temperature of the doped composite was lowered 

by 20 °C and the hydrogen absorption and desorption capacity were improved around 

1.2 wt% and 0.4 wt%, respectively. The Kissinger analysis demonstrated that the 

apparent activation energy of the composite was reduced from 140 kJ/mol to122 

kJ/mol after doped with SrTiO3. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope results 

proved that the composite with the additive of SrTiO3 showed the smallest particle 

sizes compared to the un-doped composite.

Enhancing Flux Pinning of YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductor via BaZrO3 

Nanoparticles Addition for Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Train Application 

Lim Jee Khan 


Co-supervisor: Dr. Chen Soo Kien (UPM) 



Superconductor is a green material that conducts electricity without any energy loss 

and expels magnetic flux when it is cooled below a certain temperature called critical 

temperature, Tc. YBa2Cu3O7-x is a potential candidate for a wide range of usage since 

it can be cooled to below its Tc economically using liquid nitrogen. Magnetic levitation 

(Maglev) train is among the applications that benefits tremendously from this. To 

warrant YBa2Cu3O7-x for the application, its flux pinning properties have to be 

improved. To do so, 2, 5, and 7 mol.% of BaZrO3 nanoparticles (< 50 nm) are added 

into YBa2Cu3O7-x, respectively, to form a composite superconductor via solid state 

reaction technique. The distribution of the nanoparticles serves as effective pinning 

centres leading to enhancement of flux pinning capability. The outcome is greatly 

beneficial to advancing the state-of-art technology of high speed train which is 

expected to be in full operation in Malaysia by 2026.

Arduino Based Smart Home Device for Control of Home Lighting System 

Ling Shu Zueng 




Smart lighting system is known as lighting control that provided an efficient way to 

reduce energy consumption. This research proposed an Arduino based smart home 

lighting control device to achieve a low power consumption, cost effective and flexible 

home automation system. The system deals with the construction and interfacing of 

essential components such as Arduino, LDR sensor, PIR sensor, DS3231 real time 

clock (RTC), relay and LED light bulb. Arduino works as main controller to control 

every action of the lights through programming and connection among the sensors 

and other electrical auxiliary components. The input LDR and PIR sensors are used to 

detect the light intensity and motion, respectively. On the other hand, a DS3231 RTC 

is used to maintain accurate timekeeping and trigger the relay in a specific time. A 

complete system is demonstrated through a smart home lighting system prototype 

model. The testing and validation of prototype model shows that the proposed system 

can work properly and can contribute to improvement of building’s energy 

consumption.

The Development of Real-Time Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System Using 

Graphical User Interface (Gui) Scilab 

Mazatul Syeira binti Mohd Muslim 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mariam binti Wan Muda 


School of Oceanic Engineering 

Monitoring system is a system for supervising a project in progress to ensure the 

project is on schedule. The MQ-7 sensor is the sensor that can sense the present of 

carbon monoxide (CO) in the air. Scilab is a free software can be used to build 

graphical user interface (GUI) for monitoring system in real-time. This project is 

needed because CO is harmful to human’s health. This system comprises of MQ-7 

sensor, Arduino UNO microcontroller and Scilab. With the interfacing of Arduino and 

GUI in Scilab, the real-time monitoring system can be developed into a system that is 

suitable for home or industrial use. This paper discussed about the interfacing between 

Arduino and Scilab to develop a system and the application of programming for both 

module. User can measure the CO concentration in surrounding air by pressing the 

pushbutton on the GUI and a graph will be plotted at real-time.

Phenolic compound of Olea sp. as additives for anticorrosion coating: 

Determination of corrosion rate based on salinity. 

Mohamad Zul Arif bin Mad Salim 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd. Sabri bin Mohd. Ghazali 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Wan Rafizah binti Wan Abdullah 



Marine industry systems were exposed to high salinity of seawater that leads to 

corrosion due to the environmental factors. This research conducted to test 

effectiveness of eco-friendly coating on different percentage of extract that enhance 

its anticorrosive property towards seawater. Olive leaves extract was chosen as the 

corrosion inhibitor as it is organic, environmentally friendly and a renewable source of 

material. The extractions were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared. The 

inhibitive effects of extract were investigated with percentages of 0%, 4%, 8% and 

12%. The coating formulation had been prepared to be coated against the stainless 

steel. The inhibitive actions of specimens were characterized by Electrochemical 

Impedance Spectroscopy measurement. The morphology study of rust formation was 

investigated through cross-sectional analysis by using Scanning Electron Microscopy. 

For result, concluded most optimum percentage is 12% as rust formation and 

corrosion rate decreased compared to other percentages. The inhibition efficiency 

increased as the concentration of olive leaves extract was increased.

Effect of Dye Loading Time on the Perfomance of Natural Dye-Sensitized 

Solar Cell Based on Zinc Oxide and Stargoose Berry Dye 

Mohammad Azman bin Razali 

Supervisor: Dr Hasiah Binti Salleh 



The main purpose of this research is to fabricate and characterize dye-sensitized solar 

cells (DSSC) which consist of nature dyes of Sauropus androgynus and zinc oxide 

(ZnO) materials. Natural dye that contained in the Sauropus androgynus dye leaves 

was chlorophyll (Chlo). These DSSC are fabricated according to ITO/dyes/Carbon. 

Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the ITO/dyes/C DSSC that can absorb over a 

broad range of light spectrum were studied. Absorption spectra of ZnO and Chlo 

solutions were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer while FTIR is used to 

characterize functional group of ZnO and Chlo. The results shows the optical 

absorption for ZnO and Chlo, range of 230-400 nm and 200-600 nm respectively. The 

functional group observed in Chlo are C-H bend at 918.12 cm -1 , C-H rock at 1396.46 

cm -1 and C=N stretch at 2252.86 cm -1 . The PCE of the DSSCs of ZnO/dye/C was 

changed with dye loading time under radiation 100 mW/m 2 .

Sossz-Carb: Solid-State Electrolytes Based on Starch-Sodium Bicarbonate 

and Its Application In Zn-Carbon Battery 

Mohd Hasyraf bin Abdol Habib 

Supervisor: Dr Mohd Faiz bin Hassan 



The solid-state polymer electrolytes based on starch as a host polymer and sodium 

bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as an ionic dopant were prepared by a single-solvent via 

solution casting method. The solid polymer electrolyte films were in amorphous phase 

and the coexistence of peaks of the materials (Starch and NaHCO3) ratifying that the 

complex films were successfully obtained. The films appeared to be rough and flat 

shape of surface from the observation through SEM. The sample containing 30 wt% 

NaHCO3 provide the highest ionic conductivity (σ) of 1.12×10-3 S cm-1 at room 

temperature (303K). The open circuit voltage of the fabricated battery using the asprepared 

film can maintain the voltage above 1.0 V for 70 hours. These preliminary 

results revealed that the as-prepared solid polymer electrolyte has a high potential to 

be used in all solid state zinc-carbon battery.

Electrochemical Cell Performance Studies on All Solid-State Battery Using 

Chitosan as Binder in Anode 

Mohd Amirrul Rashid bin Mohd Yusni 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Bin Hj Mohamad Isa 



Many researches have been carried out on the development of high-capacity electrode 

materials to enhance the battery performance. Lithium ion battery offer high-energy 

capacity and good electrochemical stability but have safety issues. Furthermore, the 

usage of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as binder material for Li-ion battery electrodes 

is costly and environmentally unfriendly. The purposes of this research is to prepare 

anode using different composition of chitosan-based binder, characterize the anode 

using XRD and SEM and determine the electrochemical properties by measuring the 

OCV and charge-discharged characteristic. The solid polymer electrolyte (Spe) was 

prepared in the form of thin film then underwent EIS to verify the conductivity. The 

highest conductivity was used to fabricate the battery. The electrode was prepared in 

form of pellet and scanned using XRD at angle between 10 o to 90 o . For electrode 

morphology analysis, SEM was used. The electrode was observed at the magnification 

of 500x and 1500x.

Influence of Different Osmotic Agents on Osmotic Dehydration of White 

Radish (Raphanus Sativa.) 

Muhamad Riduan bin Abdul Kadir 

Dr. Nora Salina Binti Md Salim 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Physics Electronics and Instrumentation) 


Osmotic dehydration is a partial water removal process when food products immersed 

in hypertonic solution. This technique offers an alternative way to improve the quality 

of dried products. The objective of the present work was to study the influence of 

different osmotic agents on the mass transfer, shape, microstructural and textural 

property of osmotically dehydrated white radish dices. The experiment was carried 

out by immersion of white radish dices in different osmotic solutions (10 % NaCl and 

10 % NaCl + 25 % sucrose with and without addition of 2 % CaCO3) at room 

temperature for a contact period of 60, 120 and 180 min. Higher mass transfer with 

higher shape retention and hardness was observed when white radish dices immersed 

in the osmotic solutions with CaCO3. This result suggests that the addition of CaCO3 

helps to improve the performance of osmotic dehydration of white radish dices.

Preliminary Study of Tamarindus indica Seeds as Potential Activated 

Carbon for Turbidity Removal 

Muhammad Afiq bin Mohd Nordin 

Dr Hidayatul Aini binti Zakaria 



Tamarindus indica, belongs to the family Leguminosae (Fabacae) indigenous to 

tropical Africa. The genus Tamarindus is a monotypic taxon, having only a single 

species. It is preferred to be used for abdominal pain, dysentery, and others. This 

research is aiming the seeds as an Activated Carbon, to treat the wastewater. One of 

the objectives is to study the physical and chemical characteristics of activated carbon. 

The experiment was carried out in assessing the parameters of functional groups and 

functions on the surface. Characterization of the sample was made using SEM, BET, 

Turbidity Meter, XRD, and FTIR. The XRD results showed, from 20˚- 40˚ correspond 

to carbon compound and both samples of conventional Activated Carbon and 

Tamarindus indica are amorphous. This can be explained by the multiple bonds C-C 

and formation of functional group. Experimental showed promising results for 

wastewater treatment application as the effective activated carbon.

Anti-Corrosion Coating Using Andrograpis paniculata (Kalmegh) Leaves 

Extract on Stainless Steel 

Muhammad Amiruddin bin Abd Razak 

Supervisor: Dr Mohd Sabri Bin Mohd Ghazali 



This study found out the effect of Kalmegh leaves extract in EA9 Finish HB paint for 

stainless steel on corrosion resistance in marine life. The corrosion performance of 

stainless steel 316L was investigated in the natural seawater. The analysis has been 

conducted by using FTIR, SEM and EIS. FTIR analysis was used to identify the active 

constituents in Kalmegh leaves extract. The existence of major active functional group 

of Andrographolide gives impact in the inhibition activity. The main component that 

can be found in Andrographolide structures are phenols O-H, carboxylic acid C=C and 

alkanes C-H. The surface morphology of stainless steel shows severe damage as a 

result of corrosion process. EIS was applied to investigate the inhibition behaviour on 

stainless steel in different concentration of Kalmegh leaves extract. The results show 

that corrosion rate of stainless steel increase in the increases of days and decrease in 

the increases of Kalmegh leaves extract concentration in formulation of paint.

Enhanced hydrogen storage properties of NaAlH4 catalysed by CuFe2O4 for 

solid state hydrogen storage material 

Muhammad Arash bin Raees Ahmad 




The effects of CuFe2O3 addition on the hydrogen storage properties of NaAlH4 

prepared by ball milling were investigated for the first time. The 5 wt.% CuFe2O3- 

added NaAlH4 sample showed an improvement in hydrogenation sorption properties 

compared to that of undoped NaAlH4, with the onset dehydrogenation temperature 

reduced from 220 °C to 165 °C. From the Kissinger plot of differential scanning 

calorimetry, the apparent activation energy was 110.0 kJ/mol for as-milled NaAlH4 and 

98.6 kJ/mol for 5 wt.% CuFe2O3-added NaAlH4, indicating that CuFe2O3 addition 

decreased the activation energy for hydrogen desorption of NaAlH4. It is believed that 

the formation of in situ active species could provide a synergetic catalytic effect in 

enhancing the hydrogen sorption properties of NaAlH4.

Electrochemical Cell Performance Studies On All Solid State Battery By 

Using Carboxymethyl Cellulose As Binder In Anode Electrode. 

Muhammad Azri Bin Ab Malik 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Ikmar Nizam Bin Mohd Isa 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Electronic and Instrumentation Physics) 


There are three main components that made up an electrode which is active material, 

conductive additive and binder. Researcher has been focusing their attention on the 

studies of active material and conductive additives to improve the battery 

performance. However, the binder itself is proven to play an important role in 

improving the battery performance. In conventional electrode, Polyvinylidene 

Difluoride (PVDF) is used as binder. However, the usage of PVDF is proven harmful to 

the environment. The usage of PVDF require inorganic solvent such as N-Methyl 

Pyrrolidone (NMP) which is volatile to the environment. In addition, the PVDF is 

expensive. Thus, replacing the PVDF with an organic based and cheaper binder is 

needed. In this research, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is studied as binder in anode 

electrode. The electrode is characterized by using X Ray Diffraction and Scanning 

Electron Microscope. The characteristic of the battery fabricated is determined by 

measuring the Open Circuit Voltage and charge-discharge characteristics.

Proton Migration In 2-Hec-Nh4 Cl Solid Polymer Electrolytes Via Ftir- 

Impedance Approaches 

Muhammad Faiz bin Tajudeen Sahib 

Supervisor: Dr. Khadijah Hilmun Binti Kamarudin 

Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Bin Hj. Mohamad Isa 



The ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) can be enhanced by doping 

with ammonium salts due to its good proton donor capability. In this work, a new 

SPEs was prepared using 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose (2-HEC) incorporated with different 

ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) salt composition via solution casting method. Ionic 

conductivity was found to enhance from to 2.41 x 10 -6 S/cm to 8.83 x 10 -4 S/cm with 

the addition of 12 wt.% NH4Cl. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the 

interactions between 2HEC and NH4Cl were observed by the shifting of C-H peak from 

1454 cm -1 to 1445 cm -1 and the presence of new N-H peak in the O-H region at 3265 

cm -1 . FTIR deconvolution revealed that the percentage of free ion tend to be higher. 

Based on the impedance and FTIR analyses, conduction mechanism in 2-HEC-NH4Cl 

SPEs was proposed and discussed.

Feasibility Study of PV, Biomass Gasifier and Battery Energy Storage 

System for Aqua-tourism Centre using HOMER 

Muhammad Fakhrurazi bin Md. Yunos 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Farizan binti Munajat 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Wan Mariam binti Wan Muda 



The costs of extending national electricity lines to rural facilities are prohibitively 

expensive. For instance, RM 400,000 is needed for substation, transformers, landrelated 

costs and monthly bill estimations for 25 years. Diesel generators and/or 

renewable energy are often used to electrify rural places with expensive or insufficient 

grid power. This study intends to estimate the load in an Aqua-tourism centre located 

in rural area in Marang, Terengganu; identify the optimal option for off-grid hybrid 

power system based on solar, biomass, diesel and battery; and compare it with current 

electrification source. The design and analysis of this system is realized using Hybrid 

Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. The results from 

HOMER indicates a PV/battery hybrid with diesel generator system as an optimum 

solution in terms of net present cost (NPC) and cost of electricity (COE). Meanwhile, 

the PV/biomass/battery and diesel generator system is the most environmentally 

viable alternative.

Smart Customer Service in Hospital Using Raspberry Pi 

Muhammad Farhin Bin Ismail 




This research is driven by patients who expects shorter queuing time and by hospital 

managements to enhance the level of customer service in the hospital. The project is 

using a microcontroller which is the raspberry pi to act as a host which uses a database 

to store information and generate a queue sequence. To store the information in a 

database, MySQL was used as it is an online open source database that allows users 

to store and retrieve the information at will. The graphical user interface (GUI) is then 

created using the QT + software that connect the hospital management to the database 

using the internet. The well-known QT software is used as it has the corresponding 

libraries which adhere to the required libraries in the MySQL database. It is expected 

the user friendly smart Customer Service developed in this work will improve the 

patient experience while visiting in the hospital.

Development Of An Internet Based Smart Lamp Controller 

(Using Raspberry Pi) 

Muhammad Haziq bin Sabri 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhamad Zalani Daud 



Global warming issues is part of the problems related to electricity generation. New 

technology is being introduced, to cater for the efficient use of energy. This project 

proposed a smart lighting system with the aids of Passive Infrared Sensor and and 

controlled through the web server using Raspberry Pi. The raspberry pi is programmed 

so that the web server can be linked and communicated with the devices using wifi. 

The smart lighting system can maximize the efficiency of electricity usage through 

intelligently control the swithcing of lights. The results of this system are presented 

such that they can be used as an aid to the further design of smart lighting system.

A Study Of Structural And Physical Properties Of ZnO/PVA Composite Film 

Muhammad Hazwan Bin Baharudin 




Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is an attractive oxide semiconductor material that particularly known 

for its well electrical, optical and piezoelectric properties, has been widely used in 

numerous applications. The current paper explores the preparation of PVA composites 

by doping with zinc oxide (ZnO) particles using the method of coagulation and solvent 

casting technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the 

morphology, dispersion, and homogenous particle distribution of ZnO on the surface 

of the PVA films. The FTIR spectroscopy suggests that the formulation of complexes 

occurring between ZnO and the PVA main chain is due to inter or intra molecular 

hydrogen bonding. UV-vis spectra explore the dramatic decrease in the optical energy 

gap of particles doped polymer composites. Then the composite also had been studied 

of their conductivity by using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The 

conductivity of the composite had been known from this study.

The Effect of Water-soluble Polymer Binders on Electrochemical 

Performance of Electric Double-layer Capacitor 

Muhammad Izwanuddin Syah bin Mohd Sharif 





Water-soluble polymer binders are employed in the preparation of electrode to 

enhance the performance of supercapacitor. In this research, three different polymer 

binders were used as an alternative to the current synthetic binders in the preparation 

of electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). Carboxymethyl cellulose-ammonium 

nitrate-ethylene glycol was utilized as solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). The effects of 

different polymer binder were investigated in terms of their electrode structure and 

electrochemical performance of EDLC cell. The result of conductivity and capacitance 

water-soluble polymer binder become similar performance with synthetic binder used 

in EDLC. The surface morphology compared to synthetic binder also shows good 

quality of electrode. This research benefits us to preserve our environment by using 

organic binder and maintain a low cost electrode. For further research, other organic 

and low cost material also can be analyze to replace synthetic binder and provide us 

a better performance of EDLC in future.

Study of Ethylene Carbonate as Plasticizer in Carboxymethyl Cellulose – 

Ammonium Carbonate Solid Polymer Electrolyte 

Muhammad Jauhar bin Ahmad Fauzi 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam bin Hj Mohd Isa 



Solid polymer electrolyte (SPEs) develop from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 

ammonium carbonate (AC), and plasticized with the ethylene carbonate (EC) is studied 

for its electrical properties via electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and its 

structural properties via X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infrared 

(FTIR). The conductivity of the system without the plasticizer is 1.39 x 10 -7 Scm -1 . The 

introduction of EC as the plasticizer in the system give an increments of the 

conductivity value. The conductivity improves from 1.39 x 10 -7 Scm -1 to 3.19 x 10 -4 

Scm -1 . As the concentration of EC increase in the system, the number of H + ion 

dissociate in the system also increase. Structural analysis using XRD display that the 

system is amorphous in nature. The FTIR spectrum show that there a new peak 

appeared as the concentration of EC increase.

Determination the Condition of the Sea Wave Using ADXL345 and 

Raspberry Pi 3 

Muhammad Shafiq Bin Wahid 

Supervisor: Dr Ahmad Zaki Bin Annuar 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Electronic and Instrumentation Physics) 


The condition of the sea wave will be easily detected if any device that can measure 

the condition of the sea wave is located at the sea. The aims of this study are to 

interface the ADXL345 sensor with Raspberry Pi, to determine the condition of the sea 

wave using calculation pitch angle and roll angle and to display the reading of the 

acceleration on LCD display. Subsequent to this, the ADXL345 sensor and the system 

was programmed by follow the flow chart the system. In this study, the interfacing of 

the sensor was successful by using i2c detect –y1 command in terminal Raspberry Pi. 

The determination the condition of sea wave by calculating using pitch angle and roll 

angle formula. The reading acceleration from the sensor have display on LCD display. 

For the conclusion, this system was successful and the condition of sea wave will be 

known through calculation.

Robocon : Robot development using Arduino 

Mujahid bin Mohamad 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Hazmin bt. Sabri 



The basis of this project was to creates two Robots: manual robot and automatic robot 

in order to manipulate and control the robot activities using Arduino. The component 

I used to create this robot include: IR sensor, motor driver, high torque worm gear, 

PS2 controller with transmitter and receiver, gripper, Arduino UNO and Arduino Mega. 

The techniques we created in order to develop these systems include: concept 

determining, designing, circuit developing, programming and testing. Our overall 

approach was to create a robot with ability to interact with each other and do specific 

tasks. Upon completion of the assignment we found the robot system develop using 

Arduino is easy to conduct and able to conduct all tasks.

Effect of Type of Gas and Its Pressure on Plasma Antenna Performance 

Navamugunthan Kathiresan 

Supervisor: Ahmad Nazri bin Dagang 



Plasma antenna is a type of antenna that uses ionized gases as a conductor to receive 

and transmit signal. The plasma antenna has the ability to focus on a single beam as 

well as communicate in short pulses and can be configured in terms of frequency, 

bandwidth, gain, length of column and radius of glass tube depending on the working 

radio frequency. This research provides an analysis of effect of type of gas and 

pressure on plasma antenna performance. It aims to study performance of each type 

of selected gas and its variants in terms pressure as a plasma conductor to boost 

signals through the coupling sleeve. The outcome of this research is specific 

frequencies can be boosted by altering the pressure and type of gas. In reference to 

Ne(5T) and Ar(5T & 10T), heavier atomic mass and increase of pressure of the same 

element produces lower peak frequencies.

IOS Mobile Application Development for Restaurant Reservation Services 

Nazli Najmuddin bin Mokhtar 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Zaki bin Annuar 



Online food ordering is a process of ordering food from a local restaurant through 

mobile application or internet via website. A customer will search for a favorite 

restaurant and choose the foods. This online food ordering system intends different 

types of forms with different of food varieties provide to user to buy online by using 

iOS mobile application (iPhone). The system deals with user registration, selection of 

tables, selection of foods and drinks, confirmation of the orders and the bills. Ordering 

is done by a valid customer with appropriate identity. This system help to reduce 

human errors (taking the orders) and the customers no need to take a long queues 

before placing their orders. Therefore, this system will help the restaurant to easily 

manage daily operational task.

Determination The Electrical and Optical Properties of Chlorophyll of 

Imperata Cylindrica for Organic Solar Cell Application 

Nik Syazreen Binti Yunus 

Supervisor: Mdm. Hasiah Binti Salleh 



Organic solar cells (OSCs) have gain huge interest among researchers due to its 

efficiency and environmental friendly. The chlorophyll (Chlo) was extracted from 

cogon grass leaves (Imperata cylindrica) using ethanol. The integration molecules of 

chlorophyll by oxidation polymerization process using Ferric Chloride, FeCl3 as a 

catalyst is to enhance its electrical performance. The bilayers thin film of Chlo and i- 

Chlo were deposited using spin coater and deep coating method. The absorption 

spectrum of Chlo and i-Chlo showed a wide range of light absorption which is 400- 

700nm and 200-300nm. The functional group observed in i-Chlo showed a new peak 

appeared in between 2000-2500cm -1 as C=C molecules. The reduction of intensity of 

–CH, -OH, and –CO peaks indicating the molecules of Chlo are combined with each 

other. Due to the changes of molecules structure, the electrical conductivity of i-Chlo 

thin film is higher than the Chlo thus, enhance the performance of chlorophyll.

Design of A Monitoring System for Mobile Medical Equipment Using Radio 

Frequency Identification (RFID) 

Nor Atikah binti Hassan 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Hafiza Wan Hassan 



Mobile medical equipment is an important equipment yet it is very fragile. Most of the 

equipment failure are due to inappropriate handling. Worsen if the time and the 

location of the incident happened are unknown. Therefore, this project is proposed to 

design a monitoring system to locate the mobile equipment and to alert the officer in 

charge. The system is embedded with a piezoelectric and Radio Frequency 

Identification (RFID). The system operated by RFID reader and tags by using Arduino 

as a microcontroller to record the identity of mobile radiography. When there is an 

impact acts on piezoelectric sensor, a text message is sent to the officer in charge by 

using Global System for Mobile communication module. The system is functioned to 

alert and give information about the date and location of where the occurrence 

happened. This help to minimize the case of negligence in handling the equipment.

Development of Alcohol Monitoring System by Using Arduino-Scilab 

Noridayu binti Adnan 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mariam Wan Muda 



Monitoring is a record activities of a project with systematic and purposeful 

observation. Malaysia needs to consider alcohol as one of the reasons for fatal 

accident. Therefore, alcohol monitoring system by using SCILAB is developed as it is 

an open source software. The objectives are determine the level alcohol from the 

sensor, develop the programme to measure the alcohol value, and develop the 

Graphical User Interface (GUI) using SCILAB to monitor the alcohol level. The SN MQ- 

3 sensor is used to detect the attentiveness of alcohol gas in air. The sensor used is 

experimented towards the alcohol. The programme for the microcontroller is 

developed. The GUI is designed for the monitoring system using SCILAB. SCILAB is 

chosen as it can provides the correlation analysis and excellent 2D graphic. Lastly, the 

whole process is tested. End of the research, one suitable alcohol sensor for the realtime 

alcohol monitoring system is developed.

Carbonisations of Ceiba Pentandra l. Gaertn Cotton Fibers for Oil 

Absorbents 

Normaisarah binti Yunos 




Offshore oil spills can cause instant and lasting damage to aquatic life and wildlife 

around the shores, ecological changes, food supply threats and consequently affecting 

tourism industry. Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic materials have been proven 

to be effective oil spill cleanup candidate. This work demonstrated the production of 

hydrophobic and superoleophilic low cost activated carbon fibers (ACF) carbonised 

from Ceiba pentandra L. Gaertn or locally known as kekabu. The ACFs show significant 

hydrophobic-superoleophlic features with water and contact angle > 90° and < 5 °, 

respectively. The nano-pores on each fibers captured from scanning electron 

microscopy (SEM) is the key reason the ACFs exhibit superoleophilic with max oil 

sorption capacity of 96 ml oil/sobent’s weight (g). The Fourier transformation infrared 

spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction indicate the presence of functional groups 

which in charge of hydrophobicity-superoleophlicity. Hence, the ACFs demonstrate 

great potential as low cost and effective oil sorbents.

Development of Current and Voltage Logger for Solar PV Monitoring Using 

Raspberry Pi 

Normanisah Binti Mahtar 

Supervisor: Dr Muhamad Zalani Bin Daud 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Electronics and Instrumentation Physic) 


Natural resources may generate pollution, therefore the use of clean renewable energy 

resources such as solar power become major player in solution for energy crisis. This 

research presents the development of voltage and current logger for solar PV 

monitoring with designing the circuit and integrating current and voltage sensor with 

Raspberry Pi. The sensors are programmed in Raspberry Pi for logging the voltage 

and current data and the data are saved in csv file. A graph of power versus time 

plotted using Excel in order to analyze the data and characteristics of power versus 

time data for a day. As a conclusion, solar panel starts generating power just after 

sunrise and hitting a peak at around midday and then reducing at 6 pm.

Development of Temperature Measurement and Data Acquisition System 

using Thermocouple and Raspberry Pi for Combustion Device Application 

Nur Athirah Bt Mohd Daud 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Farizan Bt Munajat 



Data logger records data over time to ensure reliable and repeatable temperature 

measurements hence the control, performances and efficiency of the combustor. The 

focus of this study is to develop a simple and low-cost laboratory data logger system 

for high temperature measurements using thermocouple type K and Raspberry Pi. 

Firstly, the characterization of thermocouple K type investigated through open 

combustion process. Secondly, data logging coding was developed for the Raspberry 

Pi 3 to process the data readings and store them accordingly. Lastly, The Raspberry 

Pi 3 will be turned into a web server at the same time so that logged data could be 

retrieved using web browser by another device in the same network either with wire 

or wirelessly. The retrieval data temperature logging process is easier by the use of 

Raspberry Pi. Temperature measurement with the data acquisition system was 

developed.

Corrosion Inhibition Study of Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid by Starch as 

Green Inhibitor 

Nur Nadhirah binti Mohamad Ghani 




Inhibitory effects of three different types of starch; wheat starch, glutinous starch, 

and sago starch, in 5 wt. % hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution with three different 

concentrations which are 5 wt. %, 10 wt. %, and 15 wt. % of each type of starch on 

aluminium has been evaluated using two different experimental technique; corrosion 

rate and metallurgical microscope. The objective of this study was to study the 

efficiency of starch as an inhibitor to reduce or slow down metal corrosion exposed to 

the environment. This study shows the result of weight loss (%), corrosion rate 

(mm/yr) and inhibition efficiency (%). The immersion time for the aluminium is 30 

days. Immersion of aluminium sample results shown that there is significant reduction 

in the corrosion rate of aluminium in the presence of inhibited solution compared to 

blank solution, and inhibition efficiency was found to depend on the concentration of 

starch solution.

Starch Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte Doped with Magnesium Sulphate 

and Its Application In Zn-Carbon Battery 

Nur Syazwan Bin Nor Azimi 

Supervisor: Dr Mohd Faiz Bin Hassan 



The field of Solid Polymer Electrolyte is slightly more than two decades old. In this 

study, the objective is to produce a starch-based solid polymer electrolyte and its 

application in Zn-Carbon battery. Starch is chosen because it is much cheaper 

compared to other polymer. The starch was doped with Magnesium Sulphate or Epsom 

Salt through solution casting method. The amount of salt doped to the starch is 

according to weight percentage of the starch. In this study, the starch was doped from 

5wt% up to 40wt% at 5wt% increment. Thin films samples were then analysed with 

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to calculate the resistivity of the 

samples, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate their 

molecule bonding, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the phase identity and battery 

tester to test the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) of the batteries fabricated.

Developing Android Application For Restaurant Services 

Nuraina Atikah Binti Noor Azmi 


Bachelor of Applied Science (Electronics and Instrumentation Physic) 


Restaurant services are one of the largest and fastest growing trends in adaptation of 

mobile phone. Therefore, this project presents the development of android application 

for restaurant services. The development of Android application is made in Android 

Studio and the database MySQL is created for stored the restaurant menu order. The 

software stack WAMPP is used as a server platform to link the Android Studio with 

MySQL using dynamic scripting language PHP. This project will displayed name, table 

number and food list through android application. This android application system is 

made to provide convenience to customers to place order without waiting for a long 

time at restaurant.

Optical and Electrical Properties of Chlorophyll-Ananas Comosus for 

Organic Solar Cell Application 

Nurathirah binti Roslan@Rosli 

Supervisor : Madam Hasiah binti salleh 



Organic solar cells become attracted, due to the advantages of high efficiency and 

environmental friendly. The main purpose is to determine the optical and electrical 

properties of chlorophyll which is extracted from A.Comosus. CHLO was integrated 

(iCHLO) by oxidation polymerization process using different percentage of FeCl3 as 

catalyst. This thin film was fabricated in bilayer ITO/TiO2/Dye. The UV-Vis spectra 

showed that CHLO and iCHLO were absorbed at range 300-700 nm. The functional 

group observed in FTIR spectra of iCHLO showed new peak was appeared and there 

also showed that the functional group decomposition occurs. Indicating that the 

molecules of CHLO are combined each other was formed. In this study, EC of iCHLO 

thin film is higher than CHLO thin film due to conjugated molecule of iCHLO formed. 

The highest EC was 10% FeCl3 of iCHLO compared to the CHLO. Thus, iCHLO have 

potential due to enhance the performance of chlorophyll.

Development of Android Application for Clinic System Management 

Nurul Ainaa Amirah Binti Roslan 

Supervisor: Dr Ahmad Zaki Bin Annuar 



Conventional clinic system queue may have some problems because the patients need 

to wait their number for a long time. The patient does not know when his turn number 

will be called and the system sometime slow. This presents the development of 

android application for Clinic Management System (CSM). The development of CSM 

apps is made in Android Studio and MySQL database is created to store the information 

of the patient. WAMPP Server was used to link the Android application with the MySQL 

using dynamic programming language PHP. The result displayed the name, IC number 

and queue number for the patient. This apps system where patient can know how 

many patients were in the waiting list and the expected time to be called. It is expected 

CSM android application proposed will improve the overall system management in the 

clinic and allows the patients not have to wait their queue number.

Solvothermal Synthesis of Mn3O4 as Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion 

Batteries 

Nurul Baziah Bt Abdul Manaf 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Hayati Bt Idris 



Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are attracting considerable attention to be one of the 

promising candidates as the alternatives to replace lithium-ion batteries.Currrently, 

the research focuses on the electrode materials in order to explore high performance 

SIBs.The potential of Mn3O4 is investigated since it possesses high theoretical specific 

capacity of 937 mAhg -1 .Herein,Mn3O4 was synthesized through solvothermal 

method.Commercial Mn3O4 has been used as a comparison to synthesized Mn3O4. 

From X-Ray diffraction pattern,both samples exhibited pure phase Mn3O4 and no 

impurities peaks were observed.Scanning electron microscope images shows that both 

synthesis and commercial Mn3O4 were nanoparticles in size.Morphologies but expose 

different average size which is the commercial have bigger diameter compared with 

the synthesis.Synthesized Mn3O4 exhibited the highest discharge capacity (191 mAhg - 

1 ) as compared to commercial Mn3O4(41 mAhg -1 )when the galvanostatic charge– 

discharge at 0.1 C for 100 cycles.From these results,it shows that Mn3O4 with 

nanoparticles morphologies have a potential to act as anode materials for SIBs.

Conductive Bioplastic Based 2-HEC-NH4SCN: 

Investigation on Conductivity, Thermal and Mechanical Properties 

Nurul Faiqah binti Azmi 

Main Supervisor: Dr. Khadijah Hilmun Binti Kamarudin 

Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam BinHj.Mohamad Isa 



Conductive bioplastic based cellulose derivatives can be an alternative to the current 

conventional plastic (synthetic polymer) due to their superior properties such as low 

cost, biodegradable, ease of preparation and favorable conductivity. In this research, 

2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose (2-HEC) was used as biopolymer host and doped with 

ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) in the preparation of solid bio-polymer electrolytes 

(SBEs). The conductivity, thermal and mechanical properties of SBE films were 

investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric 

analysis-differential scanning calorimetry and texture analyzer. The 2-HEC-NH4SCN 

inherits highest ionic conductivity of 1.57 x 10 -6 Scm -1 at 12 wt.% NH4SCN. Thermal 

analysis reveals that Tg increase with addition of NH4SCN concentration. DSC curves 

show two melting temperatures indicate decomposition of 2-HEC and NH4SCN salt. 

Mechanical analysis demonstrates increment of tensile strength with increasing 

NH4SCN concentration. This conductive bioplastic has a potential application to be 

utilized as an electrolyte in the fabrication of batteries and supercapacitor.

The Effect of Sintering Temperature on Superconductor Properties of 

NdBa2Cu3O7-δ 

Nurul Husna bt Helmi 

Supervisor: Dr. Aima bt Ramli 



NdBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor, is a material that can conduct electricity or transport 

electrons from one atom to another with no resistance. Neodymium barium copper 

oxide (NdBa2Cu3O7-x) is a cluster of crystalline chemical compound and known for 

displaying high temperature superconductivity. In this research, the NdBa2Cu3O7-x 

samples were prepared by victimization solid state method with different sintering 

temperature 860 °C, 880 °C, 900 °C and 920 °C. Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) 

ascertained that above 900 °C, the phase (Nd123) is destroyed due to the oxygen 

loss. The phase formation of NdBa2Cu3O7-x were determined by X-ray diffraction 

(XRD). As the result, orthorhombic phase are shown for all samples and there is 

existing of secondary phase Nd-422. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed 

that the sizes of pore are larger corresponding to increasing sintering temperature due 

to oxidation of oxygen.

Development of Home Management System using Arduino and Zigbee 

Technology 

Nurul Shafika binti Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Hafiza binti Wan Hassan 



Wastage of electricity and water nowadays is a serious issue due to busy and hectic 

lifestyle. Consequently, people forget to check their house condition before leaving 

and may cause unfortunate incident such as fire. This work purposed a development 

of home management system using Arduino and Zigbee technology to help people to 

check the condition of their house before leaving. This system used Arduino as 

microcontroller, Zigbee as communication module and two type of sensor which are 

water level sensor and current sensor to detect water and current respectively. When 

the house in a safe condition, it allow the user to lock the door and can leave the 

house safely without any worried. Otherwise, the purposed system helps to ensure 

the house is left in a secure and safe condition and unwanted incident can be avoided 

while the dwellers are away.

The Effect of Structural and Electrical Properties Of NdBa2Cu3O7-δ- 

Superconductor Added with Gd2O3 (0.3-0.7 wt %) Nanoparticles 

Nurul Syafiqa Mahaiza binti Zarir 

Supervisor: Dr . Aima binti Ramli 



NdBa2Cu3O7-δ is one of high temperature superconductor with high magnetic field that 

can conduct electricity with no resistance and without losing any energy. The samples 

have been investigated with effect of addition of Gd2O3 nanoparticles in NdBa2Cu3O7- 

δ with different weight percentage (0.0, 0.3, 0.7 wt %) and had been prepared by 

solid state method. The samples of NdBa2Cu3O7-δ were characterized by x-ray 

diffraction (XRD). The orthorhombic phase are shown in all samples with the predominant 

Nd-123, secondary phase Nd-422 and impurity of Gd2O3. The morphology 

and microstructure of NdBa2Cu3O7-δ were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope 

(SEM). The samples showed that, the porosity decrease and the pore size become 

larger which contribute to poor grain connectivity. It was found the increasing of Gd2O3 

nanoparticles in NdBa2Cu3O7-δ decreased the superconducting and microstructure 

properties.

Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus 

(Jackfruit) Seed 

Nurul Syiffa Binti Ishak 

Supervisor: Dr. Hidayatul Aini Binti Zakaria 

Applied Science (Electronic and Instrumentation Physics) 


Due to the presence of impurities in water, some treatments were required to remove 

them to avoid the effect of consuming untreated water. Currently, Alum is used as 

water treatment material which causes harm after a prolonged consumption. Activated 

carbon is one of the common materials used for water treatment. Based on previous 

studies, Artocarpus heterophyllus’s leaves and peels have shown positive results on 

treating wastewater. In this project, the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus’s was used 

as activated carbon material and tested on kaolin synthetic wastewater. The 

effectiveness of the sample was tested by using turbidity meter. The characteristic 

analysis of samples is done by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform 

Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and X-ray 

Diffraction (XRD). It is found that the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment 

increases with samples of smaller particle size and optimum heating time is required 

to allow production of pores.

Development of Prototype Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Tank for Fuel- 

Cell Car 

Ooi Ying Zhi 

Supervisor: Dr Nurul Hayati binti Idris 



In this research, a prototype for solid-state hydrogen storage tank based on LiAlH4- 

TiF3 composite is been developed as the source to minimize the tank space and provide 

high capacity of hydrogen gas. The hydrogen storage tank system can heat up the 

composite up to 100-200˚C and release hydrogen gases up to 7wt%. It has been 

demonstrated that the tank system could supply the hydrogen to a prototype fuel cell 

car and produce voltage from the fuel cell. The designed system introduced could 

provide an early concept and knowledge before the design of the prototype fuel-cell 

car can be manufacture in a real scale to solve the environmental issues associated 

with burning fossil fuels.

Effect of Solar Radiation on Radio Signal Using Plasma Antenna 

Praveen Kumar Pragasam 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Nazri bin Dagang 



Plasma antenna utilizes ionized neutral gas plasma to transmit and receive radio signal 

in a similar fashion as metal antenna. The aim of this project is to study the effects of 

solar radiation using plasma antenna. Since plasma antenna is a good receiver of radio 

signal, it is used to test the signal strength of received radio signal at ground level. 

First, electrical properties measurement is done to obtain values of discharge current 

and voltage gained in order to obtain plasma parameters. Computer Simulation 

Technology (CST) was used to design and simulate the antenna which is assessed 

based on parameters generated such as radiation pattern, directivity, gain and return 

loss. Finally, signal strength experiment was carried out to measure solar radiation 

effect on radio signal using plasma antenna. Frequency of 4.114 GHz, gain of 1.023 

dB and directivity of 2.648 dBi was obtained based on simulation result.

Thermal Behavior and Kinetic Parameters Estimation for Ulva intestinalis 

Torrefaction using Thermogravimetric Analyzer 

Raiha binti Ahmad Samawe 

Supervisor: Dr Nur Farizan binti Munajat 



Macroalgae has been recognized as a potential biomass source but it is not fully utilized 

as for its high moisture content. In this study, the thermal decomposition and kinetic 

parameters of Ulva intestinalis torrefaction were conducted using Thermogravimetric 

Analyzer (TGA). The torrefaction temperature and residence time were varied from 

200 to 300°C and from 30 to 90 minutes, respectively with heating rate ranging from 

10 to 30°C/min. The functional group of the torrefied U. intestinalis was investigated 

using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The TGA curves indicated the 

weight loss of the macroalgae increased as the residence time and temperature 

increased. The FTIR results showed the functional groups changed as temperature 

and time increased. The activation energies for the torrefaction were estimated by 

Kissinger method to be in the range of 0.3575 to 48.4058kJ/mol. This result is 

important to estimate the torrefaction process and the parameters for U. intestinalis 

biomass.

Development of Water Treatment Sachets Using Artocarpus Integer’s 

Seeds via Activated Carbon Route 

Raihan binti Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr. Hidayatul Aini Zakaria 

Bachelor of Applied Sciences (Electronics and Instrumentation Physics) 


This research presented the preparation of activated carbon from Artocarpus Integer’s 

seed. Currently, water treatment using chemical was used which can give effect to 

human health, so to reduce the chemical usage we can used natural resources as 

activated carbon.To find the optimum physical characteristics of activated carbon, 

carbonization temperature(400ºC) and duration time(1,2,4 hours) was used.FTIR 

showed functional group for activated carbon and conventional activated carbon are 

similar.XRD showed activated carbon and conventional activated carbon are 

amorphous. BET showed conventional activated carbon have larger surface area than 

activated carbon from Artocarpus Integer.SEM showed pore size of activation carbon 

was larger than conventional activated carbon. Turbidity meter showed the 

concentration of suspended particles before was 490 NTU changed 100 NTU after 

several minutes. The result showed that Artocarpus Integer’s seed was a capable 

activated carbon. For the future, activated carbon from Artocarpus Integer can be 

used for the water treatment method.

Comparison Between 2-hydroxyethyl Cellulose and Polyvinylidene fluoride 

as Binder in Anode For Solid Proton Battery 

Siew Yee Wen 

Supervisor: Prof. (Assoc.) Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Hj. Mohamad Isa 



This project aims to introduce an affordable and more environmental friendly binder 

material for proton battery configuration. PVDF was the mostly used binder in battery 

production and it requires NMP as solvent which is expensive, volatile, flammable and 

toxic. Besides, the price for PVDF and NMP were very expensive. Therefore, 2- 

hydroxyethyl cellulose (2HEC) was introduced to replace PVDF as binder in battery 

production. 2-HEC was water-soluble, affordable, allow electrode processing in 

aqueous slurries and environmental friendly. In this project, two types of anode were 

prepared that uses 2-HEC and PVDF as binder material respectively. Then the anodes 

were compared in terms of structural and electrical performance. The OCV obtained 

was 0.5V for single cell proton battery. SEM show 2-HEC anode has better formation 

of electrode composition and porosity compared to PVDF anode.

Effect of UV Treatment on the Physical Properties of Film Formulated with 

Polyvinyl Alcohol and Tapioca Starch in the Presence of Sodium Benzoate 

Siti Mastura Binti Mochamad Hasem 




In this research the physical properties of film formulated with tapioca starch and 

polyvinyl alcohol with different composition of sodium benzoate were investigated. 

The solution casting technique were used to prepare the films. Then the film produced 

expose to UV irradiation for 40 minutes. Sodium benzoate is added as photosensitizer. 

Texture analyzer (Stable Micro System TA.XTplus) were used to determine the 

mechanical properties of the films. From the tensile test, elongation at break 

decreased and tensile strength increased with the increasing of the composition of 

sodium benzoate. The Young’s Modulus results also increase in increasing of sodium 

benzoate percentage. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis of the film 

showed increasing in intensity of the peak with increasing composition of sodium 

benzoate that may indicated the increasing of crystallinity of the films. Increasing in 

crystallinity can contribute to stronger mechanical properties. It also showed that with 

increasing of sodium benzoate percentage there were several peak shifted to higher 

wavenumber that may indicate the stronger structural bonding. The behavior of the 

thermal properties of the films were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and 

differential scanning calorimeter. From thermogravimetric analysis it showed that, film 

with highest percentage sodium benzoate show highest thermal stability whereas film 

with 0% of sodium benzoate showed lowest thermal stability. In conclusion, the 

physical properties of the film increasing with increasing in composition of sodium 

benzoate.

The Study of Barium Titanate Addition on Microstructure and Electrical 

Properties of Zinc Oxide-based Varistor Ceramic 

Siti Noradilah Binti Senin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Sabri Bin Mohd Ghazali 

Co-Supervisor: Puan Hasiah Binti Salleh 



Zinc oxide (ZnO) based varistor ceramics are nonlinear ceramic resistors commonly 

used to protect electronic circuits against overvoltage. It has good electrical 

characteristics and high energy handling capabilities. In this study, ZnO is added with 

3 wt.%, 6 wt.%, and 9 wt.% of barium titanate (BaTiO3) in order to elucidate the 

effect of the additives on the performance of ZnO based varistor ceramics. BaTiO3 is 

a ceramic material with a perovskite structure. The ZnO-BaTiO3 based varistor 

ceramics are prepared via solid state reaction method and undergoes sintering 

temperature at 900 ℃, 1100 ℃ and 1300 ℃ for 45 minutes. From the XRD and EDX 

analysis, samples show presence of primary and secondary phases of the compound. 

SEM image shows an improvement of the microstructure with the increase in wt.% of 

BaTiO3 and sintering temperature. Thus, improving the nonlinear electrical properties 

of ZnO-BaTiO3 based varistor ceramics.

LaFeO3 synthesized by solid state method for promoting hydrogen storage 

properties of LiAlH4 

Siti Nurul Hazwani bt Mohd Nasir 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohammad B. Ismail 



The effects of a LaFeO3 addition on the hydrogen storage properties of LiAlH4 were 

investigated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The addition of the LaFeO3 

show improved dehydrogenation performance compared with that of undoped LiAlH4. 

The onset decomposition temperatures of LaFeO3–doped LiAlH4 decreased from 150 

°C to 113 °C in the first step reaction and decreased from 182 °C to 153 °C for the 

second step reaction. From the Kissinger plot, the apparent activation energy of the 

doped sample were 77 kJ/mol and 90 kJ/mol and undoped sample were 110 kJ/mol 

and 121 kJ/mol for the first and second dehydrogenation stage respectively. From the 

X-ray diffraction observation, it is believed that the in situ generated of Fe and LiFeO2 

provide a synergetic catalytic effect in improving the hydrogen storage properties of 

LiAlH4.

Microwave Pre-treatment on Osmotic Dehydration of White Radish 

(Raphanus sativus L.) 

Siti Salwati Binti Kasim 

Supervisor: Dr. Nora Salina Binti Md Salim 



Osmotic dehydration is an energy saving process in food dehydration system where 

the water is removed without a phase transition when the food product immersed in 

hypertonic solution. The present work investigates the influence of microwave as a 

pre-treatment prior osmotic dehydration process on the mass transfer, shape and 

microstructure of white radish. White radish dices were exposed to microwave 

radiation for 1 min at three different power levels (600, 700 and 800) W. Osmotic 

dehydration process was then carried out by immersing the treated samples at 

different osmotic solutions: 10 % (w/w) NaCl and 10 % (w/w) NaCl with 25 % (w/w) 

sucrose at room temperature for about three hours with intervals of 30 minutes. The 

results show that the mass transfer of pre-treated samples increased with the increase 

of power level; which can be reflects from its shape and microstructural property.

Thermal behaviour and kinetic parameters estimation for Gracilaria sp. 

Torrefaction using thermogravimetric analyser 

Suganthi Priya a/p Balasubramaniam 

Supervisor: Dr Nur Farizan binti Munajat 



Torrefaction of Gracilaria sp. was investigated as a noteworthy means to contribute in 

fuel production. Gracilaria sp. was torrefied using thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) 

at temperatures ranging from 200 to 300°C ,residence time between 30 to 90 min and 

heating rate between 10 to 30 hr to investigate the changes of moisture content. The 

TGA curves indicates the weight loss of the macroalgae biomass increased as the 

residence time and torrefaction temperature increased. The functional group of the 

torrefied sample studied using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An 

exceptional changes were observed on peaks as the condition of the torrefaction 

increased which indicated that torrefaction have altered the chemical structure of the 

macroalgae. The kinetic parameters such as kinetic energy and exponential factor of 

the torrefied Gracilaria sp. was calculated using Kissinger method. The activation 

energies of torrefaction was observed to be in the range of 0.8622 J/mol to 102.09 

J/mol.

The Study of Mn2O3 as a Potential Anode Material for Sodium-ion Batteries 

Syazwanie binti Saimi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Hayati Binti Idris 



Currently, the potential of sodium-ion battery as an alternative to replace lithium-ion 

battery have been widely studied, focusing on the exploration of anode and cathode 

materials. Herein, the potential of Mn2O3 as anode materials is investigated since it 

possesses high theoretical capacity (1018 mAhg -1 ). Mn2O3 were prepared by using 

thermal decomposition of commercial MnCO3 and hydrothermally grown MnCO3 as the 

metal precursor, respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns for both Mn2O3 confirmed 

that the samples do not have any impurities. From the scanning electron microscopy 

images, Mn2O3 prepared from thermal decomposition of commercial MnCO3 were 

having nanoparticles morphology, whereas it was polyhedral for hydrothermally grown 

MnCO3. The polyhedral Mn2O3 exhibited the highest discharge capacity (85 mAhg -1 ) 

as compared to Mn2O3 nanoparticle (32 mAhg -1 ) when galvanostatically 

charge/discharge at 0.1 C for 35 cycles. This result indicates that this material have a 

potential to be explored as an anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Development of Alcohol Monitoring System Based on Arduino Using GUI- 

Cayenne 

Syazwin Nadhirah binti Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mariam binti Wan Muda 



Nowadays, there is a lot of road accidents that caused by an alcoholic driver. 

Therefore, a mobile alcohol monitoring system was developed in this research. This 

project is developed by integrated the alcohol sensor with Arduino microcontroller. 

The alcohol sensor used in this project is MQ-3 to detect the present of alcohol content 

in human breath. There were four steps in completing this research. Firstly, 

experimenting the sensor to understand the characteristics and properties of the 

sensor. Secondly, develop the program for the microcontroller. Next, design the 

graphical user interface (GUI) for the monitoring system using Cayenne, and at the 

end, the whole process will be tested. By the end of the research, a program to 

measure the alcohol value and send the value to a smartphone was developed and 

the (GUI) using Cayenne for monitoring the change of alcohol was designed using 

Android smartphone.

Enhancement of Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanical Properties of Bioplastic 

Extracted from Blady Grass Doped with Chitosan, Glycerol and 

Polyvinyl Alcohol 

Tengku Izzat Safwan Bin Tengku Sulong 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Sabri Bin Mohd Ghazali 



In this research, we are enhancing bio-plastics to ensure that the bio-plastics are in a 

convenient state to be used as a food packaging. The bio-plastics are doped with 

chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glycerol which can improve the chemical and 

physical mechanics of the bio-plastics and environmental-friendly. Cellulose, which is 

the main constituent for the bio-plastics, is extracted from blady grass and will undergo 

delignification process. FTIR analysis proved that the obtained cellulose is pure, and 

via XRD analysis proved that the bio-plastics shows amorphous properties. From 

antimicrobial test, the bio-plastics are suitable to be used as a food packaging which 

shows that the inhibition zone of the bacteria for the bio-plastic specimens is existed 

and by the addition of PVA and glycerol, bio-plastics can improved its mechanical 

properties. As cellulose is treated as its base, the plastic afford to degrade faster than 

the petroleum-based plastic.

Effect of Electrode Thickness on Electrochemical Performance of Carbon 

Based Supercapacitor 

Umar Farouq bin Wisam 





Supercapacitor is as an alternative to power sources in which energy is stored via 

charge separation across the blocking or polarizable electrode/electrolyte interfaces. 

In this study supercapacitor based carboxymethyl cellulose-ammonium nitrate solid 

polymer electrolyte (SPE) was fabricated and the effect of different electrode thickness 

on their electrochemical performance was investigated. The structure properties and 

electrochemical performance of supercapacitor were studied using scanning electron 

microscope (SEM) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD). Impedance analysis 

showed the ionic conductivity of SPE was ~10 -3 S/cm. SEM revealed that no changes 

of the grain size and porosity were found for different electrode thickness. However, 

GCD analysis showed that the highest and stable specific capacitance was observed 

for supercapacitor with 200um electrode thickness because it shows supercapacitor 

characteristics and the charge/discharge profiles of the samples exhibit almost the 

isosceles triangle curves, which indicate the simulative capacitor with the performance 

of electrochemical stability and reversibility.

A Feasibility Study of Conversion Of Diesel Boiler To Electric Boiler In 

Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah (HSNZ) 

Ummu Aisyah Mansor 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Farizan Binti Munajat 



The use of diesel steam boiler in Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah has decrease in 

efficiency caused by the fluctuation of diesel price in Malaysia and environmental 

pollution from the by-products of the diesel combustion. This research has set upon 

to study the feasibility of the conversion from diesel steam boiler to electric steam 

boiler. In order to complete this research, three steps are carried out. First, steam 

boiler analysis is done and the steam generation in HSNZ was evaluated obtained from 

characteristics and data usage of instruments in the premise. Second, is the analyzing 

of the consumption of diesel fuel which concludes that diesel cost increases over time 

and so does the maintenance cost. Lastly, engineering the economic feasibility analysis 

of the electric boiler which will determine whether it is practical for the hospital to 

execute the conversion as proposed.

Study the Effect of MgFe2O4 Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method on The 

Hydrogen Storage Performances of LiAlH4 

Wan Noor Adila Binti Wan Hassan 




In this study, catalytic effect of MgFe2O4 on the hydrogen storage performance of 

LiAlH4 were investigated for the first time. The addition of MgFe2O4 shows improved 

dehydrogenation performance compared with undoped LiAlH4. The onset desorption 

temperatures for MgFe2O4-doped LiAlH4 sample was reduced from 147°C to 103°C for 

the first stage reaction and from 177°C to 141°C for the second stage reaction 

compared to as-milled LiAlH4. Kissinger analysis demonstrated that the apparent 

activation energies of the first two dehydrogenation reactions of MgFe2O4-doped 

LiAlH4 sample shows reduction of approximately 31 and 17 kJ/mol respectively. The 

formation of an in situ active species of Fe and LiFeO2 is believed to play an important 

role in improving the dehydrogenation performance of LiAlH4.

Synthesis of Barium Titanate Nanocubes using Hydrothermal Method 

Wong Kin Fung 




BaTiO3 is oxide material with perovskite structure which exhibits high dielectric 

constant. In this work, BaTiO3 cubes have been synthesized via hydrothermal 

synthesis method with Titanium (IV) bis(ammonium lactate) dihydroxide (TALH) 

solution and Barium hydroxide as the Ti and Ba precursors at temperature as low as 

210°C. Oleic acid and tert-butylamine are the surfactants used to control the shape, 

morphology and the size of the BaTiO3 to retain in cube. The X-Ray Diffraction patterns 

indicate that the formation of single phase of BaTiO3 after undergo calcination at 

elevated temperature. All the organic function groups originated TALH and surfactants 

are vanished as determined from the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. The 

dielectric constant at room temperature and at 1kHz is 579.15 for BaTiO3 (1:18:18).

Blood Glucose Detection Level System 

Yusra Syahira binti Yushisham 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Hafiza binti Wan Hassan 



The commonly used method to measure blood glucose level is usually high in accuracy 

but it is painful, higher risk of infections and some people scared to undergoes the 

blood glucose test for the first time. Therefore, this project proposed a painless 

solution using Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) method by finding relation between the 

GSR and glucose level. GSR measures the conductivity of one’s skin. The GSR sensor 

was embedded with probe to put the users finger and the sensor measure the 

conductivity that equivalent to the usual glucose level. The monitoring system is 

functioned to alert and give information according to the users glucose level using 

Arduino as a microcontroller. The result shows that there is a relation between the 

skin response and blood glucose level as the GSR sensor shows the increment of 

output value before eating and after eating. Reading for normal person the range 

reading is 70mV – 119mV. This system can help to increase the awareness about 

sugar intake and low in cost as well.

Automatic Recognition of Type III Single Solar Radio Bursts for E-Callisto 

Spectrum. 

Yvonne Chiang Hui Yao 


Co-Supervisor: Dr. Roslan bin Umar 



Solar radio bursts potentially provides important phenomena in solar physics. In radio 

astronomy community, CALLISTO is used to capture the radio signal comes from solar 

activities such as solar burst. However, the determination of solar burst existence is 

done manually using spectrograph which appears for every 15 minutes. In order to 

speed up and reduce the human error on the process of solar burst identification and 

detection, this project presents a new method developed to detect type III single burst 

automatically from the spectrum. There are three main stages involved in this 

programming which are pre-processing, recognition and classification developed 

using MATLAB. This project will benefit to radio astronomer and space weather 

researcher by offering an effortless, hassle-free, time and cost effective solar burst 

monitoring system.

Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Analysis on Dynamic Spectrum at 

Selected CALLISTO Stations Using Kurtosis Analysis 

Zaidatul Nabilah Binti Zainud-din 


Co-Supervisor: Dr. Roslan b Umar 



The Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) nowadays becomes a serious problem and 

crucial issue in the radio astronomy observation. Compact Astronomical Low-Cost 

Instrument for Spectroscopy in Transportable Observatories (CALLISTO) is a 

worldwide network of spectrometer system for the solar activity monitoring. This 

research is about the analysis of RFI level at selected CALLISTO stations using Kurtosis 

Analysis. Data from Banting, Sumedang, Ooty and Daejeon stations for one month 

(45 MHz-870 MHz dynamic spectrums) that contain solar burst occurrence had been 

selected. It is important to have the RFI analysis to determine the noise level at the 

stations to plan for further action. The kurtosis value is then compared with the 

population density to get the relationship between the population density and the RFI 

level. The RFI will affect the solar burst appearance in the dynamic spectrum. The 

highest average of kurtosis values indicates the lowest of radio frequency interference 

at these sites.

The Development of Real Time Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System for 

Smartphones Using Graphical User Interface (GUI) Cayenne 

Muhammad Nur Aslam bin Mohd Yusof 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Mariam binti Wan Muda 



Real-time monitoring system is a system that allow user to make regular observation 

and recording activities on a project or programme in actual time. The MQ-7 sensor is 

used to detect the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) in the surrounding air. Cayenne 

is a freeware used to allow user to monitor the activities of their project using 

smartphone. This project is needed because CO is a silent killer. The objectives are to 

find the relationship between CO concentration and the output voltage of the MQ7 

sensor, develop a program to measure CO and send the value to smartphone and 

design the GUI using Cayenne on smartphone to monitor the changes of CO value. 

The sensor was studied and tested before the programing for the microcontroller is 

developed. Then, the GUI was designed on Cayenne and the whole system was tested. 

Finally, a real time CO monitoring system is developed.

The Synthesis and Characterization of YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductor Added 

with Ho2O3 (0.0, 0.3, 0.7 WT %) Nanoparticles 

Nur Sakinah binti Hasan 

Supervisor: Dr. Aima binti Ramli 



YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor is an element when cooled below a certain critical 

temperature,Tc it can allow current to flow with no resistance. It can be added with 

any suitable element to increase its superconducting properties. In this research the 

influence of Ho2O3 addition (0, 0.3, 0.7 wt%) in the YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor was 

investigated via solid state method. The optimum temperature for sintering was 

determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) which is at 920 O C. The phase 

formation from XRD analysis showed that all samples are predominant Y-123 in 

orthorhombic structure with the presence of secondary phase Y-211 and impurities of 

Ho2O3. Detailed external surface morphology was investigated using SEM. The grain 

size increased for sample 0.3wt% Ho2O3 due to increasing of nucleation and 

crystallization. On the other hand, the grain size decreased for sample 0.7wt% Ho2O3 

due to agglomeration of Ho2O3 nanoparticles in the samples.

Comparison between Methylcellulose and Poly Vinylindene Difluoride as 

Binder in Anode for Solid Proton Battery 

Yu Kai Xin 

Supervisor: Prof. (Assoc.) Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Hi. Mohamad Isa 



This project focuses on substituting the binder in anode with natural material with the 

intention on introducing a cost effective and greener electrode fabrication. 

Commercially, most of the binder in battery production is PVDF which is a nonhazardous 

polymer, but N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP) is needed as solvent. It is a 

hazardous organic solvent. In addition, the price of PVDF and NMP is very expensive. 

Methylcellulose (MC) is chosen as natural binder to substitutes PVDF. Unlike PVDF, MC 

soluble in water, this can further reduce the overall cost of making electrodes. In this 

project, two anode were prepared which includes PVDF as control and MC in anode, 

zinc and zinc sulfate used as active material while distill water and NMP as solvent. 

The OCV of single cell proton battery with binder MC is 0.36V. SEM showed the 

formation of composition and porosity for MC anode is smoother and better compared 

to PVDF anode.

Automatic Alert System for Disable Person 

Muhammad Hanif Bin Khairuddin 

Supervisor: Dr.Wan Hafiza Binti Wan Hassan 



Disabled person may have difficulties in protecting themselves from any harm due to 

their restricted capabilities. Alert system is a new technology that countries are keen 

on since the increase of burglary cases from year to year. In this research, it is focusing 

on helping disabled people. Therefore, this project is proposed to develop an alert 

system for disabled person using ZIGBEE technology to assist them in identifying their 

incoming guest. This system uses PIR sensor to detect any motion outside of their 

house, Arduino acts as a microcontroller and ZIGBEE module acts as a communication 

medium. When PIR detects motion from the guest, the system will notify the user and 

allow their guest to come in. The significance of this project is to help notify disabled 

people about the presence of guests in front of their house and to promote safety of 

their well-being.

Development of A Real Time Energy Data Logger Using Raspberry Pi for 

Monitoring the Building’s Energy Consumption 

Mohamad Azrul Shafiq bin Sulaiman 




Energy wastage is a problem of practical significance that occurs in most conventional 

building. The world energy consumption is expected to increase up to 50% by 2030. 

One of the effective ways to increase the awareness of the building’s energy 

consumption among the occupants is through monitoring the energy continuously. 

This project proposed the development of a real time energy data logger using 

Raspberry-Pi. The main system comprises of an SCT-013-000 current sensor, 

RPICT3T1 adaptor and Raspberry-Pi as a central processing unit. Other components 

used are buzzer, LED indicator and speaker as an alert device, whereas hard disk as 

a storage media of logged data. An alert system can send E-mail and text messaging 

to notify user about their daily consumption that exceeded the daily limit. A complete 

system can ensure more energy can be saved through continuously monitoring the 

building’s energy consumption and alert sent to the user.

Development of Baby Car Seat Alert System for Prevention of Child Left in 

A Parked Vehicle 

Muhammad Danial bin Zainal 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Hafiza Binti Wan Hassan 



Recently, the increasing number of heatstroke death of children who was left 

accidentally in the vehicle has been worrisome. Therefore, this work purposed a 

development of baby car seat alert system for prevention of child left in a parked 

vehicle. The system used Arduino as microcontroller, Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver 

as communication module and load sensor to detect the load of the baby. This device 

activates the warning alarm when parents walking outside the RF signal range of the 

safety pad. It’s alert the parents by triggering warning by using buzzer. Moreover, the 

proposed system helps to reduce the risk of heatstroke among child. The alert system 

developed in this project is very important nowadays due to the busy lifestyle of 

parents.

Restaurant Graphical User Interface (GUI) For Customer Service Using 

Raspberry Pi and Qt+ 

Muhammad Amirul Adlan bin Mohd Khadri 




This study is to create a Graphical User Interface system (GUI) that can be used in a 

restaurant to record customer orders and subsequently place orders. The concept of 

this study is to program a GUI system based on Qt C++ software and an online 

database to facilitate the waiter of the restaurant for taking order of the customer. 

The idea of this study is to facilitate the waiter of the restaurant for taking order of 

the customer. This system hopes to reduce the negligence while taking order. The 

project is mainly about raspberry pi act as a host while the Qt software is use to create 

an interface which user or waiter will be input the data very fast and accurate, the 

data that has been input will go through the MySQL software which react as a database 

that store the data that has been input by the user.

Hydrogen Storage Properties of Nanoconfined 4MgH2 - NaAlH4 in graphene 

aerogel 

Muhammad Dzulizhar bin Mohd Rashid 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Hayati Binti Idris 



Hydrogen fuel cell is considered to replace fossil fuel vehicles in future. However, 

storing hydrogen in high-pressure gas or liquid become a major safety issue and poses 

a combustion hazard. A possible solution is to store hydrogen in a solid form. Herein, 

graphene aerogel nanoconfined hydride material have been shown to improve the 

kinetics and reduce the desorption temperature of the hydride materials. Further 

research works are is needed to improve the hydrogenation, thermal and cyclic 

behavior of the graphene aerogel nanoconfined metal hydrides.

Development of an Automatic Plant Watering System Using Arduino 

Amirul Hafiz bin Uzaid 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhamad Zalani bin Daud 



Watering is the most important cultural practice and most labor intensive task in daily 

greenhouse operation. Watering systems ease the burden of getting water to plants 

when they need it. Knowing when and how much to water is two important aspects 

of watering process. To make the gardener works easier, the automatic plant watering 

system is developed. This project uses watering sprinkler system because it can water 

the plants located in the pots. An Arduino is used and programmed to sense the 

moisture level of the plants and supply water if required. By doing so, the plant can 

be kept healthy and alive without the need for monitoring and watering by the user. 

A prototype of self-watering system for plant is developed to address this idea.


(Maritime Technology)

Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam 

Amir Hasrol Hafiz Bin Ab Wahid 

Supervisor: Dr. Anuar Bin Abu Bakar 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Maritime Technology) 



Reinforced concrete (RC) beam one of the most important building materials to 

construct modern structure and is widely used in many types of engineering 

structures. The purpose of RC beam is the reinforcement of areas in concrete that are 

weak in tension. A better understanding of the behaviour of RC can reduce the 

maintenance and increase the safety factor to the working environment. To increases 

the efficient use of reinforced concrete it is necessary to know the properties and the 

behaviour the element under various constraints. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) will be 

used to simulate the behaviour of RC beam. ABAQUS software was used as a medium 

for numerical method design proses to do a simulation of the reinforced concrete 

beam. The ultimate strength of the structure will be compared with available 

experimental, empirical data from previous researchers.

Mechanical properties of Rice Husk Fibre Reinforced Recycled 

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) for Fire Retardant Composites 

Amira Izzati Binti Adnan 

Supervisor: Dr. Suriani Binti Mat Jusoh 




Rice Husk Fibre (RHF) reinforced composite is prepare by blending unsaturated 

polyester resin (UPR) from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with RHF. The RHF 

will be treated with sodium hydroxide follow by silane prior to inclusion into the UPR. 

The untreated RHF reinforced composite is use as a control. Dricon as a phosphate 

type of flame retardant with different amount will be added to reduce the flammability 

of the composite. The burning properties, limiting oxygen index (LOI), tensile strength 

and modulus of both composites will increase with the addition of Dricon. In addition, 

thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis indicates the degradation temperature will increase 

with the addition of Dricon into UPR. Morphological observations also indicate better 

distribution of Dricon for treated fibre composite result in enhancement of the tensile 

properties of the treated fibre composite. Therefore, the RHF composites with addition 

of Dricon are significant as fire retardant composites.

Analysis of Several Heaving Wave Energy Converter Arrays Subjected to 

Regular Waves Using CFD Simulation 

Chan Fan Eng 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Wan Mohd Norsani Wan Nik 




Heaving Wave energy converter (WEC) utilized the z-axis in six degrees of freedom to 

obtain mechanical energy and convert it to electrical energy. It is widely used in high 

wave countries in this affluent’s era; while reliabilities and efficiencies of WEC are the 

issues faced by Malaysia that consider as low waves country. This paper presents 

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to perform simulations of single unit of WEC and 

several WECs type that existed in market arranged in array layout subjected to regular 

waves. The performances and efficiencies from several WECs were compared and 

discussed with data from CFD simulation in order to determine the most efficient 

layout for different WECs type. Simulation of irregular waves with data from satellite 

datasets is proposed for further investigation in the future.

Analysis of Up-ending Jacket Platform during Installation 

Chin Jia Chun 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Eng Ahmad Fitriadhy 




Steel-structured Jacket Platforms have been extensively installed in Malaysia offshore 

oil and gas fields. Prediction of launching and up-ending process are vital to avoid 

accidents during installation of such expensive product. To achieve the objective, the 

final year project presents numerical simulation of launching and up-ending of Jacket 

Platform in waves using Moses. Two up-ending conditions of Jacket Platform have 

been taken into account after its launching and lifting by a crane. Several parameters 

such as trim angle of the barge, wavelengths, wave directions and number of hooks 

during lifting have been considered in the simulation. The numerical results revealed 

that an increase of trim angle had led to an increase in launching speed and tipping 

time but the up-ending speed of jacket will become slower. Two hook method can 

enhance the stability of the Jacket Platform compare to one hook method. It is 

generally conclude that decrease of trim angle can result in slower launching process 

but faster and safer up-ending process.

Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Wastes Reinforced Arenga 

Pinnata Fibre as Fire Retardant Polyester Composites 

Dyane Shannel Nair 

Supervisor: Dr. Suriani Bt Mat Jusoh 




Arenga Pinnata fibre reinforced composite is prepare by blending unsaturated 

polyester resin (UPR) from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with arenga 

pinnata fibre (APF). The APF will be treated with sodium hydroxide follow by silane 

prior to inclusion into the UPR. The untreated APF reinforced composite is use as a 

control. Dricon as a phosphate type of flame retardant with different amount will be 

added to reduce the flammability of the composite. The burning properties, limiting 

oxygen index (LOI), tensile strength and modulus of both composites will increase 

with the addition of Dricon. Futhermore, thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis indicates 

the degradation temperature will be increase with the addition of Dricon into APF 

composites. Also morphological observations indicate better distribution of Dricon for 

treated fibre composite result in enhancement of the tensile properties of the treated 

fibre composite. Thus, the APF composites with addition of Dricon are crucial as fire 

retardant composites.

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Class B Fishing Vessel at Kuala 

Terengganu 

Farah Idayu Binti Azizi 

Supervisor: Prof. Khalid Bin Samo 




In designing a ship, offset data is the most important information about the ship, since 

the ship’s performance is obtained from offset data. Usually, fishing boats in Malaysia 

are built with no recommendation and authorization from naval architects. Thus, 

hydrodynamic performance is observed in terms of stability as well as safety 

performance, has become a major consideration in designing traditional fishing boat. 

This study generally stressed on the determination of hydrodynamic performance and 

safety of the small fishing boat. The small boat from Kuala Terengganu were selected 

for measurement of their hulls. Maxsurf Ship Design software was used to determine 

the stability performance according to the respective requirements or standard 

criteria. The determination showed that the boat fulfills static stability requirements, 

the boat should only be allowed operating in the restricted of operational area with 

maximum sea state 2. A survey on safety equipment showed the boat lacked in safety 

for the small fishing boat.

Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Wastes Reinforced Bamboo 

Fibre as Fire Retardant Polyester Composites 

Fathin Sakinah Bt Mohd Radzi 

Supervisor: Dr. Suriani Bt Mat Jusoh 




Bamboo fibre reinforced composite is prepare by blending unsaturated polyester resin 

(UPR) from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with bamboo fibre. The bamboo 

fibres will be treated with sodium hydroxide follow by silane prior to inclusion into the 

UPR. The untreated bamboo fibres reinforced composite is use as a control. Dricon as 

a phosphate type of flame retardant with different amount will be added to reduce 

the flammability of the composite. The burning properties, limiting oxygen index (LOI), 

tensile strength and modulus of both composites will increase with the addition of 

Dricon. Besides, thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis indicates the degradation 

temperature will be increase with the addition of Dricon into bamboo fibre composites. 

Also morphological observations indicate better distribution of Dricon for treated fibre 

composite result in enhancement of the tensile properties of the treated fibre 

composite. Thus, the bamboo fibre composites with addition of Dricon are crucial as 

fire retardant composites.

Mechanical properties of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Recycled Polyethylene 

Terephthalate (PET) for Fire Retardant Composites 

Hasliana Asyikin Binti Zainudin 





Kenaf fibre (KF) reinforced composite is prepare by blending unsaturated polyester 

resin (UPR) from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with kenaf fibre. The KF will 

be treated with sodium hydroxide follow by silane prior to inclusion into the UPR. The 

untreated KF reinforced composite is use as a control. Dricon as a phosphate type of 

flame retardant with different amount will be added to reduce the flammability of the 

composite. The burning properties, limiting oxygen index (LOI), tensile strength and 

modulus of both composites will increase with the addition of Dricon. In addition, 

thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis indicates the degradation temperature will increase 

with the addition of Dricon into UPR. Morphological observations also indicate better 

distribution of Dricon for treated fibre composite result in enhancement of the tensile 

properties of the treated fibre composite. In conclusion, the KF composites with 

addition of Dricon are significant as fire retardant composites.

A Review of Measurement and Analysis of Power Requirement on Fishing 

Vessels for Different Classes 

Heny Khairunisa Aina Binti Katan 





Commercial fishing plays a significant part in economy as the tonnage of the fishing 

vessels used by the fishermen are distinguished by various types of fishing gears and 

classes based on fishing zones to harvest the large diversity of marine species. The 

power demanded by fishing vessels is vary according to their class and zones. Two 

fishing vessels from each class used as sample and the data of power demanded will 

be collected and compared. Hence, this research will provide ship-owners with daily 

power consumption estimates for fishing vessels to improve the efficiency of power 

demanded by it. However, the collected data from the vessels are from class B, C and 

C2. Bigger vessels will require more power for the fishing operation. The detail on the 

power requirement, potential of alternative energy and constraints for different classes 

of fishing vessels will be highlighted in this research.

Simulation of an Offshore Wind Turbine Damage Subjected to Psv Collision 

Irham Afiqie Bin Hanaffee 





An Offshore Wind Turbine (OWT) can be located close to traffic lanes of commercial 

and passenger ship, which may lead to a possible collision. The work presented in this 

paper aims to investigate the crushing behaviour of a monopole offshore wind turbine 

when impacted by a platform supply vessel (PSV). The study also focused the 

influences of various parameters like ship impact velocity, location damage and 

deformability of striking platform supply vessel (PSV). The effect of the platform supply 

vessel (PSV) between wind turbines interactions on the distribution of damage is 

studied by modelling both structures using nonlinear numerical finite element by using 

an ABAQUS EXPLICIT software. Different configuration for the offshore wind turbine 

structure has been used in order to highlight the modification in behaviour induced by 

changing the loading scenario. The resulting resistant force and internal energy have 

been compared as well as the top tower displacement and accelerations.

Determination of Best Proportional (P) Value within 

PID System for an Autonomous Vehicle 

Kelvin Tan Yong Seang 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Faisal Bin Mohamad Ayob 




The application of autonomous systems is an important aspect to increase the 

productivity and efficiency, however has not been thoroughly explored with respect to 

the maritime industry. In order to assess the performance of an autonomous vehicle, 

we have conducted a performance characteristics study using a miniature Autonomous 

Ground Vehicle (AGV) which is refitted from an off-the shelf generic system. The AGV 

prototype incorporated in this study consists of a modified remote-controlled vehicle 

(called AGV-1) that is fitted with a micro-controller, GPS, compass and ultrasonic 

sensor. AGV-1 can be programmed via Mission Planner where in study, the 

Proportional, P value within Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller system 

shall be studied in depth. PID controller is the basis of AGV-1 control system where P 

values shall be manipulated while I and D values will remain constant. Quantitative 

data generated by AGV-1 shall be used to analyze the positioning accuracy in terms 

of its distance, latitude and longitude via statistical method. It envisaged that through 

this study, the P-value analysis may assist vehicle designers to create more stable 

autonomous vehicle with obstacle avoidance capability.

Flow Characteristic Study around Artificial Reef of Jacket Structure with 

Different Arrangement 

Khairul Anam Mohd Isa 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Asamudin A. Rahman 




Schools of fish are frequently attracted by reefs and it will gradually create artificial 

ecosystems. Previously, some artificial reefs had been set up for the fish aggregation 

but it is not fully functional since it got some decrements. There are some parameters 

that need to be considered in the flow field of the structure which is the structural 

arrangement. To have the benefit of the structure and enrich more marine resources, 

a study of flow characteristic around the structure has been done to investigate 

different arrangement of artificial reef. This should benefit the marine life in order to 

survive around the structure with minimum turbulent conditions. Computational Fluid 

Dynamics (CFD) simulation was used in the present study to simulate the artificial reef 

with different arrangement subjected to a constant current velocity. It was found that 

the result of the simulation will determine the minimum turbulent conditions around 

the structure when the constant current flows in different angles.

Strength of Composite Sandwich Plate toward Extreme Load 

Khairul Azwa Bin Adnan 





Composite sandwich plate is defined as a three-layer type of a material structure that 

consists of two thin face sheets of high strength composite materials and a middle 

layer composite material with low to average strength. The composite structure is 

widely used in the marine industry especially in military applications. The structure 

potentially exposed to impact or blast loading during the combat operations and may 

suffer significant damage. The damage will result in a reduction of strength and 

stiffness. In this paper, finite element analysis will be used to evaluate the dynamic 

performance of E-glass vinyl Ester composite which is well known for its ability to 

withstand water absorption and anti-corrosion. The simplified model will be subjected 

to blast and projectile impact loading for predicting the transient response and damage 

initiation of a honeycomb core composite sandwich plate. The finite element analysis 

(FEA) used to investigate the deformations of the core through the thickness wave 

propagation phase and global panel caused by transverse shear wave propagation. 

The results will be compared with available analytical predictions.

CFD Analysis on Highly Skewed Propeller 

Kong Wai Sheng 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Ahmad Fitriadhy 




Skewed propeller angle is one of the most effective design providing a significant 

advantage on increasing efficiency of the high-speed propeller. The project presents 

a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) approach to predict thrust, torque, and 

efficiency of the skewed propeller. Several parameters such as Revolution per Minutes 

(RPM), pitch ratio (P/D), blade number and skewed angle of the propeller have been 

taken into account in various advanced number. The CFD results showed that skewed 

propeller with 5-7 blades has the most ideal properties with increasing thrust and 

decreasing torque as RPM increases. The efficiency of propeller also increases to 

190RPM and drop drastically after then. Finally, the analysis suggests the most 

practical skewed propeller angle for maximum efficiency and minimum torque.

Prediction of an Optimum Resistance on a Rounded Hull Catamaran Using 

Design of Experiment (DOE) Approach 

Lim Su Yin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Eng. Ahmad Fitriadhy 




Nowadays, naval architects have been facing a great challenge to obtain an optimum 

resistance prediction related to inherent geometrical configuration of the catamaran. 

This project presents an optimization numerical analysis using Design of Experiment 

(DOE) approach incorporated with ANSYS Fluent to obtain optimum resistance 

prediction with respect to a several geometrical configuration of the rounded 

catamaran hull form. In this computational simulation, Froude number, various lateral 

separation ratios (S/L) and longitudinal stagger ratios (R/L) have been taken into 

account. The results revealed that the optimum resistance for various S/L ratios were 

in the range of Froude number from 0.47 to 0.66. In addition, the optimum resistance 

falls within the range of 0.47 < Fr ≤ 0.66 with various R/L ratios.

Development of Paint Area Estimation Software for Ship Compartments 

and Structures 

Md Roman Biswas 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalid Samo 

Co-supervisor: Capt. Dr. Mohammed Ismail Russtam Suhrab 




Painting technology nowadays of big ships is an intense manual operation. Which 

generally contains about 10%–15% of the entire construction price. Consequently, 

shipbuilders have to be compelled to estimate the specified quantity of anti-corrosive 

coatings and painting resources for inventory and price management throughout 

shipbuilding and dry docking. The aim of the study to develop a package that allows 

the shipbuilders to estimate painting space mistreatment ship space calculation which 

existing ship structural models. The ship's structure is extracted from the prevailing 

construction design system and used to produce painting areas by the geometric 

information. To specify the painting areas, the paint faces will generate by users 

clipping structural elements within every area. Finally, the painting resources are also 

obtained from the merchandise of the paint areas and needed paint thickness. Real 

shipbuilders' operations have contributed to improve productivity of the developed 

package implement, quicker resource estimation, higher accuracy, and fewer coating 

defects over their typical manual calculation ways for painting resource estimation.

The Effect of Current Velocity on the Scour of Jacket Structure 

Mohamad Danial bin Zukiludin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Hairil bin Mohd 




Seabed scour is a significant threat to the structural strength of jacket platform. 

Hence, it is critical to understand the scour around jacket structure. However, most of 

the existing papers mainly focus on the local scour around vertically piled monocylinder 

and partially submerged bridge pier. This paper will model 3D scour 

development and flow field around jacket structure through numerical investigation 

with the aim to investigate the effects of different current velocity on the scour 

process. The development of scour will be predicted by the motion of the surrounding 

sediment particles using Flow3D’s sediment scour model while the flow field of the 

incompressible fluid around the jacket structure will be based on RANS with RNGK- Ɛ 

turbulence model closure. It is expected that current velocity will have significant 

effects on the scour bed elevation contour, global and local scour depth and the scour 

evolution in time.

Operation and Characteristic of Class C Fishing Vessel (Trawler) Based on 

Kuala Terengganu Port 

Mohamad Nazri Bin Mhd Nasier 





Fishing communities are considered as one of the most backward sections in 

Terengganu. Information on the operation of trawler fishing vessel forms an effective 

management to fishermen. This article makes an attempt to analyse the operation 

and characteristic of trawler fishing vessel. To identify the cost of operation and fuel 

consumption for the voyage. This study is based on a sample of trawler fishing vessel 

(Class C) in Kuala Terengganu port. Class C trawler fishing vessel with 40-

Potential Development of Offshore Wind Farm Using Wind Energy in Kuala 

Terengganu 

Mohamad Nizamuddin bin Mohd Rafi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalid bin Samo 




The research site is located at 5.3296°N and 103.1370°E in east coast of Peninsular 

Malaysia. Other European countries are already well known for its high development 

of offshore wind farm using wind energy in producing sustainable energy. However, 

in Kuala Terengganu, there is no development of offshore wind farm for optimizing 

wind energy. This paper is mainly focused on optimizing wind energy in Kuala 

Terengganu for potential development of offshore wind farm. The data for this paper 

was obtained from Malaysia Meteorological Department which involving the speed of 

wind and the direction of wind from year 2004 to 2007 and will be analyzed to 

determine the monthly mean wind speed and wind energy potential. In conclusion, 

the expected result from this research is able to obtain the graph of mean wind speed 

and this is the first step towards the potential development of offshore wind farm.

Effects of Corrosion on the Structural Behavior of Submerged Jacket 

Structure 

Mohamad Rafie Bin Abdul Wahab 





Offshore jacket platforms have been extensively employed in the offshore oil and gas 

exploitation in complicated ocean environments. In addition to the traffic loads and 

environmental loads such as the wind, wave currents, and ice, offshore structures are 

subjected to other types of loads, including severe storms, corrosion, fire, explosions, 

etc., during their service life. Corrosion can reduce the thickness of structural 

components which may lead towards fatigue crack initiation and buckling. These 

failure mechanisms affect tower service life and may result in catastrophic structural 

failure. In this study the structural behavior of the submerged structure with different 

thickness of steel due to the corrosion effect was investigated. The specific model of 

jacket structure is studied by using finite element software SACS. It was found that 

the vibration of the structure is significantly affected by the reduced thickness of the 

jacket member. This also would lead to a failure condition of the submerged jacket 

structure which decreased the life span of the structure.

Flow Analysis of Different Current Velocity on Offshore Jacket Platform 

Mohamad Syihabuddin Putra Bin Baharudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Asamudin Bin A. Rahman 




Recent years, approximately 300 oil platforms in Malaysia which their service life is 

approaching the end and need to be decommissioned. Insufficient knowledge about 

the sustainable decommissioning methods can lead to the environmental impact of 

rigs-to-reef (RTR) program. The principal aim of this paper is to study the flow analysis 

of offshore structure, a 4-leg offshore jacket platform is modelled as a rigid body and 

the dynamic response analysis. This research considers the interaction and the effect 

of jacket platform subjected to the different current velocity. Most important 

parameter being measured in order to determine whether the deployment of different 

current velocity in each case could affect the flow analysis of the jacket platform. 

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is used to simulate the real scenario to 

enable the study to be carried on. The results of this research study can be used for 

the design of offshore structure based on the dynamic behavior of the jacket platform.

Sun Tracker Solar Panel Using By Dual Axis Motor Control by Arduino 

Programme 

Mohammad Haziq Bin Khairul Albar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalid Bin Samo 




Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface, making them the world's largest solar 

collectors. The limitless energy of the sun can be used on vessel in order to help power 

ships with reducing fuel consumption and increasing efficiency of solar panel. This 

paper study the potential of simple tracking solar system with effective Sun tracking 

design on vessel (Class C) which using by dual axis motor control by Arduino 

programme. The method focused on data that have been obtained from Department 

of Weather Forecast and collected by interviewing the owner and crews. The result 

indicated that the measured collected solar energy on the moving surface was great 

significantly.

Analysis of Decommissioning Jacket Platform: Effects of Ocean Current 

under Different Angle Of Incidence 

Mohd Adib Bin Mokhtar 





Approximately 300 oil platforms in Malaysia, especially fixed offshore platform are 

approaching their service life span. Even though Malaysian waters are calm compared 

to another region, an investigation needs to be done in order to avoid weak 

decommissioning plans that can lead to failure of the program. In Malaysia it’s a new 

field as not many projects related to decommissioning has been executed. Effect of 

current under different angles on the structural member of the partial removal jacket 

platform was studied. The particular interest is to investigate the structural 

performance and vibration due to horizontal current forces. Offshore Structural 

Analysis and Design Software (SACS) is being used as medium to simulate the 

interaction between ocean current with the structural member of the jacket platform. 

It is expected that the result of the hydrodynamic forces acted on the jacket platform 

will determine the stress and dynamic response of the fixed platform with the 

consideration of the current forces under different angles.

Numerical Wave Interaction with Tetrapods Breakwater 

Mohd Imran bin Ramli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohammad Fadhli bin Ahmad 




This study provides a result of a new procedure to analyze the hydrodynamic aspects 

of the interactions between maritime emerged breakwaters and waves by integrating 

CAD and CFD. The structure is modeled in the numerical domain by overlapping 

individual three-dimensional elements (Tetrapods) which very much like the real world 

or laboratory testing. Flow of the fluid within the interstices among concrete blocks is 

evaluated by integrating the RANS equations. The aim is to investigate the reliability 

of this approach as a design tool. Therefore, for the result validation, the numerical 

run-up and reflection effects on virtual breakwater were compared with some 

empirical formulae and some similar laboratory tests. The expected result can be used 

in the breakwater design phase for comparison between several design solutions with 

a significant minor cost.

Analysis of Double-Hull Structures Concerning on High Energy Impact 

Muhamad Akif Iffat Bin Muhamad Zu 





Ship collision is a phenomenon when a physical impact that occurs between two ships 

resulting in a damaging accident. This particular collision can also occur between a 

ship and a stable or a floating structure like an offshore drilling platform or an iceberg 

or even a port. This study aimed to analyze of double-hull structures concerning on 

high energy impact by using a ship that striking the double hull tanker side. The study 

investigates previously available methods of the internal mechanism of ship structure 

during the accidents, such as empirical formula, simplified analytical method, finite 

element simulations and experimental approach and etc. Abaqus software will be used 

as a medium for the numerical analysis design to process to do a simulation for double 

hull tanker and striking ship. The simplified analytical method estimates the 

relationship between the plastic deformation and the crushing force of the double hull 

structure. Moreover, the analytical method of internal is combined with a theoretical 

analysis of external dynamic to evaluate the energy absorption in a ship to ship 

collision.

Study of Scouring Effect from Different Angle on Complete Removal of 

Offshore Platform 

Muhamad Asraf Bin Yenniwal 





Offshore platform in Malaysia will undergo decommissioning process and Rig to Reef 

program has been introduced as one of method to reduce transportation cost. A 

number of platform will be remove completely before being placed to suitable spots 

for artificial reef. After the platform reach the seabed, we have to study the scouring 

effect of the structures. Scour is actually removal of particles or material from sea bed 

due to turbulence, flow acceleration and erosive action of moving water. Using 

Computational Fluid Dynamics in Flow 3D software, the simulation is been done to 

understand the data for scour depth, flow velocity, fluid depth and packed sediment 

height changes in net sediment motion when different heading angle of flow of sea 

water to the jacket structure is been implemented. The heading angle that will be 

used are 15º, 30º, 45º and 90º in constant flow rates for a specific time.

Prediction Resistance of Hydrofoil using Computational Fluid Dynamic 

(CFD) Approach 

Muhammad Aidinur Arif Bin Mohd Jalaluddin 





In presence of a complex hydrodynamic phenomenon, a reliable investigation on 

predicting the total resistance of the hydrofoil ship is obviously required. This project 

present a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) to predict the total resistance of the 

hydrofoil in calm water. Several parameter such Froude number, angle of foil and the 

location of foil with respect to her centre of gravity have been taken into account 

accordingly. The result revealed that the subsequent increase of Froude number and 

angle of the foil have led to gradually increase in her lift force. As a consequent, this 

resulted in the significant reduction of the total resistance. In addition, the total 

resistance has gradually reduced when the placement of the foil (moving forward) was 

away from her centre of gravity.

Analysis of Ship Damage Subjected to Underwater Explosion 

Muhammad Ashraf Bin Kahar 





An underwater explosion near the ships can happen in many situations. It can 

devastate the ship’s readiness and can lead to the damage of ship structure shape. 

This study is focused on the dynamic response of a model of ship structure that are 

used as targets to investigate the damage of the ship model structures subjected to 

near-field underwater explosion (UNDEX). The effects of both shockwave and bubble 

oscillation are considered. Numerical modelling, using finite element method (FEM), 

may provide information that looks into the details of the fluid model, dynamic 

characteristics of the ship hull. The ship shocks modelling and simulation has been 

performed by using an ABAQUS Explicit software. The displacements, velocities, and 

accelerations of some testing point are investigated. Furthermore, the effects of the 

mass proportional damping factor to the velocity response have been investigated 

numerically. Finally, the analysis of ship damage subjected to an underwater explosion 

is discussed.

Parametric Study on Hydrodynamic Circulation for Idealize Situation of 

Coastal Structure Implementation 

Muhammad Fahim b Shamsuddin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohammad Fadhli Bin Ahmad 

Bachelor of Technology (Maritime Technology) 



The coastal erosion has become a critical problem for states which are facing acute 

shortage of land due to high density of population. With this in mind, building coastal 

structures such as groins and detached breakwaters is the best way to avoid the shore 

to erode continuously. This research is to study the pattern of wave transformation 

and wave energy on the breakwater area segment. This research is using software 

called FLOW-3D, a computational fluid dynamics software analyzing various physical 

flow processes. Several parametric of wave will be tested. This is because to show 

that the wave able to change the shoreline on the area. By doing this research, we 

can identify the pattern and the wave parameters which is affect by eroding the coast. 

With detached of breakwaters, the shoreline will be change and erosion can be 

avoided. Therefore, breakwaters are environmentally suitable to combat coastal 

erosion.

Development of Wave Production System and Investigation of Several 

Types of Point Absorber of Power Take Off (PTO) 

Muhammad Fauzan Bin Sharif 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Wan Mohd Norsani Bin Wan Nik 




Wave energy, one of the renewable energy resources, is one of the highest priorities 

in many parts of the world. The energy from waves can be converted to the electricity 

with the aid Wave Energy Converter (WEC). WEC is a device which captures the 

energy from waves and converts it to electricity. Point Absorber was intended to be 

less cost, low maintenance and high survivability in ocean waves. With the lower 

height of ocean waves, Malaysia fascinates some problem in developing wave energy 

device. This research is about to design and built wave production system and to study 

the Power Take Off (PTO) of several types of Point Absorber. Other than that, it is to 

measure the power captured by different devices. Before the experiment can be 

carried out, the wave production system must be built. By using different devices, the 

power of the waves be captured and measured. Then, several types of Point Absorber 

with different buoyant will be built and test the PTO at the wave production system. 

The result from PTO of Point Absorber will be compared with the simulation by ANSYS- 

AQWA. It is suggested that the design of Point Absorber can be upgraded in near 

future as it has a very high potential to be developed in Malaysia.

The Study of Lemon Grass as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 

Seawater 

Muhammad Hafizzurdin bin Mohd Razali 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Wan Mohd Norsani bin Wan Nik 




Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) is a common plant in South East Asia that rich in 

phytochemical compounds such as flavonoid, phenolic and tannin. These compounds 

play an important role for corrosion inhibition processes. The anticorrosion action of 

lemon grass extract was evaluated for mild steel through immersion in seawater 

medium. The mild steel was prepared in size of 25mm × 25mm × 3mm. The 

immersion test will be conducted in seawater with different concentration of 

lemongrass extract for duration of 60 days. Six characterizations will be conducted in 

this study which is weight loss study, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis 

spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), adsorption isotherm 

and SEM. The expected results from the test will be analysed to study the rate of 

corrosion. The inhibitive action of lemongrass will be discussed on the basis of 

adsorption of stable complex at the mild steel surface. The theoretical study involves 

quantum chemical calculations is perform in lemongrass extract.

Rig To Reef: Flow Field Around Submerge Jacket Platform Under Different 

Current Speed 

Muhammad Hazim Nazmi Bin Mohamad Radzi 





The removal of offshore oil and gas platforms from the seafloor at the end of 

production is required by the law. One of the ways is to turn the platform into an 

artificial reef through rig-to-reef (RTR) program. The artificial reef provides favorable 

habitat conditions for fish or coral by altering the flow field. Since the current speed 

may vary from one location to the other, the flow field created by the submerged 

jacket platform may not be a favorable condition for the fish habitat. Therefore, we 

adopted CFD method to analyze the flow profile produce by the artificial reef in several 

current speeds and determine the stress on the structure and flow characteristics that 

influenced by the flow field. To conclude, the simulation results should benefit ocean 

engineers and marine biologists by unveiling various flow patterns and stress in 

different part of the structure due to difference in current speed.

Autonomous Foreign Object Detection System Using Image Processing 

Method for Ship Security 

Muhammad Irfan Bin Ishak 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Faisal Bin Mohamad Ayob 




In this study, an autonomous foreign object detection system using Convolutional 

Neural Networks (CNN) is presented to classify the threat level of foreign object at sea 

with high accuracy rates. Currently, the visual assistance on board is only relies on the 

capability of video recording, however lacking in real-time threat identification. 

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is a proven tool in Machine Learning (ML) for data 

classification. Recently, the works in ANN has been extended to better classify images 

via training dataset. In this work, we propose a function to identify foreign object and 

classify its corresponding threat level. Therefore, the system need to be trained 

periodically using new data to improve its accuracy. It is envisaged that through the 

use of CNN, accurate threat level of foreign object can be obtained efficiently. Finally 

the result which will confirm that this model has the potential for successful function 

to classify the foreign object threat with high accuracy rates shall be presented.

Study of Maintenance Optimization on Marine Diesel Engine of RV 

Discovery 

Muhammad Nur Iqbal Bin Maniyamin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engr. Oladokun Sulaiman Olanrewaju 




In today’s environment, generating revenues for any industry is important. Profit 

margins are shrinking and often the difference between a profit and a loss can be as 

simple as preventing loss and improving efficiencies. Therefore this study intend to 

aid in maintenance cost of RV Discovery by bringing an optimize way to do 

maintenance involves the short-term and long-term maintenance. The ability of a 

vessel to operate depends on the ability of the ship main propulsion produces optimum 

power and translated through the transmission system to the propeller shaft. Marine 

diesel engine is the prime mover, which is synonymous in the shipping industry. Most 

important of criterion for boost the profit margin are the reliability, availability, repair, 

installation costs, operating costs, flexible and engine size. Failure to optimize the 

performance of the engine will tremendously reduce the profit margin.

Effect of corrosion depth on upheaval buckling corroded pipelines 

Muhammad Saifuddin Bin Yusri 

Dr. Hairil Bin Mohd 

Bachelor of Technology (Maritime) 



Oil and gas industry plays important roles in our life. In order to transport the oil, 

subsea pipelines were invented and engineer had designed a variety of designs for 

the pipelines which contribute to some potential risk and engineering problems. 

Upheaval buckling is one of the most common problems threatening the safe operation 

of subsea pipelines, which is caused by the increasing of pressure and inner 

temperature in the pipeline. Due to the curvature and high strain buckled pipelines, 

fracture and wrinkling can occur. Additionally, local corrosion is vital in damaging the 

pipelines itself. This paper presents a non-linear Finite Element study to investigate 

the effect of corrosion depth on upheaval buckling corroded pipelines. The research 

considered a buried thick wall 19mm pipeline. ABAQUS Finite Element package is used 

for this research which a number of parameters would be investigated. Using this 

analysis, behaviour or process can be modelled efficiently by using finite element 

methods.

Mechanical properties of Arenga Pinnata Powder Reinforced Recycled 

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) for Fire Retardant Composites 

Nabila Alia Natasha Binti Abdul Wahab 





Arenga Pinnata powder (APP) reinforced composite is prepare by blending unsaturated 

polyester resin (UPR) from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with Arenga 

Pinnata powder. The APP will be treated with sodium hydroxide follow by silane prior 

to inclusion into the UPR. The untreated APP reinforced composite is use as a control. 

Dricon as a phosphate type of flame retardant with different amount will be added to 

reduce the flammability of the composite. The burning properties, limiting oxygen 

index (LOI), tensile strength and modulus of both composites will increase with the 

addition of Dricon. In addition, thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis indicates the 

degradation temperature will increase with the addition of Dricon into UPR. 

Morphological observations also indicate better distribution of Dricon for treated fibre 

composite result in enhancement of the tensile properties of the treated fibre 

composite. Therefore, the APP composites with addition of Dricon are significant as 

fire retardant composites.

Redesign of Buoy Mechanisms of Point Absorber for Low Wave Height 

Nooramira Binti Omar 





Wave energy is one of renewable energy and it have potential to be sustainable source 

of energy which can capture and converted into electricity by wave energy converter 

(WEC) devices. Thus, Point Absorber is one of the WEC devices which can potentially 

provide the large amount of output power than other devices. This research paper is 

about redesign and analyze the buoy mechanism of point absorber for low wave 

height. The differences of diameter of buoy are determine and designing by using 

Rhinoceros software. Besides, the behavior of the buoy in low wave height are 

analyzed through ANSYS-AQWA Software which is one of the CFD tools. As conclusion, 

by changing the diameter of the buoy will be proposed to be more efficiency and 

optimize the performance the Point Absorber.

Corrosion Behavior of Different Steel Under Two Soil Condition 

Nor Azila binti Azman 

Supervisor: Dr. Suriani binti Mat Jusoh 




Corrosion damage greatly affects the performance of steel structures, whose control 

is a key aspect of design and maintenance. Hence, this paper investigates the 

corrosion behavior of three different steels which are mild steel (MS), carbon steel 

(CS), and stainless steel (SS) strip coupons bury in two different soil for a maximum 

period of 60 days. In this study, different techniques are uses to characterize the 

corrosion behavior by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and weight loss 

(WL) measurement. The expected result is weight loss increases over time while 

corrosion rates decreases. Generally, there as inverse trend between weight loss and 

corrosion rates (CRS) in the coupons as the exposure period increases. It can be 

concluded that weight loss tends to increase over times, corrosion rates tend to decline 

simultaneously during the corrosion process.

Assessment of Noise Level of RV Discovery and Impact on Crew 

Nor Laila Hidayah Binti Imam Turmudi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engr. Oladokun Sulaiman Olanrewaju 




This high exposure to the noise level to the crews also gives a noise induced hearing 

loss. Accidents ship is predominantly caused by human error, and this result to the 

noise that are influence crew’s performance. The main engine and machinery has also 

been the main noise source that influences the indoor environment that contributes 

to reducing quality of life on board. It lowers the degree of comfort in rest to the crew. 

Due to that, International Maritime Organization (IMO) has compulsory the code of 

noise level on board to increase the quality of life and safety work. Due to the 

increasing of shipping health issue, related to noise the minimum noise level on board 

RV to determine. In this study the case specific noise of RV based on real sampled of 

data is investigated. The research consider noise levels on board ship under working 

conditions were sampled are compared with the other industries and standard noise 

acceptability level.

Utilization of Dendrobium Crumenatum (Pigeon Orchid) As Green 

Anticorrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Seawater Solution 

Nor Nazatul Najiha binti Md Tarmidi 





This research paper is about Dendrobium Crumenatum (pigeon orchid) as green 

inhibitor to protect the mild steel coupon from the corrosive effect since it’s abundantly 

available in Malaysia and reasonably low-cost. The elements contain in the stem of 

the Dendrobium Crumenatum which are saponin, phenolic, alkaloid, tannin and 

flavonoid being the main properties for Dendrobium Crumenatum to act as green 

corrosion inhibitor. The extract of the Dendrobium Crumenatum blend with the Bluel, 

high quality fast drying alkyd paint will be coated to the mild steel by using dip 

coating method. The properties of the Dendrobium Crumenatum will be investigated 

through EIS, FTIR and SEM. The coated mild steel being studied in different seawater 

velocity as to investigate the fluid velocity as disturbance factor to the corrosion 

inhibition process. This experiment will be investigated through weight loss method.

The Investigation of Scouring Around Jacket Platform on Seabed 

Norazwa Binti Zainuddin 





Decommissioning of platform activities getting increase due to unproductive fields and 

unstable oil prices. One of the decommissioning methods used by Oil and Gas 

Company is by converting the platform into artificial reef through Rigs-to-Reef (RTR) 

program. However, the sediment scour around jacket platform is one of the problem 

to be concerned because it will result in RTR program failure. This program creates 

shelter and increased the fish production and also to understand the functioning of 

current RTR program on analyzing the successes and failures. In this study, the seabed 

profile around the jacket platform was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamic 

(CFD). The simulation of the seabed scour depth around jacket platform is compared 

with previous experimental results for validation purposes. The result showed the flow 

velocity become decrease when the flow was obstructed in front of the jacket platform. 

The flow on the other sides of jacket structure accelerate lead to high bed shear stress 

that induces scour around the structure.

The Study of Desalination of Seawater Using Solar Energy 

Nur Aisyah Hanis Binti Ahmad Tarmizi 





This paper presents a study of desalination of seawater using solar energy as energy 

source. The project that will be attempted is to filter salt water into freshwater for 

drinking quality. An old and simple system have been used to conduct this experiment 

and to calculate the amount of saline water that we could get from the seawater. A 

mechanism for collecting the evaporated water will be designed. To conduct this 

experiment, we will set a container under the sun for several hours. For every hour, 

the evaporation rate and the water collected will be plotted against ambient 

temperature and relative humidity. Experiment data of weather are to be collected for 

measurement by thermometer. The salinity of evaporated water will be determined 

using salinometer. Several limitations have been compiled and methods of the 

researches have been viewed. This system is more effective when the surface area of 

container is large and on hot and sunny day. Moreover, ambient temperature and 

relative humidity also are the circumstances that should be taken into account to 

conduct this experiment.

Corse Stability Analysis On Ship Towing System Using Computation Fluid 

Dynamics 

Nur Aqilah Hanis Binti Zalizan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Ahmad Fitriadhy 




Ship towing system are commonly used in emergency for towing immobilize ship and 

also transportation of unpropelled barge. Considering instability during operation may 

effect the towing performance, this paper proposes an analysis for course stability of 

ship towing system by using Computation Flow Dynamic (CFD). Effects of unstable 

(2B) and stable towed ship (2Bs), towline, tow points and tug’s dimension have been 

taken to account. The results demonstrated better course stability of 2Bs compared 

to 2B. Indicated through attenuation in slewing motion, the towing system is more 

stable as the towline become longer and shifting toward bow. Lateral motion of the 

tow ship increased gradually with shifting the tow point forward of the ship’s centre 

of gravity. This degrades the course stability of the towing system. In general, the 

increase of the tow ship’s dimension was still insufficient to improve the course stability 

of the ship towing system.

The Research on Underwater Radiated Noise for Fishing Vessel Type B 

Propeller in Different Flow Condition 

Nur Armin Afiqah Binti Muhamad Kamalul Hafiz 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Khalid Bin Samo 




This project gather underwater noise generated by fishing vessel type B inboard 

engine with different horse power and outboard engine used by coastal fisher. Artificial 

sound produce by the shipping and industrial activities are affecting the behaviour of 

marine life. The objectives include investigating underwater noise characteristics of 

propeller (level, frequency and noise spectrum intensity) and study the impact of 

underwater noise towards environment. The generated noise will be collected at 

Seberang Takir, Kuala Terengganu (fish landing place), jetties using underwater 

recording system (C55 hydrophone, PA amplifier, Foster FR digital recorder). The noise 

generated will be analyzed by Raven Pro software. High level underwater noise affect 

the marine life in particular marine mammals and certain fish types.

Fatigue Crack Propagation Prediction for Spar Platform 

Nur Eliza Marlina Binti Mohd Hanapi 





SPAR platform is a type of offshore oil platform used to extract and process oil from 

the deep sea which is cylindrically constructed. The large cylinder structure is used to 

stabilize the platform and helped to maintain its position in the water. However, the 

platform is exposed to drastic changes in seas and long-term wave loads. The main 

source of fatigue damage is wave induced stresses. Thus, this paper analyses crack 

propagation using a spectral-based fracture mechanics approach that combines 

hydrodynamic response analysis, spectral stress intensity factor calculation, load 

spectrum and fatigue-crack propagation model. Besides, AQWA is used to obtain the 

response amplitude operators (RAOs) and wave loads for the platform. Quasi-static 

method has been adopted in this paper for analyses response of the SPAR platform in 

waves. Hence, the unique curve model is introduced and the crack growth for the 

platform can be predict.

The Effect of Different Configuration of Submerged Platform on Structural 

and Seabed Behavior 

Nur Fatin Zulaikha Binti Mat Husin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Hairil Mohd 




This paper studies the effects of different structural configurations of submerged 

structure on seabed scouring behavior. Simulations were carried out by using 

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, Flow 3D. The simulations considered 

the scouring rate of the seabed around the submerged structure. Of particular interest 

is to study the effects of different positions and arrangements of the submerged 

structure on the scouring, subjected to environmental conditions. In this simulation, 

the current velocity, seawater density and pressure were considered as constant 

parameter. Therefore, it was expected that the integrity of the artificial reef depends 

on the suitable arrangement of the reefs. This is possibly due to different flow 

characteristics around the reefs which subsequently affects the scouring phenomenon. 

Comparison between the simulation and experimental result obtain from the literature 

are presented in this paper. Case study demonstrated the seabed behavior based on 

different structural configuration of submerged structure.

Development of Environmental Friendly Anti Corrosion Modified Alkyd 

Incorporated with Activated Carbon for Marine Structure Application 

Nur Najiihah Binti Zawawi 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr Wan Mohd Norsani Bin Wan Nik 




Aluminium alloy is widely used in the fabrication of the marine structures due to some 

unique features of it. The application of the anti-corrosion materials is really important 

to protect the marine structures from being corroded which eventually will cause 

failures. This study will focus on the development of environmental friendly anticorrosion 

modified alkyd and activated carbon for marine structures application. For 

this study, alkyd coating with five different concentrations were prepared to compare 

the corrosion performances between the coupons. The new formulated coating will be 

characterized through optical analysis via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier 

Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The anti-corrosion performance of the new 

formulated coating on the aluminum coupons will be observed by weight loss, 

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Electron Microscope 

(SEM). It is inferred that aluminum coupons that have been coated with the new 

formulated coating should have more resistance towards corrosion.

Leaching Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Pumpkin Peel Reinforced 

Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Artificial Coral Reef 

Nur Zulaikha Binti Nik Omar 

Supervisor: Dr. Suriani Mat Jusoh 




The uses of recycled waste will not only reduce the environmental problem, but it will 

also contribute to new innovations and technology. In this study, the leaching 

behaviour of pumpkin peels incorporate in the artificial reef fabricate from recycle 

aggregate concrete. Pumpkin peels are determine with the concrete as reinforcement 

which enhance the mechanical properties and produce nutrients to attract fish habitat. 

Material test is conduct on the concrete reef specimens to determine its compressive 

strength. The dispersion of the nutrients are measure by using total phosphorus and 

nitrate test of the water sample collect from each of the artificial reef. As conclusion, 

pumpkin peel reinforce recycle aggregate concrete is significant to be used as artificial 

reef for estuarine ecosystem with some modifications on mechanical properties.

An Expert System for Corrosion Characterization using Artificial Neural 

Network (ANN) 

Nurarjuna Athirah binti Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Faisal bin Mohamad Ayob 




Corrosion is one of the main problems that happen in the industries related to marine 

(vessels and oil & gas). Corrosion is difficult to measure and predict, which usually 

require a trained-eye specialist to classify traditionally. Therefore, classification activity 

tends to be expensive while a preliminary screening system can be hypothesized to 

works better to be operated by non-specialist. Hence to overcome this problem, an 

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) shall be trained to classify corrosion types. This 

networks are forms of artificial intelligence that learn correlative patterns between 

input and output information without a specific model. In this work, ANNs are 

incorporated to make predictions to identify corrosion. It is hypothesized that the 

resulting network shall act as an expert system which be able to provide an easy way 

to perform data input, followed by confidence level checks from the neural network 

as output. Ultimately, through the utilization of ANN, the characterization process for 

corrosion became faster and more efficient.

Development of Environmental Friendly Anti-Corrosion Acrylic 

Incorporated with Activated Carbon For Marine Structure Application 

Nurul Aiman Athirah Binti Azmi 





Many methods have been established to prevent corrosion but coatings are the most 

widely applied method for corrosion protection of mild steel and aluminium. This study 

investigated the potential of acrylic incorporated with different concentration (0.02g, 

0.04g, 0.06g and 0.08g) of activated carbon as environmental friendly anti-corrosion 

on mild steel surface. The samples will be prepared with the size of 25 mm x 25 mm 

x 3 mm and polish manually using 600, 800 and 1200 grits using sand paper. All the 

coated samples will be characterised using weight loss analysis according to ASTM 

G31 standard, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared 

Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electrochemical Impedance 

Spectroscopy (EIS). The sample will be immersed in sea water for 60 days. It is 

expected that the corrosion rate is influence by the concentration of activated carbon 

against mild steel surface.

Leaching Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Peel in 

Reinforced Concrete Artificial Reef with RAC 

Nurul Akma Binti Che Kefle 





This study enveloped an innovative uses of pineapple peel (PP) incorporated with 

recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) from construction waste as an artificial concrete 

reef for estuarine ecosystem. An artificial reef concrete composite will be made of 

using PP reinforced RAC as a matrix. To determine the compressive strength of the 

concrete composite, the PP is mix with RAC in 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. The 

concrete cubes without PP use as control sample and test carried out for 28 days. The 

total nutrient disperse determine using total nitrogen and phosphorus test of the water 

samples in 6 days. The expected outcome show the total phosphorus and nitrate 

increase as the percentage of PP use is increase. On the contrary, the compressive 

strength indicated decreases with the increased of PP. As conclusion, pineapple peel 

reinforced RAC is significant to be used as an artificial reef with some modifications 

on mechanical properties.

A Study of Weather Prediction in South China Sea Using Artificial Neural 

Network 

Nurul Najihah binti Tajudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Faisal bin Mohamad Ayob 




Weather forecasting is a complex and often challenging skill that involves observing 

and processing vast amounts of data. Weather forecasting has traditionally been done 

by physical models of the atmosphere, which are unstable to perturbations, and thus 

are inaccurate for large periods of time. It is the most important types of forecasting 

because many industries are largely dependent on the weather condition. Hence, this 

research used Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict weather condition in South 

China Sea. Neural networks seem to be the most popular machine learning model 

choice for weather forecasting because of its ability to capture the non-linear 

dependencies of past weather trends and future weather conditions. Since machine 

learning techniques are more robust to perturbations, in this research we explore their 

application to weather forecasting to potentially generate more accurate weather 

forecasts for large periods of time. The result which will confirm that this model has 

the potential for successful application to forecasting weather in near future.

Conceptual and Feasibility Study of UMT Breakwaters for Fishery Harbour 

Nurul Shuhada Binti Mohd Bazlan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khalid Samo 




Fishery sector has been playing a very important role in improving the socio-economic 

status of a fishermen. The expansion of the marine fishing fleet and the development 

of appropriate fisheries infrastructure for the operation of such craft would play a vital 

role in achieving the future targets for fish production. The attention in these study is 

mainly focused on related coastal engineering aspects in order to minimize the adverse 

impacts on the harbor as well as the neighboring coastline to ensure the sustainability 

and effectiveness of any proposed development. In order to do this, a description of 

physical environment data as well as boundary conditions regarding waves, tides, 

currents and water depth is analyses. Attempts will made to assess, qualitatively, the 

exposure of the sites to the nearshore wave climate and the resulting coastal 

processes related to sediment transport in the vicinity. The forms of coastal 

constructions required is identify and the severity of potential effects due to such 

developments is consider to assess the suitability of UMT breakwater for potential 

fishery harbor development.

Vibration and Flow Analysis of Steel Jacket Structure Due To Corrosion 

Effects 

Nurul Syafiqah binti Abu Sapian 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Hairil bin Mohd 

Co-Supervisor: Dr Mohd Asamudin A Rahman 




Rig-to-Reef (RTR) program is one of the platform decommissioning methods which 

required a thorough analysis of the corrosion effects in marine environment. 

Therefore, in this paper the effects of different thickness of the steel jacket structure 

on the structural response and flow around the structure will be studied. The steel 

jacket structure will be modeled and analyzed using finite element software, ABAQUS. 

Current, pressure and seawater density is considered as constant parameters. 

Vibration characteristics of different diameters of steel structure, ranging between 

5mm-10mm will be thoroughly studied. It was expected that, the corrosion rate 

significantly affects the vibration frequency of the structure. Hence, increasing the 

corrosion rate on a plate or a cylinder will decrease the frequency of vibration. 

However, the reduction of the steel thickness due to corrosion will eventually decrease 

the structural integrity. The result of the vibration analysis will be compared with those 

available in the literature.

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis on Seakeeping Performances 

of a Tanker Ship 

Rosdiana binti Rashid 





Seakeeping may contribute to unsafe navigation due to excessive dynamic responses 

of ship’s motion. An investigation to predict accurate seakeeping performance of a 

tanker ship in real sea is apparently required. Therefore, a Computational Fluid 

Dynamic (CFD) was used to develop several parameters such as various Froude 

numbers with wavelength, wave height, and wave directions on heaving and pitching 

motions were taken into account. The results revealed that the higher Froude number 

was proportional to the increase of her heave and pitch motions. These led to the 

demote seakeeping performances specified in the form of high Response Amplitude 

Operators (RAO). In the short wavelength, the subsequent increase of wavelength 

was proportional with the increased RAO of the vertical motions. The increase in wave 

height had affected a proportionate increase in the heave and pitch motions that may 

lead to degrade her seakeeping quality. It is shown that the estimated seakeeping 

performance of the tanker greatly depends on the Froude number and magnitude of 

wavelength.

Investigation of Soft Bow Collision Performances 

Shaiful Shafri Bin Zurman 





Soft bow collision is one of the collisions that continues to occur even there are many 

efforts to prevent the accident. It is to investigate by introducing soft bow rigidity ratio 

which mainly focuses on the forward part of potential damage bow. The damaged of 

the soft bow can be reduced by designing the part with proper structure and observe 

the structure behavior. The study aimed to simulate the collision of soft bow with rigid 

wall using different thickness. ABAQUS software is used for the modelling and 

simulation process. A series of crash tests using scale models of the soft bow has been 

carried out. The performance of the soft bow is discussed focusing on the capacity of 

soft bow to absorb the energy during collision. Finally, the analysis of the soft bow 

damage is discussed.

Leaching Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Banana Peel Reinforced 

Recycled Aggregate Concrete as Artificial Coral Reef 

Siti Nazirah binti Mohd Zaini 





In this study, the banana peel (BP) is reinforced in the recycled aggregate concrete 

(RAC) from waste construction as artificial coral reef for estuarine ecosystem to 

determine the leaching behavior and mechanical properties. To determine the 

compressive strength, the BP is mix with RAC in 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. 

The concrete composite without BP is use as control sample and test carried out for 

28 days. Total of phosphorus and nitrate test is use to determine the total of nutrient 

leached in the estuaries water for 7 days. The expected outcome show the total of 

phosphorus and nitrate increase as the percentage of BP use is increase. However, 

the compressive strength of the concrete composite decrease as the percentage of BP 

use is increase. As conclusion, BP reinforces RAC is significant to be used as an artificial 

coral reef for estuarine ecosystem with some modifications on mechanical properties.

Leaching Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Mango Peel in Reinforced 

Concrete Artificial Reef with Reef 

Siti Nur Ilyanie Bt Salleh 


Bachelor of Applied Science (Maritime Techonology) 



This study enveloped an innovative uses of mango peel particles (MPP) will be blended 

with recycle aggregate concrete (RAC) from construction waste as an artificial concrete 

reef for estuaries ecosystem. An artificial reef concrete composite will be made by 

using MPP reinforced RAC as a matrix. The composite cube will be prepared in different 

percentage of MPP by 10%, 20% and 30% to RAC respectively. The compressive 

strength of an artificial reef will be carried out within 28 days. The nutrients dispersed 

will be determined by using total phosphorus and nitrate test of the water sample 

within 6 days duration. The expected results shows the total of phosphorus and nitrate 

increase as percentage of MPP used increase and the contrary, the compressive 

strength indicated decreases with the increased of MPP. As conclusion, MPP reinforce 

RAC is significant to be used as an artificial reef with some modification on mechanical 

properties.

CFD Analysis on Seakeeping Performance of a High-Speed Craft 

Siti Nurhayati Binti Zamri 





A reliable investigation which allows an accurate prediction on seakeeping 

performance of a high-speed craft is required. To achieve this objective, a 

Computational Fluid Dynamic approach is proposed to obtain precise outcomes, whilst 

a rationale hydrodynamic description results is explained. Several effects of Froude 

number, wavelength, wave height and wave directions on vertical motion (heave and 

pitch motion) were examined. The results proved that the increase of Froude number 

was proportional with the increase of vertical motions presented in the Response 

Amplitude Operators (RAO). In shorter wavelengths, RAO of the vertical motions were 

trifling but the increased of wavelength was proportional with the increased RAO of 

the vertical motions. The increase in wave height is equivalent increase in the vertical 

motions that may lead to worsen her seakeeping quality. It is concluded that the 

effects of Fr, wavelength and waveheight on the vertical motions of the high-speed 

craft had varies occurrence. These results are useful as preliminary prediction for 

navigation safety during sailing.

The Effects of Current Velocity on the Structural Response of Fully 

Submerged Artificial Reef of Jacket Structure 

Siti Nurul Shazwani Binti Shalihir 





When oil and gas platforms become obsolete, the platform will undergo a 

decommissioning process. One of the decommissioning methods is partial removal, 

where the half of the jacket leg structure is removed from the submerged platform 

and placed on the sea floor nearby or at another site to be served as an artificial reef. 

The lifespan of the fully submerged artificial reef depends on the environmental 

conditions such as wave and current. This paper study the effects of current velocity 

on a three-dimensional jacket offshore structure model to measure the dynamic 

response under different current velocity ranging from 0.2 m/s to 1.2m/s with constant 

direction. The jacket platform was modelled and analyzed using SACS Offshore 

Structure Design and Analysis Software. It was expected that the current velocity will 

influence the performance of the jacket structure. For larger mud line, the platform 

responses increase significantly due to the increased current velocity.

The Effect of Current Incidence Angle on Seabed Scour of Submerged 

Jacket Structure 

Suhaimi bin Suhaidi 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Hairil Bin Mohd 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Technology Maritime) 



Scour under the submarine structural component can lead to structural failure. 

Therefore, a good understanding of the scouring should be acquired in order to 

prevent such catastrophic event. The scouring depends on the shapes of the structure 

and the incidence angle of the water current flow direction. To the authors’ knowledge, 

there is limited research is being done on the effects of current direction on the seabed 

scour around underwater structures. This paper will investigate the scouring 

phenomenon for different current incidence angle on the structure with different shape 

of the component. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software will be used to model 

and simulate the scour that happens to the underwater structure. The numerical 

investigation is used to predict and find new information and understanding of the 

scouring process. The current direction and structures’ shape are expected to 

significantly influence the scouring on the structure with a different scour length and 

depth.

Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis on Manoeuvrability of a Ship 

Towing System 

Suhazriena Suhada binti Sukri Sani 





Concerning the safety of towing operations, a condition on tug-towed ship motions 

interaction during turning is necessary to be studied. This paper presents an analysis 

of the turning ability of a towing system consisting of a tug and a barge. The influence 

of several parameters is examined on the turning performance of the towing system. 

To obtain the objectives by looking into achivable precised outcomes, whilst a 

hydrodynamic description that is underlying the rationale behind the explained results, 

a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is proposed for a better prediction of their 

turning ability including capturing the increasing of tow point, where effects of towline 

length and turning diameter are discussed. This analysis revealed the longer towline, 

larger tug and tow point nearer to the bow of the barge increase the turning diameter. 

Tow point on the tug closer to its centre of gravity decreases the turning diameter 

significantly thus will shortened the towline length hence increase the stability of the 

ship towing operations.

Hydrodynamic Analysis of Impact of Propeller on Sediment Transport 

Tan Sheng An 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Eng Ahmad Fitriadhy 




In shallow water, the rotation of marine propeller increases the hydrodynamic energy 

through generation of jet flow and cause sediment resuspension occurs. This will 

damage the maintenance of waterway’s seabed which risky to the navigation safety 

of ships. Hence, an appropriate propeller is used to minimize the impact to seabed 

sediment. To achieve this objective, a Computational Fluid Dynamic simulation using 

Design of Experiment (DOE) approach incorporated with Flow3D is proposed to 

investigate the effects of various number of blade, RPM of the propeller and Under 

keel clearance on sediment resuspension of the seabed. The results reveal that severe 

disturbance to seabed sediment when rpm increase from 900 to 1500. Meanwhile, the 

larger the UKC, the lesser the sediment resuspension. It is also discovered that 5- 

blades propeller causes higher sediment transport rate compared to 3-blades and 4- 

blades. It is concluded that 3-blades propeller with 1200rpm and large UKC is more 

recommended decision to reduce the sediment resuspension in waterway.

Effect of Corrosion Depth Lateral Buckling on Offshore Pipeline 

Tuan Nor Dalilah bt Tuan Ibrahim 





Lateral buckling occurs as the subsea pipelines operating at high temperature. The 

curvature and high strains in buckled pipelines can cause ovalisation, wrinkling and 

fracture. Additionally, low cycle fatigue and ratcheting may result from cyclic 

operation. Local corrosion is one of the factors affect the levels of strain generated by 

thermal buckling. To investigate the effect of local corrosion lateral buckle caused by 

thermal expansion on-linear, Finite Element study used. The study considered a thick 

wall 6” pipeline, trenched not buried. ABAQUS Finite Element package used in this 

analysis. The start-up and shutdown of a thermally buckled pipeline result in large 

variations in bending stress. Local corrosion can increase the bending strains in 

buckling. The large variations in bending stresses may result in low fatigue lives. This 

analysis has demonstrated these features and this type of behaviour can be effectively 

modelled using finite element methods be shown.

Stress Assesment of Jacket Steel Structure during Decommissioning Event 

Wan Amirul Hakim Bin Wan Azami 





In the years ahead many oil platforms will be needed to be decommissioned and one 

of the methods is rig-to-reef (RTR) program. Steel structure will be deployed to the 

seabed and positioned as an artificial reef. This paper investigates the crushing 

behavior of the steel jacket structure during the decommissioning process. Nonlinear 

material behavior, including strain rate effects also taken into account when the 

collision with the seabed occurred. The effect of the structure-seabed interaction on 

the distribution of damage is studied by modeling both structures using nonlinear 

numerical finite element using an ABAQUS EXPLICIT software. The expected result 

will show the procedure or collection of data that can be used to assess, or aid in the 

assessment of, the residual structural strength of a damaged steel structure, through 

better understanding of the physical problem in relation to the behavior and physical 

limitations of damaged steel structure.

Computational Fluid Analysis on Vertical Motions of Semi-Submersible 

Wan Izzati Arfah Binti Wan Irfan 





The semi-submersible may experience an excessive vertical motions, heave and pitch 

motions, in extreme sea condition, which is unsafe for drilling operations. This project 

proposes to install a heave plate aimed at reducing those vertical motions that is 

analyzed by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. Several parameters 

of the heave plates such as various cross sectional areas and different depth positions 

with respect to semi-submersible center of gravity incorporated with mooring lines 

model have been taken into account. The results shows that an increase in the cross 

sectional area, depth between the plate and hull and also increasing the mooring 

tension will reduce the heaving and pitching motions of the semi-submersible. As a 

conclusion, by alternating these values will give better performance towards the 

operation of semi-submersible platform.

Simulation of Barge-Bridge Pier Collision Response 

Wan Nur Fatihah Amirah Bt Nik Wan @ Wan Senik 





Barge collisions with the bridge piers are one of the accident frequently happened that 

may result in intensive damage, even collapse of bridges. This study will be employed 

finite element simulation tool to perform collision analysis instead of using model 

testing due to the difficulty and the highly expected cost. This study is to investigate 

the structural behaviour of impacting barge against a single round bridge pier. Both 

barge and a single round bridge pier were modelled by using the nonlinear Finite 

Element Method (FEM). A single round bridge pier is assumed to be rigid. A detailed 

numerical model of barge-single round bridge pier was modelled in ABAQUS software. 

Thus, the load-deformation relationship of the barge is established on the basis of the 

model results of the impacted structure. Impact results are obtained at two different 

speeds in order to show the consequence of a single round bridge pier and barge 

damage.


(Nautical Science and Maritime 

Transport)

Study on Religious Practices Onboard Merchant Vessels among Malaysian 

Muslim Seafarers 

Abdul Razak Bin Ramli 

Supervisor: Mr. Mohd Hafizi Bin Said 

Bachelor of Science (Nautical Science and Maritime Transport) 


abdulrazak96.ar88@gmail.com 

This research focused on the issue and problems regarding religious practices onboard 

merchant ship. It is because, the problems faced among seafarers regarding ibadah 

onboard ship are due to the lack of knowledge, the rough work nature onboard ship 

and the absence of specific manual that become guidance for seafarers. The objectives 

of the research is to identify the issues regarding topic, to analyse the problems and 

to recommend suggestions by experts. The respondents are taken randomly from the 

seafarers around Malaysia. One month period are used for collecting data. Value of 

sample are 400 from 1408 population of seafarers. The methodology used is 

quantitative and qualitative by acquiring data from documentation, interviews, and 

questionnaires. The data obtained through questionnaires were analysed by Statistical 

Packaged for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 20.0. The data were analysed 

using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage, standard deviation and alpha 

croanbach. The problems from analysed data are solve by expert’s judgement and 

suggested literature by supervisor (SV). The result of study had proposed 

recommended solution for the problems faced among seafarers regarding ibadah 

onboard. 

Keywords – Religious practices, Knowledge, Nature of Work, Guidance

Port Risk Assessment Model: A Case Study in Penang Port 

Amira Binti Azmi 




amiraazmiwork@gmail.com 

Port operations are one of the most high risk activity that has high potential of creating 

accidents to both human and property as well. For effective risk mitigation, an insight 

into the process of risk escalation is needed which is safety risk assessment. As for 

the scope of research, Penang Port are chosen as it has many risk because of its 

scattered locations, multiple operations, environmental effect, etc. This research is 

aimed to conduct safety risk assessment at Penang Port that can be used for 

minimising work accidents at the port and to recommend a risk control option for the 

port. The methodology of data analysis used for this research is Fuzzy Analytical 

Hierarchy Process (FAHP). The benefit of this research is it can help the port operators 

to identify risk available and effective risk control options can be made. 

Keywords – Safety risk assessment, port operations, Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy 

Process (FAHP).

Boating Channel Design by Developing Navigational Aids at Kenyir Lake 

Lin Shen Yoong 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Faizal Ahmad Fuad 



shenyoong.lin@hotmail.com 

Kenyir Lake has become a popular tourist spot in Terengganu, Malaysia due to the 

recreational activities and the newly developed duty-free zone at Pulau Bayas. 

Currently, the lake does not have any proper marked boating channel with applicable 

navigational aids to guide the boats along the lake. The only reference available in the 

lake is only road signage to show the direction for boating, which is misleading based 

on international regulations. The boating channel could be dangerous and unsafe to 

manoeuvre especially during late hours due to absence of guiding lights along the 

lake, hence increases the risk of collision of boats. Thus, the best solution to resolve 

this issue is by proposing suitable aids to navigation at Kenyir Lake based on the 

international standard. The three-dimensional area simulation of boating channel will 

be developed using Presagis Multigen Software based on satellite image data. 

Furthermore, the data will be analysed using AHP-Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation 

method to identify the most suitable aids to navigation and their placement. This 

research is expected to design the configuration aid to navigation specifically from 

Gawi Jetty to Pulau Bayas duty free zone. 

Keywords- Kenyir Lake, Aids to Navigation, Boating Channel, Presagis Multigen 

Software, area simulation

A Study of Analysing the Resilience Level at Penang Port 

Nursyafieka Binti Mohd Radzi 

Supervisor: Capt. Mohd Naim Bin Fadzil 



syafiekaradzi@gmail.com 

This research is the study on analyzing resilience level at Penang port. This study 

aims is to identify type of disruptions at the Penang Port, to analyze the level of 

resilience for the most important disruptions at port and to recommend the best 

solution in improving the resilience level in Penang port. Quantitative method like 

interview expert and questionnaire have been done and after that followed by the 

Qualitative method like site survey have been done. Analyzing resilience level of the 

targeted area using a Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) for analysis 

data method. Based on the results, type of disruption have been identified, the level 

of resilience for the most important disruptions at port has been analyze and the best 

solution in improving the resilience level in Penang port have been made. 

Keywords - Reselience, Disruptions, Quantitative, Statistical Package for Social 

Science

Ways to Improve Maritime English Proficiency among Seafarers to 

Reduce Marine Accidents at Sea 

Jayasri Jeevaji Ganaesan 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohammed Ismail Russtam Suhrab 



jayasrigeo@gmail.com 

Nowadays, marine accidents alarmingly high at sea. One of the contributory reason 

for marine accidents to happen is improper usage of maritime English in 

communication. In this research, a study was conducted on improving maritime 

English proficiency among seafarers to reduce the marine accidents at sea. The 

common mistakes that seafarers make in communication when using maritime 

English was determined and SPSS analysis has been used to analyse the data. The 

data obtained by conducting questionnaire in the form of test among randomly 

chosen 100 seafarers. As a result, a list of wrong words has been identified and some 

of them failed to answer correctly. According to the findings, the wrong terminologies 

that listed, subsequently tabulated to compare with SMCP 2001 using comparative 

analysis. The comparison table helps to see the differences between improper and 

proper maritime English terms. Besides, interview sessions were conducted with 

selected former mariners to get their recommendations. The overall results 

demonstrates the significance of improving the proficiency of maritime English so 

that can reduce the marine accidents at sea and saves lives as well as properties. 

Keywords— Communication, Maritime English, Marine Accidents and SMCP

A Study on the Marketibility of Nautical Science and Maritime 

Transportation in Umt - Based On the Requirement by Military (Navy) and 

Enforcement Agency (Mmea) 

Yazrin Hakimi Bin Yahaya 

Supervisor: Capt. Noor Apandi Bin Osnin 



yzrnhakimi@gmail.com 

The bachelor of Nautical Science and Maritime Transportation is the program 

promoted by UMT to the undergraduate students. The Nautical Science and Maritime 

Transportation is a field of expertise to deal with organisational, operational and 

commercial operation of ships. This study was conducted to identify the marketability 

of Nautical Science and Maritime Transportation student in the enforcement agencies 

(MMEA) and military (Navy) in Malaysia after graduates. The significant of this study 

is to concern about the needs by military and nautical study in Malaysia. This study 

is focus on the potential of Nautical Science and Maritime Transportation in UMT 

graduates to work in enforcement agency (MMEA) and military (Navy) in Malaysia. 

The observation and site survey will be done to get this data. After that, by spreading 

questionnaire and do interview with the expertise. Next, analyse the criteria needs 

from enforcement agency (MMEA) and military (Navy) to the students. From the 

questionnaire and interview, data will be analysed by using Analytical Hierarchy 

Process (AHP) method. Finally, some suggestion to the authorities for a proper route 

to the students in order to apply in the enforcement agency (MMEA) and military 

(Navy) will be given. 

Keywords – nautical study, market after graduates and job opportunities.

A Study on the Operational Requirement Issues of the Amphibious 

Vehicle (Amphicoach GTS) In Kuala Terengganu 

Nik Muhammad Ashraf Bin Mazelan 




nikashraf.mppumt@gmail.com 

The first amphibious bus to ever arrive in this country even for this region. The 

amphicoach GTS was the first new type vehicle bought by the Terengganu 

Government from Malta. Thus it created so many issue about the vehicle. This study 

is going to identify the subject to standard vehicle specification and operation of the 

vehicle that meet with both requirement from Road Transportation Department (JPJ) 

and Marine Department (MarDept). As for the vehicle itself, many issue were came 

out from the both department. This is because the vehicle can be operated both on 

land and water. A detailed issue will be identified from both department regarding 

with the bus. A benchmarking will be conducted with the expert from both 

department in order to find out the issue related to the bus. The problem or issue 

regarding to the bus that have been identified will be analyse with the expert from 

the company of the amphicoach itself. A further benchmark will be conducted as for 

the company have already meet with the requirement from its country. The finalised 

data conducted from the benchmarking will be propose to the both department which 

is JPJ and Mardept. As for the result, a subject of standard vehicle specification of 

the amphicoach is identified based on the requirement of the marine department and 

road transportation department (JPJ). In the future, this study will help further in 

understanding the requirement to meet by both parties which is Mardept and JPJ. 

This will help to reduce issue between both department in regarding to this 

amphicoah operation in Terengganu because it’s the first type of unique vehicle 

arrived in this country and the 13th in the world. 

Keywords- Vehicle specification, Marine department, Amphibious and Operation

Prospect and Challenges of Nautical Tourism in Kapas Island Terengganu 

Izzun Affiq Bin Mamat 




izzunafiq@gmail.com 

This research presents the prospect and challenges of nautical tourism in Kapas 

Island that located in district of Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. The issue in this 

research the number of tourist visiting Kuala Terengganu dropped significantly. The 

objective of this research is to identify the nautical tourism activities that available in 

Kapas Island, assess the challenges faced by the activities provider in term of nautical 

tourism sector and give the suggestion to improve the prospect of nautical tourism. 

In order to rank these challenges, the questionnaire survey is distributed and the 

target populations are the service provider such as resort owner and owner of water 

sport centre. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is use to set priorities, make the best 

decision and consequent ranking of the challenges faced by the service provider. The 

findings of this research maybe would be helpful to the society and other future 

research related to nautical tourism industry. Besides that, this form of sustainable 

tourism maybe can create many new opportunities as well as bringing about a 

refocusing of existing mature tourism operations. 

Keywords – Nautical Tourism, Kapas Island, and AHP

Formal Safety Assessment of Houseboat Umt 

(Siti Maya) At Tasik Kenyir 

Mohammad Zul Halim Al-Hafiz Bin Zakaria 




mhdzulhalim@gmail.com 

Houseboat of UMT which is located at the Kenyir Lake, is the mobile lab named ‘Siti 

Maya’, has been built for providing basic amenities for research and accommodation 

especially for student of UMT, providing transport to the focal point and recreation 

in the Kenyir Lake, as a camp when researchers conduct a survey and also to enhance 

research on the development of mineral resources in the Kenyir Lake. In this study, 

the hazards of the houseboat’s (Siti Maya) operation in Kenyir Lake that may 

threatening the safety of the researchers or passengers or crews was identified and 

analyse. The assessment approach in this study was divided into three main phases. 

The first phase was the process of identifying all the hazards of the mobile lab, ‘Siti 

Maya’ by having a series of interview selected person, survey and observing. In the 

second phase, the hazards identified was analyse by using risk assessment: (Risk 

Matrix) that define the level of risk by considering the category of probability severity 

using the data from the respondent by answering some question that have been 

made. The work describe in this research is concerned with the systematic analysis 

hazards of the mobile lab ‘Siti Maya’. This assessment method is considered an 

essential approach for providing a much better basis for safety decision making. 

Finally, some suggestion for the best control option in order to reduce the risk of ‘Siti 

Maya’ are made. 

Keywords: Risk assessment, Mobile lab UMT ‘Siti Maya’

Marketability of Nautical Science Students of University Malaysia 

Terengganu on Industry Perspective 

Muhammad Anis Farhan Bin Johani 




anisfarhanjohani@gmail.com 

A study was conducted to identify the marketability of the Nautical Science student 

of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) on industry perspective. The importance of 

this study is to raise awareness among maritime institutions to produce more skilled 

seafarer to meet the needs of the current industry. Greater emphasis on this study 

is the extent to which Nautical Science students can adapt themselves in the 

industrial sector with the knowledge they are exploring for almost four years of study. 

This study is focussed on the marketability of Nautical Science, rank all job careers involved and give 

appropriate recommendations in order to improve Nautical Science education system to better 

respond to industry. Questionnaires will be distributed to the past seven batches of Nautical Science 

student and Analytical Hierarchy Process method is used in order to priorities all the job career 

involved. Interview session also will be done with an expert from maritime institutions academician. 

The overall results demonstrate the significance on enhancement of marketability of Nautical 

Science student and provide guideline for Maritime Education & Training to 

restructuring their modules. 

Keywords- Maritime Education, Nautical Studies, and Maritime Industry

Passenger Evacuation Studies Of Coastal Passenger Vessel in Malaysia 

Dowienica Joana Dominic 




bryan_joana95@live.com 

Due to the marine accidents of passenger ships such as Herald of Free Enterprise 

and the Estonia that resulting in a major loss to the property, the marine environment 

and lives has concerned the IMO. For the safety purposes, IMO has introduced a 

series of guidelines for high speed craft, new and existing passenger ship to 

undertake evacuation analysis in the first stage of the design. In this paper, an 

evacuation model software, Pathfinder, usually used for the building sectors are 

described and used for the basis for the development of coastal passenger vessel 

evacuation model. The evacuation scenarios used for evacuation analysis simulation 

was described in detail in the paper. The result from the first simulation was reviewed 

and used to run second simulation after manipulating few factors affecting the 

performance for improvement. This paper concludes the evacuation simulation 

performance of existing coastal passenger vessel in Malaysia and improvement made 

on vessels. 

Keywords — Coastal Passenger Vessel; Maritime Safety; Evacuation Analysis; 

Passenger Vessel Safety

Safety of Navigation during Using Traffic Separation Scheme at 

Strait of Malacca 

Fazrul Amri Bin Zainuddin 




fazrulamri741@gmail.com 

As we all know, Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) is adopted by International Maritime 

Organization (IMO) in a way to keep the safety of navigation during using it at the 

most congested area such as the Strait of Malacca (SOM) and Strait of Singapore. 

This research is focusing on the accidents had occurred because of the navigational 

hazards during using TSS at the SOM. This research is targeting to access the level 

of safety of navigation and list all the navigation hazards along the TSS at the SOM. 

Besides that, it also can recommend the best way to improve the safety of navigation 

during using TSS at the SOM. In this research, the methodology is divided onto two 

part which are data collection and data analysis. In the data collection, the methods 

that had been used are interview, review on articles and case studies. In the data 

analysis, the methods that been used are Pair Wise Comparison, Hazard Identification 

(HAZID) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). In the end of this research, the level of safety 

of navigation can be increase and improve. Next is all navigational hazards along TSS 

at the SOM also can be list out. In conclusion, this research the safety of navigation 

during using TSS at the SOM can be improved and all navigational hazards can be 

identified. So, the number of accidents occurred during using TSS at the SOM can be 

decreased. 

Keywords: Traffic Separation Scheme, Strait of Malacca, Pair Wise Comparison, 

Hazard Identification (HAZID), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

Framework on Developing Maritime English Proficiency for University 

Malaysia Terengganu Undergraduates 

Tan Chiew Sia 




tanchiewsia94@gmail.com 

Maritime English proficiency standard is mandatorily used by all maritime based 

professionals and become an important tool to ensure safety where it is not only at 

sea but including shore, port and any maritime based industry. This study sought to 

determine the level of Maritime English proficiency among undergraduate programs 

in University Malaysia Terengganu. Maritime English subject is a core subject for 

Nautical Science and Maritime Management Programme but not for undergraduate 

programs such as Maritime Technology, Maritime Informatics Technology, Marine 

Biology, Science Marine and Science Fisheries at University of Malaysia Terengganu 

(UMT). The importance for students to have sufficient proficiency in Maritime English 

as it’s useful for them to use the accurate Maritime English terminology for journal 

and thesis writing and to practice correct communication and pronunciation of 

Maritime English. Data were obtained by using statistical analysis with questionnaire 

in a form of test by using Basic Marine Vocabulary (BMV) randomly among students 

from each faculty in UMT. Besides, the wrong terminologies used by the students 

were analysis by using the questionnaire. Based on the findings, 46.1 % of Nautical 

Science students were considered achieved the level of proficiency in using maritime 

English terminologies. These results have shown that the important of offering 

Maritime English Subject to all students in UMT. A framework on developing Maritime 

English proficiency had been introduced as UMT have been recognised to be one of 

the Maritime-Based Institutions in Malaysia. Keywords: Maritime English, Maritime 

Education and Training, Framework for Maritime English Proficiency, Undergraduate 

Program. 

Keywords: Maritime English, Maritime Education and Training, Framework for 

Maritime English Proficiency, Undergraduate Program

Title: A Study of an Employability of Graduates 

Among Nautical Students of UMT 

Nurshahirah Binti Zulkifli 




nshahirah.zulkifli@gmail.com 

Currently, 7 batches have already graduated from nautical course at UMT but there 

is no specific study regarding the employability of graduates among them. So, the 

aims of this study is to specifically study on their professions and working areas and 

to provide a proper documented record for alumni. Besides, the suggested 

recommendation also have been presented to improve the employability skill among 

students. Quantitative method which is correlational method and statistical method 

is been used using SPSS Statistic. The idea is first to find out the relation of batches 

and their preference of profession and working areas, and also to find out the 

employability skills actually needed in maritime industry which causing some of the 

alumni to choose different career once graduated. Based on the data collected, a 

recommendation are made to improve the nautical courses for future. 

Keywords: Nautical course, Employability, Documented record, Alumni

Human Reliability Analysis on Maritime Pilotage Accident 

Muhamad Faiz Amir Bin Mohd Noor 




muhamadfaizamirmohdnoor@gmail.com 

This research is the study on human reliability analysis on maritime pilotage 

operation. This study is conducted to find out the factor of the effect the pilotage 

operation and to analyse the most important factor for this research. The suggested 

recommendation also have been presented in this case study to relate the factor that 

effect the pilotage operation.A wide range of accidents in the maritime domain are 

attributed to human error, and researchers claim between 80-85 % for such errors 

in the maritime industry (Di Pasquale,Miranda, Iannone, & Riemma, 2015) Critical 

situations within maritime operations need to be understood to implement measures 

that reduce the probability and consequences of human errors in the pilotage 

operation. From the the objective, this research have review the 50 case study on 

accident of pilotage operation from Global Integrated Shipping Information System 

from 2007 until 2016 to find out the factor that effect the reliability of pilot. Analytic 

Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been used to collect the data through the 

questionnaire that distributed to port authority and pilot management. Primary data 

from survey and questionnaire and the secondary data is case study and articles. 

Benefit of this research has demonstrated the Human Reliability Analysis 

methodology in facilitating the process of human errors identification in maritime 

operations. This method has a significant contribution to increase the consistency of 

findings as well as to prevent the possible manipulation of data in maritime accident 

investigation reports. Furthermore, this method will serve as a base for future human 

cognitive error aspect. Identifying the human cognitive errors that frequently result 

in the occurrence of maritime accidents can lead to the development of appropriate 

prevention and recovery options in Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) process. 

Keyword: Human Reliability Analysis (HRA), Maritime Pilotage Operation, Analytic 

Hierarchy Process

Assessing Preparedness Level on Oil Spill Response 

At Tok Bali Supply Base 

Nik Nurilya Najwa Bt Nik Lah 




niknurilyanajwa@gmail.com 

This research is the study on preparedness level of oil spill response at Tok Bali 

Supply Base. This study was conducted to analyze the preparedness level on oil spill 

response at Tok Bali Supply Base. The suggested recommendation also have been 

presented in this case study that relates to preparedness of oil spill response for 

improvement. Qualitative method such as site survey and written document while for 

quantitative method, method such as interview will be used. Arithmetic mean is a 

formula to get the average value of the data. Once a response to an oil spill has been 

initiated, continuous planning remains an important process to guide operations and 

monitor their effectiveness. Based on the result, criteria of preparedness level of oil 

spill response at Tok Bali Supply Base has been identified, ranking of the criteria of 

oil spill response has been ranked and finally the suggestion are made based on the 

criteria listed. Analyzing preparedness level of oil spill response using average mean 

method for analysis data method. Analyzing preparedness level of oil spill response 

using arithmetic mean for analyse data method. 

Keywords – oil spill response, Tok Bali supply base, oil spill.

Survey on Perceptions, Attitudes, and Experiences of Women Officers and 

Engineers Onboard Malaysian Vessels 

Norhaslinda Binti Yunus 




norhaslinda.yunus@yahoo.com 

Seafaring profession was well known as a male-dominated profession. The 

acceptance of women onboard always being an issue, as they are always being 

questioned whether the seafaring career fits women very well. Perceptions, attitudes, 

and experiences of women officers and engineers onboard the Malaysian vessel may 

influence the retention of women in the seafaring profession. The lack of trust that 

facilitates cooperation among crew members onboard can affect negatively the 

retention of women in the industry. An online survey was conducted in order to 

gather data on perception towards Malaysian women seafarer from the perspectives 

of the men colleagues. The data collected being analysis into statistical analysis. 

Research conducted limited to Malaysian seafarers only. The results of the analysis 

revealed that while the majority of male seafarers perceive women and men as 

equals when it comes to profession, the majority of them believes that women can 

perform the task well. 98% out of 60 respondents agreed that women seafarer 

always give good cooperation in performing tasks and male colleagues appear 

satisfied with the ability of women seafarer to cope up with the responsibilities. The 

conclusions of this research provide interesting insights on the issue and can 

contribute to the design and development of policy measures that can contribute to 

the increasing participation of women in the seafaring career as well as to the 

increase of the retention rate of those already employed. 

Keywords: Career At Sea, Malaysian Seafarers, Women Seafarer.

Distress Mobile Application for Coastal Fisherman and Small Boat Operator 

Nur Afiqah Binti Mohamad 




afiqah.mohamad96@yahoo.com 

The boats with outboard engine and with the total length from two to twelve meters 

only are not required by the regulation to install any communication devices and not 

even a VHF radio. Hence, the only means of communication during an emergency 

situation at sea is by using a personal mobile phone. In the case of an emergency at 

sea, the victim will try to make a phone call to their family members, closest friends, 

and fishermen community leader. The information given could be incomplete for 

example without mentioning the exact position. Besides that, it will cause some delays 

in search and rescue operation, as the message has relay to many parties before it 

goes to the relevant authority. Thus, the best solution for this issue is by developing 

a smartphone application which capable to send a distress message by using a single 

tap and given a standard important information directly to the authority directly. This 

research will develop the features and architecture of a smartphone-based application 

to assist fisherman and near coastal boaters during any distress situation at sea. The 

proposed Mobile Maritime Distress and Safety System is an integrated Android-based 

mobile application to alert and to facilitate the Malaysia Maritime Enforcement Agency 

in search and rescue operation. The smartphone application will be developed using 

the MIT Application Inventor. Smartphone could become a perfect tool to provide 

various maritime safety-related information and to provide a method for quick 

information distribution to the public and rescue teams due to emergency. 

Keywords: Fisherman, Maritime Search and Rescue, Smartphone Application


Standard Operating Procedure for Inland Navigation at Malaysian River: 

Kuala Terengganu River (Sultan Mahmus Bridge) 

To Pengkalan Arang Jetty 

Noor Fitrah Bt Aa Azmi 




fitrahaaazmi18@gmail.com 

Currently in Malaysia, there no proper standard operating procedure (SOP) for navigation 

for inland waterways including at the research area. International Maritime Organization 

(IMO) has introduced various measure in the form of Conventions, Regulations and other 

instrument but only applied for international voyage. The current navigation practise at 

the research area just based on the user’s experiences. Besides, the unavailability of the 

navigation guidelines creates an unsafety culture. This study is conducted to identify the 

current inland navigation practise at research area, developing SOP for navigation by 

adapting the SOP that been implemented by other countries and recommend the SOP to 

the local authority for improvisation of the current navigation practise. An interview and 

distribution of questionnaire will be conducted to identify the types of users and the 

current navigation practise at the area. Both qualitative and quantitative research will be 

analysed by statistical method. The overall result will project on the importance of SOP 

for navigation in order to enhance the safety of navigation. 

Keywords – Navigation, SOP, Safety culture


Trawl Board Pull-Over Interaction to Subsea Pipeline in Sabah 

Mohd Aslan Bin Moleng 




aslanmoleng777@gmail.com 

Trawling is a method of catching fish in large volume where fish net are pulled through 

water using one or two boats. There are two types of trawling method which are midwater 

trawl and bottom trawl. Bottom trawling is where the nets are pulled over or closed 

to seabed. Bottom trawl can affect the subsea pipeline if there is interaction. Therefore, 

the objective of this study was to find out the impact of pull-over to subsea pipeline. The 

geographical scope of this research was conducted in Sabah Offshore water with a total 

of 8 pipeline connecting from oil field to onshore terminal. Two steps were involved in 

order to determine the impact of pull-over trawling in Sabah’s subsea pipeline, namely 

identify the trawl equipment used by local Sabahan trawlers and the finding the 

specification of subsea pipeline in Sabah. Then, application of the acquired data to the 

“Pull-Over” impact calculation. This approach was applied by taking one subsea pipeline 

that has the highest frequency of fishing vessel. The validation of the impact is analyzed 

using the graph acquired after applying it to the pull-over impact formula (force-time). 

Then finally, after the impact of “pull-over” has been determined, the severity of the 

impact is ranked and may help to improve the safety of navigation and operation at 

subsea pipeline area. 

Keywords- Trawling, Subsea pipeline and Pull-Over Impact.


The Factors Those Affecting the Ship Stability While Carrying the Cargo 

Which May Liquefy Especially Nickel Ore and Bauxites 

Nor Hidayah Binti Ibrahim 




nhidayah.ibrahim96@gmail.com 

Ship’s stability is one of the most vital and important element about safety of ship and 

safety of navigation and it is governed by maritime laws same goes to maritime codes. 

In this research, I am focusing on certain cargoes, which are nickel ore and bauxites. 

During voyage the motion of ships especially rolling, engine and deck equipment vibration 

will cause the cargo liquefaction due to the moisture content of the cargo. It is also related 

to free surface effects which are happened in cargo hold. From 1988 to 2015, there have 

been 24 suspected liquefaction incidents reported, which resulted in 164 casualties and 

loss of 18 vessels. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to 

the loss of ship stability while shipping the liquefy cargo, especially for nickel ore and 

bauxite and in order to make some recommendations to shipping company and shipper 

for reducing ship casualties for carrying cargo which may liquefy, especially for nickel ore 

and bauxite. 

Keyword- Ship stability, liquefaction, free surface effects


Study to Review Design of Navigation Channel, Configuration of Aid 

Navigation of Bintulu Port and Risk Assessment 

Jemson Lis Anak Jack 




jemson333@gmail.com 

The purpose of this research is to review the channel design and configure the aid of 

navigation of Bintulu Port and risk assessment. The channel is a feature of a waterway 

that has a width and depth marked with buoys to indicate the limits of safe navigation. 

Fault tree analysis is one of the tool in the risk assessment to be used to analyze hazards 

of Bintulu Port’s channel and applying ship stranding model for the existing channel. The 

new channel for result is design according to PIANC 2014 report n◦ 121-2014 harbour 

approach channels design guideline by considering all the factors involve along channels. 

Keywords—Port Approach Channel, Navigational Aids and Stranding Model


A Study Using Quick Respond (Qr Code) For Safety Tutorial On Board Of 

Passenger Boat 

Tengku Nor Ifwat B Tengku Abd Aziz 




Ifwat.aziz95@gmail.com 

Quick Respond code (QR code) is first designated for the automotive industry in Japan. 

QR code is a kind of two-dimensional barcode which stores various information such as 

video, application, online registration and so on. The function of QR code is to facilitate 

boat passengers to see the safety tutorial when on the ferry or boat without requiring 

demonstration from the crew. This innovative project is in line with the development of 

today's technology that uses smartphones as the primary medium in delivering 

information. In addition, the main purpose of this project is to open the minds of 

passengers on the importance of safety on the ferry or boat. This project is conducted 

because of the lack of exposure to safety in the correct way. Almost all ferries and boat 

have no demonstrator on how to properly use the safety equipment. By this innovation, 

passengers will be much easier to follow safety measures during anxiety and repeatedly. 

The advantages of this innovation project, as well as passengers, can learn safety 

knowledge, passengers can also practice these safety measures at other times. Through 

the participation in convention, it is hoped that this innovative project can be introduced 

and practiced in a higher and widely used manner. The emphasis on this safety function 

can be used as a guide for passengers to follow proper steps or methods using safety 

tools during emergencies and have knowledge of the importance of safety either on the 

passenger boat or otherwise. 

Keywords: QR code, smartphone, safety onboard, boat/ferry


Propose Operational Frameworks For Inland Navigation In Malaysian Lakes : 

Kenyir Lake 

Kirtanah Vijayan 




kirtanahvijayan@gmail.com 

There is a need to identify current inland navigation practices to improve the safety and 

efficiency for better navigational practices during day and night time because Kenyir Lake 

has no systematic operational framework for good navigation practices. According to 

National Ecotourism Plan 2016-2025, by MOTAC, ecotourism will be more focused on 

developing ecotourism clusters involving all water based activities, use of the vessels and 

navigation. This developing a question on what to propose as operational framework 

towards safety and effective inland navigation for Malaysian Lakes. The purpose of this 

research is to enable us to identify the challenges faced by the navigators for inland 

navigation at Kenyir Lake, to illustrate further practice approaches and good practices for 

inland navigation and also to propose operational framework for inland navigation on 

Malaysian Lakes. This research can help us to identify and determine the navigation 

problems and finding solutions for them, where it will lead to a safer and healthier 

environment in public and for eco-tourism. 

Keywords: Operational Framework, inland navigation, good navigation practice


Failure Mode and Effects Analysis For Navigational At Kuala Terengganu 

Waterways 

Muhamad Iqbbal Asyraf Bin Mohd Shawari 




asyraffiqbbal@gmail.com 

This paper assesses the presence of navigational hazards due to arrangement of facilities 

along the Kuala Terengganu waterway based on the chart and to propose the 

improvement of navigational aid along Kuala Terengganu waterways. For over a years, 

the bathymetry data of a riverbed may change due to many factors. The change of 

riverbed could make the navigational aids along Kuala Terengganu waterways from 

breakwater to Sultan Mahmud Bridge. Therefore, a new improvement of navigational aids 

need to be done according to the current data of the Kuala Terengganu waterways. 

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method will analyze the navigational hazards 

that produce during the change of the riverbed. This method is known for a step-by-step 

approach for identifying all possible failures in a design, a manufacturing or assembly 

process, or a product or service. “Failure modes” means the ways, or modes, in which 

something might fail. Based on this method, all the potential negative cause effect will 

know and can counter that problem occur. In this study, a define scope will find to use 

in this Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) that happen at Kuala Terengganu 

waterways, also all the external factor that may resolve this problem will be used as the 

problem solving material due to problem statement. The solution for the problem 

statement produce from the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) will be used to 

achieve the objectives of this study and to propose the improvement at the navigational 

aids at Kuala Terengganu waterways. By using this method, data that produce will use 

as an example by improvement of the Kuala Terengganu waterways and encounter the 

problem occur. 

Keywords-Navigation Aids


A Study to Identify the Factors Poor Use of Lifesaving Appliances by 

Fishermen in Kuala Terengganu 

Nur Syawalni Izzati Binti Mohd Azhar 




nursyawalniizzati96@gmail.com 

Fishing has been and is still one of the most dangerous of all human activities. Every year 

the rate of the accident cases among fishermen in Malaysia are worrying and most of the 

deaths from drowning amongst the fishermen were associated with poor of using 

lifesaving appliances although it was carried onboard. This study aimed to identify the 

factors poor use of lifesaving appliances by fishermen in Kuala Terengganu and to analyze 

the top factors that influencing the poor using of lifesaving appliances by fishermen. The 

researcher will conduct literature review and questionnaire to identify the factor. The 

researcher also will use Liker’s Scale to measure the outcome of the result and use the 

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Through these objectives, the researcher 

will suggest some recommendation how to evaluate alternative improvement for 

fishermen in Kuala Terengganu to use lifesaving appliances by interview some expert 

opinion. At the end of these researchers, the factors of poor usage of lifesaving appliances 

will be identified enable to analyze the top factors of poor using of lifesaving appliances, 

and the alternative way to be used as a solution to reduce the magnitude of this issue 

will be suggested. In conclusion, the finding for this study will increase the knowledge 

and awareness to all fishermen especially in Malaysia about the importance of the 

lifesaving appliances. 

Keyword – The usage of Lifesaving Appliances (LSA) by fishermen


A Study on Risk Assessment of Port Operations in Kemaman Port 

Aidah Syazwani Binti Abd Rahman 




aidahsyazwani@gmail.com 

The Port of Kemaman is located on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, one of the 

deepest seaports in Malaysia, it is a fast emerging port acting as the new gateway to the 

Asia Pacific Region. As a deep-sea all weather port operating all year round, it is capable 

of handling vessels of up to 150,000 DWT and various types of cargo. This research is 

aimed to conduct a risk assessment of port operations in Kemaman Port, that can be 

used further in order to reduce risk of accidents. HAZID (Hazard Identification) method 

is used for the first phase of this research which is identifying the existing hazard. The 

second phase of this research is to rank the most potential hazards by using risk matrix 

method. Root cause of the potential hazard that contribute to high risk of accidents is 

investigated by using Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method. Besides, expert judgment by 

interviewing session and collecting the data from the port authorities have been made to 

collect all the data and has been analysed to identify the rank of potential hazard that 

occurred during port operations. The final phase of this research is to recommend possible 

solution in order to reduce the risk of accidents in Kemaman port. Possible solutions has 

been recommended during the interview session in order to reduce the risk of accidents. 

By giving recommendations, the risk of accidents in Kemaman port can be reduced. 

Keywords - Risk Assessment, Port Operations, Hazard, HAZID, Fault Tree Analysis


Developing Of Framework for Assessing the Resiliency of Vessel Traffic 

Service Operations 

Fakhriatul Hidayah Binti Muhamad@Mustafa 




fakhriatulmustafa@gmail.com 

Earlier research by Gesa Praetorius, did mention resilience system in an organization 

helps bounce the disturbance and pressure in conducting daily task. Resilience itself 

define as the ability to recover quickly or to spring back from difficulties or toughness 

after deformation caused by compressive stress. Resilience Engineering (RE) system or 

resilience system also defined as capacity of a material to absorb energy when experience 

stress (recover). RE are built up by four basic principles (monitor, respond, anticipate and 

learning) which compulsory steps in resilience system. Consequently, less effort has gone 

into looking at Vessel Traffic System (VTS) organization system on how they cope with 

challenge, stress and disturbance. Hence, this research emphasizes resilience system in 

VTS organization based on cornerstone of RE principle (monitor, respond, anticipate and 

learn) as well as describing how RE system able to regain and maintain their performance 

with continuous stress of daily operation. system function. Secondly, to determine the 

performance variability towards resilience system within VTS. However, the main purpose 

of this research is to suggest developing of a resilience framework that assessing 

resiliency in VTS daily for a better VTS operations, by using combination method, 

Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) and Resilience Assessment Grid (RAG) to 

assess the potential for Resilient Performance within Vessel Traffic Service operations. 

The research which is expected that the functional model (FRAM) shows that, a lot of the 

potential variability seems to lie on functions that rely heavily on human-machine 

interaction and every VTS services are related to each other. It also shows that work 

within VTS is a high complex daily operation which prove that every situation or condition 

handled affects the resilience system ability in monitor, respond, anticipate as well as 

learning the condition for upcoming high risk related situation in future. 

Keywords-Vessel traffic service, resilience, operator, Functional Resonance Analysis 

Method, Resilience Assessment Grid


Maritime Traffic Risk Assessment within Jetty Kuala Dungun to Tenggol 

Island Related To Passenger Boat 

Nor Ratna Binti Omar 




ratna.omar96@gmail.com 

The researcher chose to analyze related to passenger boat services operated from Jetty 

Kuala Dungun to Tenggol Island. From the observation of the researcher, the boatman 

did not undergo the safety measures and the researcher predicted that accident might 

occur. Furthermore, the impact of accident will be in form of life threats and damage. 

The purpose of conducting this study is to reduce accident from happening on boats. This 

is conducted by in-depth research of passenger opinions regarding safety aspects of the 

boats. Therefore, the researcher will be able to find out more on the basic features of 

safety aspect when using boats. The researcher will review this and try to increase 

awareness about the importance of safety aspect to boat users. Passenger boat accident 

statistics are studied and discussed. Further development in Formal Safety Assessment 

in the context of passenger boat safety is finally discussed in detail. 

Keywords: passenger boat, accident, Formal Safety Assessment


A Study Of the Of Risk Fishing Activities to Submarine Pipeline in Sabah 

Waters 

Norain Fatihah Binti Razali 




norainfatihah95@gmail.com 

This research are the study on the risk of the fishing activities to submarine pipeline in 

Sabah waters by used the risk matrix method. Sub-sea pipelines are susceptible to impact 

by vessels travelling on the sea surface. The main risk contributors is the fishing activities 

especially trawling over the pipeline. The ship traffic information needed to quantify the 

frequency of the vessel crossing each pipeline that have been provided by the E-Nav 

Web-based Application from Malaysia Marine Department shore based on AIS server. The 

main objective for this paper is to identify the fishing vessel crossing each the pipeline. 

After that, the second objective is to analyse the frequency of fishing vessels crossing 

each pipeline and to develop the mapping risk level due to risk matrix for each submarine 

pipeline. The conclusion is the mapping risk level due to matrix risk of each pipeline can 

be develop and being the guidance to all fisherman that going to trawling near the 

pipeline. 

Keyword: submarine pipeline, fishing activities, AIS, risk matrix, mapping risk


To Conduct the Module Courses Among the Fisherman at Kuala Tererngganu 

Wan Norfarhanni Nadhirah Binti Wan Musa 




nadhirah146@gmail.com 

The purpose of this study is to identify the course content that suitable for the fisherman 

community in order to increase the safety of their operation at sea, to develop the courses 

and analyse the effectiveness of the course and to make recommendation for future 

improvement on safety among the fisherman at Kuala Terengganu. This study is focused 

on fisherman near coast at Kuala Terengganu and Marang because this cluster has a 

higher number compare with other state. Thus, there are lot to be analysing in terms of 

their preparations when operating as sea. Most of them just use their own experience 

when operating. Here, I am conducting research in fishermen in Kuala Terengganu and 

Marang in terms of safety knowledge, safety attitude, and safety behaviour and safety 

culture. The questionnaire will be distributed to the class A fisherman in the vicinity of 

Kuala Terengganu. During the analysis of the survey, it is found out a lot of things that 

need to be improved to increase the level of safety and preparation among fishermen. 

Hopefully, with these findings, fishermen can improve the level of preparation while 

performing the operation at sea. 

Keywords- courses, safety attitude, safety behaviour, safety culture, operating.


Risk Assessment on the Navigation of the Shipping Channel at the New Kuala 

Terengganu Drawbridge 

Mohammad Qusyari Wafiy Bin Md Ishak 




qusyariwafiy@gmail.com 

The purpose of this research is to develop a 3-dimensional model of the new Kuala 

Terengganu drawbridge and to determine the configuration of marine aids to navigation 

of Kuala Terengganu waterway. The river of Kuala Terengganu has been dredged and 

widen to allow the construction of the drawbridge. The change of physical geography and 

bathymetry which predominantly man-made could make the last configuration of marine 

aids to navigation do not meet the present geography and bathymetry data. Simulation 

is one of the tool that can be used to design a shipping channel and application of new 

configuration for the aids to navigation (AToNs). Simulation modelling solves real-world 

problem safely and efficiently. This method is known for its reliability, easily verified, 

communicated and understood. A simulation model of 3-dimensional new Kuala 

Terengganu drawbridge was created by using the Presagis Multigen software. Besides, 

FSA (Formal Safety Assessment) is one of the tool in the risk assessment to be used along 

with the simulation to analyze the risk involved when a particular vessel using the 

waterway includes the new Kuala Terengganu drawbridge. The simulation model was 

installed in the Ship Simulator and thus aids to study by testing the improvement of the 

new configuration of AToNs & risk assessment of vessel using the waterway. 

Keywords – Risk assessment, drawbridge, AToNs, simulation


A Study on Effect of Independency on the Navigational Aids among Local 

Fisherman at Marang River 

Muhammad Anas Bin Yaakob 




anasyaakob95@yahoo.com 

The main issues regarding to navigational aids at Marang river is a few of fisherman does 

not use navigational aids in daily routine because they prefer to use their experience to 

navigate. The purpose of this study is to find the effect independency among local 

fisherman at Marang river. Marang river is choose because most of local community work 

as fisherman to support life. This research focuses to rank the level of knowledge of 

fisherman about the navigational aids and to determine the available navigational aids 

within Marang River. Recommendation of navigational that may enhance safety are 

suggest. Method use to analysis the data is descriptive method which using Statistical 

package for the Social Science (SPSS) as the software. Based on the result that obtained 

from this research, we can conclude that the navigational aids are importance to enhance 

safety and avoid the fatality in Marang River among the local fisherman. 

Keyword - Navigational Aids, Fisherman, Marang River.


Cargo Liquefaction Accident: A Case Study of Losses Bulk Jupiter 

Harrith Nur Naquib Bin Naim 




harrithbinnaim@gmail.com 

The term cargo liquefaction has been rapidly becoming a major issue in the maritime 

industry. The way of the cargo stockpile has been stored is as one of the factors of cargo 

liquefaction. It is hardly too noticed and aware of the cargo liquefaction indicating before 

loading the cargo into the cargo hold of the bulk carrier. So as a step of precautions, 

some methods of test in the laboratory should be carried out from the very essence of 

the cargo operation. However, these tests in the laboratory are so against the period of 

time to loading the cargo. The longer the time taken for the tests to be carried out, the 

longer the time taken for the ship to load the cargo. So, better improvement in the tests 

should be improvised in order to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of cargo 

handling at the port. For the safety purpose, the tests need to be done accurately to 

minimalize the risks and avoiding the hazards when the ship carrying cargo that may 

liquefy. Based on the previous accidents, crucial lessons should be highlighted and 

learned as experienced is among the best teacher. In this research, few cases study and 

recommendation to avoid accidents as its results. This case study will make the Bulk 

Jupiter case in 2015 as the center of interest or focus and pay particular attention to. 

This due to Bulk Jupiter is the latest accident and the level of data accessibility will be 

lower than other cases. Hence, the outcomes of the research will contribute to boost up 

the efficiency of the cargo handling management and operation. 

Keywords: cargo, liquefaction, risks analysis.


A Study on the Operation Efficiency of Ro-Ro Ship at Labuan 

Aiman Akmal Bin Mat Salleh 




aiman.akmal96.aa@gmail.com 

Wawasan Perdana ferry was the oldest ferry that still operate to bring the passengers 

from Menumbok to the Labuan. Since the newcomer such as MV Putrajaya and MV 

Kimanis ferries, the number of passengers on the ferry services decrease year by year. 

In this research, can help the Wawasan Perdana ferry to operate more efficient and give 

better service to the passengers to overcome the decrease of passenger’s problem. The 

objectives are to investigate the factors that contribute the decrease of passengers 

effecting by operation of Ro-Ro ships, to rank the factor that affecting the decrease 

number of passengers and then to recommend the best way to improve the Ro-Ro ships 

operation. I read the case study and ask the expert opinion to identify the factors that 

contribute the decrease of passengers. Next, I distribute the questionnaire to the 

passengers of Wawasan Perdana ferry and then use the Mean Average Method or 

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) method for calculation. Last, I ask the 

expert opinion and my opinion based on the results from analysis data. The result will 

show how the passengers think about the ferry service and how to help to improve the 

operation of the ferry at the future. 

Keywords – Wawasan Perdana ferry, operation of Ro-Ro ship, Labuan, ferry services, 

Mean Average method and SPSS method.


To Analyze the Dimension of Rv Discovery Control Panel Against Malaysian 

Anthropometric Data 

Muhammad Muizzuddin Bin Muhammad Ridzuan 




Paklongkriket96@gmail.com 

Bridge is the most neuralgic place on a ship. Currently a bridge control system of modern 

ship is designed for one-man-operation. Inproper of bridge control console and placement 

of captain’s chair that is not based on ergonomics rules and physical condition of 

operators will lead to the dificulties reaching the control panel when muster using the 

captain’s chair. This can trigger the occurrance of ship accident at sea because the 

increasing of human errors. The ergonomic bridge design must consider to malaysian 

people anthropometry for matching work, between humans and work systems, so that 

the operator can work comfortably, efficiently and reduce workload. Current problem that 

arises when muster of Rv Discovery was using the captain’s chair and then not any single 

of control console can be reach and the position of chair are far from steering wheel. 

Based on these case, a research have been made to analyze the dimension of Rv 

Discovery’s control panel by guarding to the Malaysia anthropometric data. When the 

data of dimension of bridge control console and captain’s chair have been calculate, 

hopefully Malaysian Terengganu University’s authorities can fix the Rv Discovery’s bridge 

design. 

Keywords – Bridge, ergonomic rules, anthropometry and RV Discovery


The Study of Risk Assessment Kuantan Port Design Channel and 

Configuration Aids to Navigation by Iala Regulation 

Aimie Qamarina Bt Anwar 




aimieqamarinaanwar96@gmail.com 

Kuantan port is situated about 25 kilometres from Kuantan city and facing the South 

China Sea. This port is a multipurpose port in the east coast region of Peninsular 

Malaysia. Kuantan port offers more than three kilometres of berth to accommodate a 

different type of cargo ships. The berth includes multipurpose, liquid, chemical, palm oil, 

and mineral oil berth in addition to biodiesel and container berth. Currently, Kuantan Port 

is expanding with the construction of a new deep water container terminal, which 

comprises of the construction of a new container terminal, breakwater, dredging of 

navigation channels and new port basin, and the establishment of new marine aids to 

navigation. The effect of this construction has significantly changed the design of the 

navigation channel and configuration of marine aids to navigation. This study reviewed 

the configuration of existing marine aids to navigation by using a risk assessment 

technique and verified by 3 dimensional area simulation on a full mission ship simulator. 

The area simulation is developed by using Multigen software and electronic chart. The 

three dimensional area simulation is the practical and a near realistic approach to validate 

the proposal. 

Keyword- ATON, Aid To Navigation


A Systematic Docking System for Fisherman’s Boat at Pulau Kekabu 

Ahmad Afiq Bin Alwi 




ahmadafiqalwi@gmail.com 

An estimated 70 percent of the population lives among 4,800 kilometres of coastline area, 

which have rich ecosystem and biodiversity. With these, it has offered tremendous 

economic value and prospect to Malaysia. According to Malaysia Fisheries Agency there 

is approximately 140,949 of fisherman working on licensed fishing vessel in Malaysia, and 

in Terengganu there is 10, 489. At Pulau Kekabu, the congestion of fisherman’s boat is 

worrying. This study aims to identify the causes of congestion of fisherman’s boat at 

Pulau Kekabu, to rank the causes of congestion of fisherman’s boat at Pulau Kekabu, to 

develop the solution regarding congestion of fisherman’s boat at Pulau Kekabu, and to 

recommend the systematic docking system for fisherman’s boat at Pulau Kekabu. The 

factors of congestion at Pulau Kekabu is because of there is no jetty there for fisherman 

to dock their boat and there is no systematic docking system. These factors will be analyse 

using Factor Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process. An interview with several expert 

and questionnaire will be done to develop the solution regarding the congestion. The 

results from the interview will be analyse by using Mean Analysis and recorded through 

Microsoft Excel. Then this study is also to recommend and propose systematic docking 

system for fisherman’s boat at Pulau Kekabu. It is hope that the result and 

recommendation of this study will help reducing congestion of fisherman’s boat and thus 

increasing the rate of productivity of fisherman at Pulau Kekabu. 

Keyword: Fisherman, Pulau Kekabu , Docking System.

School of Maritime 

Business and Management

Bachelor of Accounting

Determination of Fair Value for Livestock 

Ahmad Fitri Bin Ahmad Mazuki 

Supervisor: Dr Shayuti Binti Mohd Adnan 

Bachelor of Accounting 

School of Maritime Business and Management 

Agriculture sector contributes to about 8.1% of the Gross Domestic Product of Malaysia in 2016. 

While livestock sub-sector produce about 11.6% of total agriculture production. Even though 

the production is low, the demand for livestock products such as meat and the dairy products is 

high in Malaysia. According to MFRS 141, biological assets are required to be recognized at fair 

value less cost to sell. There are problems in determining the fair value of the livestock as the 

fair value of living animals such as cow and goats are hard to determine as they are not traded 

alive, but traded after being slaughtered and sold as agriculture produce. This study will assess 

how the fair value of livestock in Northern Malaysia being determined. Additionally, this study 

will investigate the notion of “existence of active market” as proposed by MFRS 141. The data 

will be collected through interview session, and questionnaire survey from the government 

agency and active traders. The study are expected to provide information on the determination 

of fair value of livestock in Malaysia and companies which adapt MFRS could get benefits from 

this research as a reference on the fair value determination of livestock. Specifically, the study 

will found on the determination of fair value of cattle traded in Northern Malaysia.

Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitudes towards Amanah Saham Nasional Berhad 

(ASNB) Unit Trusts: A Case Study for Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Anis bt Abdul Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurasyikin Jamaludin 

Puan Mimi Aizreen Hamzah 



Unit trusts are investment products created by asset management companies. The resources 

from individual investors are pooled together and invested in diversified portfolio of securities. 

This study aims to explore the knowledge, perception, and attitudes of academic professionals 

towards Amanah Saham Nasional Berhad (ASNB) unit trusts. In particular, this study will 

examine whether demographic characteristics such as age, gender, income, and family size have 

significant effect on the perception and attitudes towards ASNB unit trusts investment. Besides, 

fund selection criteria will be examined, as well as information sources for investment. This study 

will utilize self-administered questionnaires survey among a sample of 200 academic 

professionals at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The collected data will be analysed using SPSS 

software. The expected results of this study will provide useful information for ASNB in better 

promoting its products, as well as to sustain its competitive position in the unit trust industry.

Factors That Influence Academic Performance of First Year 

Accounting Students 

Fatin Amanina binti Abu 

Supervisor: Dr. Shahnaz binti Ismail 

Co. Supervisor: Dr. Wan Zuriati binti Wan Zakaria 



Academic performance of first year university students is vital in order for them to sustain in the 

degree program until they graduate from the university. Among the factors that contribute 

towards academic performance is previous accounting knowledge, motivation, learning 

approaches, English language, social learning network and computer skills. Therefore, this 

proposed study aims to analyze the factors that affect the performance of the first year 

accounting students in UMT. The data will be collected through self-administrated questionnaire 

survey which will be distributed to targeted 300 respondents. The research results are expected 

to provide valuable insight to the administrator of the university especially the program 

coordinator to improve the academic curriculum to enhance the performance of the first year 

students.

Inclination of Entrepreneurship Intention 

Among Accounting Students in The University 

Mahirah Binti Zainol Abidin 

Supervisor: Dr. Shahnaz Binti Ismail 

Co. Supervisor: Mdm Tengku Farrah Maimunah Binti Tengku Mohd Yusof 



Entrepreneurship is vital to the Malaysian economy. Eighty-five percent of the total income in 

Malaysia was derived from entrepreneurship activities. Therefore, inclination of the accounting 

students towards entrepreneurship is important and they should be encouraged to become an 

entrepreneur after graduation. Therefore, inclination towards entrepreneurship should start 

during undergraduate study. Thus, this proposed study seeks to determine the factors that 

contribute towards inclination of entrepreneurship such as role models, university’s role to 

promote, the entrepreneurial curriculum and content, personal independent learning approach, 

and the entrepreneurial internship programs. The data of this study will be collected using selfadministered 

questionnaire survey to all the accounting students at UMT and UniSZA. The results 

from this study are expected to provide some insights to the policy maker in the university to 

redesign the entrepreneurship curriculum and activities in order to increase the number of 

undergraduate students to become a successful businessman in the future.

Perceptions of Creative Accounting Practices among Accounting Students 

Nadia Binti Hairuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Shahnaz Binti Ismail 

Co. Supervisor: Dr. Wan Zanani Binti Wan Abdullah 



Creative accounting is the process of manipulating accounting figures by taking advantage of 

the loopholes in the accounting rules, the choices of measurement and disclosure practices in 

reporting the financial position of a company. In this case, the preparers will transform financial 

statements from what they should be, to what preparers would prefer to be reported. Creative 

accounting is not considered as illegal as it is within the guidelines of the accounting standards. 

Agency problem is the main factor that leads the management to practice the creative 

accounting in their financial report. Therefore, this proposed study aims to emphasis the 

perceptions of creative accounting practices among accounting students. Data will be collected 

using self-administered questionnaire survey which will be distributed to targeted 200 

accounting students at University Malaysia Terengganu. The expected result of this study will 

provide some insights on the perception, knowledge, and the level of accounting students 

awareness about the creative accounting practices.

Financial Literacy among Undergraduates: A Case Study for University Malaysia 

Terengganu 

Nor Roshidah binti Mohd Radzi 

Supervisor: 

Dr. Nurasyikin binti Jamaludin 

Prof. Madya Dr Azwadi bin Ali 



Financial literacy has become an essential skill for people to manage their financial affairs. The 

objectives of this study are; to examine the level of financial literacy among undergraduate 

students, and to determine the relationship between financial literacy and students’ demographic 

characteristics, such as gender, age, program of study and few others. In addition, this study 

will compare between students’ perception of financial literacy and their actual demonstrated 

level of financial literacy. This study will utilize self-administered questionnaire survey, which will 

be conducted among 300 undergraduate students at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The 

collected data will be analysed using SPSS software. The findings from this study are expected 

to be able to reveal the factors influencing financial literacy among the undergraduate students.

Student Demographics, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of the National 

Higher Education Fund Corporation (PTPTN) Loan: A Case Study for Universiti 


Nur Aisyah Binti Hamid 

Supervisor: 

Dr Nurasyikin Bt Jamaludin 

Dr Ahmad Shauqi Mohamad Zubir 



National Higher Education Fund Corporation (PTPTN) plays an important role in providing 

financial aid for students to finance their tertiary education in Malaysia. Failure to make loan 

repayment becomes a major issue since the funds are needed to finance the study of future 

generation. In response to this issue, this study seeks to examine the students’ knowledge, 

attitudes, and perception towards the PTPTN loan. In addition, this study will examine whether 

students’ demographic characteristics such as gender, age, religion, and socio-economic status, 

as well as student perceptions of the PTPTN loan are significant predictors of the likelihood of 

loan repayment. This study will use self-administered questionnaire survey which will be 

distributed to a sample of 300 undergraduate students at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Data 

collected will be analysed using SPSS software. The findings of the study are expected to provide 

information to PTPTN management on practical ways to overcome the non-repayment loan 

problem.

Sustainability of Shipping Companies in Malaysia 

Nur Aqilah Binti Maidin 

Supervisor: Mdm Fatimah Shahman 

Dr Shayuti Mohamed Adnan 



In December 2017, Malaysian has been shocked by the coastal erosion happen in Terengganu. 

The residents of Kuala Nerus concern about the roads connecting the coast of Mengabang 

Telipot and Pengkalan Maras will be cut off seems to be reality as if the road to the beach is less 

than 50 meters long and the waves has swept over 25 yards of sand in the blink of an eye. 

Coastal erosion is the wearing a way of material from a coastal profile including the removal of 

beach, sand dunes, sediment by wave action, tidal current, wave currents, drainage or high 

winds. In Malaysia, the coastal erosion happens because of the climate change during 

September to February. Many people especially the nearest residents were affected as some of 

their house were destroyed by the disaster. In order to overcome this problems, Government 

has hire some Shipping Companies to do dredging work to replenish sand on beaches, where 

sand has been lost because of coastal erosion. Surely, the Shipping Companies will receive a lot 

of provision and funds to do the work. However, if there were excess money, where the money 

go? Did the money go back to the society and environment or it used for another unknown 

purpose? Thus, the researched were conducted to study about the sustainability of the Shipping 

Company. This researched purpose is to investigate if Shipping Companies provide any 

disclosure relating its contribution to society and environment in their annual report and website 

disclosure. The data will be collected through content analysis, a research method for studying 

documents and communication artifacts which can be texts of various formats, pictures, audio 

or video in the Shipping Companies’ website and annual report. The researches results are 

expected to provide valuable insights to relevant units in the government to improve the 

corporate social responsibility of the shipping companies. Moreover, it will also provide evidence 

regarding the contribution to society in order to make sure that the society is being taken care 

off and there were no deception in the project.

Entrepreneurship Experience in Campus and its Prolonged Effect After Graduation 

Nur Erna Erliana Samsudin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr Azwadi Ali 



Entrepreneurship in campus drives a particular student to be engaged in activities that not only 

enhance his/her achievement in academic but also strengthens his/her confidence attribute and 

instill relevant qualities and skills to be successful upon and after graduation. Such valuable 

experience may extend its effect after students’ graduation during which they may start their 

own businesses. Therefore, this proposed study aims to test the relationship between 

entrepreneurship experience and its continued effect after graduation among Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu Students. In addition to the experience, two other factors including family 

background and social factors are proposed to have similar effect that incite the continuity of 

entrepreneurship after graduation. The data will be collected through self-administered 

questionnaire survey which will be distributed to targeted 200 respondents. The research results 

are expected to provide some valuable insights to relevant units in the university to design new 

and/or improve their existing programmes to be more focused towards the significant 

intervention variables that encourage prolonged entrepreneurship effect after graduation in the 

effort to support the national aspiration in producing more native entrepreneurs.

CSR PRACTICES IN ISLAMIC FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN MALAYSIA 

Nur Fatiha Farhana binti Zamri 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nurain binti Muhmad 



Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be classified as one of Islamic philanthropy instruments 

that emphasizes on the principle of "doing well by doing good" in practice. As an organization, 

Islamic financial institutions are also bound by this concept. In Malaysia, most of Islamic financial 

institutions practice CSR in their businesses. However, some issues arise on the adoption of 

Islamic principles (Shariah) on the CSR practices as well as the effective disclosure of CSR 

information by Islamic financial institutions. Therefore, this proposed study aims to highlight the 

concept of CSR from Islamic perspectives and to identify the important elements in the CSR 

disclosure that Islamic financial institutions have to include. Using content analysis approach, 

annual reports for the fiscal year 2017 of 16 Islamic banks operating in Malaysia will be analyzed 

to identify the elements of CSR practices that have been disclosed. This proposed study is 

expected to provide valuable insights that may encourage more participation from the Islamic 

financial institutions in carrying out their social responsibility appropriately based on Shariah 

principles as well as enable the Islamic banks’ practitioners to make recommendations and 

improvements especially in performing CSR disclosures.

Exploring Student’s Attitude towards Business Ethics: The Role of Islamic Work 

Ethics. 

Nur Iffah Rasyidah Rozman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr Hafiza Aishah Hashim 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Nur. Haiza Muhammad Zawawi 



Issues involving corporate scandals in Malaysia have led to concerns about ethics in business 

and in tertiary education in Malaysia. Due to the negative implications from unethical business 

decision, many researchers continue to examine the ethics issues focusing on factors associated 

with ethical decision making. Therefore, this study intends to investigate attitude towards 

business ethics among students from two universities located at Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu 

i.e. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin. The study focuses on 

three factors including the gender, educational level of respondents as well as adaption of 

Islamic work ethics and its effect on ethical decision making. The data will be collected through 

online questionnaire survey which will be distributed to targeted 150 respondents. The results 

are expected to be beneficial for universities towards the right direction in shaping Malaysian 

graduates into ethically instilled citizens and to companies as a guideline for screening process 

of new employees’ recruitment.

Study About the Awareness and Intention to Whistleblow among Professionals-tobe 

Nur Munirah Bashir Ahamed 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Raihan Mohamad 



The Whistleblowing Protection Act 2010 has been gazetted in Malaysia on 15 December 2010. 

However, it has received lots of criticisms and debates on its implementation. Therefore, it is 

important to further investigate on the perception of the accounting students on this issue. Thus, 

the main objective of this paper is to investigate the awareness on the whistleblowing among 

university students (professional-to-be) and the factors that contributing to practice 

whistleblowing and to identify the level of knowledge about the whistleblowing among the 

students. Besides, while preparing this research paper, our main aim is to examine about the 

attitudes among people at the beginning of their career. This research will be conducted among 

the Bachelor of Accounting students in University Of Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) and University 

of Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) as they are form of social group that is just starting their 

professional life. This is a good exposure as they are more open-minded and they are in a 

learning process so, it is much easier to convey certain values towards them and make them 

aware of the changes that need to be introduced to an organization. It should be highlighted 

that, this survey is an experimental to be done towards students that have no prior working 

experience. The data are going to be analyzed using Smart PLS Software.

The Impact of Interest Rate Fluctuation on Islamic Bank Profitability in Malaysia 

Nurayuni Liyana Binti Shahru 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nurain Binti Muhmad 



Islamic bank profitability is closely related to the growth of the economy and financial stability 

for the nation. However, certain issues such as interest rates fluctuation making it more complex 

to achieve the highest profitability of Islamic bank. Thus, this study tend to identify the impact 

of interest rate fluctuation on Islamic bank profitability in Malaysia. This study employ the 

secondary data which consist the variable form bank specific determinants (internal factors) and 

macroeconomic determinants (external factors). The analysis of data is taken from the sample 

of interest rate from Bank Negara Malaysia for year 2015 until 2017. It is theoretically expected 

that the Islamic banks in Malaysia are visibly influenced by interest rates and could identify the 

other factor that influence the Islamic bank profitability. Additionally, this study will add to the 

existing literature on the latest topic of Islamic bank profitability so that the practitioner could 

refer for the latest issues.

Determinants of Financial Management Among Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Students 

Nurfariza Binti Mohd Sowi 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Muhammad Zainuddin bin Wan Abdullah 



In early 2016, it was a hot issue in social media on the issue of starvation among students of 

higher learning institutions due to the narrowing of money. This problem is not a new issue in 

student life at university and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu is no exception. Hence a research 

has to be carried out to look at the financial management of students of University Malaysia 

Terengganu from various departments. This study is quantitative and will be involved a total of 

150 respondents randomly selected using questionnaire as a research instrument. This study 

will looks at the determinants of good financial management practices among students. The 

questionnaire consists of four main sections, which are part A that contains the background of 

the respondents and sections B, C and D consisting of questions related to the objectives of the 

study which are about financial literacy, source of funding and spending managements. Given 

that financial literacy is an important aspect that needs to be put in place for a strong 

management practice, courses related to financial management should be offered and 

compulsory to every UMT student regardless of their field or level of study. The expected 

outcome of the study is that the determination, i.e. (financial literacy, source of funding and 

spending management) expected to affect financial management.

Factors Affecting Accounting Students Academic Performance in University 


Nurul Nadhilah Binti Feizal 

Supervisor: Dr Shahnaz binti Ismail 

Co. Supervisor: Dr Wan Zuriati binti Wan Zakaria 



In today’s new challenging world, students are facing various barriers to be successful in the 

university. Technology is one of the main influences as students are exposed to various new 

upcoming online technologies such as online games and social media which affect their intention 

to study. Among the factors are parental contact, student attitude, lecturer teaching 

effectiveness, extra-curricular activity, student’s learning pattern, credit hours taken and 

technologies. Therefore, this proposed study seeks to identify the factors that affect academic 

performance among accounting students in University Malaysia Terengganu. The data will be 

collected through self-administered questionnaire survey which will be distributed to targeted 

300 students. The research results are expected to provide valuable insights to the university 

especially the faculty & the program co-ordinator in order to improve and re-design the academic 

curriculum to be parallel with the new era of university education that moves towards Industry 

Resolution 4.0.

Environmental Managerial Accounting (EMA) Practice in UMT: 

Cases of trash management 

Sudaeroli Murthy 

Supervisor: Dr. Shayuti Bt Mohamed Adnan 



This study aims to examine the extent of Environmental Managerial Accounting (EMA) practice 

in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) and the motivations for its use with a view to improving 

trash management by University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Prior studies suggest the need 

for environmental management accounting as a supporting tool for trash management. 

Accordingly, this research has two main objectives. First is to examine the awareness of 

Environmental Managerial Accounting (EMA) system among UMT workers and second is to 

identify the benefit that University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) can get by adopting 

Environmental Managerial Accounting (EMA) system. Interviews to officers at “Pusat 

Pembangunan Harta” (PPH) and RD Paper Sdn.Bhd will be conducted. Additionally, the 

researcher will conduct questionnaire survey to UMT workers because there is still a need for 

the university to encourage through education and awareness on managing trash management 

in the campus. Findings of this study will increase the solicit level of UMT workers on the 

importance of EMA on trash management. As a result, a systematic trash education and 

awareness strategy can be developed to obtain all potential benefit of EMA on trash 

management.

Green Finance Practices among Islamic Financial Institution in Malaysia 

Intan Salsabela binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Nurain binti Muhmad 



Islamic finance is closely related to the green finance since Islamic finance product must 

embrace the true objectives of the shariah which must be inclusive and incorporate sustainable 

environment and social values. Therefore, this proposed study aims to investigate the important 

element of green finance for Islamic financial institution in Malaysia and to examine the current 

practices of green finance among Islamic banking institution in Malaysia. The disclosure of green 

finance in Islamic financial institution will be investigated. Rubric scale will be employ based on 

consistent criteria to complete the index reporting for Islamic financial institutional. The research 

results are expected to provide the important element of green finance for Islamic financial 

institution and to show the current practice of green finance among Islamic financial institution 

in Malaysia.

Bachelor of Tourism 

Management

Factor Influence Tourist Choosing Hotel in Kluang 

Chin Shi Chian 

Supervisor Name: Dr. Aleff Omar Shah Nordin 

Bachelor of Tourism Management 


At the present, accommodation is one of the basic needs for any tourism activity. The 

hotel industry basically is highly competitive and homogenous in terms of services and 

facilities. However, the rapid growth of hotel industry will causes tourist have an options 

to choose the best hotel. The purpose of the research is to identify the factor influence 

tourist chooses the hotels in Kluang. In order to achieve this main research objective, the 

following sub objectives were formulated which is to identify the way of tourist purchase 

hotels, to analysis the satisfaction level of tourist toward hotels, and to understanding 

the ranking of hotels that mostly preferred. This study will utilised quantitative approach 

with questionnaire instrument to obtaining responses from 300 respondents consists of 

visitor hotels. Data will analysed using Statistical Packages of Social Science (SPSS) to 

determine the customer satisfaction and the significant factor influence tourist chooses 

the hotels.

Tourist Perception on Public Transport Service in Kuala Lumpur 

Nor Adira Binti Fadzil 

Supervisor: Dr. Aleff Omar Shah Bin Nordin 



Public transport has become an important component of urban tourism and plays an 

important role in sustainable tourism development. Public transport is considered as an 

additional tourism product, which adds to the total tourist experience. However, public 

transport facing various challenges such as limited time of stop, limited places, low of 

quality of services, efficiency issues and some public transport systems are still not 

favored by visitors. In order to attract more users especially tourist, transport service 

suppliers should focus on understanding the customer need, behavior and satisfaction. 

Hence, purposes of this study is to examine tourist perception on public transport services 

and factors influence level of satisfaction on public transport services in the Kuala Lumpur. 

To examine the tourists perception with public transport in Kuala Lumpur, a quantitative 

with questionnaire-based survey will adopted to collect the data from 300 tourist which 

uses the public transport in Kuala Lumpur.

Tourists Perception of Safety Management in Perhentian Island 

Nur Aliyah Natasha Binti Mohd Roslee 

Supervisor: Dr Kalsitinoor Binti Set 

Second Supervisor: Dr Mohd Saiful Izwaan Bin Saadon 



Safety and security are vital to providing quality in tourism. However, there is limited 

research in tourism industry particularly in Malaysia. This study is importance in order to 

evaluate the perception of tourists on safety management during their visit in Perhentian 

Island by using the Axiom 4 in Heinrich’s Principles. It will focus on four factors which are 

attitude, physicality, knowledge or skill and environment on safety management by 

tourism operators in Perhentian Island. This survey will contribute for the formulation and 

implementation of a visitor management strategy to assist tourism operators to offer 

tourists a safe and pleasant visit. The empirical result will be based on primary data that 

will be collected through a questionnaire using personally administered to 380 

respondents from domestic and international tourists based on RAOSOFT sample size 

calculator. The findings of this study will be analysed using SPSS version 25 for descriptive 

and regression analysis.

Tourist Perception towards Recreation Centre in Malaysia 

Nurul Syuhada Binti Shariff 

Supervisor: Dr Yusnita Binti Yusof 

Second Supervisor: Dr Noor Zatul Iffah Binti Hussin 



In Malaysia, recreation centre become one of the centre for family to bring their children 

for recreation and leisure activity. Moreover, recreation centre is the place for education, 

research and awareness to the public. The main objective of this study is to investigate 

factors that relate to tourist perception in their reference to their interest, expectations, 

satisfaction and general understanding of recreation centre. The antecedent factors are 

awareness of the surrounding environment, experiences and destination image. This 

research using a quantitative method via a survey questionnaire and a domestic tourists 

as a sample. A sample will consist 384 respondents tourist who visiting the recreation 

centre in Malaysia. This survey will be done in Zoo Negara, Aquaria KLCC and KL Bird 

Park as a main site to do this study. The result of this study will help marketers and 

management of recreation centre to understand the perceptions of their future visitors.

Tourist Motivation to Consume Sarawak Local Food 

John Martin Anak Igat 

Supervisor: En. Hanif Bin Hanan 

Second Supervisor: Dr N Alia Fahada W Ab Rahman 



Sarawak is one of the best states in Malaysia which offer the product of eco-tourism and 

cultural tourism that different from the other state in Malaysia. In order to understand 

the elements that make the tourist visit this state, the motivation factors such as intrinsic 

and extrinsic factor need to be clearly understand. The motivation factors lead the tourist 

to come and visit the state again in future and in case of this study the researcher looks 

into the element of food tourism whereby limited research been done in this state looking 

on the perception of the tourist toward trying and consuming the local food. Thus, this 

study will focus on the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation factor that influence the tourist 

to consuming local traditional food that lead to the intention to revisit the destination. 

Keyword: Cultural tourism, Food tourism, Motivation, Extrinsic and Intrinsic factor

The Important of Certified Outdoor Recreation Instructor 

Shahidatul Nazmeen Binti Abd Halim 

Supervisor: Sir Shahriman Bin Abd Hamid 



Outdoor recreation refers to leisure pursuits engaged in the outdoors, often in natural or 

semi-natural settings out of town such as backpacking, cycling, camping, hiking and 

kayaking. Outdoor programs organized by education arrangement or organization are 

very different with one another. Their philosophies, offerings types and person who direct 

the outdoor programs are as varied as the programs. The activities of an outdoor program 

can be potentially dangerous; the individuals work, as a facilitator need to be suitably 

qualified. Given the increasing number of programs that take people into remote places 

in search of wilderness experiences, the issue of who is qualified to lead these programs 

become more important, Mann (2002). Currently, there is no national standardize 

certification program by which an organization can judge the suitability of personnel. 

Certification for outdoor programs must be structure broadly yet specific on each 

discipline while maintaining the value of each activity skill.

Paragliding Pilot Handbook 

Fatin Atikah Binti Rosli 

Supervisor: En. Shahriman Bin Abdul Hamid 

Bachelors of Tourism Management 


Paragliding is one of the latest known activities in Malaysia today. Which experience of 

flying from the hill and embracing the beautiful scenery of the air. According to, (Tandem 

Paragliding Experience Malaysia, 2009) defines as an extreme sport where parachutes 

support one's body and are offset by a machine to allow them to glide through the air 

after jumping from high spots such as from hills or towers. In relation to the title, a study 

on the "Paragliding Pilot Handbook" focuses on paragliding procedure and safety which 

emphasizes paragliding fans. In 1989 paragliding has become a booming activities in 

outdoor recreation scene especially for those wanted to enjoy the natural beauty. 

Nowadays, Paragliding activities in Malaysia are declining. So, with this study it will attract 

back the people to try paragliding with the best guiding from this handbook. Hence, the 

attraction of the outdoor lover plus safety added value.

Examined the Relationship between Destination Image, Food Image and 

Revisiting Terengganu 

Noor Farahdilla Binti Sheih Said 

Supervisor: Encik Hanif Bin Hanan 



Destination image and food image are the essences of tourists’ destination selections and 

is not a new phenomenon or trend that promotes the tourism in Malaysia. The interaction 

of the past through trade and exploration with the neighbour countries has brought 

together a diverse cultural mix and this has also resulted in distinctions and tastes in 

cuisine and food in Terengganu. Even the facts shows that Terengganu have such a 

variety and unique food, the tourism image of this state still showing that the nature 

especially Island tourism are the main image. Is that any possibilty for food image 

becoming new image of Terengganu? Thus, the purposes of this study is to investigate 

tourists’ perception of the destination image and the potential of food tourism becoming 

new destination image of Terengganu that lead to the intention to revisit tourist 

destination in this state.

Perception towards Social-Economic Impacts of Tourism Development on 

Local Community. 

Nor Azrena Ismail Binti Mohd Ismail 

(S44723) 

Supervisor: Dr. Aleff Omar Shah Bin Nordin 

Bachelor of Management Tourism 


Numerous studies have shown that the development of tourism activities are capable of 

providing positive impacts on the socio-economic development of the rural areas 

especially island tourism destination. Nonetheless, rural tourism destination are often 

associated with numerous socio-economic problems such as poverty, unemployment, 

income instability, gender inequality, infrastructure deficiencies, migration of youngsters 

to urban areas and others social problem. Despite being a renowned world-class tourism 

destination and endowed with picturesque and unique natural environment as well as a 

very diverse tourism products, the Perhentian Island is no stranger to this socio-economic 

problems impact from the tourism development. Thus, this study attempts to examine 

the perception of local community toward the impact of socio-economic from the tourism 

development in Perhentian Island. This study will utilised quantitative approach by 

obtaining responses from 300 respondents consists of local community in Perhentian 

Island.

Local Communities Perceptions towards Homestay Program 

Nur Fatin Dayana Binti Abdul Kadir 

Supervisor: Dr Fathilah Binti Ismail 

Co-Supervisor: Wan Mariam Wan Abdullah 



Rural tourism particulary homestay program is currently one of the emerging tourism 

products in Malaysia. As a result, Malaysia government is now actively promoted the 

homestay program throughout the country. Despite the potential of homestay program 

as a catalyst for rural economic development, the development of tourism at certain 

destination may also have some considerable impacts on the local community, sociocultural 

as well as environment. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the 

perception of local community toward the development of homestay program. Survey 

data will be collected from two different groups based on the performance of homestay 

program at their areas; successful and unsuccessful. A non-parametic method will be 

used in this study since the data involved is an ordinal data It is anticipated that the 

findings of this study will demonstrate that perceptions of local community vary across 

the chosen groups.

Bachelor of Management 

(Marketing)

Factors That Influencing the Implementation Of 

Environmental Management Practices (Emp) 

Aina Syuhaila Muhamad 

Supervisor: Dr. Nik Hazimah Nik Mat 

Bachelor of Management (Marketing) 

School of Business and Maritime Management 

Environmental issue is one of the major concerns for business and it can cause great 

effect towards human health, business operation and surroundings. Unfortunately, this 

problem is caused by the business activity itself. Poor management of operations like 

chemical waste dumping would lead to pollution and more. Environmental Management 

Practices (EMP) has been initiated by establishing policies to control these problems. The 

purpose is to help organizations in managing their business and correcting the actions so 

that the impact would be minimized. Hence, this research is being conducted to identify 

the level awareness of EMP among organizational members and factors that influence the 

adoption. With concepts of attribution theory, qualitative method is employed and the 

case study is in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Findings of this study showing the 

positive results which indicate the awareness of EMP is high and believed can minimize 

the impact of the business activities towards environment.

Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Car Service Centre 

Aishatul Atieqah Mohd Khirulthzam 

Supervisor: Dr. Hayatul Safrah Salleh 



Customer satisfaction is a competitive tools for companies. The growth and survival of 

companies depend on how satisfied their customers are, and the car service centre 

company is no exception. The major drivers of customer satisfaction are service quality 

and customer loyalty. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between service 

quality and customer satisfaction in car service centre. The SERVQUAL model is an 

important instrument with five dimensions was used by this research to evaluate the 

relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction among car service centre 

customers in Kuala Terengganu. Data will be obtain using SERVQUAL questionnaire. The 

findings from this study will be the differences between expected service and the 

perceived service that the car service centre customers obtain.

A Study of Consumer’s Perceived Risk towards the Grabcar Service Usage at 

Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 

Baagampiriyal Rajandran 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuha Rosufila Abu Hasan 



Grab had become one of Asia’s most successful start-ups service however there are 

several social issues arise from this service and it is currently increasing. Customers face 

several problems recently in GrabCar usage and it can’t be underrated. Therefore this 

research being conducted to study the consumer’s perceived risk towards the GrabCar 

service usage. The aim of the paper is to understand the relationship between perceived 

risk in performance, social, psychological and physical to the customers’ intention towards 

GrabCar usage. The study employed multiple regression analysis to examine the 

independent variables-dependent variables relationship with the help of a selfadministrated 

questionnaire. The finding of this study shows that there is no high level 

of perceived risk in the GrabCar usage but there are still few minor risk factors highlighted 

by GrabCar users. This paper could help the customers and government to gain useful 

knowledge about perceived risk in GrabCar usage

Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction of Fast Food Restaurant 

Cha Pei Zhi 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Falindah Padlee 

Dr. Azlinzuraini Ahmad 



Fast food industry has become importance industry for Malaysia. Nevertheless, the fast 

food industry facing intense competitive challenges with other service industries. Besides, 

the urbanization has spread to whole Malaysia it has changed the lifestyle of Malaysian 

especially the eating behaviour. The purpose of this study is to identify what factor have 

the strongest influence to customer satisfaction in fast food restaurant. This study also 

examines the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction and service 

quality dimension. In addition, this research will identify which customer is easily get into 

customer satisfaction with the service quality of fast food restaurant. The data collection 

method will conducted through self-administrative questionnaire with the local student at 

UMT. The statistical method used to analyse of this study is descriptive analysis, multiple 

regression analysis and t-test analysis. Overall, the results indicated that service quality 

is the main factor to determine the customer satisfaction of fast food restaurant. Service 

quality, food quality and perceived value have the positive relationship with the customer 

satisfaction. Moreover, freshman and junior was found to be equally easily get into 

customer satisfaction of service quality of fast food restaurant. The findings of this study 

provide useful guidance in creating and managing the marketing strategies in the fast 

food industry. 

Keywords: Fast food industry, service quality, customer satisfaction, self-administrative 

questionnaire

Purchase Intention Influencing Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Students 

towards Fast Food Preferences 

Fahmi Izzuddin Yazid 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Fadhiha Mokhtar 

Zuha Rosufila Abu Hassan 



In recent years, the consumptions of fast food among university students in increasing 

and new cultural trends. This study proposes aims to examine the fast food purchase 

intention among University Malaysia Terengganu students. This study purposes to 

highlight four antecedents which are factors that related preferences of fast food which 

are price, location, promotion and ambience. The objective of this study to examine the 

fast food purchase intention among University Malaysia Terengganu students. This study 

applied quantitative study where 369 questionnaire were distributed to respondents. The 

findings indicated that price, promotion and locations are the factors that influenced 

students towards fast food preferences. Owing to the limited sample size, the results of 

this study might lack generalizability. Further research on this issue should be conducted 

in the future

The Perception of University Malaysia Terengganu Students Towards 

Grab Cars Services Quality in Kuala Terengganu 

Lukmanul Hakim Mamat @ Mansor 




Ride-hailing is one of the fastest growing services in Malaysia which are GrabCar and 

Uber. Apart from being convenient, efficient and affordable, the service providers provide 

driver evaluation from passengers. However, recently there were several cases reported 

on the unethical, abusive and misconduct of ride-hailing drivers. The aim of this paper is 

to determine the perception of University Malaysia Terengganu students towards Grab 

cars services quality in Kuala Terengganu. This study proposes five antecedent that are 

related to service quality dimension which; reliability, assurance, tangible, empathy, and 

responsiveness. This study will using three types of data analysis which; descriptive 

analysis which to describe the variables, then predictive analysis to forecast the future, 

and association analysis uses correlation coefficient to measures the heading and quality 

of the direct relationship between the two factors. Based on the pilot survey analysis, the 

researcher found that reliability, assurance, tangible, empathy, and responsiveness have 

positive significant association with customer perceptions.

The Study of Grabcar: Opportunities And Challenges For Taxi Operators 

Mohana Divasini Jayaraj 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuha Rosufila Abu Hasan 



Taxis which are being a significant element of mobility, plays a sufficiently great role in 

transportation for public transportation. However, the complaints towards taxi services 

gradually increase because of the poor service given to passengers by the taxi drivers 

has led to the demand for other alternatives ride services. With the development of 

technology, GrabCar has been launched and developed as an online taxi booking through 

smartphone application which can easily connect passengers and drivers. Hence, this 

research is being conducted to understand “How” the getting ride, during the ride, 

payment, and rating practices of Grabcar led to opportunities and challenges for taxi 

operators. The sample consists of 5 taxi and 5 Grab operators, the data will be gather in 

Kuala Terengganu and Kuala Nerus areas by using qualitative method. Finding of this 

study shows there are more challenges than opportunities for the taxi operators due to 

GrabCar service.

Determinants of Illegal Music Download among Students 

Muhammad Afif bin Hamzah 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Norhayati binti Mohamed 



Music piracy is a serious problem that is still occurring today. Age group of 18-24 are the 

main suspects for music piracy. The purpose of the study is to find whether students do 

illegal download or not, and why do they do it. Several studies revealed some correlations 

between illegal music download and price, illegal music download and intention, illegal 

music download and consumption practice and illegal music download and knowledge. 

Thus, the objectives are: 1) To determine the relationship between the relationship 

between price and illegal music download; 2) To determine the relationship between 

illegal download intention and illegal music download; 3) To determine the relationship 

between consumption practice and illegal music download; 4) To determine the 

relationship between knowledge and illegal music download. The research design is 

quantitative. The population is 9,709 UMT students, with the group age of 18-24. The 

sample size is 370, with the margin error of 5%, 95% confidence level and 50% response 

distribution, calculated by Raosoft. The sample is pick using convenience sampling. The 

instrument used to collect the data is questionnaires and distributed via online using 

Google Forms. This study will contributes to music industry and those who involved in it 

to prevent piracy in the future.

Factors Influencing Korean Wave Phenomenon among 

University Students in Malaysia 

Muhammad Aizuddin Hamzah 


Dr. Zuha Rosufila Abu Hasan 



In recent years, the popularity of Korean wave in Malaysia is increasing and it becomes 

a new cultural trend. This study purposes to identify the most influential factors that 

influence Korean wave phenomenon among university students. This study highlights 

four (4) antecedents that influence Korean Wave which are entertainment, food, fashion 

and language. The objective of this study is to identify factors that influence university 

students towards Korean Wave phenomenon. This study applies quantitative approach 

where self-administered questionnaire is conducted through stratified sampling. The total 

of 364 of students answered the survey in order to access the factors that influences 

Korean Wave among university students in Terengganu, Malaysia. The result indicated 

that entertainment and fashion are mostly the influential factors that lead to Korean Wave 

phenomenon among university students. Very a few studies have conducted on Korean 

Wave phenomenon in Malaysia, thus this study contributed to new knowledge and 

literature particularly in Korean Wave and culture. 

Keywords: Korean Wave, Hallyu, Kpop, Entertainment, Food, Fashion, Language.

Men vs Women Innovative Work Behaviour in the Workplace 

Ng Kar Yan 

Supervisor: Dr. Nik Hazimah Nik Mat 



The competitive environment has force organizations to demand for innovative 

employees who seem to be the key of success to any organization. As the workplace 

consist of men and women who are different from one another in many aspects, they are 

the main focus of this study for their differences that result in gender gap and the 

measurement of their differences in innovative work behaviour (IWB). Job demandsresources 

model is used in this research as it affects the innovative work behaviour of an 

employee. The data are collected from the workplace of a government and private 

Malaysian higher education institution using in-depth interviews and are analysed using 

content and thematic analysis. The findings shows gender gap is unlikely to occur among 

the academicians although the differences prevail. Besides, gender of the academician 

has no significant effect on IWB but there are other factors that subsist which will be 

further discussed in this thesis.

Intention to Buy Secondhand Clothing among Gen Y 

Nor Suhaizan Hadi 

Supervisor: Dr. Hayatul Safrah Salleh 



Buying and selling secondhand product become a trending among people nowadays. The 

convenience such as the growth of internet and many store that provided secondhand 

product give chance to the customer to involve in secondhand market. Therefore, this is 

important to know the factors influence intention to buy secondhand product. The 

purpose of this study is to determine the level of intention to buy secondhand clothing 

among gen Y consumers by identifying factors that influence customer to buy secondhand 

clothing such as quality, price, social influence and convenience. In order to fulfill this 

research, a quantitative research were used and data was collect both primary and 

secondary data. A set of questionnaire will be designed with a five-point-likert scale to 

measure the items. SPSS was used to perform normality test, descriptive statistic, T-test, 

anova, correlation analysis and multiple regression. It was observed that price is the most 

important factors influence consumer to buy secondhand clothing. Quality is the second 

influencing factor and social influence is the third while the last influencing factor is 

convenience.

The Effectiveness of Unibus Service at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 

Nur ‘Ain Syamirah Mohd Suhaimi 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nur ‘Atikah Zulkiffli 

Dr. Siti Falindah Padlee 



This research study was undertaken to examine whether three conceptual framework 

which are accessibility, bus driver attitude and time management have the potential to 

improve the effectiveness of the Unibus service at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). 

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of 

Unibus service at UMT. Many problem that are exists with the services that we be 

researched, such as lack of information about the Unibus UMT, the parking policy of UMT, 

the number and type of sticker provided and the total amount of traffic that enter the 

campus without permission. Through this study, we can help to solve the problems that 

existence which is lack of information about Unibus services and fully analyze by 

investigating the main factors that will help to improve the effectiveness and level 

satisfaction of student towards services. According to the preliminary analysis, 

hypotheses from the three variable framework which accessibility, bus driver attitude and 

time management are accepted. 

Keywords: Accessibility, Bus Driver Attitude, Time Management, Effectiveness, 

Satisfaction

Problems in Teaching and Learning Process in Higher Education Sector 

Nur Amira Shafika Sohaimi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aishah Awi 



Research on teaching and learning process is aimed to improve the academic 

performance of students by looking at the method by lecturers, and though it could be 

very useful for lecturer to explore on their own, as a core references on this study. 

Throughout, it encourages lecturer to reflect on issues in problems in teaching and 

learning. This research focuses on identify current problems and ways overcome the 

problem. The population will be selected based on rule of thumb. University X have 10340 

degree students but we just selected 370 only students. The expected result of findings 

is satisfaction level of degree student is 70 percent and 30 did not satisfy. The collected 

data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). This research is 

focusing on five variables on higher education, element of teaching and learning, 

problems in teaching and learning, effect on relationship towards satisfaction level of 

students and research gap in teaching and learning process. This provides a 

comprehensive, a resource for learning remedial in higher education and a reference 

recommendation for individual learners. As a result of feedback from reviewers and users 

around students, other significant changes include an expanded a discussion of the stages 

of learning.

Customer Satisfaction toward Service Quality at Pusat Kesihatan 


Nur Azwani Mohd Azmi 

Supervisor: Dr. Sarina Ismail 



The American Marketing Association defines services as an activities, benefits and 

satisfactions which are offered for sale or are provided in connection with the sale of 

goods. Every customer cares about the quality offered in the service by measuring 

customer's satisfaction level, it can help the organization to provide the better service to 

their customer and the delivering consistent good service quality than can bring 

profitability to the organization. The research related to satisfaction toward health care 

in Malaysia is still considered limited although health care sectors is one of the largest 

service provider that provide a social service to customer. Thus, the purpose of this study 

is to examine customer satisfaction toward service quality at Pusat Kesihatan Universiti 

Malaysia Terengganu (PKU). Furthermore, a conceptual framework was proposed in this 

study that consists of six factors which is reliability, assurance, tangibility, empathy, 

responsiveness and physical environment that influences the level of customer 

satisfaction. The main objective for this research is to identify the relations hip between 

the six factors with customer satisfaction. In order to archive the objective this study 

used quantitative method which is the questionnaire-based survey that distributed to staff 

and student Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). A total of 373 sets of questionnaires 

were distributed to the staff and student UMT in order to get more information about 

service that provided by PKU. All the collecting data has been analyze using Statistical 

Package for Social Science (SPSS). 

Keywords: PKU, Service, Quality, Customer Satisfaction

Competitive Capabilities of Small and Medium-Sized Accommodation (SMSA) 

in East Coast of Malaysia 

Nur Farah Zafira Zaidi 


Dr. Noor Zatul Iffah Hussin 



The states involved in this study are Terengganu, Kelantan and Pahang. The small and 

medium-sized accommodation (SMSA) are rated using Orchid rating categories, which 

are 1 Orchid, 2 Orchid and 3 Orchid, generated by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture 

Malaysia (MOTAC). This study applies the Resource-based View (RBV) theory to 

investigate four factors related to competitive capabilities, namely (1) marketing 

management; (2) human resources management (HRM); (3) innovation capability 

management; and (4) information technology management, in influencing 

accommodation performance. According to the preliminary analysis, the hypotheses from 

the four factors are accepted. The finding has found that the four factors has a significant 

influence on accommodation performance. The results of this research will beneficial to 

the management of SMSA as well as policy makers. 

Keywords: Tourism Industry, Competitive Capabilities, Orchid Rating Categories, East 

Coast of Malaysia, Resource-based View.

Factors That Influence Consumer Loyalty towards Sportswear Brand 

in Malaysia 

Nur Syazlin Shuib 

Supervisor: Dr. and Sarina Ismail 



Briefly, customer loyalty can be defined as customer’s preference of choosing one 

products over the other toward building a long term relationship between customer and 

brand. Hence the objective of this study is to investigate the impact of customer loyalty 

towards sportswear brands. A sportswear brands requires competitive marketing mix 

such as promotion, price and trust. In order to reveal how these factor influence customer 

loyalty this study use convenience sampling with a total sample of 370 respondent. The 

main method of data collection was conducted using questionnaire at University Malaysia 

Terengganu among student and staff. Through the Statistical Package for Social Science 

(SPSS), data collected are able to be analysed and results are discussed in the form of 

table and chart. Therefore, these findings may able to guide sportswear companies in 

understanding more about why their consumer being loyal to the product. The research 

results showed that there is positive and significant relationship between factors of 

consumer loyalty (price, quality, promotion and trust) with sportswear brand. 

Keywords: Consumer loyalty, Sportswear, Malaysia

Consumer Preferences That Influence Actual Buying Behavior of Smartphone 

Nurain Nabilah Omar 




The usage of smartphone nowadays have become a trend for all ages. A smartphone is 

not only seen as a consumer’s wants but it had become a necessity for them in daily life. 

Ironically, smartphone also have its own risk which is the safety of the device as most 

customers tend to buy smartphone based on their preferences. As the trend of 

smartphone increases, studies on the customer preferences in actual buying behaviour is 

still insufficient and limited to point out the main preference of consumer. Thus, the 

objective for this study is to identify the main preference that influence customer in 

buying a smartphone. In order to explain the relationship between variables such as 

actual buying of smartphone, price, brand image and product features in this study, a 

conceptual model based on The Theory of Planned Behaviour was used which also helped 

in achieving the objective of the study. The data gained in this research were analysed 

by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). A total of 370 questionnaire were 

distributed at University of Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) by targeting the degree students. 

From an early finding, it shows that product features is the most dominant factor in 

influencing the actual buying behaviour of smartphone while advertisement have no 

relationship towards actual buying behaviour which is different from past research 

findings. It is expected that the findings will help marketers in implementing more 

creativity in their marketing strategies. 

Keywords: actual buying, preference, price, brand image, product features

Determinants of Employee’s Reaction toward Sexual Harassment in Hotel 

Industry 

Nurhidayani Fairulazhar 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya. Dr. Ahmad Munir Mohd Salleh (Embat) 




Although various efforts and approaches have been used by the organization in 

combating misconduct in the workplace, sexual harassment is still an important ethical 

issue in the hotel industry that impedes the welfare of employees. One of the reasons for 

the failure to address the issue is the reluctance of the victims to report the unethical 

misconduct. The purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual framework on the 

underlying factors that affect employee willingness to report the sexual harassment case. 

Based on the literature review, we argue that demographic factors, the awareness, the 

current policy on sexual harassment, training programs and organizational climate are 

critical factors that closely linked to the employee's reaction as the expected result show 

that there are positive relationship between the factors and the reaction. This is a cross 

sectional study as it relies on the collection of data through a distributing 277 

questionnaire survey to employee’s hotel in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. 

Keyword(s): Reactions towards Sexual Harassment, Hotel Industry, Training Programs, 

Organizational Climate

Woman Shoppers: Consumer Buying Perception towards Local Cosmetic 

Product among Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Students 

Nursyahirah Badrol Hisham 





The purpose of this research is to examine the factors influencing woman shoppers 

buying perception particularly University students towards local cosmetic product. This 

study highlights four factors that influence women shoppers buying perception which are 

brand image, quality, price and promotion in establishing favourable perception in the 

consumer mind and ultimately to know the consumer perception and views about the 

local cosmetic products. This study applied quantitative study through self- administered 

questionnaire which is 364 questionnaire were distributed among female students in 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Stratified sampling has been applied in this study as 

sampling technique and the data were analysed using descriptive, reliability and 

regression analysis method. The result of the study found that brand image, quality, price 

and promotion have positive influence towards local cosmetic products. Lastly, 

recommendation and implications of finding have been discussed based on the finding. 

Keywords: Women shoppers, Buying perception, Local cosmetic, Brand image, Quality, 

Price, Promotion.

Woman Shoppers: Consumer Buying Perception towards Local Cosmetic 

Product among Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Students 

Nursyahirah Badrol Hisham 





The purpose of this research is to examine the factors influencing woman shoppers 

buying perception particularly University students towards local cosmetic product. This 

study highlights four factors that influence women shoppers buying perception which are 

brand image, quality, price and promotion in establishing favourable perception in the 

consumer mind and ultimately to know the consumer perception and views about the 

local cosmetic products. This study applied quantitative study through self- administered 

questionnaire which is 364 questionnaire were distributed among female students in 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Stratified sampling has been applied in this study as 

sampling technique and the data were analysed using descriptive, reliability and 

regression analysis method. The result of the study confirms that brand image, quality, 

price and promotion have positive influence towards local cosmetic products. Lastly, 

recommendation and implications of finding have been discussed based on the finding. 

Keywords: Women shoppers, Buying perception, Local cosmetic, Brand image, Quality, 

Price, Promotion.

Factors Effecting Online Purchasing Among Students at University Malaysia 

Terengganu. 

Nurul Anis Sabrina Sobri 




Rapid development of internet service has provided other opportunities for online retailer 

to market and sell their products. The aim of this research project is to identify the factors 

that influence students to shopping online. In addition, to determines the relationships 

between the independent variables (trust, price and convenience) and dependent variable 

(factors that influence students to shopping online). Primary data were collected through 

survey questionnaire with 373 respondents among undergraduate and postgraduate 

student. Through the SmartPLS (PLS) data collected are able to be analyzed and results 

are discussed in the form of table and chart. The results show that 5 hypotheses are 

significant that support the findings. As expected, there are significant relationship 

between the independent variables (trust, price and convenience) and dependent variable 

(factors that influence students to shopping online). Lastly, a clear understanding of 

consumer online shopping behaviour can help online retailer to evaluate the future growth 

of online commerce. At the end of studies, several recommendations will be presented in 

this study. 

Keywords: electronic commerce, online shopping, student, influencing factors

The Determinant Factors of Turnover Intentions among Hotel Employees in 

Kuala Terengganu 

Nurul Hakimah Mohamad 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya. Dr. Ahmad Munir Mohd Salleh@Embat 




The turnover intention is a major concern among the hotel industry as its impact on the 

overall performance of the organization. Hotel industry workers are seen to be heavily 

depressed by challenging tasks and work environments. The purpose of this study is to 

examine the predictor factors on the turnover intention among employees in the hotel 

industry in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. This study will develop a conceptual framework 

to explain how independence variables such as wages and salaries, working 

environments, trusts to colleagues and work stress can give impact on the dependent 

variable i.e turnover intentions. The population of this study is 982 people working in 19 

hotels in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Out of the targeted population, 277 employees 

were identified using stratified random sampling. Data will be collected through 

questionnaires that will be distributed to respondents from different departments. The 

findings of the study can be used by hotel management to set guidelines to reduce the 

turnover intentions. 

Keywords: Turnover intention, Wages and salaries, Work environment, Trust in coworker, 

Work stress.

Factor That Influence Intention to Use Uber and Grabcar Ridesharing 

Services Among University Student in Kuala Terengganu 

Nurul Syima’ Mat Nah 




Over the years Grabcar and Uber has become the most popular ridesharing services 

transportation technology based application e-hailing that match consumer expectation 

on transportation services. This both services manage to enter Malaysia market because 

during that time Malaysia taxi industry was experiencing serious issues surrounding with 

safety, intimidation of passengers and also poor services. In order to understand the 

consumer intention toward this services, Theory of Planned Behaviour Model (TPB) is 

incorporate into this study. By adopting judgment sampling method, a total of 227 

respondent were involved in this study. Thus SmartPLS (v 3.2.7) were used in order to 

test the relationship between construct. From the analysis only 4 hypothesis have 

significant relationship which is attitude, safety, convenience and promotion. The finding 

in this study could be used by entrepreneur who run business base on services in order 

develop a better business. 

Keywords: Intention, TPB, Attitude, Safety, Convenience, Promotion

Consumer Purchase Intention toward Gym Supplement Product among 

Public University Students 

Syed Ahmad Amiruddin Tuan Amran 





The purpose of this study is to examine the consumer purchase intention towards gym 

supplement products. This study highlights four (4) antecedents that influences consumer 

purchase intention toward gym supplement product which are social influence, 

effectiveness, price and quality and safety. This study applied quantitative study which 

through self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to 370 

respondents of selected public university. Furthermore, stratified samplings were applied 

in this study as sampling technique and data were analysed using descriptive, reliability 

and regression analysis method. The results of this study shown that social influence, 

effectiveness and price have a positive result while quality and safety were not influenced 

to consumer purchase intention.

The Influences of Personality Traits on Entrepreneurial Intention among 

Undergraduate Students in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Wan Fayyadhana Husna Wan Zulkifli 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Abi Sofian Abdul Halim 

Prof. Madya. Dr. Ahmad Munir Mohd Salleh@Embat 



Entrepreneurial intentions are embody an individual’s commitment to start a new 

business. In the absence of entrepreneurial intentions, action is unlikely. Internal locus 

of control, need for achievement, risk tolerance, and entrepreneurial alertness are 

dimensions of personality traits which lead a person to develop the entrepreneurial 

intention. Undergraduate UMT students were exposed with many entrepreneurship and 

business activities, but the number of students who want to get into this field more deeply 

is less and still does not achieve what has been targeted. The aim of this study is to 

investigate the influences of personality traits on entrepreneurial intentions among 

undergraduate students in UMT. The author was inspired from the study of Karabulut 

(2016) from Turkey. This study was conducted on 364 undergraduate students in UMT. 

Factor analyses and multiple regression analysis were conducted to the data. It was found 

that the personality traits had a positive effect on the entrepreneurial intention. 

Keywords: Personality Traits, Locus of Control, Need for Achievement, Risk Tolerance, 

Entrepreneurial Alertness, Entrepreneurial Intention.

The Effectiveness of Car Free Day at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 

Wan Natrah Wan Mansor 


Dr. Siti Falindah Padlee 



The purpose of this paper is to analyze the literature hypothesizing health impact, 

environment, facilities and greenhouse gas emission as contributing to the effectiveness 

of the car free day program implemented in the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). 

The aim of this study is to stimulate the replacement of car driving with cycling or walking 

on campus ground so that the initiative of the car free day program can be a successful 

and continuous activity implemented in the UMT. Lack of consideration particularly on the 

benefit of the car free day program will only lead to difficulties in implementing the 

program effectively and efficient. This study is based on an empirical work that analyzes 

data from questionnaires distributed to 375 UMT staff and students, selected using the 

stratified random sampling technique. An analysis from the preliminary study from four 

variable framework are hypotheses accepted where it give significant benefits to health 

and facility, and significant reduction on environment and greenhouse gas emission. 

Keyword: Effectiveness, Health, Environment, Facility, Greenhouse Gas Emission

Bachelor of Management 

(Maritime)

Intention to buy halal cosmetics products among Islamic studies student in 

University Kebangsaan Malaysia 

Nur Afiqah Azni 

Dr. Abdul Hafaz Bin Ngah 

Bachelor of Management (Maritime) 


Emphasis on the importance of halal cosmetic is now growing. The cosmetic industry has 

been rapidly in both develop and developing countries. However, the issue of consumers 

still using non-halal certified cosmetics products still arising. This paper aim to investigate 

the intention to buy halal cosmetics products among Islamic studies student in University 

Kebangsaan Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire was designed as an instrument 

to gather information on university students’ behavior among 250 respondents. The 

findings showed that the attitude, subjective norm towards halal certification have a 

significant relationship. Meanwhile perceived behavior control and religiosity factor is not 

significant. In conclusion, this study will give benefit to cosmetics manufacturers to have 

greater understanding towards intention to buy among Muslim consumer.

Factors contributing toward customer intention to buy food at non-halal 

certified restaurants – a study in northern region of peninsular Malaysia 

Nur Halisa Binti Firdaus 




Halal concept for the food is the most important thing among Muslims consumer. This 

concept generally adopted by most food industries in Islamic countries. In reality, there 

are Muslims consumer still visiting non-halal certified restaurant even there are choices 

of halal certified restaurants. Therefore, this study aims to investigate factors influencing 

Muslims consumer intention to visit non-halal certified restaurant at Kuala Lumpur, 

Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. By adopting the Theory of Planned Behavior with prices, 

food quality and brand popularity, a quantitative approach via self-administered with 

purposive sampling method, questionnaire were distributed among 200 Muslims 

consumer in malls. The finding shows that the attitude, subjective norm, perceived 

behavior, prices, food quality and brand quality towards non-halal certified restaurant 

have significant relationship. Finally, will gives benefits to owner of the restaurant in order 

to get better knowledge and information about Halal certificate in order to fulfil a 

customer demand and compete with others Halal certified restaurants. Besides, this study 

would serve as reference for potential Halal food investors and develop a foundation for 

food producers and providers to improve on their current practices.

Determine the intention to buy halal cosmetics among islamic studies 

student in International Islamic University (UIA) 

Nurul Afiqah Binti Mustaffa Kamal 




The Halal cosmetic industry has been expanding rapidly in both developed and 

developing countries. Muslim consumers’ awareness toward halal cosmetic products 

has been increasing. Despite the importance of Halal to Muslims, issues of cosmetics 

products without Halal certified still occurs in the market due to the great positive 

response from consumers including Muslim. Muslim consumers should be able to 

exercise their rights when they considered the halal issues are very important to them. 

Therefore, this study aims to investigate the intention, perceptions and behaviour of 

Islamic studies student in International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) towards 

halal-labelled cosmetic using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) include brand 

loyalty. A quantitative approach via self-administered questionnaire was adopted and 

data were collected among 300 Islamic studies students in IIUM. The findings shows 

that the attitude, subjective norm and brand loyalty towards halal certification have a 

significant relationship with purchase intention towards halal cosmetics. Meanwhile, 

perceived behavioural control have no significant relationship. This study provide 

cosmetics manufacturers with a greater understanding of the factors that influence 

consumers purchase intention towards halal labelled cosmetics products.

Factor influencing the satisfaction of ferries passenger towards 

service quality at ferry Penang 

Nurul Zuhaidah Binti Zulkifli 




Ferry is an important means of alternative transport for people or community 

at Penang. So, the community expected a good service quality from ferry 

services. However, there are some complains that have been made from ferries 

passenger about the quality of the ferry service. Therefore, this study is trying 

to identify the factor of the service quality that influencing the customer 

satisfaction and identify the relationship between reliability, responsiveness, 

assurance, empathy and tangible with customer satisfaction. By using 

questionnaire, a total of 200 respondent were chosen as a sample, through 

convenience sampling method. Empathy and tangible were found that to have 

a positive relationship with the customer satisfaction. However, reliability, 

responsiveness and assurance were found to have a negative relationship with 

the customer satisfaction. The findings can help the Penang Port to improve 

their service quality to higher level in order to give a satisfaction to the 

customers.

The intention to use uber and grab service: a study case in Kuala Lumpur, 

Malaysia 

Nurzamirah Binti Zainun 




Technology innovation is changing fast towards transportation industry is a rapidly 

growing sector in globally. The Internet and mobile phone not only for society but is 

changing everything especially in technology of transportation. The increasing in 

business cause by the rapid spread of the Internet and mobile technology. The 

emergence of online transportation such as Grab and Uber services started in Malaysia 

especially in urban of Kuala Lumpur as it constantly suffers traffic jam, causing Grab 

and Uber transportation draws attention as it helps people reaching their destination. 

The purpose of this thesis is the intention to use Uber and Grab services in Kuala 

Lumpur. To meet purpose of the thesis, this study using quantitative method, 

construct structured questionnaire to 250 respondent who purchase the service of 

Uber and Grab. The data collect in Kuala Lumpur which is a attractive place the lot of 

people using Uber or Grab services especially university students. Questionnaire 

survey divide into two part, part A demographic of respondent and part B using the 

theory of TPB, Theory of Planned Behavior to predict human behaviour and technology 

adoption. Analysing the data using SPSS and Smart PLS. The result show hypothesis 

from hypothesis 1 not supported of attitude.>intention, hypothesis 2 not supported 

ease to use > intention, hypothesis 3 supported PBC > intention, hypothesis 4 not 

supported price > intention and hypothesis 5 not supported trust>intention. 

.

Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (tbs): service quality attributes affected to 

customer satisfaction 

Nor Syafiqah Zaimah Mohd Zaidi 




Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS) is a main distribution center on road 

tranportation in Malaysia . Based on the Berita Harian of 2016, a several service at 

this terminal such as self-service ticket kiosk was found to be non-functioning . 

Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to serve as groundwork to investigate the 

determinants of service quality attributes affected to customer satisfactaion at a 

Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS). By adopting service quality (SERVQUAL) 

theory, they explain the element of SERVQUAL for factors that influencing to 

customers satisfaction. A quantitative study approach with convenience sampling 

method was adopted for data collection. The 200 questionnaire has been 

distributed but only 175 questionnaire can be used for data analysis with SmartPLS. 

The findings show reliablity, responsiveness, tangible, and also empathy have 

signficantly affected to customer satisfaction but costs and also assurance weren’t 

signficant. This study will help TBS to identify the factor that influencing the 

customer satisfaction toward service quality at TBS.

Factors influencing the Islamic studies students in Universiti Malaya 

(UM) to buy halal cosmetics 

Nurul Bari’ah Balqis binti Mohd Syukur 




Halal cosmetic have great potential to drive the Halal economy. In view of branding 

Halal cosmetics, it would be more effective to position Halal values to new insights 

for championing the Halal economy. Besides the importance of halal-certified 

products toward Muslims, products from non-halal sources continue to be widespread 

in the market due to the overwhelming response from consumers, including Muslims. 

A quantitative study via self-administered questionnaire was adopted and data were 

collected among 300 Islamic studies students in Universiti Malaya. By adopting the 

Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) plus price, this study will try identify factors 

influencing intention to buy halal cosmetics among Islamic studies student in 

Universiti Malaya. The findings of the research reveal that the attitude and perceive 

behavioural control are influencing the intention to buy halal certified cosmetics 

meanwhile subjective norms and price were found as not significant factor. The 

outcomes will helps cosmetics manufactures to have a better understanding on 

factors influencing consumer’s behaviour to purchase cosmetics.

Factors contributing toward customer intention to buy food at non-halal 

certified restaurants – a study in northern region of Peninsular Malaysia 

Mohamad Firdaus Halimi Bin Mohamad 




Islamic principles stressed out the importance of consuming clean and healthy food 

on daily basis except in case of dire necessity. In compliance to Islamic principles, 

Muslim need to consume halal foods, however, as reported by Malaysian Digest 

website in 2014, there are still Muslim customers who buy foods at non-halal certified 

restaurant. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors contributing 

towards customer intention to buy food at non-halal certified restaurants. Using the 

Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model with addition of external factors of food 

quality and word of mouth, this study will try to identify the factors that affected 

customer intention to buy food at non-halal certified restaurants. By adapting 

purposive sampling method, a sample size of 201 Muslim customers was agreed to be 

the respondents from five different shopping malls in Kedah, Penang and Perak. The 

findings indicate that attitude and food quality have positive relationship toward 

intention to buy foods at non-halal certified restaurants meanwhile perceived 

behaviour control, subjective norm and word of mouth was found as not a significant 

factor. The results of the study could be a big help for Halal certified restaurants to 

develop a new marketing strategy to attract more customers in the future.

Contributing factors of consumer willingness to pay for halal 

transportation cost 

Nabihah Asri 




Halal transportation is one of the important elements in halal supply chain to preserve 

the Halal quality at the point of consumption. However, the adoption of Halal 

transportation could increase the price of the products. Literatures show that 

consumers were still willing to pay for Halal logistic cost, but never mentioned which 

factors that leading to their willingness to pay. Hence, by adopting the Theory of 

Planned Behavior with additional variables which is religiosity, awareness and 

knowledge, this study will try to identify determinants to influence the consumer 

willingness to pay for halal transportation cost. Non-probability sampling technique 

with convenience sampling method was applied in the study. The findings found that 

attitude, knowledge and religiosity have positive effect on consumers’ willingness to 

pay for Halal transportation cost. To conclude, by understanding the determinants of 

the consumer willingness to pay for Halal transportation cost, provider can built 

strategic planning to influence consumer in future.

Factors that contributing Muslims consumers intention to eat at non- halal 

certified restaurant: A study at East Coast, Malaysia 

Mohd Nazirul Firdaus Bin Said 




Malaysia is an Islamic state and the majority population is Muslims. The increase in the 

Muslim population has led to an increase in the demand for halal products especially Halal 

food. However, there are still many Muslims who eat in non halal certified restaurant. 

Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors of Muslim buying in a 

restaurant who does not have Halal logo. By using the Theory Planned Behavior (TPB) 

and store image as independent variable with customer’s intention to buy as dependent, 

a quantitative approach with purposive sampling was adopted during data collection. A 

total of 200 questionnaires have been distributed at East Coast Mall (Terengganu, 

Kelantan and Pahang). Analyzing with the smart PLS, the findings show attitude, 

subjective norm and also store image have significantly affected to customer intention 

but perceived behavior control were not significant. The conclusion is this particular 

research will provide further understanding between certain factors that influence the 

intention of Muslim consumers to buy food at non-halal certified restaurants.

The perception of publics toward female involvement in maritime industry 

Nursyafika Binti Suhaimi 

Dr. Mohd Saiful Izwaan Bin Saadon 



This research is about the perception of public toward female involvement in maritime 

industry at Malaysia. Currently, women represent an increasing share of the world's 

labour force. Gender diversity is interventions not based on the appearance that women 

have been promoted unfairly. This study is to attract more female joining the career in 

maritime industry such as career in seafarer. This study also will benefit to target 

graduated university student especially females who are major in maritime study to 

involve in maritime industry. Female that involvement in this industry especially in 

seafarer represents a very small percentage of the world's maritime workforce than male. 

This research purposed to use mixed methods such as quantitative and qualitative 

methods. Methods design can be on either or both of the perspectives of publics. Lastly, 

this research can classify the factor that contributed to the discrimination among female 

in maritime industry.

A study of: the perception of logistics companies towards the foldable 

container 

Dayana Abdul Halim 




Foldable containers have the potential to enhance the cost efficiency of the logistics 

industry. It will be good potential to improved and reduced the cost efficiency and time 

to deliver the empty containers. It is importance to figure out the perception of logistics 

towards the use of suitable foldable container to being applied in an industry. In this 

research, a survey will be conducted among the logistics industry. The affinity diagram 

will be used as a tool to capture and gathered all the important data through the survey 

results. By doing so the researcher will analyse the application of foldable container in 

logistics industry and evaluate the different opinions from the industry because of the 

added cost in foldable containers.

An exploratory study for the socioeconomics impact at Tok Bali area towards 

development of east coast railway link (ECRL) project: community perception 

Muhamad Rashdan Ikmal Bin Mohamed Noor 




Malaysia will build East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) that will support the about 1.5% at current 

rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), society growth and development or urbanization. 

It is a new twin rail construction project which will connect West Coast to East Coast. In 

this research the sampling will focusing how ECRL will impacting to the community and 

the background of Tok Bali. The sampling of that area involves about 100 respondents. 

It is about the capabilities of Tok Bali area in terms of geographic, economic and society 

towards establishments of ECRL. The aims are to explore the determinants of Tok Bali 

community perception in socioeconomic impacts towards the development of ECRL. To 

find out the benefits and disadvantages of ECRL development towards socioeconomics of 

at Tok Bali. The survey will be carried out on the main players involved in the community. 

Data collection will be on two ways that are quantitative based on questionnaires by using 

Linker Scale from sampling scope at Tok Bali. Descriptive analysis through the frequency, 

mean, mode, median, bar and pie graph and using colleration (PEARSON). The purpose 

of study is to get co-operation from local community in Tok Bali area which is will give 

issue towards community acceptance on ECRL development.

The potential outcome of Port Tok Bali development: socioeconomic study 

Muhammad Khairu Hakimi bin Othman 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Saiful Izwaan bin Saadon 



The development of Port Tok Bali is one of the factor that contribute to the increasing of 

the socioeconomic of people living at Tok Bali area. Tok Bali is the place located at Pasir 

Puteh, Kelantan. The main objective of the research is to know the impact of the 

socioeconomic in Tok Bali area while the second objective is to know the challenge in 

development of port Tok Bali. Third objective is to recommend ways to overcome the 

challenge in development of port Tok Bali. Port development has given impact to the 

economy and social, also to the environment at the port area. Socioeconomic is the 

studies about the economic activities that give effects to the social human life and the 

social processes. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to 30 respondents where 

the respondent is the people that are living at Tok Bali area.

A study for: the increasing number of ship contribute the increasing total of 

emissions that impact to air quality and environments 

Nik Norazah Aziza Binti Azhar 

Dr Mohd Saiful Izwaan Bin Saadon 



With a growth of shipping industry years by years and the demand of using vessel as 

their mode of transport contribute to the increasing total of emissions that discharge from 

vessels slightly increasing. By facing risky problems that most of the ship are helpless to 

avoid emission from occur. This paper studies is based on the secondary sources. The 

study was done using quantitative approach by applying Pearson Product Moment 

Correlation Coefficient analysis and Hypothesis Testing to identify the type of ship’s 

emissions and to investigate its impact to air quality and environment. The study found 

that the increasing number of ship contribute to the increasing total of emissions that 

impact to air quality and environments in a number of ways both negative and positive. 

The leaking of emissions in every vessels impact the air quality indirectly harm living 

things and non-living things. The results in this study give different thought towards 

environment which that some impact make the world in perilous state. In spite of this, 

some impact such as ice melting will generate a positive condition for oil and gas 

production in the Arctic and seasonally turn the Arctic into a navigational sea indirectly 

create new shipping routes through the Arctic Sea.

The assessment level of Tok Bali as hub deep sea fisheries by 2020 

Nur Syamimi Binti Awang 

Dr. Mohd Saiful Izwaan bin Saadon 



The fisheries sector play an important role in the Malaysian economy, particularly in terms 

of contributing towards the national output, provides the main source of protein for the 

people, employment sources and foreign exchange. Deep sea fisheries in Malaysia refers 

to those activities beyond 30 nautical miles using boats of 70 GRT and above plus modern 

gears such as trawler and purse seiners. The deep-sea fisheries companies are still 

experiencing many issues and obstacles including lack of infrastructure resulting from 

lack of investment, lack of facilities such as cold rooms and storage facilities for repair 

and maintenance. The existing fishery facilities led to the preparation of the largest hub 

deep-sea fisheries. This study focuses on the fishery port facilities, its effectiveness, and 

the technical planning and survey ports of the study. This study will be obtain the data 

using observation, interviews and distribution questionnaire and also data obtained from 

departments and government agencies.

The lack of local seafarer in maritime industry at malaysia: issues & solutions 

Siti Nur Izzati Binti Ahmad 

Supervisors: Dr. Saiful Izwaan Bin Saadon 



Nowadays, the maritime industry plays an important part in the Malaysian economy. 

However, Malaysia maritime industry was experiencing the lack of local seafarers. This 

study reviews that the global shipping industry has been suffering from a shortage of 

qualified and experienced officers for the last two decades. This study focuses on the 

actual situation of local seafarers and factors that led to the lack of local seafarers in 

Malaysia. In this study, the method that been used is questionnaires, interview and 

document analysis such as journals, articles and newspaper. From the outcome of this 

study, we can conclude that the lack of local seafarers in maritime industry at Malaysia is 

caused by poor communication of trained seafarers. The research, countermeasures 

recommend for tackling the problem of the lack of local seafarers in Malaysia.

The occupational safety and health among fishermen in Tok Bali 

Siti Nur Shafini Najwa Binti Ghazali 




This study was undertaken to assess the occupational safety and health of fishermen 

community in Tok Bali, Kelantan. All types of primary data and information were collected 

through household questionnaire survey, group discussion and local interview. Published 

journal paper, conference paper, books and news article are the secondary data sources 

for this research. There are many problems that can be taken into account when studying 

occupational health problems for fishermen. Main problems that have been observed are 

accidents and injuries, musculoskeletal problems, stress, hearing problems caused by 

noise and skin burns, so the provision of occupational health services for this category is 

an urgent need which should be available. Traditionally they are practicing a few safety 

measures like carrying medicine for temporary health problems and carrying lifebuoy, life 

jacket, raincoat such as for ensuring protection from natural hazards which are not 

sufficient according to their occupation. Majority of the total fishermen did not take any 

training program ever on their occupational activities where only less of fishermen have 

taken by the lembaga kemajuan ikan Malaysia (LKIM). The Government and different 

NGO of Malaysia are trying to help the fishermen community for their health safety but it 

is not inadequate for enhancing their health safety.

The impacts of cruise tourism’s development to the sustainability at Kuantan 

Port 

Ummi Syakira binti Khalid 

Dr. Saiful Izwaan Bin Saadon 



Kuantan Port is one of the strategically cruise destination in Malaysia that have been 

developed and the passenger that come to cruise terminal have increase by year 

especially from China because of the Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park (MCKIP) 

project. This study focuses about the factors of development of cruise tourism and their 

effects toward the sustainability at Kuantan Port. In this study, the method used to collect 

the data and information are observation, questionnaires, interview and journal analysis 

about the cruise tourism. From the outcome of the study, the conclusion is the factor of 

development of cruise tourism at Kuantan port is Malaysian government’s support and 

initiative to develop the cruise tourism industry and the cruise tourism actually have 

impact to the sustainability at Kuantan Port especially to the environment where the 

modifications to the natural and built environment to enable destinations to serve as a 

cruise line destination involve loss of natural habitat, exploitation of local construction.

To study the purpose of the multifunctional of jetty at Kapas Island that 

contributes towards local tourism activities 

Wan Nor Fatila Binti Wan Othman 


Bachelor of Maritime Management 

School of Maritime Management and Business, University Malaysia 

Terengganu 

Tourism industry is a major contributor of the economic growth of Malaysia. As the second 

largest foreign exchange earner after manufactured goods and the seventh largest 

contributor to the Malaysian economy, in the Gross National Income (GNI) of RM47.2 

billion in 2013. The sample size of that area involves about 50 respondents. The main 

purpose of this study is to identify the multifunctional of the research Kapas Islands jetty 

towards local tourism activities, to find out the impact of tourism activities to the Kapas 

Island from perspective of economically, culturally and infrastructure development. Data 

collection will be on quantitative methods using questionnaires Likert Scale from sampling 

scope at Kapas Island community area. Descriptive analysis through the frequency, mean, 

mode, median, bar and pie graph.

The study: an overview requirement of halal logistic in Kuantan port 

SITI FATIMAH JUWARIAH BINTI SAZALEE 

DR. MOHD SAIFUL IZWAAN BIN SAADON 


School of Maritime Management and Business,University Malaysia 

Terengganu 

As we all know Halal logistics is the main important to produce of halal food. This is 

because halal logistic ensures that the ingredient and product does not mix with nonhalal 

product to maintain the hygiene and safety of the product. This research paper aims 

to explore the operation of halal logistic at Kuantan Port. Halal logistics covers 

warehousing, transportation and terminal operations. This paper studies is based on 

primary data and the other information that relates with this research. This research is a 

quantitative research as it is the best method to measure the influence of the variable 

which has been proposed. The findings show that the effectiveness of halal logistics from 

Kuantan Port has concerns in terms of separation between halal and non halal products 

in one place. However, there are some inefficiently in the areas of handling and 

transportation. This study suggests that it is necessary to develop collaborative networks 

among members in the halal logistics operation, to ensure that halal products safely arrive 

at the destination. 

OPINION of expert and decision maker’s regarding BILLFISH angling 

activities in KUALA ROMPIN

AISHA ASHIKIN BINTI SHAIRI 

MISS ZAHAITUN MAHANI BT ZAKARIAH 



Terengganu 

Billfish angling in Kuala Rompin is an annual international event that held by Royal Pahang 

Billfish International Challenge (RPBIC) between March to end of October. The goals of 

this research is to understand the differ views of an expert about the related issues of 

efficient conservation and management in Kuala Rompin. The problem statement relies 

on the Government of Malaysia that is not yet gazette Kuala Rompin as a Marine Protected 

Area (MPA), as well as the billfish is vulnerable by-catch by trawlers. The data was 

collected by conducting interview through call and email. This research uses the 

qualititative method and Atlas.ti as an approach. The findings reveal that majority of the 

respondent is agree if Kuala Rompin is gazette as MPA. This research can be improved 

by promoting RPBIC and indirectly give the awareness about this species from extinction. 

Opinion of experts regarding “Catch and Release” and circle hook usage 

practice in Billfish Angling

Dayang Nuraliaa Binti Awang Mohamed 

Zahaitun Mahani Binti Zakariah 



Terengganu 

The Royal Pahang Billfish International Challenge (RPBIC) is an annual off-shore fishing 

competition under the auspices of the Pahang State Government during active migration 

season in the months of March through September each year. The aim of this paper is to 

understand what the views of an expert about catch-and-release and circle hook in billfish 

angling in Kuala Rompin. The problem that arises is government has not yet gazetted 

Kuala Rompin as Marine Protected Area (MPA) and the billfish having situation with bycatch 

by trawler. The data was collected by conducting interview through call and email. 

These research using qualitative method and Atlas.ti as an approach. Through this 

research, majority of respondent agree if Kuala Rompin gazetted as MPA and some of 

respondent said that the regulation about the billfish angling is not yet adopted by 

authorities in Malaysia. The outcomes show that, RPBIC need the greatest promotion 

from all organisations and maximize the facilities in Kuala Rompin at the international 

level. 

A Case Study of Air Pollution from Ships in East Coast region in 

Peninsular Malaysia (Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang). 

Dineshvaran Maran

Hajjah Zahaitun Mahani Binti Zakariah 



Terengganu 

As a growing maritime nation, Malaysia has developed many seaports to cater the 

growing demand of maritime transportation in the worldwide trade nowadays. 

Next, shipping industry become one of the fastest-growing sources of greenhouse 

gas emissions where it significantly lead to the air quality problems in the seaport 

area. Besides that, this research was conducted to study the management and 

effects of air pollution from vessels where the research scope is the major seaports 

that located in East Coast region in Peninsular Malaysia. Moreover, this is a 

qualitative research where the data needed was collected by conducting an 

interview session with selected respondents from those seaports and important 

data collected is analyzed using software to have the findings. Based on this study, 

the outcomes shows that major seaports in East Coast region in Peninsular 

Malaysia are carefully managing the air pollution from vessels in the respective 

port area by complying with the regulations, conducting specific inspection to each 

of the vessel that berthing and implementing specific pollution management 

system. As for recommendation, proper management system should be 

implemented by those respective port authorities and ship owners especially in 

term of legal, technology, operational and marketing. 

Opinion of experts and decision makers regarding marine protected area in 

Kuala Rompin 

Farhah Nabilah binti Mohamad

Miss Zahaitun Mahani Binti Zakariah 



Terengganu 

Kuala Rompin is the famous place for anglers to catch the billfish. “Billfish” refers to 

various predatory fish belonging to the taxonomical family Istiophoridae. This study is 

to know the opinion of experts and decisions maker regarding marine protected area 

for billfish conservation. The objective is to evaluate the seasonal marine protected 

areas for billfish conservation. The problem facing is by-catch of another species of 

fish that make the mortality happened. Another problem is Kuala Rompin are not 

gazetted as marine protected area(MPA) for billfish conservation. Data analyzed by 

using Atlas.ti, a qualitative data analysis software package (QDA) that can code 

different media types, including text, images, videos, and audio. This study is useful 

to know about the opinion of experts about MPA for billfish. The result is for better 

understanding about the billfish and MPA. It also about the tourism and type of circle 

hook used for billfish angling. 

Perception of conservation and management of billfish among Universiti 


Intan Kamila binti Kamisan 

Hajah Zahaitun Mahani Binti Zakariah 



Terengganu

Royal Pahang Billfish International Challenge is the tournament that very famous at Kuala 

Rompin because of the crossover and migration of billfish. Billfish is a highly-migratory 

species that come into Kuala Rompin, Pahang at Malaysia in some their special season. 

This recreational fisheries must be near the centre of the species distribution in order to 

catch rates to be used as a valid measure of monitoring stocks. However, the 

conservation and management of this billfish species need to improve. The problem 

statement is how far Royal Pahang Billfish International Challenge (RPBIC) effect to 

billfish in Kuala Rompin. Therefore, the objective of this research is to study the 

perception of conservation and management of billfish among Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu student. A quantitative methodology that incorporates primary data such as 

questionaire is used to analyse the perception of conservation and management of billfish 

among Universiti Malaysia Terengganu student. As a conclusion, the perception of the 

billfish at Kuala Rompin through RPBIC are absolutely have to be known by others. 

A case study of air pollution from ships in Sabah and Sarawak region 

Karthigayan Vellayutham 




Terengganu 

Shipping is one of the fastest-growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions due 

to transport and is a major source of air pollution, which causes health problems,

acid rain and eutrophication. The Annex VI which limits the main air pollutants 

contained in ship exhaust gas and defines the quality of fuel oil. The amount of 

emission depends on the design, operating conditions and the characteristics of 

the fuel. If complete combustion of fuel were possible, the exhaust would only 

contain Carbon Dioxide (Co2) and water vapor. Carbon Dioxide (Co2) emission 

depends on fuel consumption and carbon content in the fuel. Some factors that 

influencing emission are cold starts, speed, maintenance, engine design and fuel 

used. This research conducted to study the management of air pollution from 

vessel in Malaysia which research scope is in major seaports located in Kelantan, 

Terengganu and Pahang and to identify the effects of harmful air pollution 

emission from vessel to nearby port areas or hinterland. This is a qualitative 

research where the relevant data collected by conducting an interview session 

through phone call with respondents from respective major ports and Atlas Ti is 

used to analyse the data collected to get an outcomes for this study. Through this 

paper, the outcomes shows that every major port that located in East Coast region 

in Peninsular Malaysia is taking care about the air pollution from ships in the 

respective port areas. From the result also most of the ports stated that they are 

following the regulation of MARPOL in Annex VI as a guideline and also conducting 

specific inspection to each of the vessel that berthing at respective ports to ensure 

that every ship is complying with the IAPP requirement. As most of the world trade 

done through maritime transportation nowadays, the respective port authorities 

and ship owners to avoid such environmental pollution from ships in upcoming 

future should apply relevant preventive measures. 

A case study of air pollution from ships in western region and southern 

region of Peninsular Malaysia (Selangor, Melaka and Johor). 

Mohammad Faizudin bin Shaiin 

Hajjah Zahaitun Mahani Binti Zakariah 



Terengganu 

Shipping is one of the fastest-growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions due 

to transport and is a major source of air pollution, which causes health problems,

acid rain and eutrophication. The Annex VI which limits the main air pollutants 

contained in ship exhaust gas and defines the quality of fuel oil. The amount of 

emission depends on the design, operating conditions and the characteristics of 

the fuel. If complete combustion of fuel were possible, the exhaust would only 

contain Carbon Dioxide (Co2) and water vapor. Carbon Dioxide (Co2) emission 

depends on fuel consumption and carbon content in the fuel. Some factors that 

influencing emission are cold starts, speed, maintenance, engine design and fuel 

used. This research conducted to study the management of air pollution from 

vessel in Malaysia which research scope is in major seaports located in Selangor, 

Melaka and Johor and also to identify the effects of harmful air pollution emission 

from vessel to nearby port areas or hinterland. This is a qualitative research where 

the relevant data collected by conducting an interview session through phone call 

with respondents from respective major ports and Atlas Ti is used to analyse the 

data collected to get an outcomes for this study. Through this paper, the outcomes 

shows that every major port that located in Western region and Southern region 

of Peninsular Malaysia is taking care about the air pollution from ships in the 

respective port areas. From the result also most of the ports stated that they are 

following the regulation of MARPOL in Annex VI as a guideline and also conducting 

specific inspection to each of the vessel that berthing at respective ports to ensure 

that every ship is complying with the IAPP requirement. As most of the world trade 

is done through maritime transportation nowadays, relevant preventive measures 

should be applied by the respective port authorities and ship owners to avoid such 

environmental pollution from ships in upcoming future. 

CASE study of air pollution from ships in north region of peninsular Malaysia 

Muhamad Izzuan Fitri bin Sahardin 

Zahaitun Mahani bt Zakariah 



Terengganu 

At the international level, Annex VI was added to the International Convention for the 

Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78 Convention) to minimise the pollutant 

emissions from ships such as nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and sulphur

oxides. In 2011, the Malaysian Marine Department highlighted the requirement of the 

national maritime community to adopt the resolution by the Marine environment and 

Protection Committee (MEPC) which was entered into force in 2010. MARPOL has 

specified certain sea areas as “Special Areas” in terms of technical reasons relating to 

prevention of sea pollution and has designated the special areas as Emission Control 

Areas (ECA). This case study elaborates compliance status of Malaysia as the 

International Maritime Organisation (IMO) member country to the legislation and 

management which was imposed MARPOL in the air pollution from ship. This study will 

be cover the port located in North Region of Peninsular Malaysia. As an expected result 

of this case study, most of the port in north region of Peninsular Malaysia take part in 

following MARPOL 73/78 Regulation and has awareness regarding air pollution from 

ships. Method used are qualitative method using interview session. The data will be 

analyse using Atlas.ti programmes. 

Perception of Conservation and Management Of Billfish Among Universiti 


Nor Ira Idatul Aliah binti Norazman 




Terengganu

Billfish is a Blue Marlin (Makaira mazara) which is one of the most sought after species 

by recreational anglers and Sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) which is one of the world’s 

fastest fish with speeds of up to 110 km / hour. The billfish is presence and migration in 

Kuala Rompin. Migration of billfish has provide Royal Pahang Billfish International 

Challenge. Royal Pahang Billfish International Challenge is a one of the activities has done 

in every year starting in June until October. This challenge has an open to many angler 

from international country. This research is about perception of conservation and 

management of billfish among student UMT. The problem statement is how far Royal 

Pahang Billfish International Challenge (RPBIC) effect to billfish in Kuala Rompin. A 

quantitative methodology that incorporates primary data such as questionnaire is used 

to analyse the perception of conservation and management of billfish among Universiti 

Malaysia Terengganu student. 

Opinion of Experts Regarding Billfish Angling as Ecotourism Attraction 

Nursakinah Binti Suleiman 

Miss Zahaitun Mahani binti Zakariah 



Terengganu 

The purpose of this research is to study the sustainability of ecotourism of billfish 

angling. Billfish angling is popular at the Kuala Rompin through out the Royal Pahang

Billfish International Challenge (RPBIC) that was held once a year during the active 

migration season in the months of March through September. The anglers that come 

from all over the world joining the RPBIC will contribute to the local economy. For the 

problem statement, the research focus on two things that are by-catches and Marine 

Protected Area (MPA). The research method is using the Atlas.ti program to analyse the 

result as the result is collect through the phone interview session. Based on the finding 

result that has been collect, most of the respondent are saying that the RPBIC event 

contribute much of the profit to the local people at the Kuala Rompin. 

Comparative Study of Passenger Services at Ferry Terminals between Kuala 

Kedah and Kuala Perlis 

Nurul Amiera binti Abdul Rahman 

Prof Dato’ Dr Saharuddin Bin Abdul Hamid 



Terengganu 

The provision of services offered at the ferry terminal is important to customers that using 

sea route to go to Langkawi. This study is focuses on assessing passenger services 

provided at both ferry terminals, Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis. The main purpose of this 

study is to identify the kind of passenger services at Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis Ferry 

Terminal. The second objective is to compare the level of passenger services between

Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis Ferry Terminal and the last objective is to suggest the 

alternative of passenger services at Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis Ferry Terminal. This 

research conducted using questionnaire survey. Distribution of questionnaire will be done 

to obtain the required data. Then, the data from questionnaire will be analyzed using 

SPSS method to achieve both objectives. This study can become the reference model for 

future implementation for other student about services at terminals in future.

Comparative study on the safety level of passenger ferries 

operating between Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis 

Siti Zauyah Ayub 




Terengganu 

This report is regarding a study on the level of safety of the ferry service 

provided by the operator to carry passengers to Langkawi between Kuala Kedah 

and Kuala Perlis. The first objective of this study is to identify the safety 

measure taken by operator in both jetty. The basic safety measure that are 

been using is based on the previous research which are crew's ability and 

qualification, safety equipment and instruction, ferry condition and passenger 

capacity, and documentation and inspection. The second objective is to 

evaluate and compare the level of safety measures implemented on passenger 

ferries operating Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis Ferry and the last objective is to 

propose any additional steps that operator may take to improve their service in 

term of safety quality. This research conducted by using questionnaire survey 

and observation on the ferry safety. Then, the data collected will be analysed 

by using SPSS method in achieving both objectives. The study could become 

the reference for the future research and could be using by the operator in 

order to improve their safety quality on their ferry service.

Comparative study of tourist satisfaction level towards 

ferry terminal facilities between Kuala Kedah and Kuala 

Perlis 

Nor Aishah Mohamad 




Terengganu 

The main purpose of this study is to assess the level of satisfaction of tourists to the 

facilities provided at two passenger ferry terminals to Langkawi Island, namely Kuala 

Perlis and Kuala Kedah. The first objective is to identify the kind of ferry terminal 

facilities between Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis. The second objective is to compare 

the level of tourist satisfaction of the ferry terminal facilities between Kuala Kedah and 

Kuala Perlis and the last objective is to suggest improvement in ferry terminal facilities 

at the Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis. A quantitative methodology that incorporates 

primary data such as questionnaire is used to analyse the tourist satisfaction level 

towards ferry terminal facilities between Kuala Kedah and Kuala Perlis. The result of a 

study showed that the level of overall satisfaction the tourists towards provided 

facilities at jetty terminals Kuala Kedah stands at being less than satisfactory compared 

at Kuala Perlis. 

The Impacts of Transformational Leadership to the Organizational Culture 

and Intention to Leave of the Employees 

Nor Anisah Binti Hussin

Dr. Juhaizi Bin Mohd Yusuf 



Terengganu 

Employees’ turnover is a critical issue and the greatest challenge faced by an 

organisation especially for management and human resources for organizations 

because of its associated costs, losing of productivity, decreasing organization profits, 

potential loss of valuable knowledge, skills and also intellectual capital. Today the 

numbers of employees leave a position or job continues to rise especially in private 

sector. A company has to spend substantial amount of money and time in order to 

recruit and train new employees to be as same as the experienced one especially in 

maritime sector which require high level of skills and experiences. The objectives of 

this research are to examine the influence of transformational leadership on 

organizational culture and investigating the relationship between transformational 

leadership, organizational culture and intention to leave of employees in private 

sectors and maritime agencies at Kuala Kedah and Kuala Terengganu. Based on the 

previous research, the factors that force employees to leave an organisation are 

colleague, working environment, organisation culture, job stressor and leadership. In 

order to achieve these research objectives, simple regression analysis is performed 

through the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Transformational 

leadership and organisational culture are expected to be one of the factors that 

contributing to employee intention to leave. 

The Influences of Transformational Leadership to the Employees’ 

Organization Citizenship Behaviour and Intention to Leave of the 

Employees 

Ozan Fairuzza Nilda Binti Laili 

Dr. Juhaizi Mohd Yusof



Terengganu 

In the past literature, it showed that Transformational Leadership, Organizational 

Behaviour and Intention to Leave of the employees are so important to every each of 

the organizations. In today’s dynamic and uncertain global economy, organizations 

rely heavily on the quality of the human resources to create and sustain competitive 

edge and intention to leave is a serious issue in the organization and are considered 

to be one of the difficult issues in business. High undesirable employee intention to 

leave is a prevalent issue in today’s contemporary business organizations which has 

resulted in both direct and indirect costs for organizations. This paper objectives is to 

assess the level of transformational leadership, organizational citizenship behaviour 

and intention to leave of the employees. Secondly, it is to examine the influence of 

transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behaviour. It was conducted 

in maritime government related agencies and maritime private companies with 139 

participants who volunteered for the participation which is from the group of accessible 

people who meets the specific requirements of the study. In testing the relations of 

the variable of the data, it used the Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression. Through 

this paper, the outcomes showed that in maritime government related agencies and 

maritime private companies have a different result on the influences on each of the 

variables. 

Train Development in Peninsular Malaysia copes with One Belt, One Road 

(OBOR) project 

Mahendrran Selvaduray 

Dr. Loke Keng Bin



Terengganu 

Chinese President Xi Jinping’s globalization initiative called One Belt, One Road 

(OBOR) project. It aims to develop new infrastructure especially in railways. Malaysia 

has agree with High-Speed-Rail (HSR) and East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) train project. 

These circumstances will most likely to improve the train industry because with the 

development its will stimulate our nation industrial revolution. The first objective is to 

identify the important macro environmental factors that affecting the train 

development with OBOR project by using PESTELS analysis. Second objective is to 

prioritize the most dominant macro environmental factors which influences the train 

development with OBOR project by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). These 

research is using PESTELS analysis to determine the main criteria and the sub-criteria. 

Surveying a closed-ended questionnaire is collected from experts in Malaysian Land 

Public Transport Commission (SPAD). After that, the subjective evaluation are 

converted into numerical value and processed to rank each alternative on a numerical 

scale by using AHP analysis. Based on results, it has shown that Environmental factor 

are the most significant main criteria in PESTELS followed by Legal, Technology, Safety 

and Security, Economic, Social and Political factors. It can be conclude that mostly the 

respondents give highly priority to the main factors of Environment. 

The macro environmental factor that affects Ipoh Cargo Terminal (ICT) 

development copes with one belt one route project (OBOR) 

Intan norjiha ishak 

Dr. Loke Keng Bin 



Terengganu

This research is being done to analyse the Ipoh Cargo Terminal Development 

that can copes with One Belt One Route Project (OBOR). ICT is one of inland dry 

port that located in peninsular of Malaysia; this research is focus to look how ICT 

ready to adapt with OBOR project that will do at east coast of Malaysia. The 

problem statement of this research is China has developed the idea of "One belt, 

one route" project as the land route as an initiative to ship goods and passengers 

in a short time from China to Europe and through several other countries 

including Malaysia. In this situation, Ipoh Cargo Terminal as the Inland Dry Port 

that the function for place to distribution the cargo of raw material like iron ore 

need to requires for development to how this ICT can copes with one belt one 

route project. Then, the objective in this research is to identifying the important 

macro environmental factors affecting the ICT development with OBOR project 

by using PESTEL analysis and for the second objective is to prioritize the 

dominant macro environmental factors which influence the ICT with OBOR 

project by using AHP analysis. This research is used Analysis Hierarchy Process 

(AHP) as the qualitative method, function of AHP is to making the comparison 

between the main criteria and sub-criteria to look which the criteria is most 

important. The questionnaire is constructed from the research framework and 

there are fourth-teen expert from Ipoh Cargo Terminal is targeted as respondent 

to answer the questionnaire. The results show that Technology factor (42.9%) 

is the most significant main criteria in PESTEL analysis followed by economic 

(19.7%), environment (14.0%), social (12.6%), legal (7.3%) and political 

(3.5%) factor. Technology is important to ICT to copes with OBOR because it 

gives the advanced to the inland port especially ICT. This research is to 

contribute to learn new information during phase of OBOR project and to 

construct public awareness for OBOR project. 

Kuantan Port Development Copes with One Belt One Road (OBOR) project 

NORHANANI SHAZRIN BINT HAMDAN 

Dr. K.B Loke 



Terengganu 

China ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative clearly ready as an vision for transforming the 

political and economic landscapes of Eurasia and Africa over the coming decades via

network of infrastructure partnership across the energy ,telecommunications, logistic 

,law ,IT and transportation sector. The situation will surely effect to the Kuantan Port 

operation because the One Belt One road project due to the progression in East 

Malaysian. Whether our current Kuantan Port Consortium in Peninsular Malaysia is 

able to deal with One Belt, One Road? The first objective is to identify an important 

macro environmental factor that Kuantan Port Consortium copes with OBOR project 

by using PESTEL analysis. The second objective is to prioritize the most dominant 

macro factor which influences the Kuantan Port Consortium copes with OBOR project 

by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis. A qualitative method is used and 

closed-ended questionnaire is constructed from the research framework. Twenty 

experts from Kuantan Port Consortium are targeted as respondents to answer the 

questionnaire. The results shown that Political factor is the most significant main 

criteria in PESTEL analysis, followed by Economics, Technology, Social, Environment, 

and Legal. Therefore, these researches contribute: 1) to learn new information and 

infrastructure during the phase of OBOR project at Kuantan Port Development. As a 

conclusion, the political the main point in the ranking the macro environmental factors 

have been identified which adapt the Kuantan Port copes OBOR Project in Peninsular 

Malaysia. 

Macro Environmental Factors That Affects Port Klang Development Copes 

With One Belt One Road Project (OBOR) 

Nur Syuhada Binti Adam 

Dr. Loke Keng Bin 



Terengganu 

One Belt One Road Project (OBOR) is a development strategy launched by China 

government to enhance more connectivity and economic cooperation that also involve 

Port Klang, Malaysia. The purpose of this research is based on how Port Klang

development can copes with OBOR project. As a result of the congestion at Strait of 

Malacca, this project emphasize the important of land-based corridor using train to 

minimize the congestion. The objectives of this paper is to identify the macro 

environmental factors that affecting Port Klang development copes with OBOR project 

using PESTEL analysis and to prioritize the dominant macro environmental factors 

which influence Port Klang development copes with OBOR project by using Analytic 

Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis. Based on the research, the result has shown that 

Political factor is the most prioritize main criteria followed by Economic, Technology, 

Legal, Environment, and Social. Through this research, it can notify and advice the 

port authority and government agency about the suitable variables to come out with 

a better plan to copes with OBOR project. 

A CASE STUDY: THE ANALYSIS OF IMBALANCE CARGO PERFORMANCE 

THROUGHPUT AT KUANTAN PORT 

MASTURA BINTI MOHD ABD KADIM 

PROF MADYA DR MOHAMAD ROSNI BIN OTHMAN 



Terengganu 

The imbalance of cargo performance in maritime industry has existing numerous of 

problem and it can influence the port developing. The imbalance of cargo performance 

can give one impact to the performance of the port operation. The purpose of this

esearch is to study the factors that influencing imbalance of cargo performance, the 

impact from imbalance of cargo performance and to develop the strategies to maintain 

cargo performance at Kuantan Port. To achieve the research objectives, the data has 

been collected through questionnaire and interview with several department of 

Kuantan Port. The researcher analyzes the data to get the result in SPSS software 

within using analysis of descriptive analysis. The result has been show that the 

responses of respondent from department of Kuantan Port help the researcher achieve 

the research objectives regarding the imbalance of cargo performance at Kuantan 

Port. The result obtained can make the researcher get the recommendations or 

solution in solving the problem regarding the imbalance of cargo performance. 

The relationship between organizational factors and willingness to 

implement green logistics among manufacturing and logistics firm in 

Terengganu. 

Ashvanny Ann Balagan 

En. Mohd Rizal Bin Ismail 



Terengganu 

The development and vast growth of economic from the various sectors has been lead 

to several issues. Most importantly the sectors of transportation, production, storage 

and consumption of goods no matter how efficient and competent it still sow the seeds 

to environmental problems. This research is aimed to study about the linear

elationship between organizational factors and willingness to implement Green 

Logistics to suggest several recommendations. This is a correlational type of research 

and a survey has been developed which is containing basic questions about willingness 

to implement green logistics and the relation to organizational factors. A total of 150 

number of logistics workers and on the other hand 150 number of manufacturing 

workers from Terengganu. According to our results, it has been proved that there is 

linear relationship between organizational factors and willingness to implement green 

logistics. The research suggests the need for further research to study other attributing 

factors that affects the willingness to implement green logistics. 

The impact in level of tolerance to the service failure and service recovery 

of reverse logistics at Kuala Terengganu 

Siti Nur Fateha Yaakop 




Terengganu 

Improved customer satisfaction on level of tolerance by giving attention to service 

failure in reverse logistics. Reverse logistics can include gaining feedback to make 

improvement and to improve the understanding of real reasons for product reasons. 

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect in level of tolerance to the service 

failure and service recovery in reverse logistics. The survey research was utilized, two 

hypotheses was generated and using stratified as well as simple linear random 

sampling with a sample size is 400 respondent from IPTA students at Kuala Nerus, 

Kuala Terengganu. The area was selected will help them to understand about reverse 

logistics that occur around them which certainly could improve and implement the

everse logistics in Malaysia. Set of questionnaire is focusing on service failure and 

service recovery in online business by using Likert scale. Discussions on the findings, 

significance of the study and direction for future research are then discussed. 

The relationship between economic factors and willingness to implement 

green logistics among manufacturing and logistics firm in Terengganu. 

Maizatul Mahanie Binti Mat Lazim 




Terengganu 

Pollution is increasing from day to day cause from different stages of producing and 

distributing of products highlights the importance of green operations. Concern for the 

environment has led many firms to define green logistics practices that protect the 

environment. One aspect of the green supply chain is to improve the economic and 

environmental performance simultaneously throughout the chain by establishing longterm 

between buyer-supplier relationships. By applying quantitative method, 

questionnaire is use to get the data. The effort of this research is to focus on its 

optimization and implementation of green logistics practices in manufacturing and 

logistics firm operation. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship 

between economic factors and willingness to implement green logistics within 

manufacturing and logistics firms operation for environmental sustainability and to 

provide some recommendations for the firm to follow sustainability in their operation.

The level of Awareness Regarding Knowledge and Involvement for an 

Emergency Preparedness amongst Civil Servant at East Coast of 

Peninsular Malaysia in the Terengganu States for Urban and Rural Areas 

Muhammad Ariff bin Roslan 



Terengganu 

The purpose of this research is to gauge the level of awareness amongst the Malaysian 

civil servants in an emergency situation. The research objective aims to find the 

relation between the level of awareness with knowledge, involvement of people 

regarding in an emergency preparedness in both urban and rural areas in the state of 

Terengganu. This study utilizes a variety of statistical techniques, including of 

correlation, regression and liner relationship between variables. The data collection is 

done by questionnaire survey with a sample size of 350 respondents. The data 

collection will consist of two part which is part 1 contain demographic question and 

level of awareness, another one which is part 2 contain two variable such as 

knowledge and involvement question.

The level of Awareness Regarding Communication and Roles for an 

Emergency Preparedness amongst Armed Forces at Terengganu. 

Siti Fauziana binti Musa 

En. Mohd Rizal bin Ismail 



Terengganu 

This study examined significant level of awareness on roles of Malaysian Armed 

Forces and the relationship between level of awareness and communication 

(theory of media richness) at Gong Kedak Air Base, Jerteh on emergency 

preparedness. A total of 400 armed forces at Gong Kedak Air Base from 

different department were selected using simple random sampling method. Out 

of 300 randomly responded the questionnaire 158(52.7%) males 142(47.3%) 

females filled in the shelf administered questionnaire adapted from National 

Directorate General for Disaster Management (2013), Jennifer Leaning et. al. 

(November 2016), Fuad Alzahrani and Yiannis Kyratsis (20 December 2016) 

and more. The data obtained were analysed by using descriptive statistical 

techniques such as frequencies, means and standard deviation and inferential 

statistical such as; Kolmogorov Smirnov, chi-square, Pearson correlation and 

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Finally, other recommendations and suggestion 

were also made for further investigation.

The relationship between technological factors and willingness to 

implement green logistics among logistics and manufacturing companies 

in Terengganu. 

Siti Nurulain binti Mat Yusop 




Terengganu 

This study has explain how green logistics be implement and encourage logistics and 

manufacturing companies to use green logistics. The purpose of this study is to 

develop, validate and evaluate an environmental theory of behaviour that can explain 

sustainable behavioural intent in green logistics. The problem that arises among 

logistics and manufacturing companies when they implement green logistics that 

makes the percentage is still low. In this study, main respondent involve all people at 

logistics and manufacturing companies at area of Terengganu. The sample was used 

to validate the variables consists of 300 participants from logistics and manufacturing 

companies. Not all company want to implement green logistics because of some 

factors that they need to consider. The results show that technological factors can 

impact technology adoption aimed at green logistics: firms were more likely to adopt 

green technology and practices when they offered a clear advantage and weren't too 

complicated.

The Barrier of Management and Policy Factors Affects Towards 

Implementation of Reverse Logistics in Online Business Service in Kuala 

Nerus, Terengganu 

Nur Izzati Sahira binti Salehuddin 



Terengganu 

Reverse logistics is an important element of an effective service recovery. The purpose 

of reverse logistics is to improve the efficiency in resources utilization and 

environmental protection to increase the customer satisfaction. The objectives of this 

study are to analyze the barrier of policy and management factor towards 

implementation of reverse logistics affects customer satisfaction to online business. 

The survey research design was utilized, two hypothesis was generated and using 

stratified as well as simple linear random sampling, a sample size for students is 400 

respondents. The student was chosen because they are the group that more prone to 

online purchases. The area that was selected which have several institutes of higher 

education at Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. Set of questionnaire is focusing on the barrier 

factors of policy and management by using a Likert scale to see how the respondent 

which is online purchaser level of agreement of two variables.

The barrier of financial and infrastructure affects towards customer 

satisfaction in online business service in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Nurezzati binti Kosri 




Terengganu 

Reverse logistics is a process of planning, implementing and controlling the flows of 

raw materials, in process inventory, and finished goods, from a manufacturing or 

usage point to a point of proper for disposal. The objective of this study is to analyses 

the barrier factor that affect implementation of reverse logistics in Malaysian and to 

analyses the implementation reverse logistics that cause the customer satisfaction. 

The survey research design was utilized, two hypothesis was generated and using 

stratified as well as simple linear random sampling. Data from 400 high level education 

students in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. Set of questionnaire is focusing on financial and 

infrastructure barrier by using Likert scale to see how far level of knowledge the 

students and their opinion about barriers of the implementation of reverse logistic that 

effects towards customer satisfaction in online business service. The result of study 

showed there is a significant relation between the barriers of implementation of 

reverse logistics with customer satisfaction.

The Formulation Royal Malaysia Customs Laws to Kenyir Free Trade 

Zones (FTZ) 

Muhamad Amirul Shakiq Bin Abdul Khadar 

En. Madzli Harun 



Terengganu 

Establishing FTZ is another way of facilitating the free flow of trade and 

business. In FTZ, investors will enjoy a preferential corporate tax scheme, 

custom duties and other fees and charges with simplified border control, custom 

clearance, and other procedures. Transformation of Kenyir Lake becomes FTZ 

able to make it the Eco-tourism destination one of the focal areas in 

Terengganu. The main issue is Non-Regulation related to Royal Malaysia 

Customs (RMC) and Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) adapted 

to KFTZ. Another are lack of enforcement regarding monitoring activities and 

movement of goods at KFTZ. Thus, the objective of research is to assess either 

related type of laws be potential to implement on KFTZ. The theory have been 

used in this research are Principal agent and Benchmark theory. To ensure 

forming Customs laws on KFTZ, the engagement by RMC, MITI, and KETENGAH 

really importance to ensure sustainability of relationship towards proposed 

regulations. FTZ that apply the recommended regulation derived from the result 

of the study will able to be best and successful FTZ on future. 

The formulation on Malaysia halal catering regulation in Malaysia 

commercial vessel/cruise vessel

Nor Atiqah Binti Che Udin 

Madzli bin Harun 



Terengganu 

Catering foods means an approved food establishment that is serving or preparing 

food, transported, displayed and handled in this regulation. The lack of effective 

collaboration between Halal logistics service providers and Halal agencies is the main 

issue to set the standards that secures the Halal integrity of the product throughout 

the whole supply chain. Thus, the innovation is to developed awareness and culture 

about the process of production and the ingredients used in products. This regulation 

is to ensure food and beverages are being provided appropriate quality and nutritional 

value in order to meet requirements of Muslim seafarers on board. Those seafarers 

who are serving food must be properly trained and demonstrate a working knowledge 

of food hygiene practices. To ensure forming of Malaysia Halal Catering Policy, the 

engagement by JAKIM, HDC and MOT as well as shipping agencies really importance 

to ensure the sustainability of relationship towards proposed policy. Moreover, this 

policy will empower Halal catering regulations as a reference to stakeholders. This 

regulation will gives more details awareness to agencies parties to apply on vessel 

Malaysian flag. Findings from this particular project will gains several of social 

innovations such as i) to formulate Halal Catering Regulation/ Policy Framework for 

Malaysian vessels; ii) to create awareness amongst shipping communities and iii) to 

enhancement cooperation amongst respective governments agencies within 

respective communities. 

The Relevancy of Anti-Dumping Act Towards Malaysia Counterparts for 

Protection of Domestic Industries in Global 

Muhammad Zulfikar bin Ahmat




Terengganu 

This paper examines how the relevancy of Anti-Dumping act can protect domestic 

industries in global. According to WTO and GATT (Article IV), anti-dumping determined 

by calculating antidumping margins where it means the difference between the price 

export and domestic goods that was been sold in exporting country. It recognized 

officially at the GATT 1994, and used primarily by United States (US), European Union 

(EU), Canada and Australia which do have active antidumping legislation. Literature 

review used for studying previous research about anti-dumping which is related to 

author research. According to Amanda Bolderston (2008), literature review can be an 

informative, critical, and useful synthesis of a particular topic. It can identify what is 

known and unknown in the subject area, identify areas of controversy or debate, and 

help formulate questions that need further research. The more quantity of imported 

goods than exported goods and the lack of enforcement in price control system be the 

main issues that led to dumping in the particular countries. So, why relevant measures 

requirements should be used to increase enforcement in terms of price control and 

which solution can be used by the authorities to ensure the balancing activities of 

import and export. This action taken by authorities to strengthen the enforcement on 

price control and to balance the import and export. This research use benchmarking 

theory. According to John P. Moriarty, (2011) a theory of benchmarking sufficient 

methodological elements contributing to establish them within an acceptable 

theoretical framework. Then, finding in this research can be shown when Malaysia 

take New Zealand as role model in enact the Anti-Dumping in order to protect domestic 

industries in global because that country is the powerful in use Anti-Dumping. As 

conclusion, anti-dumping act has been adopted in the country which suffered by 

dumping from other country. 

Malaysia Digital Free Trade Zone: The Formulation of the Policy in Trading 

System among Malaysian Trade Counterparts 

Zuraida binti Zainal 


Bachelor of Maritime Management


Terengganu 

The Digital Free Trade Zone (DFTZ) is set up to facilitate seamless cross-border trade 

as globally and consists of three main components that combine both physical and 

virtual zones. The issue is no specific regulation in DFTZ to protect consumers and 

traders as well and identify the potential implication of DFTZ to Malaysia’s economy. 

The objective this paper are i) to define the DFTZ on the perspective of the business 

group; ii) to formulate the regulation in the policy of quotas term in the DFTZ to control 

the trading system in Malaysia; iii) to identify the potential implications of the DFTZ 

on Malaysia’s economy. The methodology for this paper is the qualitative method 

which is using Principle Agent Theory and National Regulatory Authority. The result 

from this paper will effect on Malaysia business segmentations, limitation of import 

products and beneficial to consumers and traders. Meanwhile, the contribution of this 

policy is the safety regulation and to clarify about the safety transaction between thirdparty, 

increase the efficiency of the online business and to harmonize the trading 

among counterparts. This regulation is to protect all parties while doing transaction 

and operation in order to ensure all customers’ data private and confidential and next 

to boost Malaysia economy. 

Enforcement of Intellectual Property Right Act for Malaysia Small Medium 

Enterprise when Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership being 

enforced 

Nursyafiq Luqman Bin Ahmad 




Terengganu

IP protections include patents, trademark, industrial design, copyright, geographical 

indication and layout design of integrated circuits. Less developed country is 

concerned over the social cost due to market access of developed country and the risk 

of falling into low-wage trap of development. In addition, Small economics are also 

concerned over being overwhelmed by low-cost import from the giant economics of 

China and India. Thus, the innovation is to suggest a mega negotiation Regional 

Comprehensive Economic Partnership about the potential market access and 

exchanges of technology between developed, developing and less developing 

countries. RCEP is involved ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian 

Nation plus six states Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand. 

Liberalization trade policies used to enhance the economy between developed, 

developing and less developing country. In addition, stakeholder and policymaker 

must continue and deal to negotiate RCEP to be implemented. To ensure forming of 

the suitable policy for Intellectual Property matched with ongoing trade like Regional 

Comprehensive Economic Partnership, the engagement by KPDNKK and MYIPO as well 

as pharmaceutical agencies really importance to ensure the sustainability of 

relationship towards proposed policy. Principal Agent Theory is stakeholder can make 

the decision on behalf their own interest, which are contrary to those of their principal. 

Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement used as Benchmarking Theory as per references 

to compare and contrast between RCEP agreement. Findings from this research will 

gains several of social innovations such as i) To analyze the preparation of Less 

Developing Countries (LDC) to accept the higher standard of protection of IP from 

RCEP agreement to Small Medium Enterprise (SME). ii )To study the expected outcome 

of RCEP agreement to SME focussing on IP 

Malaysia National Single Window: The Enforcement Royal Malaysia 

Custom and MITI Liabilities on Trade System and Logistic Sector 

Muhamad Zarul Hamdan Remali 

Madzli Bin Haji Harun 



Terengganu 

Single Window was recommended by the United Nations European Economic 

Commission (UNECE) to support the trade facilitation. This initiative to facilitate cross-

order cargo movement for trading system. Basically, Single Window could assist to 

reduce time for cargo clearance from Custom and definitely paperless document 

permit process MITI. Hence, regards to industrial revolution 4.0, the government of 

Malaysia has develop its National Single Window (NSW) particularly for trade 

facilitation assistance. Hereby, purpose by using NSW to enhancement electronics 

medium as communication and process. Currently, it’s lacking participation from 

stakeholders especially forwarding companies because lack of knowledge and 

understanding for NSW. Definitely, it occurred because NSW need the comprehensive 

application software and new technologies which it still new for them. Generally, this 

research focusing into two main objective; i) to identify the liabilities and enforcement 

Royal Malaysia Custom and MITI to implement National Single Window and, ii) 

secondly to determine strategies cooperation among stakeholder involve in NSW. The 

problems arise are i) need to clarify the lack of liabilities and enforcement by Royal 

Custom Malaysia and MITI to implement NSW and ii) the difficulty in establishing 

cooperation among stakeholders involvement NSW. This study has adopted a 

qualitative research approach by using bench marking theory which is to reference 

other country who adopt same regulation to our research. Moreover, the Principal 

Agent Theory also been use in order to know the implementation of NSW in Malaysia 

that involve the government agencies and stakeholders and shareholders that 

engagement of trade facilitation. The findings of the study is empowerment of 

implementation NSW by respective agencies and stakeholders for enhancement the 

national policy in trading system for logistic sector. 

The Effect of Service Quality (Freight Forwarder) on Customer Satisfaction 

At Tanjung Pelepas Port, Johor. 

Che Muhamad Rabbani Bin Che Abdullah 

Dr. Rudiah binti Md Hanafiah 



Terengganu

According to the International Chamber of Shipping (1921) state that 90% of world 

trade is carried by the international shipping industry. Regarding the statement above, 

each freight forwarder company should be grabbing this opportunities to ensure the 

growth of Malaysia economy. This study was conducted to identify the service quality 

(expectation) from freight forwarder Company at Tanjung Pelepas Port and Industrial 

Area which is impact the customer satisfaction. A total 100 customer were selected as 

respondents for the survey, and questionnaire were used as instruments. The result 

showed the main element of service quality related to customer expectation from the 

service provided is in good level. The collected data will be analysed using SPSS. The 

expectation of the customer satisfaction will be based in terms of service quality and 

also repurchase intention. 

A Study of Alternative Energy or Fuel for Container Shipping in Malaysia 

Mohamad Zulhaiery bin Zakaria 




Terengganu 

In recent year, global air pollution from marine transportation and increasing bunker 

price is a growing concern. In discerning the sources of such pollution, researchers

have become interested in tracking where along the total fuel life cycle these 

emissions occur. In addition, new efforts to introduce alternative fuels in marine 

vessels have raised questions about the energy use and environmental impacts of 

such fuel. There have been a few suggestion or solution for these two issues, for 

example, moderate steaming, strict direction or utilizing low sulphur energy or fuel. 

Be that as it may, all of these solutions have their own impediments. To address 

these issues, this paper presents to look for another solution: finding potential an 

alternative shipping fuel or energy for deep sea container shipping industry in the 

future especially concerning to Malaysian registered vessel. In the wake of surveying 

potential alternative fuel or energy and determination criteria, the authors find out 

that nuclear power, LNG and renewable energy such as biofuel can be seen as the 

potential alternative fuel or energy. These candidates evaluated by comparison table 

of fuels under different criteria, a survey followed by analytical hierarchy process 

analysis and distributed questionnaire t o expert in this field. Through a detailed 

analysis of alternative technologies developed and currently under research, 

promoted will be those with the highest applicability to the state. Nuclear power are 

most feasible for future container ship but other alternative such as biofuel and LNG 

have also been considered. However people still worry about its high initial cost and 

safety issues. Regarding the high initial cost, nuclear provide economic benefit for 

successful long-term business strategy. Regarding the safety issues, with 

technological advancements, it could be theoretically possible to solve this issue. 

Lastly, this thesis explain about environment and human healthy than narrow down 

to Malaysian effect presenting types of new era of vessel using alternative fuel and 

propose alternative fuel for Malaysian registered vessel as further step to preventing 

pollution in Malaysia environment. 

The risk of disposal ballast water to the environment at sea case study at 

major port of Malaysia (ballast water treatment system) 

MUHAMMAD FITRI BIN ZULKIFLI 




Terengganu

The ballast water will be pumped into vessel in largest water from the first place such 

as during loading cargo or container , then the ballast water will be pumped out at the 

next place during discharge cargo to keep safe vessel from not stabilize the position 

of ship. During the voyage in the ballast tank can spread various microorganism in the 

water before discharge the ballast water. BWM Convention adopted by the IMO have 

been give a task to measure for the protection of our marine ecosystem. Some factor 

from ballast water in my literature review from the other journal is invasive species 

spread in ballast tank and lack from monitor by Malaysia government. This research 

to identify the factor of ballast water influence the selected of ballast water treatment 

(BWTS) and also to determine the best solution ballast water treatment for Malaysia 

port. This research using qualitative and quantitative to find the factor from literature 

review for the PESTEL analysis then create the questionnaire past into the respondent 

expert with this research then analysis using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to find 

the best option from expert answering my questionnaire. Through this paper the 

outcomes show the factor from the expert in questionnaire from my analysis in 

economic aspect, environment aspect and social aspect for the main criteria. From the 

result the Malaysia port does not have enforcement in ballast water from our research 

studies about this and from my expert during brainstormn opinion. 

Fishermen Satisfaction toward Service Quality at Tok Bali Fishing Port. 

Muhammad Muzakkir bin Suhaimi 

Dr. Rudiah Bt Hanafiah 



Terengganu 

Tok Bali Fishing Port is one of the most important place to the locals to earn living as 

the main job to the people at Tok Bali is a fisherman. As located at the seaside, 

fisheries sectors is an economic resource to the people and Tok Bali Fishing Port is 

useful to them. Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia (LKIM) is an organisation that 

manages activity that related to fisheries sector in Tok Bali Fishing Port. This 

organisation responsible to provide facilities, services, infrastructure and other service 

in order to facilitate fishermen to carry out their work and fish landing. A study was 

done to analyse the service quality toward Tok Bali Fishing Port and the satisfaction 

at Tok Bali Fishing Port that based on KANO Model. As the whole result, majority of

the fishermen that have been ask with the questionnaire satisfied with the facilities 

and service quality. So, LKIM shall carry on with their performance in the future and 

keep develop the fisheries sectors along with the time passed. Fisheries sector need 

LKIM to produce a high productivity in fishing industry as LKIM supply most of the 

facility and help fisheries sector. 

A study of alternative fuel for tanker vessel in Malaysia 

Syarafuddin bin Salleh 

Dr. Rudiah bte Md Hanafiah 



Terengganu 

In the matter of the tanker shipping industry in Malaysia, two problems have been 

raised in this research. One is the increasing bunker price and the second one is 

about serious environmental problem. There have been some solutions for these 

two problems such as slow steaming, strict regulation or using low sulphur fuels. 

However, all of these solutions have their own limitations, which lead to create of 

this thesis to look for another solution: finding an alternative shipping fuel or energy 

for tanker shipping industry in the future. After evaluate potential shipping fuels and 

selection criteria, this study discover that nuclear power, biodiesel, methanol and 

renewable energy such as wind and solar power can be seen as the potential

candidates. The result will contains three parts: a comparison table of fuels under 

different criteria, a survey followed by analytical hierarchy process analysis and 

questionnaire with professional people. After a general anticipated, it is able to see 

that nuclear power is the most feasible alternative in terms of the academic 

research. However people still worry about its high initial cost and safety issues. 

Regarding to the cost, nuclear energy known for their long life cycle which can last 

for almost at least decades. For the safety issues, this study find that it is not 

technical but emotional problem, which make the safety problem become solvable. 

In general, using the nuclear power could be the most feasible solution for future 

tanker shipping sector in Malaysia. 

The effects of bauxite mining activities after moratorium at Kuantan, 

Pahang: industrial areas 

Wan Mohamad Mazwan Bin Wan Mohd Amin 




Terengganu 

Bauxite mining is not known to many Malaysians except recently due to environmental 

pollution issues in Kuantan, Pahang. Communities living near bauxite mining areas and 

bauxite transport routes have some serious consequences, particularly in the 

economic, social and health aspects in the population. Some of the problems identified 

are noise disturbances derived from bauxite transport, traffic congestion, road damage 

with red mud, deforestation, erosion enhancement, air pollution such as dust that 

results in poor visibility during dry days, houses and property dust, respiratory and 

skin problems, soil and water pollution. The bauxite mining and transportation 

activities is currently facing a difficult situation because has affected environmental

pollution which will also affect the local community in terms of economics and social. 

Moratorium has been implemented in kuantan to avoid pollution as bauxite activity 

continues to increase. The bauxite moratorium is the government imposing a 

moratorium on suspension of all bauxite mining activities within a certain period. This 

study was conducted to identify the impacts of bauxite mining activities after 

moratorium on the Gebeng communities. Three hundred and fifty people in the bauxite 

mining area, especially Gebeng were randomly selected as respondents. Interviews 

using questionnaires were used to collect data. The findings show that the 

implementation of the moratorium could alleviate the problems faced by the 

community as a result of bauxite activity but there are still illegal miners still operating 

bauxite mining. In conclusion, the combined effects of environmental disturbances 

resulting from mining activities have peaked on health and economic problems among 

the surrounding communities. These impacts to these communities will be worse if 

there are no appropriate mitigation measures to protect the environment and human 

well-being.

A Study Job Satisfaction among Employee at Kuantan Port 

Mohd Alif Shawal bin Md Rasip 

Dr. Rudiah binti Hanafiah 



Terengganu 

Kuantan Port is the largest port in the east coast region. Kuantan Port is the main trading 

gateway in the Asia Pacific region and the development of the East Coast Economic 

Region (ECER) of Peninsular Malaysia. The main activity of the port of Kuantan is 

container handling. On September 7, 2013, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato 'Seri 

Najib Tun Razak, launched the Kuantan Port Development Project (KPE), to 

accommodate existing port capacity unable to pay cargo and container volume, the KPE 

project is also expected to change the position of the Coastal Area Economic Region 

East (ECER) as a major investment and trading destination. The expansion and 

enhancement of port facilities in the port of Kuantan makes this port a major logistics 

hub adjacent to the East Coast and future world-class ports that cause changes in the 

performance of workers and ports. This change requires new skills for employees. The 

need for new skills creates work stress that causes employees to be dissatisfied with 

their work, and depreciates work relationships at the port. The purpose of this study is 

to study the factors in influencing the job satisfaction among employees and identify 

the relationship between job satisfaction and performance among employees. This 

study focuses on workers in the traffic operating department that works on the 

transition. The research method used to obtain information is through the interviewed 

form. The data collected will be analysed using the Social Science Software Package 

(SPSS). In conclusion, employee satisfaction can be influenced by the factors proposed 

by the Maslow Theory chosen. These factors will have a positive impact on the 

reputation of workers and improve their achievement to the organization.

UNSAFE MIGRATION BY SEA: A CASE OF ROHINGYA PEOPLE IN MALAYSIAN 

WATER 

Roeffinus Agustinus 

Dr Nurul Haqimin Mohd Salleh 



Terengganu 

Migration of Rohingya people in South East Asia water was started a long time ago due 

to the persecution of their culture and religion by the Myanmar government. It stated 

that the major cause the Rohingya peoples migrate to South East-Asia water is 

persecution along with their ways to improve their lifestyle in developing country such 

as Malaysia. Based on the previous research, only a few researchers are focussing on 

the unsafe migration of Rohingya people that affect the shipping companies. Besides, 

the main aim for this paper is to investigate the implication of Rohingya migration on 

merchant vessel navigation in Malaysian water and to identify the potential risks of 

rescuing refugees at sea to the shipping companies. In order to assessed and minimize 

the risk, two decision-making tools are used which is Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 

and Evidential Reasoning (ER). Data and judgements are obtained from 14 experts from 

shipping companies. The expected results has shown that security risk and economic 

risk are the most significant factors contribute to the potential risk of rescuing refugees. 

This research can contribute and able to decrease the potential risk towards the shipping 

companies.

A DECISION-MAKING MODEL FOR LOCATING THE PLACE OF REFUGE FOR 

DISTRESSED SHIP: A CASE OF EAST MALAYSIA 

Rizky Akbar Bin Zubair 

Dr Nurul Haqimin Bin Mohd Salleh 



Terengganu 

Maritime transportation has become an important industry in enabling a global 

economy. This industry faces a tremendous development in the previous years ranging 

from an integrated management to an advanced technological systems. With the 

increasing number of vessel which indirectly result in many accidents, the role of Place 

of Refuge (PoR) is nowadays reappear to be important as a place of shelter whereby 

the vessel in need of assistance can recover from damages or loss of property at sea. 

In Malaysia, up to now there is no single PoR for distressed ship which raised a concern 

among shipping operators. Concerning this critical issue, this paper proposes a PoR 

should be developed in Malaysia by focusing on Sabah & Sarawak states (East Malaysia). 

As a result, the primary of this paper is to develop a mathematical decision-making 

model for locating the PoR in East Malaysia. Firstly, the necessity of PoR in East Malaysia 

will be investigated. Secondly, the critical factors for locating the PoR in East Malaysia 

will be identified. Finally, three potential location will be assessed prior to selecting the 

best location among them. In order to achieve this aim, two mathematical methods will 

be employed which are Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Evidential Reasoning 

(ER). It is expected that this study is capable of assisting maritime government agencies 

such as Ministry of Transportation (MOT), Marine Department and other related 

agencies on developing the PoR in Malaysia. 

Current Status, Challenges, and Sustainability Development of Malaysia 

Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Industry towards Strategic Plan 2020

Goh May Fayy 

Dr. Nurul Haqimin Bin Mohd Salleh 



Terengganu 

Malaysian Shipbuilding and Ship Repair industry (SBSR) Strategic Plan 2020 is the first 

nation plan including seven strategies and 40 initiatives involving the quality of product, 

human capital, technologies, financial and policy aspects. This strategic plan is the first 

cooperation between government and industry planned strategically deal with Malaysian 

SBSR issues. The current problem facing by Malaysian SBSR is an implementation of 

this strategic plan and the challenges on global competition especially SMEs and 

changes from traditional way in Malaysian SBSR and component manufacturing 

activities into modern technology equipment and method to produce the higher value 

added products. The objective of this research is to identify the current status of 

Malaysian SBSR towards Strategic Plan 2020 and determine the challenges facing by 

the industry players. This research also develops the sustainability framework to 

recovery the Malaysian SBSR towards strategic plan 2020. In order to achieve this 

research objectives, two methods are used which are the Analysis Hierarchy Process 

(AHP) and Evidential Reasoning (ER). The data and judgments are collected from 

experts which are from Malaysian Shipyard and Government agencies. Based on the 

test case, the results shown the active financial and incentive packages and inward 

investment is the highest priorities in current status of Malaysian SBSR towards Strategic 

Plan 2020. The result also shown that improper coordination among government and 

industry in SBSR is the most important challenges of Malaysian SBSR. Proper training 

on worker's performance is the most important plan in developing sustainability 

framework of Malaysian SBSR towards Strategic Plan 2020. This research is expected 

to provide the information in more detail about the current status, challenges, and 

sustainability framework of Malaysian SBSR towards strategic plan 2020. Moreover, this 

research also able to assist the Malaysian SBSR to be the resilient and continuously 

enhance their competitiveness. 

Fuzzy Risk Assessment on Berth Operation at Sapangar Bay Container 

Terminal

Johazwan B. Amir 

Dr Nurul Haqimin Mohd Salleh 



Terengganu 

Port operations are the crucial activities to transport the goods around the world. 

However, these activities are prone to being risk-oriented. Safety operation at port is 

the significant issue in the field of maritime safety. Between 2014 and 2015, accidents 

during berth operations are increased globally. Concerning about the issue, this paper 

carried out of safety risk assessment at berth operation. As a result, the aim of this 

research is to identify and assess safety risk factors at berth operation and further, to 

suggest mitigation strategies for minimizing these risks. Therefore, an Analytical 

Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Evidential Reasoning (ER) approaches are used in this 

study. AHP has been used in weighting the importance of each factors. Then, the ER 

approach is proposed to deal with uncertain decision knowledge in multiple-attribute 

decision making. In order to demonstrate the proposed assessment model, Sapangar 

Bay Container Terminal has been chosen as the test case. Based on the assessment, 

the result has shown that operational risks during cargo loading and unloading are the 

main risk that have been highlighted as critical risks, followed by operational risks during 

berthing and unberthing and operational risks during berth to yard transfers. It is 

suggested that the risk mitigation can be focused on the highlighted risks at Sapangar 

Bay Container Terminal. This study is expected to assist port operators and other related 

entities to enhance the safety awareness by implementing the fuzzy risk assessment on 

their berth operation. 

An Emergence of Mega Vessels and Its Influences on Port Expansion 

Requirements: A Case Study at West Port Klang, Malaysia 

Nur Anis’sa Binti Ismail

Dr. Nurul Haqimin Mohd Salleh 



Terengganu 

The emergence of mega vessels is not a new issue in container liner shipping industry. 

The containerization has caused a spectacular growth in the maritime transportation 

and brings significant developments in its industry ranging from operation systems to 

port infrastructure’s expansion. Container vessels are getting larger from the capacity 

of 500 TEUs (Ideal X) toward to 18,000 TEUs (Triple E Class) to cope with the demand 

of Economic of Scales (EOS). The EOS is crucial for liner shipping operators by lowering 

the overall cost per unit but it may have a deliberate impact on port operation and 

infrastructure. To accommodate mega vessels, port requires high cost to expand a 

certain terminal and it will give pressure to the port operator to serve mega vessels. 

Mega vessels can influence the strategic planning of the port operator for massive 

infrastructure’s development and investment on an existing terminal in the port. The 

objective of this research is to identify and measure the importance requirement for 

port expansion that need to be prioritized to accommodate mega vessels. Henceforth, 

this research aims to determine challenges faced by port operators to meet the port 

infrastructure expansion requirement. In order to achieve the research objectives, two 

mathematical methods will be employed such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and 

Evidential Reasoning (ER). Since, Port Klang, is a major port and mostly serving mega 

vessels in Malaysia, this port is selected as a test case in this research. The result has 

shown that the most importance requirement for port expansion is navigation aspect 

followed by berth expansion, terminal, yard and gate operations. Based on the expert 

judgments towards the readiness of the Port Klang to become the mega port, Port Klang 

is assessed as very ready based on the current infrastructures and operations. This 

research is expectedly to assist port operators for making a decision on prioritizing the 

most importance requirement for expansion. Furthermore, this research also capable of 

measuring the readiness of port to serve mega vessels in global shipping industry in 

order to achieve competitive advantages. 

A PROPOSED MODEL OF HYBRID ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 

(HEIA) FOR ASSESSING FUTURE PORT EXPANSION ON CAREY ISLAND, 

MALAYSIA 

Nur Shahida Mohamad Jamal 

Dr Nurul Haqimin Mohd Salleh



Terengganu 

Port Klang is one of the major port in Malaysia which currently ranked as top 12 global 

container ports. Statistically, the container throughput handled by the Port Klang has 

increased steadily from about 5 million TEUs in 2005 to 12 million TEUs in 2017. As a 

result, the Port Klang Authority (PKA) has planned that port expansion is necessary to 

cater the future demand which currently growing. As a result, Carey Island which closed 

to the Westport, is potentially as the future project area for this port expansion. The 

development of Carey Island as potential area as port expansion is capable to 

accommodate larger vessels and handle the increasing container volume in the future. 

However, the port expansion at Carey Island will potentially affects the hinterland 

environment such as potential pollutions, heritages, health and living of local people, 

etc. Traditionally, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) will be conducted before, 

during and after the project has been developed. However, the weakness of the EIA is 

that it can be judged based on human judgement which lead to uncertainties and fuzzy 

decisions. Therefore, a hybrid model combining traditional EIA, Analytic Hierarchy 

Process (AHP) and Evidential Reasoning (ER) is proposed in this paper. As a result, 

uncertainties in the assessment can be further treated with a proper technique. Based 

on the initial test, the result has shown that physical impact (i.e. water pollution, air 

pollution and solid waste) is the most prone to occur due to this port expansion. This 

paper is expected to assist government agencies, port developers, port decision-makers 

to assess the potential environmental impact from future project. 

Improvement Strategies for Women Representation in Malaysian Maritime 

Transportation Industry to Support 3d Jobs; Dirty, Dangerous and 

Demeaning 

Nuraqilah Abd Rahman 

Dr Nurul Haqimin Mohd Salleh



Terengganu 

Maritime industry can be classified as 3D jobs; dirty, dangerous and demeaning with 

historically been male dominated industry. This give challenges for women to be a part 

of maritime sector. The imbalance gender in maritime industry are still been debated 

over the year. Until 2016, only 1 to 2% over 1.25 million seafarers are women. Malaysia 

as one of the maritime nation has facing the same problem regarding the issue of 

imbalance gender especially in seafaring career. Concerning about this issue, this paper 

analyses and recommends improvement strategies of women representation in 

Malaysian maritime transportation industry. As a result, the primary of this paper listing 

the potential strategies that can be used to improve women participation in maritime 

career. This research also highlights the perspective and idea of solution that comes 

from organisation that lean to the maritime including Malaysian government, maritime 

institution, industry and NGOs. Firstly, the status of women seafarer in Malaysia 

maritime industry will be analysed. Secondly, the improvement strategies of women 

representation in Malaysia maritime transportation industry will be evaluated. Finally, 

the most effective strategies will be recommended. In order to achieve these objectives, 

two mathematical methods will be employed which are Analytical Hierarchy Process 

(AHP) and Evidential Reasoning (ER). This research is expected to contribute to the 

maritime industry in the interest of attracting women participation in maritime sector. 

The Impact of Container Vessel Enlargement to Seaport Competitiveness 

Diana Anuar 

Dr. Jagan Jeevan 



Terengganu

Since 1956 containerships able to carry around 500-800TEUs. Nowadays Ultra Large 

Container Ship (ULCS) able to handle more than 21,000TEUs. Large vessels benefited 

the customers from the perspectives economies of scale at sea, but terminal operators 

and seaport authorities are pushed into potential diseconomies of scale because they 

have to make significant investments such as equipment and nautical accessibility. To 

react with the current situation, this search is carried out to study about the relationship 

between container vessel size with seaport competitiveness rather than shipping alliance 

formation as main subject. The objective of this study is to identify contributing factor 

for container ship size enlargement and to identify the impact enlargement on seaport 

competitiveness. Self-administrated and online survey have been conducted at 3 

mainseaports including Port Klang Authority, West Port and Port of Tanjung Pelepas. 

This research employs Exploratory Factors Analysis to achieve the main objective. The 

outcomes hows that the validity and reliability of EFA generate 20 items and create 5 

factors for part one. While part two,19 items is accepted by forming 6 factors.

The contributing factors to the development of emergency logistic center 

(ELC) at west coast of peninsular Malaysia 

Farah Aiza binti Mohamed Fazlee 




Terengganu 

Maritime disaster has occurs through the ages and causing a great damage to the 

environment and society. For example the accident of the Oriental Star wrecked in 

2015, Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 and the most popular one is the sank of the Titanic 

at the North Atlantic Ocean 1912 have caused a significant need for emergency 

logistics center (ELC). Maritime emergency logistic management has emerged the 

apprehensive by all parties due to the maritime accidents that occurs around the 

world. Therefore, the needs of emergency logistic operation is very crucial as a 

maritime disaster preparedness at the Strait of Malacca. This paper studies the 

contributing factors and the improvement strategies to the development of emergency 

logistic center at west coast of peninsular Malaysia. The Exploratory Factor Analysis 

(EFA) will be used to achieve the objectives of these research. The findings of this 

research could contribute to the safety of maritime route and as disaster preparedness 

at the Strait of Malacca. 

Driving factors and forms of seaport cooperation: the feasibility study

in Carey Island. 

NOR SHAFIKAH BINTI ROSDI 




Terengganu 

Seaport development is significant to the national economy growth. Due to the 

trend of increasing total container throughput in Malaysia seaport, it will depict the 

level of readiness Port Klang to accommodate the capacities of container in future. 

The purpose of this research is to analyze the driven factor influencing the cooperation 

and to identify the forms of cooperation due the development of new seaports. 

Malaysian government has planning to develop new seaport located at Carey Island 

Port Klang with India government. Without any cooperation, the development of port 

not able to sustains their business. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) has employed to 

analyze the dimensionality of following factors. The outcome shows the main factors 

that contribute in this research which are seaport infrastructure, information sharing 

in transport network and risk management while the forms of cooperation consists 

seaport and inland transport network, hub port cooperation, public private partnership 

(PPP) and reciprocal agreement. Furthermore, this research important to assist the 

government to develop new seaport. 

Malaysian seaport cooperation: current strategies and objectives

Nur Syafiqa Asyiqin Bt Ahmad Fadzil 

Dr Jagan Jeevan 



Terengganu 

Seaport can be defining as integrated platform integration as a base of production, 

trade, logistics and information transfer. The seaport cooperation, such collaboration, 

is a strategy which is adopted to improve competitiveness when players are facing 

high level of competitive intensity. Seaports in Malaysia are either under the purview 

of the Federal Government or the State Government and can be categorized into major 

and minor ports. The Malaysian Seaport that involved in this study are Johor Port, 

Kuantan Port, Penang Port and Port Klang. This paper discusses the idea of 

cooperation between seaports in response to changing current strategies and 

objectives that should be achieved which would be benefited the maritime sector in 

Malaysia. The objective of this study is to identify how the port in Malaysia cooperate 

and to evaluate the port’s benefit to the nation. In order to achieve the objectives, 

exploratory factor analysis will be use to estimate the dimensionality of following 

factors. Based on this research, we found out that the driving factor effect the seaport 

cooperation are because of insufficient resources and inconsistent in global market 

trend, while the elements of the type of seaport cooperation are consists of coadjuvancy 

(mutual agreement), public private partnership and alliances. 

Waste Dumping Management at Seaport Malaysia: Contributing Factors of 

Waste Dumping and Recommendation Plan

Nurhidayah Daud 




Terengganu 

Extreme seaport activity is one of the driven factor that contribute to waste dumping 

in the seaport territory. The activities that contribute to waste dumping such as 

dredging operation, commercial ship activities, port operation and others. The purpose 

of this research is to examine the process of waste management which applied in the 

seaports. Seaports in Malaysia have been selected to evaluate the effectiveness of 

waste management. In this paper, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) has been applied 

in this study to identify the main factor which contribute to waste dumping at the 

seaport and the appropriate strategy to control waste dumping at the seaport. The 

result shows strategies to reduce waste dumping is appropriate to apply in the seaport. 

The factors that contribute of waste dumping such as waste disposal from ship, human 

behavior, cargo residue, need to be reduce according to appropriate strategies to 

ensure the smooth port operation and emphasized the performance of ports. 

Relationship between Seaport Capacity and Container Seaport System in 

Malaysia 

Nurul Ain Binti Abd Hamid 




Terengganu 

Malaysia's trade is expected to grow in the future where it will be a dynamic changes 

to Malaysian container seaports, where it is resulting in the establishment of new 

terminals and adapting emerging technology to enhance the ports ability to 

accommodate larger vessels and an increased number of containers. The importance 

of this research is to identify the development of the seaport Malaysia with their 

throughput and its port capacity and to identify areas requiring improvement to 

improve port. The data was analysed by using the Regression Analysis. The result 

from these analyses will determine the cause and effect of the relationship of the 

variables and also the strategies that are required for these seaports to sustain in the 

maritime business. Through this paper, the outcome shows that all Malaysian 

container seaport will facing the impact of hinterland infrastructure will be improve 

and developed, and implementation of information and communications technology 

and electronic commence on their seaport capacity. Furthermore, it showed that the 

seaport need to have investment strategies, mutual ventures, integrated system and 

technology in order to indicates the credibility of Malaysian container seaports to 

seaport operators and their users to prepare for future trend in maritime logistic and 

transport. 

The Classification of Seaport-Hinterland at Johor Port and Port of Tanjung 

Pelepas 

NURUL ARDILLA BINTI ANANG OTHMAN 

Dr. Jagan Jeevan



Terengganu 

Hinterland are the areas or lands located at the back of the ports play important role 

to support and delivering export cargo to the port and distributing and also attracting 

the import cargoes from the seaport. In Malaysia, there are two major seaports in 

southern region peninsular Malaysia which are Johor Port and Port of Tanjung Pelepas 

(PTP). These two major seaports are closely located with each other. This show that 

the probability of these seaports to cater with the same client is very high and may 

cause overlapping on hinterland area. It will cause waste of resources, conjunction in 

traffic and reducing the competitiveness of seaports. The objective of this study is to 

clearly identify the importance of hinterland in Southern Region Peninsular Malaysia 

and to identify the categories use to classify hinterland territory in freight network. In 

order to achieve these objectives, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) will be adapted to 

evaluate the dimensionality of following factors. The outcome of this research that 

indicates to the importance of hinterland in southern region peninsular Malaysia is 

availability of hinterland, prices of hinterland and management of hinterland, while the 

element to classify the type of hinterland is short-range hinterland, mid-range 

hinterland and far hinterland. This study is important to educate the seaport user as 

well as operator the respective hinterland in order to improve the client satisfactions. 

Implications of One Belt One Road (OBOR) on Malaysian Seaport 

Capacity 

R.Putri 




Terengganu

This paper focus on the implication of OBOR strategy on Malaysian seaport capacity. 

One Belt One Road (OBOR) strategy is win-win cooperation between China with 65 

countries including Malaysia. This strategy linking the route connecting Asia, Europe, 

Africa and the Middle East comprising two route which are ‘Silk Road Economic Belt’ 

and ‘21 st Century Maritime Silk Road’. Some projects that will be developed in Malaysia 

under OBOR strategy are Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial park (MCKIP), Melaka 

Gateway, East Coast Rail Link (ECRL), and Iskandar Malaysia. Since seaports in 

Malaysia currently face an imbalance capacity due to the unpredictable trend in 

maritime logistics, this research was conducted to analyse the impact of OBOR 

strategy on Malaysian seaport capacity and to evaluate the preparation of Malaysia to 

comply with it. This paper employs quantitative approach to analyze the impact of 

OBOR strategy on seaport capacity especially in peninsular Malaysia. Questionnaire 

has been distributed to 30 respondents including experts from seaports and seaport 

users. Regression analysis has been conducted to evaluate whether the OBOR strategy 

will give an impact to the capacity on seaports in Malaysia and proposing substantial 

preparation of Malaysia to cope with OBOR strategy. 

The Involvement of Woman in Malaysian Seaport at Port Klang: Current 

Issue and Advanced Strategies 

Rabiatul Adawiyah Binti Abd Majid 




Terengganu 

Involvement of woman in the employment gives advantage to the company because 

the character of woman can motivates them self, high self-esteem, full of enthusiasm 

on job. The nature of this woman is best to apply in the work environment. In seaport 

sector, the gender imbalances happen because of the gap between men and women 

in the industry. The exists gender gap that occurs in this industry and the integration 

of women into the seaport sector has been at a slow rate because of many reason 

and challenges. In traditionally male are dominated in maritime industry where the 

woman make up mere2% of the workforce. The purposes of this research are to study 

the characters that women have in order to perform in seaport sector and to explore 

the obstacles that make it difficult for women to venture into the seaport sector. 

Method that will be is exploratory factor analysis. Data collection from questionnaire 

survey will support this research analysis and will get result at the end of analysis. 

Assessment of warehouse performance: a case of Port Klang warehouses 

Muhamad Azri Azmi 

Dr Kasypi Bin Mokhtar 



Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

Forming efficient and effective warehousing system is priority to economic sector and 

supply chain management. In order for company to achieve their companies’ goal and 

objective, performance measurement are important for evaluating, control and 

improve the business core because. Malaysia ranked 25 out of 160 countries with the 

Logistics Performance Indicator (LPI) score 3.59. However, when the World Bank 

started re-evaluating again after 2 years that is 2016, Malaysia drop to 32 out of 160 

countries overall with the LPI score 3.43. This shows a serious problem which need to 

be emphasize in detail. First, to identify major key performance indicator that 

contribute most to the total performance of the warehouse; to determine which factors 

of warehouse performance indicator perform better; and to examine the status of Port 

Klang’s warehouses performance. The primary data was gathered via developed 100 

questionnaires from the population of the Port Klang warehouses. For the first 

objective, the result shows response time indicator has a large number of choices in 

percentage which is 44% from the total number of respondents. For the second 

objective, result shows high to the mean score of productivity indicator with 4.33. The 

last objective analyzed and the result shows high value of mean number for the 

dependent variable in the productivity indicator. As the conclusion, assessment of 

warehouse performance is very important to make sure the management is on track 

with an excellent achievement while served the best services to the customers. 

The efficiency of container ship turnaround time at Kuantan port 

N.M Knapi 

Dr. K. Mokhtar 



Terengganu

The port system has been experiencing many challenges that cause delays in the 

ports operation, so it resulting in inefficiency and lack of productivity. There are a 

significant relationship between delay factors with port’s productivity, operational 

setting and operational performance. This study was carried out to identify the delay 

cause factors that affect the turnaround time of container ship at Kuantan port. 

Therefore, with this study’s outcome it can help port container operator to improve 

the port performance and efficiency in term of vessel turnaround time. Data for ship 

operation, quay transfer operation and container yard operation collects using 

questionnaires survey method. Result shows that the main cause of delay in ship 

operation is out of gauge (OOG). While in the container yard operation, the delay 

factor of need for shifting to other block is the main cause of delay. Lastly, in quay 

transfer operation, waiting for RTG is the main delay factor. 

The Perception Of Customer And Organisation Towards 

Waste Management At Kuantan Port 

N.N Hashim 



School of Maritime Management and Business, University 


The focus of the study is to know the perceptions of customers and 

organizations on the effectiveness of solid waste management at Kuantan 

Port. In order to fulfill the objective of the study, questionnaire forms are 

distributed to respondents among customer and organization in Kuantan Port 

to obtain the required information. The findings are then processed using the 

Statistical Package For Social Sciences (SPSS) system. This study aims to

identify organizational and customer perceptions on solid waste management 

in the Kuantan Port area and to learn about the implemented systems that 

involve the collection and disposal of solid waste, which can be applied 

elsewhere. From the results obtained, we can come up with recommendation 

such as providing nearby solid waste collection points, enforcement of waste 

management rules and regulation with higher penalties on offenders, creating 

solid waste recycle center, effective monitoring of waste contractors, provision 

of more waste evacuation equipment, provision of more solid waste dump 

sites and effective monitoring of monthly clean-up activities. 

Port safety indicators for terminal operation: A case study of Kuantan Port 

N.H. Usman 




Terengganu 

Container terminal is known for the heavy workload that involved the process of 

transporting the goods using complex equipment and machineries. Therefore, safety 

is very crucial for terminal operation to prevent any risks and accidents from occuring 

at terminal that can disrupt terminal activities and cause loss to the organization. 

Safety at workplace has been a main concern in every terminal operation to ensure 

smooth port operation. This is because hazard and risks during terminal operation can 

lead to accidents and injuries to the workers at terminal. This paper aims to analyse 

the level of safety at terminal in Kuantan Port and examine what are the impacts of 

the level of safety to the terminal operation. Thus, port safety indicators are identified 

to analyse the safety level at terminal in Kuantan Port. Through this paper, the

outcome shows that the level of safety at Kuantan Port is high and the high safety 

level gives positive impacts to the performance of the terminal operation in Kuantan 

Port. 

Customer Satisfaction Level On Service Quality Factor Provided By 

Kuantan Port Container Terminal 

N. Wahab 

Dr K. Mokhtar 



Terengganu 

The increasing of international container traffic, container terminal operations are 

becoming more and more important, busy, and complex. Competition among the 

container terminals is also increasing: The container terminal compete with each other 

in providing better customer service to attract more container shipments. Therefore, 

the objective of this paper is to analyse the level of customer satisfaction on service 

quality factor provided by container terminal. The research is focusing on level of 

customer satisfaction on service quality provided by terminal in determining

satisfaction level of container terminal user at Kuantan port. The data collection is 

based on primary resources. Population and sample used to answer the questionnaire. 

The result showed that main factor of customer satisfaction level on service quality 

factor provided by container terminal is in terms of accessibility. The purpose of doing 

this research is so that every port in Malaysia can improve their service and satisfy 

customer and at the same time gain their customer loyalty towards Malaysia port 

services. 

Technical efficiency at terminal operation: a case study at Kuantan port 

SHAHIRAH BINTI HASAN ALI 




Terengganu 

The terminal efficiency at every port in the world are significant for every shipment. 

In Malaysia, many previous studies focus on the container terminals efficiency and 

studies on technical efficiency at terminal area are limited. Ports in Malaysia has their 

own resources but the port does not fully utilize the resources that available in term 

or converting the input into the output. Therefore, Kuantan Port is chosen to be a part 

of this study because it is a multi-purpose port. The previous study shows that many 

factors influence the efficiency of the terminal. However, in this study indicated that 

berth length, terminal area, berth draft, equipment and vessel call give affect toward 

the efficiency of the terminal. Therefore, the aim of this study is to rank the factor 

that effects the efficiency of the Kuantan Port terminal by using Analytical Hierarchy 

Process and determine how efficient the terminal is in using the resources by using 

Simple Efficiency formula. The result shows that the rank of factors that affects the 

efficiency at the terminal is equipment, berth length, vessel call, berth draft, and

terminal area. The obtained result can help the terminal managers to utilize the 

resources to ensure for the operation to be efficient. 

TOK BALI SUPPLY BASE PERFORMANCE ON QUALITY AND 

PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS IN ACHIEVING GLOBAL SUPPLY 

BASE TERMINAL 

Siti Noor Amira Binti Mohd Azmi 




Terengganu 

In the shipping industry, the existence of a supply base is very important to ensure 

the sustainability of shipping activities will not affected due to lack of basic supplies 

such as foods, equipment and fuel. As for this research, specific supply base have 

been chosen which is Tok Bali Supply Base which is Malaysia's third O&G supply base 

after the 30-year-old Kemaman and Labuan supply bases. As a new supply base 

terminal, Tok Bali Supply Base have not yet reaching the level or standard of world 

supply base terminal. In order to become world supply base terminal, the aspect of 

quality and productivity must be one of the fundamental aspect that need to be 

focused on. This research aims to identify the factors that contribute to quality and 

productivity of Tok Bali Supply Base and to analyze the quality and productivity of 

Tok Bali Supply Base in achieving global supply base terminal. In this research, a 

quantitative method have been used by distributing a structure questionnaires to 100 

respondents. To analysis and interpret the quantitative data collected, statistical 

software which is SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Science ) have been used. This

study finds out that the most influence factors that contribute to quality and 

productivity at TBSB are management, workers and supplier itself. The finding also 

found that the quality and productivity at TBSB will fulfil the world terminal standard. 

As such, improved and sustain the factors that contribute to quality and productivity 

of TBSB will help this supply base achieve world supply base terminal standard. 

The Evaluation of Safety Equipment at Houseboat at Tasik Kenyir 

Muhammad Ridzuan bin Abd Samad 

Wan Mariam Wan Abdullah 



Terengganu 

Tasik Kenyir is a popular tourist destination in the State of Terengganu, Malaysia. By 

houseboat, many interesting locations and a variety of activities can be done there. 

However, many drowning events have been reported in Tasik Kenyir that are closely 

related to the current security aspect of the houseboat. This study attempts to focus 

on types of safety equipment system that provide by houseboat service at Tasik 

Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu. The second objective is to evaluate effectiveness of the 

safety equipment. In addition, it is to analyse the effectiveness of safety equipment 

and safety system. The methodology used for this research is quantitative using 

survey questionnaires distributed to 80 passengers of houseboat as respondents. 

Descriptive analysis on the data obtained indicates that there is low level of safety 

systems applied by the houseboat at Tasik Kenyir. On the other hand, the result from 

correlation coefficient analysis shows that relationship between type of safety 

equipments and effectiveness of safety system is strongly correlated with each other.

Waste Reception Facilities for Houseboats at Tasik Kenyir 

Muhammad Zulhisyam Zulkifeli 




Terengganu 

Waste reception facilities are important for managing sewage and is one way to 

control environmental pollution. This research focuses on management of waste 

reception facilities for houseboats at Tasik Kenyir. The objectives of this research are 

to examine what is the current status of the management of waste reception facilities 

for houseboats at Tasik Kenyir and to examine the potential for development of waste 

reception facilities at jetty as practiced at port. This research uses a qualitative 

method by interviewing selected respondents through semi-structured interview 

questionnaires and the data obtained was analysed descriptively by using 

documentary analysis to identify the existing management of the waste reception 

facilities and SWOT analysis was used to determine potential of developing waste 

reception facilities as provided at port to jetty where the houseboats were berthed. 

The finding shows that there is an existing management of waste reception facilities 

at Pengkalan Gawi for houseboats discharging their sewage. The management of 

waste reception facilities at Tasik Kenyir can be improved and better managed if the 

regulation as suggested by MARPOL Annex IV for sewage treatment, and indirectly 

will protect the water from being polluted.

SUSTAINABILITY OF SHIPBUILDING PRODUCTIVITY IN TERENGGANU 

Nurul Nasuha Nordin 




Terengganu 

The shipbuilding industry in Terengganu is facing headwinds arising from low 

demand for new ships / offshore structures amid the global recession and downturn 

in the shipping and oil markets. As such, shipbuilding productivity is declining and 

thus affecting its contribution to the economic development of Terengganu. This 

research aims to evaluate key factors influencing the productivity of shipbuilding and 

to determine potentials of shipbuilding sustainability in Terengganu. This research 

uses a quantitative method by distributing survey questionnaires to the respondents 

involved in the shipbuilding industry. Factors were evaluated by using multi criteria 

decision making technique called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP approach 

achieves pairwise comparisons among factors or criteria in order to prioritize them 

using the Eigen value calculation. While SWOT analysis was used to determine 

potentials of shipbuilding sustainability in Terengganu. This study finds out that the 

most influencing factors for the productivity of shipbuilding in Terengganu is 

management followed by skilled workers, customers and technology factors. The 

finding also indicates that Terengganu shipbuilding industry has good facilities and 

legal institution and customers are very satisfied with the workmanship and services. 

As such, maintaining that strength and improving the management will sustain the 

shipbuilding industry in Terengganu.

Transboundary Haze Pollution: The policy in Malaysia 

Ruzaihan bin Zainudd 




Terengganu 

This research discusses issues related to air quality caused by transboundary 

haze pollution. Transboundary haze pollution is a global concern that seems to 

be an annual phenomenon particularly in the ASEAN region. Despite of the 

regional effort was introduced by the ASEAN which is Asean Agreement 

Transboundary Haze Pollution to solve the problem, the results are not so 

convincing. It requires every country to take action plan at national level. Thus, 

this research aimed to examine what are the existing policy used by Malaysia 

to tackle transboundary haze pollution and to examine the effectiveness of that 

policy. Using a qualitative methodology, the data of this research was obtained 

through secondary sources and semi-structured interview with the respondents 

who are involved with the making and enforcing the policy like Department Of 

Environment, Ministry of Foreign Affair, Natural Resource Environment and 

Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia. Documentary and content analysis was 

used to analyse the secondary sources in order to identify the existing policy 

used by Malaysia. SWOT analysis was used to examine the effectiveness of the 

existing policy in Malaysia and to recommend alternative solution to solve the 

issue of transboundary haze pollution. The finding of this research shows that 

other than Asean Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP), Malaysia has entered 

into several regional programmes with Indonesia which was aimed at reducing 

the cause of haze pollution. At national level, Malaysia has relied on 

Environmental Act 1974 as the main instrument to protect haze pollution.

CONTRIBUTION OF TRADITIONAL SHIPBUILDING TO THE 

DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE AND HERITAGE TOURISM AT KUALA 

TERENGGANU 

Nurul Saizatul Shazua Binti Mohd Yusuf 




Terengganu 

Malaysia is one of the countries that make the tourism industry as a source of national 

economy. The diversity is a major feature of Malaysian society in shaping its own 

culture and heritage. Terengganu is one of the most famous lands of culture and 

heritage which is based on various heritage derived from previous generations. The 

well-known culture and heritage in the state of Terengganu includes historical places, 

museum and traditional handcrafts. Traditional shipbuilding industry had once 

contributed to the economic development of Terengganu. However, this industry has 

declined rapidly due to certain factors such as high cost, lack of experienced workforce 

and demand of modern shipbuilding. In some countries, traditional shipbuilding has 

been turned into tourism product. As such, this research aims to study the existing 

culture and heritage tourism at Kuala Terengganu and to examine the potential of 

making traditional shipbuilding as one of the tourism products in the culture and 

heritage tourism. This research uses qualitative methodology by using semi-structured 

interview to relevant respondents who are involved directly with the culture and 

heritage tourism at Kuala Terengganu. Documentary and descriptive analysis were 

used to study the existing culture and heritage tourism at Kuala Terengganu. SWOT 

analysis was used to examine the strength and opportunities of traditional shipbuilding 

to contribute into culture and heritage tourism. This research finds out that culture 

and heritage tourism in Terengganu are generally based on history, education and 

experience. The finding also indicates that traditional shipbuilding has the same 

characters that can be exploited to contribute into culture and heritage tourism. 

TOURIST SATISFACTION WITH HOUSEBOAT SERVICES AND 

FACILITIES AT TASIK KENYIR.

Mohamad Amir Fakhrul Hakim Bin Razali 




Terengganu 

Houseboat plays a very important transportation at Tasik Kenyir to accommodate and 

transport tourist to their attractive destinations. Various attractive packages are 

offered to tourists, but to what extent tourist are satisfied with the services offered 

by the houseboat. Thet objective of this study is to measure the level of tourist 

satisfaction with houseboat services and facilities at Tasik Kenyir and to determine the 

most influencing factors affecting the satisfaction. The methodology used for this 

research is quantitative methods using survey questionnaires distributed to 80 

passengers of the houseboat as respondents. The data obtained was analysed using 

descriptive and correlation coefficient analysis. The results indicate that passengers 

of the houseboat are satisfied with services and facilities offred by the houseboat 

especially in variety of menu is taste of food more highly satisfied. In the room service 

quality is cleanliness was the most highly satisfied by the tourist. For the safety 

equipment is the body and hull structure of the houseboat is highly satisfied. The 

facilities of houseboat that shows the kitchen room is the most highly satisfied. The 

most significant factor influencing the tourist on the satisfaction of the services and 

facilities by the variety of menu is food variety. The factor of room services quality 

shows that bed facilities is the most significance factor that influenced the tourist to 

enjoy their journey. In the factor of safety equipment state the body and hull structure 

of the houseboat is very influenced the tourist attraction. The last factor shows that 

facilities of space of sitting area are most significance factor that influenced the tourist 

satisfaction. 

The study of safety equipment of passenger ferry service in Jetty Kuala 

Besut, Terengganu

Nor Atikah Binti Idris 

Associate Professor, Dr. Noorul Shaiful Fitri Bin Abd Rahman 



Terengganu 

This report reviews the safety equipment of passenger ferry provided by the ferry 

operators involved in transporting passengers to destinations from Kuala Besut Jetty 

to Perhentian Island, Redang Island and Bidong Island. This research aims to evaluate 

the level of safety equipment provided by the ferry services operator at Jetty Kuala 

Besut and to identify how the measures taken by the parties involved in handling the 

safety equipment of passengers. This research uses quantitative methods obtained 

through primary data through questionnaire distribution and interviews with 

respondents around Jetty Kuala Besut. This study is also carried out with the help of 

various sources of information as well as available data such as via internet, 

newspapers and so on. Research results show that each party involved directly with 

the passenger ferry service activities has their responsibilities and roles. Marine 

Department enforcement authorities performed their duties satisfactorily. Other 

parties such as ferry service operators and their staff provide repaired of ferry for ferry 

operators for passenger-related services related to transport to the relevant island 

should be more focused and responsible for safety concerns of passengers who are 

seen as less important to other researchers.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE BEST AREA DISTRIBUTION CENTRE 

LOCATION OF CARGOES IN EAST COAST REGION (ECER) 

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 

Siti munirah sulaiman 

Prof Dr Noorul Shaiful Fitri bin Abdul Rahman 



Terengganu 

Distribution centre is storage, receive cargo and deliver to the customers to 

enhance connectivity between suppliers and customers. The distribution centre 

mostly place at west coast region because of rapid development affecting the 

industry in the east coast region. It’s difficult to customers and suppliers use 

distribution centre and lack of connectivity. East coast region do not have their 

own distribution centre. The research aim to identify the criteria for a 

distribution centre of cargoes in the East Coast Region and to determine the 

location in state of East Coast Region becomes a Distribution Centre of cargoes. 

This research uses a quantitative method by distributing survey questionnaires 

to the expertise respondents involved in the identification of the best area 

distribution centre such as logistic strategy, location decision, and supply chain 

and government policy. Factors were evaluated by using multi criteria decision 

making technique called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP use to generate 

a weight for each evaluation main criterion by pairwise comparisons of the main 

criteria. The research of result shows the most main criteria is government 

policy followed by location decision, supply chain and logistic strategy. For the 

most sub criteria is logistic performance. The lack of the research about the 

distribution centre in east coast region so it can be knowledge to other 

researchers to be a reference a solve the problems in east coast region (ECER). 

Maritime Education Cluster in Malaysia

Noor Jannah Binti Zaidan 

Dr Noorul Shaiful Fitri Abdul Rahman 



Terengganu 

Malaysia has been claimed as a Maritime Nation since December 1997 

during the conference `The Making of Malaysia as a Maritime Nation'. 

Despite being self-proclaimed as Maritime Nation for the past 20 years, 

however, there is lack of concrete literatures discussed about the 

strength of maritime cluster in Malaysia which leading to unclear 

background of Malaysia as a maritime nation. Meanwhile, Education in 

maritime sector is the main player in producing multi-skilled worker to 

fulfil demand in the maritime industry. Until now, Malaysian maritime 

education has provide various qualifications by local university from 

diploma, degree, and master to Doctor of Philosophy. Education are the 

best medium to measure the strength of Malaysia maritime cluster by 

pproducing a competent and highly qualified maritime personnel but 

there is mismatch in supply and demand of graduate lacking of require, 

knowledge, skill and attitude (Rujhan, MQA) (Abdul Ghani, 2017). Thus, 

this research is determine the maritime expertise according to maritime 

field in Malaysia and to study strength of maritime education in Malaysia 

according to maritime cluster An empirical quantity method has been 

used together with the spider radar web for the analysis process in this 

study. Data is collected through all the maritime educational institutions 

that has earlier been determined. Finally, this paper can state where is 

Malaysia strength in maritime education cluster and which university or 

institution establishment that their best strength based on Malaysia 

maritime cluster. 

FACTORS OFWAREHOUSING PRODUCTIVITY ASSESSMENT ON 

LOGISTIC 

SERVICE SECTOR 

Nur Hazwani Bt Karim

Associate Professor Dr. Noorul Shaiful Fitri bin Abdul Rahman 



Terengganu 

Warehousing industry is very crucial determinant of Malaysia and act as an 

enabler and economic multiplier of the nation’s trade-dependent. Under the 

Eleventh Malaysia Plan 2016-2020, among the focus area is the “Unleashing 

growth of logistics and enhancing the facilitation” as Malaysia aspires to become 

preferred gateway to Asia. However, in the World Bank Logistic Performance 

Index (LPI) 2016, Malaysia was ranked 32 nd out of 160 countries compared to 

best 25 th ranking in 2014. One of the reasons of decrement in ranking has been 

well identified which was due to the warehousing productivity issue. Hence, 

World Bank (2018) stated that infrastructure matters one of issues among the 

six components which rail, warehousing and transloding rated low compared to 

ICT and airports. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to assess the failure 

factors of warehousing productivity on logistics service sector in Malaysia by 

considering ten parameters. A combination of fuzzy and analytic hierarchy 

process (FAHP) method will be applied in this study. As a finding, the failure 

factors of warehousing productivity on logistics service sector in Malaysia have 

been determined and all factors have been ranked accordingly based on their 

weights. This study also will propose potential recommendations on the top 

three most importance warehousing productivity which may contribute to the 

enhancement of warehousing productivity in order to achieve the Malaysia 

Eleventh Plan (2016-2020) as well as any other on-going policy that directly 

related to the warehousing industry. Consequently, the contribution of this 

study provides new knowledge of warehousing productivity that will benefit 

manufacturing firms and other related industries, especially for SMEs in 

Malaysia to plan their strategy in enhancing the warehousing productivity that 

leads to achieve the Eleventh Malaysia Plans, 2016-2020. 

Development of Malacca Gateway in line with OBOR policy 

Nuratiqah Bt Mohd Shah 

Associate Professor Dr. Noorul Shaiful Fitri bin Abdul Rahman



Terengganu 

Malacca Gateway is an off-shore development of artificial island in Malacca, 

Malaysia. This project is initiated by KAJ Development Sdn.Bhd (KAJD), which 

comprise of three reclaimed and one natural islands totalling 1,366 acres, set 

in a strategic and idyllic area of Straits of Malacca, Malaysia. Malacca Gateway 

project has been developed parallel to China’s One Belt One Road(OBOR) 

initiative that will bring about including growth, economic integration and 

regional trade. This project will catapult this heritage city as a world-class 

integrated investment, tourism and commercial development icon The aim of 

this study is to list factors that contribute to economic growth. and to identify 

the benefits and opportunities we can get from this project. Therefore, the 

methods that have been applied in this study are PESTEL theory, SWOT analysis 

and quantitative method which is include observational and distributing survey 

questionnaires to the State Ministry, developer and communities to collect 

descriptive data. From this study, the result shows that the opening of Malacca 

Gateway give more benefits to Melaka and Malaysia economic growth even 

though there are some weakness but still under control. Thus, the contribution 

of this study is can be seen through the possibilities that will happen towards 

politic, economy, social, technology, environment, legal, and security also 

strength, weakness, opportunity and threats due to the opening of Malacca 

Gateway. 

Important of warehouse in supply chain 

Ismawati binti Syafii 




Terengganu 

Warehousing is one of important component in supply chain and logistics 

acrivity.In 2014,there were of contributed about 42.0% to the Gross 

Domestic Product (GDP) Malaysia.The effective warehouse management 

is essential that help to operate the facility and space efficiently, maintain 

the cost control and meet customer satisfaction.However,failure factors 

have been detected in various warhouse operation aspects that lead to 

the ineffective of warehouse productivity,less profit, as well as high 

operational cost.This study intend to identify and rank the main failure 

factors of warehouse operation and also analyze the risks that affecting 

the warehouse operation. A combination of fuzzy analytic hierarchy 

proses (FAHP) and risk matrix method will be applied in this study.As a 

finding,the 10 failure factors are rank accordingly and risks have been 

determined.The contribution of this study enable to asist warehouse 

operator to replant or restructure the warehouse operations in order to 

avoid or reduce the failure in future. 

MARITIME EDUCATION IN ASEAN REGION 

AHMAD NUR HADI BIN SAMINGUN 




Terengganu

Through years, maritime field have been evolved in many ways as to counter 

the challenges they were facing during providing their service and to manage 

the demand and supply of customer. Maritime education also have been 

changes a lot inline with maritime field to settle down the risk that will occur. 

The maritime education in each nation of ASEAN could be differs from each 

others nation by producing their own style unique students related with their 

strong maritime fields. Thus, this paper aims to determine their expertise in 

each nation in ASEAN region. A special method have been conducted which is 

spider web chart to analyze the data to determine the expertise of each nation 

in ASEAN region. Through this paper, the outcome shows that each nation have 

different expertise for their each maritime field. 

THE SEELECTION OF THE MOST POTENTIAL GROWTH OF 

SECONDARY PORT AT NORTHER REGION, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 

AHMAD FAIZ BIN AHMAD FAZIEL 

ASSOC. PROF. DR. NOORUL SHAIFUL FITRI BIN ABDUL RAHMAN 



Terengganu

The objectives of this paper is to study the secondary port potential growth at 

Northern Region, Peninsular Malaysia by analyzing the most selected criteria 

that involved. A total of 5 respondents were selected as the sample of the study 

and the data was analyze using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and Evidential 

Reasoning were used in this study by considering seven criteria, namely: 1) 

Port Size, 2) Infrastructure and Facilities, 3) Capacity of Cargo Handled, 4) 

Logistic Services, 5) Vessel Size, 6) Vessel Traffic, and 7) Distribution Function. 

A case study is selected in the secondary port at Northern Corridor Economic 

Region (NCER), 1) Lumut Port, Perak 2) Tanjung Lembung, Langkawi 3) Teluk 

Ewa, Langkawi. 

Service quality determinant among freight forwarders 

Mohd Zulkefli Bin Rashid 

ASSOC. PROF. DR. DATIN NURHAYATI HJ SHARIFF 



Terengganu 

Malaysia freight forwarder market has experienced rough competition as more 

and more new participation of freight forwarders company whether from local 

or foreign. This study was conducted to identify critical factors of service quality 

on customer satisfaction for freight forwarder in maritime transportation: a 

study at Central Region of Malaysia. This study was conducted at central region 

of Malaysia. A total 100 respondents were selected for this survey and 

questionnaire were used as instruments. The result showed that service quality

and customer satisfaction influence the customers of freight forwarder 

company to become loyal and repurchase the service provided again. The 

collected data will be analyzed using SPSS software version 2.0.1.the service 

quality of the local freight forwarder company will be based in terms of service 

quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty. 

Measuring the Customers’ Willingness to Pay On Freight Forwarder 

Services: Pasir Gudang and Johor Bahru Industrial Areas 

Siti Zaharah binti Sulaman 

Associate Prof. Datin Dr. Norhayati binti Hj. Shariff 



Terengganu 

This paper focuses on the context of measuring the customer willingness to 

pay on the Malaysian freight forwarder services at Pasir Gudang and Johor 

Bahru industrial areas. The Malaysian freight forwarder market has experienced 

great competition not only among the local freight forwarder companies but 

the most challenges competition is from the international freight forwarders. 

The objectives of this study to find out the customer satisfaction factors of local

freight forwarder that influences customer willingness to pay in rendering the 

local freight forwarder services. Besides, it is also to identify the most significant 

factors of local freight forwarder services that influence customer willingness to 

pay their services. This study using correlation analysis to measure the 

customer willingness to pay in rendering the local freight forwarder services. 

The data collected were analysed using the social science software package 

(SPSS 23 version). The result points out that there is a positive correlation on 

reliability and pricing which influence customer satisfaction towards customers’ 

willingness to pay for local freight forwarder services. However the pricing 

strategy shows the most significant factors influence that the customers to use 

the local freight forwarder services that influence their willingness to pay the 

services. At the same time, greater competitiveness in the local freight 

forwarder industry is associated with higher levels of customer satisfaction 

toward service providers which local freight forwarders need to craft their own 

strategies to withstand the intense competitive situation. 

THE DETERMINANT FACTOR OF FREIGHT FORWARDER SERVICE 

QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN MARITIME 

TRANSPORTATION AT SHAH ALAM: CUSTOMER PERCEPTION 

SHAHRULNIZAM BIN MOHAMAD 




Terengganu 

This paper highlight about the Malaysian freight forwarder and focuses 

on relationship between customer satisfaction (perception) and service 

quality. The Malaysian freight forwarder market has experienced fiercer 

competition as more and more new participations from local and foreign 

international freight forwarder companies. The aim of the study To study 

the quality of freight forwarder services that influence customer 

satisfaction in the Shah Alam area and to determine the most significant 

factors of freight forwarder service quality that influence on customer

satisfaction at Shah Alam area. Industrial area of Shah Alam is choosing 

since it is an industrial focus place. The data collected will be analysed 

using Social Science Software Package (SPSS). The perception of 

customer satisfaction on the service quality will be based on terms of 

the influence customer satisfaction in the Shah Alam area. The result 

tested by the correlation is the suitable to test all the independent 

variables. The finding for the study related with the element of customer 

satisfaction and service quality. This shows the most factors of customer 

satisfaction and service quality that influence the customer perception. 

Halal logistics in Lumut Port 

Mohammad Ferdaus Bin Ilyas 




Terengganu 

A halal logistics framework is comprise of a large number of variables, which 

have to be handle properly in order to deliver final products in the right 

quantities at the contracted time and quality at the right place and at a practical 

cost. The aim of this study is to identify the significant factors of Halal Logistics 

competitiveness according to customer expectation. A questionnaire survey 

was carried out in Lumut Port of Perak state, Malaysia. Reliability analysis, 

Descriptive analysis and correlation analysis was performed. The finding 

indicated there were five determinant of halal logistics hub competitiveness, 

namely operational infrastructure ability, reliability of services, human capital, 

pricing and credibility and industry policy. The components were moderately 

and significantly associated among each other, implying that the customer 

expectation had to be comprehensively managed so as to create right service 

delivery performance which would then enhance halal logistics hub 

competitiveness.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SHARIA COMPLIANCE HALAL LOGISTICS 

HUB SERVICE QUALITY DETERMINANT AT INLAND IPOH CARGO 

TERMINAL: CUSTOMER EXPECTATION 

M.Azri Aziz 




Terengganu 

In this new era, South East Asia and the Middle East are the two main markets 

for Sharia compliance products and service. Southeast Asia is host to more than 

250 million halal demand while the Middle East holds the halal core business 

market with 445 million populations in total (Sungkar, Othman, & Hussin, 

2008).. In addition, based to Bonne and Verbeke (2007), the concern over 

Sharia compliance principle is far more become a crucial issue in some 

Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore when 

compared to the Middle East. Alongside to with the national framework to 

create Malaysia as the world halal center (Habibah , 2011), this industry 

popularity have been increasing day by day and promoting the halal eco system 

that fully comply with Sharia Compliance Concept. A Sharia compliance service 

in logistical framework is comprise of a large number of variables, which have 

to be handle properly in order to deliver final products in the right quantities at 

the contracted time and quality at the right place with a practical cost and 

comply Sharia law . The aim of this study is to identify the determinant of Sharia 

compliance for logistics hub service quality (SCLSQ) base on customer 

expectation at Ipoh cargo terminal. A questionnaire survey was carried out in 

for potential customer such as freight forwarder and manufacturer that involve

in halal industry and using Inland Ipoh Cargo as their logistics hub near Kinta 

valley of Perak state, Malaysia (n=35). Reliability analysis, Descriptive analysis 

and correlation analysis was performed. The finding indicated there were five 

enablers of Sharia compliance logistics hub service quality (SCLSQ), namely 

operational infrastructure ability, human resources capabilities, reliability of 

Sharia compliance service, potential halal cargo and initiatives and policy. The 

components were moderately and significantly associated among each other, 

implying that the customer expectation had to be comprehensively managed 

so as to create right service delivery performance which comply Sharia 

principle. 

The Impact of Service Quality Dimensions on Customer Satisfaction 

of Freight Forwarder Industry In Maritime Transport At Klang Valley 

Muhammad Ashraf Shakir Bin Sabki 




Terengganu 

This study also describes customer satisfaction with the freight forwarder by 

focusing on several factors. In addition, this study has also been conducted to 

find a better understanding of the quality of freight forwarder services and the 

relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in the Klang 

Valley area. Information on customer satisfaction with the services offered will 

be taken by using questionnaire to get data, questionnaire will be used and 

before the respondent or customers fill up the questionnaire they will get some 

briefly explanation. In the survey form, 5-level Likert Scale was used to 

dimension the satisfaction of industrial area in Klang Valley. In addition, data 

will be analyzed using SPSS version 2.0. The importance of this study is to 

enhance the services offered and to increase the level of customer satisfaction 

of services used primarily for the freight forwarder service. Feedback provided 

by customers can be recommended to those who offer freight forwarder 

services to upgrade the quality of service provided. Through this study, the 

service quality offered is a key factor in determining the extent of customer 

satisfaction. Customer satisfaction can be taken into account by measuring or 

finding out whether the services offered meet customer satisfaction with 

indications that the customer will use more or no services after this.

ASSESSING THE LOGISTICS SERVICE QUALITY OF FREIGHT 

FORWARDER INDUSTRY TOWARDS CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: 

PORT OF TANJUNG PELEPAS INDUSTRIAL AREA 

NUR AIRAL SABIHA BT OTHMAN 




Terengganu 

This research is highlighted about the Malaysian freight forwarder especially at 

Port of Tanjung Pelepas Industrial Area. It also focuses on relationship between 

logistics service quality provided by services provider and perception of 

customer satisfaction. The Malaysian Freight Forwarder market has 

experienced fiercer competition as many more new participations from local 

and foreign international freight forwarder companies. The growth of the 

number of foreign freight forwarder companies will be outnumbered and 

became a shadow to the small-medium local freight forwarder companies. The 

aim of this study are to identify the elements that influencing logistics service 

quality on customer satisfaction in freight forwarding industrial at Port of 

Tanjung Pelepas industrial area and to identify the most significant element in 

service quality of small-medium local freight forwarder that influence on 

customer satisfaction. The industrial area of Port Tanjung Pelepas is chosen 

because government is promoting Johor as a distribution hub in Malaysia. In 

this study, about 100 set of questionnaire is distributed to the customer that 

using small-medium local freight forwarder service at Port of Tanjung Pelepas 

Industrial Area. The data was analysed using social science software package 

(SPSS version 23). The perception of the customer satisfaction analysis is based 

on the service quality that provided by small-medium local freight forwarder 

company. The correlation analysis is applied to reveal the relationship between 

the service quality and customer satisfaction. Findings of this study show that 

reliability is the most significant elements of the service quality which 

influencing the customer perception. Therefore, the small-medium local freight

forwarders should focus on reliability elements of logistics services quality in 

ensuring the perception of customer satisfaction. 

ASSESSING THE SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION 

OF FREIGHT FORWARDER INDUSTRY IN MARITIME TRANSPORT ON 

PORT KLANG 

MUHAMAD FAIZ BIN MAZLAN 




Terengganu 

Since Maritime transport is considered as one of the most important sectors in 

Malaysian. The logistics field in freight forwarder has become a rapid 

competition especially in Port Klang area. Service quality plays an important 

role in getting new customers and maintain customer loyalty. SERVQUAL model 

is considered as one of the most common tools to assess that, which is based 

on five factors: reliability, assurance, tangibles, responsiveness and empathy. 

This thesis makes quality service assessment on customer satisfaction based 

on SERVQUAL model. The thesis used a sample of 30 shipping companies, port 

operators and freight forwarders/logistics service providers area Port Klang, 

employing the triangulation of both mail survey and make a survey at research 

area. A total of 105 usable questionnaires were returned and some interviews 

conducted. Data were analysed using the SPSS 13.0 software. The result has 

showed some weaknesses of those companies especially in the reliability and 

assurance factor. In addition, the developed measurement model could serve 

as a reference for freight forwarder firms to assess the quality of their services. 

The results also provide clearer indications for freight forwarder firms to 

compete in the market.

Environment impact due to port expansion 

PUTRI ZAIREEN BINTI SAPARIN 

En. Sharifuddin bin Ahmad 



Terengganu 

Kuantan Port is the main port of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which 

is managed by Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) and under the control of 

Kuantan Port Authority (LPKtn). The annual report of the Ministry of Transport 

Malaysia (MOT) showed an increase in container volume from 126.5 thousand 

(2013) to 141 thousand (2015). The increase is due to the rapid development 

of industrial areas around the Kuantan districts such as MCKIP and Gebeng. In 

order to meet these requirements, KPC has implemented port expansion 

projects. The enlargement of KPC has had many effects on the economy, 

environment, and social of the population. Focusing on environmental impacts, 

environmental impacts include the impact of pollution on air, water, land and 

nuisance. This effect is assessed through a negative angle based on perceptions 

of the general public. The research method was quantitative, obtained by 

primary data through the distribution of questionnaires distributed to 200 

respondents around Kuantan. The research hypothesis is that the expansion of 

KPC has a negative impact on society. The results of the analysis show the 

enlargement of ports has a negative impact on the environmental, this is 

parallel to the early hypothesis that has a negative impact on environmental. 

Through this study, people will realised the importance of environmental 

impacts towards their life due to enlargement of port.


SITI AISHAH BINTI MUHAMOD 




Terengganu 

With a growth of shipping years by years leads to the expansion of port in 

Malaysia. Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) is the example of port that expands 

in the operation to cater for large ships up to 200,000 DWT from the current 

capacity. Kuantan Port is strategically situated at Tanjung Gelang, in the state 

of Pahang overlooking the major sea lanes through the South China Sea. The 

study was conducted at Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC). The perception of the 

public on the effect of expansion of KPC will be based in term of economic, 

environment and social on population. The objective of this study are to study 

the effects on economic due the expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC). 

Second objective is to identify the public perception on the effects of expansion 

of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) due to the economic. Last objective to 

identify whether the expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) lead to the 

positive or negative effect in term of economic according to public perception. 

By using the questionnaire, a total of 200 respondents around KPC were chosen 

as sample, through primary data method. The study procedures data in the 

form of quantitative description statistics (frequencies and percentages) using 

SPSS (Statistic Program for Social Science) for analysing the study of 

questionnaire that were distributed to 200 respondents around KPC. The 

research hypothesis of the expansion of KPC has a positive impact in term of 

economic. The results of the analysis show that the nullification hypothesis is 

accepted due to the expansion of KPC that give positive effect in term of 

economic. 


NUR SHAZWANIE BINTI MUSA




Terengganu 

Within 30 years, Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) has been developing 

successfully and now by mid-2018, the expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium 

which is developing the New Deep Water Terminal (NDWT) will be fully 

completed. The expansion of KPC give many effect on economic according to 

public perception. The objective of this study is to identify the effects on 

economy due to the expansion of KPC according to public perception. By using 

primary data as methods in this study, 200 sets of questionnaire are given to 

the respondents around KPC in order to get information based on their 

perception. After obtaining the sample of 200 sets of questionnaire, the data 

will be complied by using Microsoft Excel and Statistic Program for Social 

Science (SPSS). The public perception to the economic due the expansion of 

KPC will be based in terms of income, facilities/ infrastructure and investment. 

The results of the analysis show the null hypothesis is accepted because the 

expansion of KPC gives positive effect to the economic. 

To Study The Effect on Expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium 

(KPC) Interm of Social According to Public Perception 

N.Syahirah 

En. Sharifuddin bin Ahmad



Terengganu 

The expansion of port and urban development has strong connections that can 

be improve urban quality. The expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) will 

give many impact to social, economy and environment of population. From that, 

the issue of arrival immigrant is to overcome the lack of labor in Malaysian, will 

give negative impacts become serious social problem. In this study, will focus 

to the social effect to immigrant, local activities and local education according 

to the public perception at Kuantan area. The research method is quantitative 

by using primary data from distributed to 200 respondents at Kuantan area 

through perception of general public. The research hypothesis is the expansion 

of KPC on impact society. The results shows from analysis is nullification 

hypothesis on the expansion of KPC on social impact. This is otherwise to the 

early hypothesis that have positive impact to social. This research has been 

achieved the objectives and answer the research question. 

TO STUDY THE EFFECT ON EXPANSION OF KUANTAN PORT 

CONSORTIUM (KPC) IN TERM OF ENVIRONMENT ACCORDING TO 

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS 

NOOR FATIHAH BTE AZAMAN 




Terengganu









environment, and social of the population. Focusing on environmental impact 

by the expansion of KPC, it is include the impact of pollution towards air, water, 

land and nuisance. This effect is assessed through a positive angle based on 

perceptions of the general public. The research method was quantitative, 

obtained by primary data through the distribution of questionnaires distributed 

to 200 respondents around Kuantan. The research hypothesis is that the 

expansion of KPC has a negative impact on environment. The results of the 

analysis accepted nullification hypothesis as the enlargement of KPC has a 

negative impact on the environment. The impacts from the activities for the 

expansion of KPC can seriously affect the local communities and the 

environment further on can lead to environmental destruction. 


AINATUL MARDHIAH BINTI MOHD AZMI 




Terengganu 





(2013) to 141 thousand (2015). The increase is due to the rapid development




environment, and social of the population. Focusing on environment impacts, 

environment impacts include the impact of pollution on air, water, land and 

nuisance. This effect is assessed through a positive angle based on perceptions 

of the general public. The research method was quantitative, obtained by 

primary data through the distribution of questionnaires distributed to 200 

respondents around Kuantan. The research hypothesis is that the expansion of 

KPC has a negative impact on society. The results of the analysis show the 

enlargement of ports has a negative impact on the environmental, this is 

parallel to the early hypothesis that has a negative impact on environmental. 

End of this study people will realize the importance of environment to ensure 

their well-being. 

Economic impact due to port expansion 

FARAH SHUHADA ZAKARIA 




Terengganu 

The evolution of shipping industry leads to the enhancement of ports in 

Malaysia. Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) for example are expand the operation 

to cater for bigger ships up to 200 000 DWT with develop the New Deep Water 

Terminal. The expansion of KPC give many effect on economic according to the 

public perception. The objective of this study is to identify the effects on 

economy due to the expansion of KPC according to public perception. By using 

the questionnaires as a method to collect the data, 200 respondents around 

KPC are chosen as a sample to answer the questionnaire. Derived from data

collected and analyzed in the form of quantitative description statistics 

(Frequencies and Percentages) using Excel and SPSS. The perception of the 

public on economic will be based in terms of income, facilities/infrastructure 

and investments. The results of the analysis show the null hypothesis is 

accepted because the expansion of KPC gives positive effect to the economic. 


CONSORTIUM (KPC) INTERM OF SOCIAL ACCORDING TO PUBLIC 

PERCEPTION 

Khaleeda Abu Nawas, 




Terengganu 

Ports are points of transshipment for traffic by sea and by land. Port focuses of 

a broad spectrum of maritime activities generating significant jobs and 

economic growth. However, the port activities also will give influence to social 

and environmental neither community nor state. The expansion of Kuantan Port 

Consortium (KPC) is one big project between Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial 

Park (MCKIP). The problem in this study will focus on the social effect to 

immigrant, local activities and education on Kuantan area and collected the 

data according to public perception. Therefore, the objective of research is to 

study the effect on expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) interm of 

social, to identify the public perception on the effect expansion of Kuantan Port 

Consortium (KPC) interm of social and to identify the whether expansion of KPC

lead to the positive or negative interm of social according to public perception. 

A quantitative methodology that incorporates primary data such as 

questionnaire is used to analyze the public perception on the effect of 

expansion of KPC in term of social. The general outcome show the nullification 

of hypothesis that means the expansion of KPC will give negative effect to social 

at Kuantan area. 


CONSORTIUM (KPC) INTERM OF SOCIAL ACCORDING TO PUBLIC 

PERCEPTION 

MUHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL 




Terengganu 









environment, and social of the population. Focusing on social impacts, social 

impacts include the impact of immigrant presence, impact on local activities, 

and local education. This effect is assessed through a positive angle based on 

perceptions of the general public. The research method was quantitative, 

obtained by primary data through the distribution of questionnaires distributed


expansion of KPC has a positive impact on society. The results of the analysis 

show nullification hypotheses as the enlargement of ports has a negative impact 

on the social, this is contrary to the early hypothesis that has a positive impact 

on social. 


CONSORTIUM (KPC) IN TERM OF ENVIRONMENT ACCORDING TO 

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS 

NOR FADZLINDAR BINTI CHE NUDIN 

MR. SHARIFUDDIN BIN AHMAD 



Terengganu 

Kuantan Port Consurtium one of the commercial port in located at Tanjung 

Gelang (Latitud 3° 58’N, Longitud 103°26’E). It is at the crossroads of 

international shipping routes in the South China Sea and is located about 25 

kilometers from Kuantan City, the capital of Pahang. Kuantan Port is the main 

port of the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which is managed by Kuantan 

Port Consortium (KPC) and under the control of Kuantan Port Authority (LPKtn). 

Based on the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia's water quality is at 

a worrying level as 229 from 473 rivers across the country are polluted due to 

the expansion of a place. Therefore, Pahang also experienced pollution 

problems resulting from the expansion of the Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC). 

Apart from that, bauxite mining and MCKIP also have a negative impact on local

esidents as it has affected their daily activities. The enlargement of KPC has 

had many effects on the economy, environment, and social of the population. 

Focusing on environment impacts include of water, air, land and nuisance. 

Based on public perception, the enlargement of the port of consortium has a 

negative impact on the positive. The research method was quantitative, 

obtained by primary data through the distribution of questionnaires distributed 


expansion of KPC has a negative impact on society. The results of the analysis 

show nullification hypotheses as the enlargement of ports has a negative impact 

on the environment, this is contrary to the early hypothesis that has a negative 

impact on environment. 

To Study Potential Effect on Economy at Kuantan Port Consortium 

(KPC) According To Public Perception 

Nurhafzhan afini binti aziz 




Terengganu 

Kuantan port have all-weather port operating all year round is a multi-cargo 

deep seaport facing the South China Sea. It is strategically located on the 

eastern seaboard of Peninsular Malaysia and in the heartland of petrochemical 

industries. In economic factor, public always expect that expansion of Kuantan 

Port Consortium (KPC) will increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The 

main objective in this study are to know effects on economic due to the 

expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC), to identify public perception on 

expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) due to economic factors and to 

identify the most serious economic effect according to public perception due to 

expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC). Research method that are use is 

primary data by distribute 200 set of questionnaire. The data was analysed by 

SPSS and Excel method. The result that have get from the data is positive effect 

through income, facilities and investment. In conclusion, the expansion of 

Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) will affect the economic at KPC according to 

public perception.


CONSORTIUM (KPC) IN TERM OF SOCIAL ACCORDING TO PUBLIC 

PERCEPTION 

SYUHADAA J. 




Terengganu 

In an era of economic globalization ports are emerging rapidly from being 

traditional land/sea interfaces to providers of complete logistics networks. 

However, the port activities also will give effect to social and environmental. 

Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park (MCKIP) is the 1st Malaysia National 

Industrial Park joint developed by both Malaysia and China. MCKIP is the sister 

park of China-Malaysia Qinzhou Industrial Park (CMQIP) where both port and 

industrial park will produce the cooperation and dynamic stage for the investors 

to enlarge their business to other regions. However, the expansion of Kuantan 

Port Consortium (KPC) will invite many worker to get the job either local or 

foreign worker. The problem in this study will focus on the social effect to 

immigrant, local activities and education on Kuantan area and collected the 

data according to public perception. Hence, the objective of research is to study 

the effect on expansion of Kuantan Port Consortium (KPC) in term of social, to 

identify the public perception on the effect expansion of Kuantan Port 

Consortium (KPC) in term of social and to identify whether expansion of KPC 

lead to the positive or negative in term of social according to public perception. 

A quantitative methodology that integrates primary data such as questionnaire 

is used to analyze the public perception on the effect of expansion of KPC in 

term of social. The over-all outcome show the nullification of hypothesis that

means the expansion of KPC will give negative effect to social at Kuantan area. 

Finally, some suggestions have been proposed to reduce social effect to 

community who living around the KPC

Undergraduate Research day UMT 2018 

School of Social and 

Economic Development


Bachelor of Counseling


The Predictors of Life Satisfaction among Students 

In Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Aina Afiqah Minhat 

Supervisor: Dr. Mazidah binti Mohd Dagang 

Bachelor of Counseling 

School of Social and Economics Development 

The Objective of this study is to analyze the predictors of life satisfaction among UMT 

students including Spiritual Well-Being, Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem. This 

study is carried out by using Quantitative method. 313 students from the various 

faculties will be taken as the respondents in this study. A Random sampling will be 

used to ensure that selected respondents represent UMT students. The instrument 

use is a questionnaire containing five parts. Part A contain questions relate to 

respondents’ demographics. Part B contain questionnaire to measure the Spiritual 

Well-Being develop by R. F. Paloutzian and C. W. Ellison (1982). Part C consist the 

questionnaire to measure the level of emotional Intelligence of the respondents 

developed by Schutte et al., (1998). Meanwhile, part D is a questionnaire about Self- 

Esteem by Rosenberg (1965) and Part E is a questionnaire to measure the life of 

satisfaction. The questionnaires are administer using a Statistical package for the 

Social Science (SPSS) to analyze descriptive data. Multiple regression analysis will be 

used to determine the most dominant predictor factor affect UMT student life 

satisfaction.


The Relationship between Level of Parent’s Affection and Peer Influence 

On Delinquent Behavior among Adolescents 

Farhanah binti Saifor Adzlan 

Supervisor: Dr. Md Aris Safree bin Md Yasin 


School of Social and Economic Development 

Delinquent behavior among adolescents is a universal issue and problem. It happens 

in all countries irrespective of race, religion and status of a country. Therefore, this 

study aims to examine the relationship between parental relationships and peer 

influence on delinquent behavior among adolescents. 335 school student age between 

13 and 17 years old in two risky school which is SMK Seri Budiman and SMK Sultan 

Mansor in Terengganu were involved in this study. This study was conducted using a 

quantitative survey design through purposive sampling. This study also uses the Benda 

Scale Questionnaires by Benda (1995) to measure parental relationship among 

adolescent, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) by Armsden and 

Greenberg (1987) to measure peer influence against adolescents and Inventory 

Delinquency Scale by Junger (1997) to measure delinquent behavior among sample 

that was chosen. Data were analyse using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences 

(SPSS version 25) software, analyzed using descriptive analysis (frequency, 

percentage and mean). Expected finding in this study are there have significant 

relationship between parental relationships and peer influence on delinquent behavior.


Relationship between Self Esteem, Perfectionism and Eating Disorder 

among the Student in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 

Nik Ruselinda Binti Yusoff 

Supervisor: Dr. Madihah Mohamad Shukri 


School of Social and Economic Development (PPPSE) 

In a review of the literature a few Western studies concluded that low self-esteem, 

along with having higher perfectionism not only puts women at greater risk for the 

development of an eating disorder but also serves to maintain an eating disorder. It 

is important to understand the roles of self-esteem and perfectionism on eating 

disorder because preventative interventions with low self‐esteem and high 

perfectionism may be appropriate for those with eating disorder. Hence, this study will 

examine the relationships between self – esteem, perfectionism and eating disorder 

among students in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). A total of 335 respondents 

will be recruited to participate in this study using stratified sampling procedure. Self 

– esteem will be measured using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE; Rosenberg, 

1965), while Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Frost et al., 1990) will be 

used to measure perfectionism. In addition, eating disorder will be measured using 

Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26; Garner, 1982). All data collected will be processed by 

using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 25.0 version. Correlation and 

t-test analyses will be used to analyse data.


The Relationship between Student’s Self-Esteem and Absenteeism 

Noor Adilatul Husna binti Arfiee 

Supervisor: Dr.Aris Safree bin Md Yasin 



The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between student’s self-esteem and 

the absenteeism. The objective of this study is to identify self-esteem level of each 

students, the different of self-esteem based on gender, to identify relationship 

between students self-esteem and the absenteeism, factors that leads to absenteeism 

among students, the different level of absenteeism based on gender and the different 

level of absenteeism based on social economic status. The instrument used is 

Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale were adapted from the Rosenberg. M (1965). Alpha 

Cronbach of this questionnaire estimated 0.80. Purposive sampling technique was 

utilized to identify 100 secondary students from 3 different School as respondents for 

the study. The data collected were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social 

Sciences 23.0(SPSS). The implication of this research poses that school and parents 

should take an initiative on how to guide students from doing the wrong things. A few 

suggestioned were given for research continuation and to the school in addressing the 

problem of absenteeism.


The Relationship between Resilience, Coping Skills and Self Efficacy 

among Unemployed Adolescents 

Nor Fazilah binti Yusoff 

Supervisor: Dr. Jasmi bin Abu Talib 



The main purpose this study is to identify the relationship between resilience and 

coping against the self-efficacy among unemployed adolescents. This quantitative 

research uses the survey method to collect the data. The total of 154 unemployed 

adolescents will be randomly chosen around the Pasir Mas district. The data survey 

will be analyzed in both descriptive and inferential methods. Descriptive data is 

analyze using mean, percentage and frequency while and inferential data is analyze 

using correlation and t-test. Some suggestions and application of the study also will 

be discuss to improvise this study.


The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic 

Achievement among University Students 

Nur Syahirah binti Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Nazilah binti Mat Ali 

Bachelor of Counselling 


Academic achievement is very important for a life successful. Most studies in this area 

have looked at the relationship between intellectual intelligence and academic 

achievement and a few studies have examined relationship between emotional 

intelligence and academic achievement. This study aims to examine the relationship 

between emotional intelligence and academic achievement among university students. 

This study hypothesize there is a significant relationship between emotional 

intelligence and academic achievement. The objective of this study; 1-To identify the 

level of emotional intelligence; 2- To identify the level of academic achievement;3- To 

examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement. 

This study uses quantitative survey research methods and stratified random sampling 

with a total of 169 samples. Emotional intelligence will be measured by using 

Emotional Intelligence (EI) and academic achievement will be measured by using 

Cummulative Grade Point Average (CGPA). The data will be analyzed using descriptive 

and inferential statistic of Pearson correlation. This study is expected to contribute in 

the field of academic achievement and significantly support Malaysian Education 

Systems.


The Leadership Style of Principals and Workplace Environment with 

Teacher Job Satisfaction 

Nurashikin binti Roslan 

Dr. Kamarul bin Md Shah 


School of Social Development and Economics 

Leadership styles of principal and work environment are very important to enhance 

job satisfaction among teachers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the 

relationship between the leadership style of principal and work environment toward 

job satisfaction. The aim of this study is to analyze the level of job satisfaction among 

teachers from three schools in Kuala Terengganu. This research is carried out using 

quantitative method. The purposive sampling method is used in this study and 

administer to three selected boarding school in Kuala Terengganu. A “Job Satisfaction 

Survey” is used to measure the satisfaction and work environment among teachers 

while a “Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire” is used to know the leadership 

style of principle. The questionnaires that administer are using the Statistical Package 

for the Social Science (SPSS) to analyze descriptive data. This study gives exposure 

to the principal in relation to a better leadership style and work environment that 

affects teacher’s job satisfaction.


Factors of Involvement and Rehabilitation towards Drug among Middle 

Age Woman: Perception towards Life Satisfaction 

Nurul Fadzlin binti Abu Samah 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuhda Husain 



The main objective of this study is to study the factors of drug involvement and 

rehabilitation of drug among middle-aged women. Apart of that, it also been carried 

out to know their perception towards life satisfaction. This study was conducted 

qualitatively on 6 respondents from 3 drug rehabilitation institutions namely Cure and 

Care Center, Bachok, Marang Prison and Casa Villa House, Kuantan. This study is a 

phenomenological approach that uses interviews, observations and analysis of 

documents to obtain information. Descriptions, interpretations and data formulations 

are done by examining themes, subthemes and research questions. This study helped 

the National Anti-Corruption Agency (AADK), the Interior Ministry to examine the 

factors of involvement and rehabilitation of middle-aged women in drug abuse and to 

compare their involvement factors in drug abuse as well as to identify prevention 

methods that is relevant and can be by all parties such as parents, teachers, 

counselors, agencies, NGOs and so on in solving drug abuse issues among drug 

addicts.


Personality, Attitude and Smoking Habits among Male Students in Sekolah 

Menengah Kebangsaan Sik 

Nurul Farhana binti Mohd Aziz 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Fazliyaton bt Ramley 



A study was conducted to examine the relationship between personality and attitude 

with smoking habits among students in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sik, Kedah. 

The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between personality’s traits, 

attitudes on cigarettes and on smoking cessation and smoking habits among male 

students. Apart from that, 144 respondents of 13 to 17 years old were involved in this 

study. Furthermore, The Big Five Inventory (BFI) questionnaires developed by John 

Donahue and Kentle (1991), the Global Youth Tobacco Survey by the World Health 

Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) (2009) were used as 

the quantitative methods in carrying out the study. The data collected will be analyzed 

using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0 version computer 

software. Pearson correlation and t- test are used to analyze the data.


Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence towards Motivation 

among Adolescence 

Nurul Izzah binti Mohd Izhar 

Supervisor: Dr. Kamarul B Md Shah 



Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence are very important aspect on 

teenagers to gain their motivation The research type is quantitative research which 

explain to investigate the relationship between the level of Emotional Intelligence and 

the level of Spiritual Intelligence towards motivation among the teenagers. The 

sampling method is using purposive sampling with a sample in secondary school 

students from Sekolah Tunas Bakti Taiping aged from 15 to 17 years old in Perak. The 

collection data method, which is Emotional Intelligence Questioner by Danial Goleman 

is use to measure Emotional Intelligent. Another questioner used are The Spiritual 

Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24) by Dr. King that will be measure Spiritual 

Intelligence and A Quick Measure Of Motivation Achievement by Ray (1979) that is 

use to measure the level of motivation. The questionnaire will be used to collect the 

research data and will be analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science 

(SPSS). Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence refer to the inner most 

feelings or soul of teenagers. It allows teenagers to be more motivated. 

Recommendation will be made for further research and limitation of the study will be 

discuss.


The Relationship between Social Media Use and Loneliness among 

Students in University Malaysia Terengganu 

Nurul Nur Ain bt. Abdul Rahim 

Supervisor: Tuan Haji Awang Koding Che Tom 



The aim of this study is to identify the significance of the usage of social media and 

loneliness among students in University Malaysia Terengganu. This quantitative study 

involved 351 respondents comprising male and female students from various races 

living in UMT residential colleges. The respondent will be selected using 

disproportionate stratified random sampling method where samples were categorized 

according to gender. The instruments to be used are Bergen Social Networking 

Addiction Scale (BSNAS) and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The collected data will be 

process and analyst using Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) version 

25.0. The relationship between social media usage and loneliness will be explained 

using Pearson correlation while t-test will be used to see the differences in the level 

of social media use and loneliness between the sexes.


The Relationship between Personality and Emotional Intelligence among 

University Students 

Nurul Syafiqah Binti Mohd Apandi 

Supervisor: Dr. Raba’aton Adawiah @ Robiah bt. Mohd Yusof 



The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between personality 

and emotional intelligence among university students and to examine whether 

significant differences exist between the level of emotional intelligence based on 

gender. This study also aim to identify the dominant personality character based on 

big five personality test. A total of 196 people from second year students School of 

Social and Economic Development which consists of three programs, namely Bachelor 

of Counseling, Bachelor of Economics (Natural Resources) and Bachelor of 

Management (Policy and Social Environment) at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu will 

be selected based on random sampling. Two instruments will be used: The Big Five 

Inventory (BFI) to measure personality traits; and the Emotional Intelligence 

Questionnaire to measure the level of emotional intelligence. The collected data will 

be processed and analyzed with correlation test and the t test using the Statistical 

Packages for Social Science (SPSS) software.


Relationship between Learning Style and Motivation among University 

Students 

Rohayu Binti Rashid 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Zakaria Bin Mohamad 



The study aim is to determine relationship between learning style and motivation 

among third year students of the Economic and Social Development, University 

Malaysia Terengganu. The other aim is investigate differences level of motivation 

based on gender. This study was carried out by correlation method. By using random 

sampling, the study involved 181 respondents involving students Bachelor of 

Counseling, Bachelor of Economics (Natural Resources) and Bachelor of Management 

(Policy and Social Environment). Data gathered were analyzed descriptively and 

inferentially by using SPSS version 25.0. This The Perceptual Learning Style Preference 

Questionnaire (PLSQ) and instruments for motivation are the Student Work Preference 

Inventory (SWPI) are used to measured learning style and motivation respectively.


The Relationship between Mobile Phone Problem Use and Anxiety among 

University Student 

Ruqayyah Solehah binti Abu Hanipah 




Because of the widespread use of mobile phones, it is important to study possible 

negative health effects of mobile phone exposure among university students. This 

study will examine the relationship between mobile phone uses with anxiety among 

students in Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM). A total of 327 respondents will be 

recruited to complete the questionnaires, using stratified random sampling technique. 

The questionnaire includes the Mobile Phone Survey (MPS) developed by Bianchi and 

Phillips (2005). To measure anxiety levels, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) developed by 

Beck, Epstein, Brown & Steer (1988) will be used. All data collected will be processed 

by using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 25.0 version. Correlation 

and t-test analyses will be used to analyze data.


Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance among 

Teachers. 

Rusdy bin Md Said 

Supervisor: Dr Raja Zirwatul Aida binti Raja Ibrahim 



The study aims to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and job 

performance among teachers. The studies hypothesize there is a significant 

relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance A survay method 

using self-administered questionnaire is adopted to gather data from 250 respondents 

are randomly selected from Parlimen Petaling Jaya Selatan secondary schools, 

Selangor. A set of questionnaire consisted of 75 items measure intelligence emotional 

while 6 items measure job performance. Using "Statistical Package of Social Sciences" 

(SPSS) 25.0, min, frequency and percentage are used to measure levels of job 

performance. The descriptive analysis is used to analyze demographic profiling of 

respondents and levels of performance. Meanwhile, correlation, multiple regression, 

and t-test are used to measure the relationship between emotional intelligence and 

performance and the difference of job performance regarding genders.


Relationship between Stress and Job Performance among Secondary 

School Teachers 

Siti Aisyah binti Hassan 

Supervisor: Dr. Raja Zirwatul Aida binti Raja Ibrahim 



This study examines occupational stress and job performance among secondary 

school teachers. A survey method using self-administered questionnaire is adopted to 

gather data from 262 respondents using random sampling technique. A set of 

questionnaire consisted of 10 items measure occupational stress while 6 items 

measure job performance. Using “Statistical Package of the Social Sciences” (SPSS) 

25.0, min, frequency and percentage are used to measure levels of job performance. 

Statistical inferential including correlation and t-test are used to analyze the 

relationship between occupational stress and performance and the differences of 

performance levels in terms of gender.


Work – Family Conflict and Burnout among Teachers 

Siti Umairah binti Hamid 




Work-family conflict and burnout have been popular research within Western samples. 

Yet, very few studies have been done on the issue the relationship of work-family 

conflict and burnout in Malaysia, particularly among teachers. The purpose of this 

study is to analyze the relationship between two dimensions of work-family conflict 

(i.e. WIF and FIW) and burnout among school teachers in Pendang District, Kedah. In 

addition, the study will also examine whether there is gender differences in terms of 

burnout. A cross-sectional study will be conducted and distributed to 248 employed 

married teachers using cluster sampling method. Among the schools of Pendang 

district, 4 schools will randomly select. Work family conflict will be measured using a 

questionnaire obtained from (Gutek, Searles, and Klepa’s, 1991), this questionnaire 

includes two subscales: WIF and FIW. To assess burnout, Maslach Burnout Inventory 

(Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996) be used. The job burnout scale consisted of three 

subscales, namely (1) emotional exhaustion, (2) professional efficacy, and (3) 

cynicism. All data collected will be processed by using Statistical Package for the Social 

Science (SPSS) 25.0 version. Correlation and t-test analyses will be used to analyze 

data.


The Relationship between Personality Formation and Self-Esteem 

Supriyantho bin Muktar 

Supervisor: Dr. Raba’aton Adawiah @ Robiah binti Mohd Yusof 


School of Social and Economic Development (PPPSE) 

The purpose of this study is to identify whether there is a relationship between 

personality formation and self-esteem according to the birth order among students of 

University Malaysian Terengganu. Personality refers to the individuals uniqueness that 

belong to self. While self-esteem is a positive or negative compliment given to the 

self. The sample consists of 200 students from the Center for Social Studies and 

Economics were randomly selected to become respondents in this study. The 

instruments that will be use in this study are The Big Five Inventory (BFI) which is to 

measure personality formation and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to 

measure the level of self-esteem. All the accumulated data will be processed using 

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software.


Stress and Eating Behavior among Final Year Student in University 

Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 

Venothiney Dewi A/P Muniandy 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuhda binti Husain 

Bachelor of Counselling 


This quantitative study aims to examine the stress and eating behavior among final 

year students in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The purpose of this study is 

to know the relationship between stress and eating behavior among final year students 

and to know the differences between stress and eating behavior based on gender. 

The importance of this study is to gain knowledge among final year students about 

stress and eating behavior. Respondents of this study are 335 final year students from 

eight school in UMT. All subjects were selected based on random sampling for data 

generalization. The data were collected using survey method. This instrument was 

divided into three sections. The first section about the demographic of sample. The 

second part contain questions based on Perceived Stress Scale which used to 

determine students’ stress and third part questions about students’ eating behavior 

based on Compulsive Eating Scale. Pilot test conducts to examine the reliability and 

validation of survey. The correlation method is used to analyze the relationship 

between stress and eating behavior of the respondents. T-test method is used to 

analyze the differences between stress and eating behavior of respondents based on 

gender differences.


Job Satisfactions and Organizational Commitment: Effect on Turnover 

Intention among Logistics Staff 

Vignesvari A/P Vergingoma 

Supervisor: Dr. Jasmi Bin Abu Talib 



This study aimed to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and 

organizational commitment with the Turnover intention among logistic employee. This 

research would be conduct on 127 research sample and they are select through 

convenience sampling technique. This quantitative research uses the survey method 

to collect the data. Three sets of the questionnaire will be used, Job Descriptive 

Index(JDI), to measure job satisfaction, Organizational Commitment Questionnaire 

(OCQ) to measure organizational commitment and Mobley’s items to measure 

turnover intention. Data will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistic. 

Descriptive data analysis such as mean, percentage, and frequency while inference 

data will be analyzed using the t-test and correlation with the IBM SPSS version 23. 

Some suggestions and implications of the study will also be discussed in this study.


The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Work Performance among 

Production Workers 

Vikneswary A/P K. Murugayah 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nazila Mat Ali 



Work performance plays a vital role to increase productivity of an organization and 

economic growth. Most studies in this area have looked at the work performance of 

professional workers and a few studies have examined work performance among 

production workers. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between 

job satisfaction and work performance among production workers. This study 

hypothesizes that there is a significant relationship between job satisfaction and work 

performance among production workers. The objective of this study; 1- To identify 

the level of job satisfaction ;2- To identify the level of work performance and 3-To 

examine the significant relationship between job satisfaction and work performance. 

This study uses quantitative survey research method and cluster random sampling 

with a total of 169 samples. Job satisfaction will be measured by using Job Descriptive 

Index (JDI) and work performance will be measured using Work Performance 

Questionnaire (HPQ). The data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential 

statistic of Pearson correlation. This study is expected to contribute in the field of work 

performance and significantly support Malaysia Gross Domestic Product (KDNK).


The Relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and Academic 

Motivation among Accounting Students at UniSZA 

Wan Nurizzati binti Wan Mohamad Zahari 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Zakaria bin Mohamad 



The main focus for this study is to investigating the relationship between personality 

trait’s and the level of student’s motivation at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), 

campus of Gong Badak. A total of 80 students of second year majoring in Accounting 

at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), campus of Gong Badak are selected as the 

respondents of this study. The instrument of this study is using a set of questionnaire. 

The respondents were asked to answer the questionnaire of Big Five Inventory (BFI) 

developed by John, Donahue and Kentle (1991) and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS- 

C 28) developed by Vallerand et. al (1992). The design of this study is a kind of 

correlation study in quantitatively. Moreover, the data was analysed by correlation test 

and t test through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0.


Bachelor of Management (Policy 

and Social Environment)


Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management System in Local Government: 

The Case of Kajang Municipal Council (MPKj) 

Nurul Amanina binti Kamdi 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Aisyah binti Saad 

Bachelor of Management (Policy and Social Environment) 


Most developing countries such as Malaysia face problems with the generation of solid 

waste. This issue is also a big challenge to the Local Authorities (PBTs) or the Municipal 

Council. Recycling is an approach used to reduce the quantity of solid waste disposed. 

However, the rate of recycling in Malaysia is still low compared to other developed 

countries such as Germany, South Korea, Slovenia, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, 

Sweden, Nertherlands, Luxembourg and Iceland. Simple and comfortable recycling 

systems can improve recycling practices amongst the community. This study will look 

at the role of MPKj in managing solid waste, the level of satisfaction of Town House 

housing residents in solid waste management and MPKj’s future planning in 

sustainable management of solid waste. The method to be used to answer this 

question is quantitative and qualitative. Each elment plays an important role either at 

the community level or at local authority. The findings show that there is a high level 

of satisfaction and future planning in the effectiveness of solid waste management 

system in Local Authorities: the case of Kajang Municipal Council (MPKj). Therefore, 

every plan should also take into consideration the aspects of the environment and the 

human being so that these two aspects are not tampered with. 

Keywords: Solid Waste Management, Local Authorities, MPKj, Recycling, Sustainable 

Management


Political Participation among Youths Using Social Media 

Noor Shazalina binti Md Razali 

Supervisor: Dr.Rosyidah binti Muhamad 



The development of information technology with the use of social media such as 

YouTube, Twitter and Facebook create a new atmosphere in the political world. 

According to previous studies, the youth are less interested in politics. With the 

presence of the internet especially social media, it provides opportunities for youths 

especially students to engage in politics. Therefore, this study aims to find out the 

level of social media use for political activities among youths. This study collected 

primary data by using survey among 170 respondents who are third year students at 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The data shows that political awareness among 

students is still low although they are exposed to social media. The analysis shows 

there is a significant relationship between social media usage motives with 

respondents' participation offline and online. However, the link is weak, indicating that 

political awareness among students is still low. While t-test analysis shows that there 

is a significant difference between gender and political participation, as well as 

interpersonal and youth political participation by using social media. 

Keywords: Social Media, Internet, Politics, Youths.


Effects of Population Density on Health, Environment and Infrastructure in 

Bandar Baru Bangi 

Ameer Aiman b Anuar Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr. Zikri Muhammad 



In the process of development, the study wanted to see the main component of the 

extent of the population view in Bandar Baru Bangi about population density. In this 

Study, we look at the problems that arise in the acceptance of the residents in Bandar 

Baru Bangi against the changes that occur in the area whether the population 

acceptance in the negative direction. The population growth in Bandar Baru Bangi 

wants to identify the effects of urbanization, whether affecting the quality of health, 

environment and infrastructure. In the recent study findings from Henni Mulyani et. al 

(2013), states that population problems arise from other factors such as economy, 

education, health, and other well-being. The main question is to see whether the 

population density factor has led to the health effects of the community in Bandar 

Baru Bangi. The main objective of the study is to identify the level of population density 

that leads to the health quality of the residents in Bandar Baru Bangi. This study uses 

the survey method in quantitative research where the researcher conducted a 

numbered survey using a questionnaire. The number of respondents was selected as 

88 respondents to facilitate the researcher to achieve the objectives of the study. The 

method used is the random sampling of probability of random type. This study was 

conducted in Bandar Baru Bangi under Hulu Langat district. The location of the study 

was conducted as Bandar Baru Bangi had a high interest in outsiders for job 

opportunities, and residences. Correlation findings show that there is an association 

between the number of households and the population health significantly (r = .236, 

p


Effect of Water Pollution Effect on Activities Industry in Penang 

Fatin Fatihah binti Muhamad Yusof 




This research aimed to effect of water quality that occur because of industrial 

activity. The impact of water pollution is causing environmental damage 

(Walker, 2006). Water quality in Malaysia is in a state of concern where 229 out of 

473 rivers across the country has been polluted due to industrial waste disposal. 

In the context of National Policy there is a environmental policy where it 

associated with contaminated water sources, water supply is declining and this 

contaminated water has a bad effect on human quality. This survey finds that 

water surfaces of the river is greasy and filled with waste product. If this 

situation continued it will affect the preservation of the environment for 

future generation use. Department of Environmental and Department of Health 

has been doing the best way in monitoring to ensure that the industry does not 

arbitrarily impose pollution activities. This monitoring is under Environmental 

Quality Act 1974.This research focuses on the illegal activities by industrial 

sector in polluting water quality and the government influence from the 

perspective of the population. This research is guided by the objective of assessing 

the relationship between illegal activity from industry and the role of government 

and the impact of river pollution in this study area. Quantitative data analysis 

is used where there are 60 sample have been used which consist of resident 

of Taman Semilang, Seberang Jaya where they are randomly selected. This area 

is chosen and selected because the location of this area is close to contaminated river 

due to industrialization. The study found that there was a significant relationship 

between the illegal activities of the industry and the role of government with 

river pollution in Sungai Perai. In a nutshell, all people should work together and 

cooperate each other to overcome this problem by using effective and 

innovative law enforcement to preserve nature for future sustainable. 

Keywords: Water pollution; industrial; Penang


Social Welfare of People With Disabilities (Pwd) At Baling, Kedah 

Nur Fitri Shawalnie Binti Mofti 

Dr Rosyidah Binti Muhamad 



The welfare of people with disabilities (PWD) can be seen from various aspects of 

economic, social and political aspects. The objective of this study is to identify the 

social well-being of disabled from the aspect education, health and shelter. This study 

is a qualitative study and data obtained through primary data namely interviews and 

secondary data. This study involved 20 respondents consisting of disabled people 

regardless of age and gender. The findings show that the respondents were not able 

to achieve the social well-being as been expected. In addition, the findings also show 

that the level of education and health of disabled people is moderate This research 

suggested that more practical training should be given to the disabled in order for 

them to have their quality life. Research implications and suggestions for future studies 

were presented for further action by authorities. It is hoped that this research will 

provide input that will be beneficial to the authorities to upgrade the quality of life of 

disabled. 

Keywords : Disabled people, social well-being, education, helath ad shelter


Solid Waste Management In Kampung Parit Kassim, Parit Jawa, Muar 

Johor 

Nur Aina Syahira Binti Arshad 

Supervisor: Dr. Zikri Bin Muhammad 



The problem of solid waste management in the country is increasingly 

serious and uncontrollable. The study area chosen by researchers is in the area of 

Kampung Parit Kassim, Parit Jawa, Muar Johor. This study aims to identify the 

relationship between the attitude of society and the amount of solid waste in Kampung 

Parit Kassim area. In addition, identify the health effects faced by the residents of 

Kampung Parit Kassim, due to the management of solid waste. Next, identify the 

role of local authorities to address the problem of solid waste management in 

Kampung Parit Kassim area. The study was conducted using quantitative 

methods and involved 50 respondents in the study area. The findings show that the 

attitude of the community has a significant relationship with the role of local 

authorities, the attitude of the community has significant relationship with the 

management of solid waste and the role of local authorities has a significant 

relationship with the management of solid waste. It can be concluded that the attitude 

element, the role of the authorities plays an important role in addressing the problem 

of solid waste management which will affect the health effects of the population 

Keywords : Solid Waste; Johor


Hygiene Levels in the Big Market of Siti Khatijah, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 

Nur Amira binti Mat Yusuff 




The issue of cleanliness in the area of the market that often the issue that there is no 

end. Hygiene in the area of the market that are less satisfactory, particularly in the 

area of selling wet goods caused by the incidence of the problem the number of trash 

cans , slippery floor surfaces, drain blockage and the existence of wild animals such 

as mice and the effectiveness of the cleansing. Even visitors who make the complaint 

through social media stating the area of the market that is less satisfying and less 

than the conduct of the authorities. Based on the review before this stage cleanliness 

somewhere influenced by such civil servants are used as trash cans and the type of 

vehicle used. The role of the Majlis Perbandaran Kota Bharu (MPKB) less running 

activity monitoring hygiene in the region to market it. Parties of MPKB have given a 

contract to the private companies like BUJ to deal with hygiene around the market for 

a period during the year commencing the year 2017 until 2018. In this study, 

researchers used the method of observation and interview to find out and see directly 

the level of hygiene at the market. Researchers have been distributing questionnaires 

of 50 respondents consisting of traders to learn general knowledge, practice and the 

role of stakeholders in managing the hygiene in this market. Traders who sell goods 

that are different at every level by place. Researchers are focus to market area at 

Pasar Besar Siti Khatijah because its strategic market position in the town of Kota 

Bharu. The results show the effectiveness of existing services such as trash cans and 

garbage collecting truck services are closely related to the role of the stakeholders 

who are less effective that can contribute to a level of cleanliness in this market. 

Unsatisfactory level of cleanliness in markets because of the inefficiencies of the role 

of stakeholders in carrying out its duties of cleanliness in this market. 

Keywords: Campus; waste; Hygine; market, kota bharu


Awareness Level on Hygiene Care the Environment among College 

Students UMT Residence 

Nur Syuhada bt Ibrahim 




Campus accommodation is one aspect of the lives of students throughout their study 

periods at institutions of higher learning. However, in terms of the level of 

environmental cleanliness among the students is very weak. This is because of the 

dumping of excessive garbage and at the same time producing bad odor for the 

environment especially the room area near the trash can. The main challenge in 

environmental conservation efforts is the awareness and perception among the 

students themselves (Nick Nuttall, 2013). The purpose of this study was to explain the 

level of awareness on hygiene among UMT residential college students. It is also able 

to answer the research questions on the level of awareness, hygiene practices and 

level of student involvement on hygiene management at the UMT residential college. 

This study was conducted and focused on UMT students' residential area, Terengganu. 

The methods used in this study are quantitative methods. The implementation of this 

study was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents, which consist 

of students who reside in the residential college area. Questionnaire forms are divided 

into two parts: part I and part II. Part I covers the general information of the 

respondents while the second part is divided into four parts, A, B, C and D by using 

likert scale to evaluate all items. Among the reasons why this study was conducted at 

UMT's residential college due to the lack of a high level of awareness on environmental 

hygiene management among students while hygiene was a basic element in life. A 

total of 100 respondents were sufficient to answer the study problem. The data were 

analyzed using descriptive statistic for variable descriptors and inferential statistics 

such as Pearson and Regression correlation. The findings show that there is a 

significant correlation between the students' hygiene practices and the level of 

involvement towards the level of environmental hygiene among the students. This 

resulted in excessive dumping of waste based on hygiene practices and the degree of 

involvement of students on environmental hygiene. 

Keywords: Campus; waste; Hygine


The Effectiveness of the Housing Policy for the Poor People: The People's 

Housing Project (PPR) in Hiliran, Kuala Terengganu 

Hairul Hashmer bin Yusrin 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Noreha binti Hashim 



Poverty and homelessness are synonymous because the failure of not owning a house 

can lead to those in the low-income groups to be perpetually trapped in poverty. The 

effectiveness of the Housing Policy through Peoples’ Housing Policy (PPR/ Projek 

Perumahan Rakyat) can be assessed by its ability to meet the needs of the poor 

members of the community as well as the way that this policy has been implemented. 

Hence, this study evaluates the effectiveness of PPR Hiliran, Kuala Terengganu by 

using quantitative survey methods and questionnaires that have been distributed to 

141 respondents. Variables examined include physiological needs, safety needs, 

belonging needs, self-esteem needs and self-actualization needs. The only significant 

relationship that can be verified is between the number of households and the 

physiological and safety needs. Hence, it is empirically proven that the PPR Hiliran has 

not been able to fulfil the needs of the community there because of flawed policy 

implementation. Therefore, it is imperative that future policies on housing for low 

income families be effectively implemented so that they can achieve their full 

potentials as individuals, and can make positive contributions to the welfare of the 

society. 

Keywords: Peoples Housing Project (PPR), poverty, implementation weaknesses


Perception of Professional and Management Clusters on Interpesonal 

Conflict of Workers in Organizations 

Ainzhatul Syaadah binti Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr. Marhaini Binti Mohd Noor 



This study aims to identify interpersonal conflicts among employees in an organization. 

Interpersonal conflicts are the conflicts that occur between individuals within the same 

organization. Interpersonal conflicts arise from personal differences, perceptions and 

communication weaknesses that leave an emotional impact on individuals. In this 

study, the researcher identifies factors that cause interpersonal conflict between 

employees in an organization. The study was conducted on officers in management 

and professional group and involved three sectors namely the public sector, private 

sector, and statutory bodies. The methodology approach used is quantitative. Where 

researchers use descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to analyze data. The 

findings show that there is a high level of interpersonal conflict over employees in an 

organization where it is due to the interpersonal conflict reason itself. In addition, this 

study also discusses the challenges of interpersonal conflicts and interpersonal effects 

to employees and organizations. In conclusion, this study is crucial to make sure that 

organizations pay attention to interpersonal conflicts that affect the employees level 

of job satisfaction and also assist in improving the work performance and 

organizational productivity. 

Keywords : interpersonal conflicts, interpersonal conflict factors, interpersonal conflict 

challenges, interpersonal conflict effects


Assessing the Socio-Economic Status and Environmental Impact of Sand 

Mining Tanah Merah Kelantan 

Zulaikha Fadhilah bt Mohd Kori 

Supervisor: Dr. Latifah bt Abdul Ghani 



This study is aimed at assessing the socio-economic impacts and environment caused 

by sand mining in the Taman Harmoni Bandar Baru Tanah Merah. The collected data 

were analyzed through field study in the form of a questionnaire through Statistical 

Package for The Social Science (SPSS). In addition to using the questionnaire method, 

interview was also conducted with the involved parties including District Drainage and 

Irrigation Department: Tanah Merah and Sand Mining Contractor Workers. Questions 

asked are open and general questions that include questions pertaining to the role of 

those involved with sand mining activities. The findings reveal a lot of negative impacts 

on the environment and socio-economics. Among the negative impacts such as the 

impact of air quality, water quality, soil quality and the quality of life residents. This 

situation shows that the impact of sand mining has a significant impact on socioeconomic 

and the quality of the environment. Hence, the role of the government, the 

private sector, NGOs is needed to ensure that sand mining activities are monitored 

and taken initiatives to reduce the impact of sand mining and ensure the sustainability 

of community development in Taman Harmoni Bandar Baru Tanah Merah. 

Keywords: Sand Mining, Impact, Socio-economic, Environment


Reporting Description of Data-Statistics Analysis 

Nursuhailah bt. Hassan 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Aisyah bt. Saat 



Floods are the most devastating natural disasters in Malaysia, since 1965, floods have 

affected many areas in Malaysia including floods in 2014. People in the Kelantan river 

valley still face an ineffective flood management system despite government efforts 

to build flood management systems approaches However, floods in Kelantan 2014 are 

the worst in records in terms of depth and flood and damage to property and 

infrastructure. This study was conducted in the village of Lembah Sireh, a village in 

Kota Bharu, which has experienced unprecedented floods. The study aims to identify 

the population profile, assess the level of flood knowledge and the level of population 

readiness in managing themselves in the face of large floods in Lembah Sireh through 

three levels of pre, post and post flood flood. This study uses a full quantitative method 

where structured questionnaires are used to obtain information from respondents. 

Some of the respondents used in the pre-study study were examined. Respondents 

consist of residents in Lembah Sireh living from 1960 to 2017. Some literature 

highlights are very important to be used to identify concepts, variables, research 

methodologies, findings or research findings and gaps that need to be studied. The 

previous study helps to explain the findings of the findings and the researchers can 

explain why there is a variation or similarity of the findings. The effectiveness of the 

affected population management system has been assessed from flood victims or 

flood-hit residents through the involvement of several groups in managing the floods 

between the current flood victims pre and post flood. 

Keywords: flood; kota bharu, disaster


A Social Studies of Solid Waste Management in Kampung Paya Rawa 

Landfill, Besut, Terengganu 

Khalisah binti Mat Zulkri 

Dr. Latifah Binti Abdul Ghani 



This purpose of this study is to identify the impacts of solid waste management that 

focus on several aspects such as impact on water quality, noise disturbance, air quality 

and odor. This study also highlight on the obstacles faced by the workers and 

strategies to minimize the impact on the environment. A total of 40 respondents in 

Kampung Paya Rawa were included where a questionnaire method was used as a 

research tool for collecting data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 

application version 20 was used to analyse data. To obtain additional informations and 

strengthening the data, researcher was conducted an interview with an informant 

from government sector and a landfill worker. System theory is related to this study 

as it shows how functional elements are practiced among the landfill workers. The 

result shows that an odor pollution is the most dominant effect. The research 

concluded that solid waste management needs to be improved as there is an 

increments in the quantity of solid waste. Involvement of landfill workers and 

community in solid waste management needs to be carried out more efficiently and 

effectively for the environmental sustainability. 

Keywords: Solid waste; Environmental impact; System theory


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Childhood of Education System’s 

Effectiveness in the National Autism Society of Malaysia (NASOM) 

Segamat, Johor 

Rasyidatul Najwa binti Rosman 

Supervisor: Dr. Rahaya Binti Md. Jamin 



Autism Spectrum Disorder is a type of neurological development disruption that affect 

mental, emotion, education and someone's memories. Development of self-potential 

and education system specialization not emphasized in long term and therapy 

provision and education in early stage still do not change existing of major indicator. 

Therefore, this research aim to identify and explain process and strategy of learning 

and teaching sessions (P&P), also correlations this achievement of children with their 

success contribution in future so that can achieve effectiveness that optimum to ASD 

children. This research in exploratory stage and survey descriptive study that focus to 

qualitative technique divided to observation, focus group discussion (FGD) and 

document analysis. Based on research carried out can be divided according to 

objective of the research which include two unit education programme in NASOM 

Segamat, Johor that is Early Intervention Program and Pre Vocational Program. They 

only need different and suitable approach that is to help self-management 

development, social interaction and education. This research also able to handle 

challenge in child development in terms of communication skill (verbal or non-verbal), 

social skill (poor in two-way interaction) and restrictive of imagination power. 

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, education system, effectiveness.


Exploring Community Risk Perceptions of Flood Disaster 

In Pasir Puteh Basin, Kelantan. 

Nurul Balqis binti Zaki 

Supervisor: Dr Latifah Binti Abdul Ghani 



Flood is a natural disaster that is not familiar to the world community. Floods are the 

most devastating natural disasters experienced in Malaysia. Since 1965 the flood has 

affected many areas in Malaysia including floods of 2014. The National Security Council 

(MKN) said the new flood of Kelantan was the worst affected in the country's history. 

The issue in this middle article is about flood disaster of Kelantan State. Hence, the 

writing of this paper is intended to further elaborate on the factors affecting the flood, 

the impact on the floods and the steps of certain parties to overcome the floods of the 

State of Kelantan, especially in the Pasir Puteh basin. The scope of the study was in 

Pasir Puteh, Kelantan. In this study, the researchers used two methods of qualitative 

and quantitative methods in which respondents consisted of fifty people and an officer 

from the Department of Drainage and Drainage (DID). Data used in this study are 

from 1997 to 2018 in selected countries covering developed and developing countries. 

In other words, the population has begun to enjoy a change in the economic level of 

the family that is improving year after year, following the country's economic 

development. But this situation is temporary for the Kelantan Basin because every 

year their possessed property has been eliminated by the flood disaster. Therefore, 

the implementation of the development consistently needs to be realized for the good 

of the population of the basin. 

Keywords: Flood Disaster, Communities, Kelantan, Perceptions.


Air Pollution Due To Industrial Activities against Health Problems Villagers 

of Kampung Kebun Baru, Telok Panglima Garang, Selangor. 

Nurul Amalina binti Bahrin 

Supervisor: Dr. Zikri bin Muhamad 



Concerned industrial development has had a negative impact on the factory's smoke 

emissions and thus impacts on human health as it has ever been in the country by 

2015. According to French (1992), the release of other air molecules such as chlorine 

and bromine, the emissions of the industry from the use of aerosols and freezers 

between sources to the destruction of the ozone layer. This study focuses on the 

extent of the impact of industrial pollution on health problems and answers the 

objective of the study to identify the effects of pollution due to industrial activity on 

health problems. The study focused on Telok Panglima Garang area, Kampung Kebun 

Baru, which is the closest area to industrial area. With a focus on 50 houses comprising 

different ages. The results showed that the variables for pollutant effect (p


The Assessment of Behaviour Aspects of River Pollution 

In Mulong Village, Kelantan. 

Che Nur Anishah binti Che Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Latifah Binti Abdul Ghani 



This study explains the causes of river water pollution and the ways to overcome it in 

Mulong village, Kelantan. The respondents of this study were residents of Mulong 

village. The method used by the researcher is descriptive method. By using Simple 

Random Technique, 70 respondents over 443 populations of Mulong village were 

chosen to answer the questionnaire. In addition, researchers also interviewed several 

officers from government stakeholders for information to reinforce the results of 

studies. The study found that 62.9 percent of the respondents strongly agreed that 

the discharges rubbish into the river is the main cause of the water pollution. 

Therefore, it is highly recommended that the parties’ involments undertake continuous 

monitoring so that action can be taken against those who pollute the river water. In 

addition, researchers also suggest that communities take part in regular mutual 

activities and create programs to raise awareness among residents. 

Keywords: Water Pollution, River Pollution, Cause, Communities,


Spirit of Neighbourliness Influence, lifestyle practice and Government 

Role towards level of the people's health Especially Aspect 

Dengue Fever 

Nuramalina binti Nordin 




Dengue is disease brought by Aedes mosquito. There are two types of Aedes 

mosquitoes namely Aegypty aedes mosquito and Albopictus aedes mosquito. Disease 

Vector-borne under Health Ministry disease control section Malaysia drafted to reduce 

the burden and death result dengue fever disease transmission (Strategy plan for 

Control and Prevention Dengue in year 2009-2013). Dengue epidemic infection if not 

controlled, can cause the occurrence of public health system failure from implement 

response efficiently and effectively and will cause various infectious new disease. 

According to Dr. Mohd Khairi bin Yakub (2014), in Health Department website Johore 

State based on weekly statistics on 3 August 2014, a total of 109 cases of dengue 

had been reported. Based on statistics aspect, 9 districts in Johore State had reported 

Dengue Demam case in Health Department Johore State. Inter districts that had been 

reported, Johor Bahru is largest contributor namely totalled 65% compared to Kluang 

11%, Batu Pahat 10%, Kulaijaya 6%, Ledang 3%, and Segamat, Pontian, Mersing 

only recording 1%. Study issue to see how much lifestyle practice and government 

role in influencing level of the people's health from dengue fever aspect. Objective 

in this study to assess relationship between spirit of neighbourliness influence, 

lifestyle practice influence, and government role towards level of the people's health 

in Taman Universiti especially dengue fever. A quantitative shaped study method was 

used as the analysis in this study. Next, a survey also was conductedthrough 

questionnaires on 50 respondents which consist of people in areas around 

Taman Universiti randomly chosen as research respondent. This area selected 

because be cases of dengue which occurred in the area said. This study find 

out that there is relationship that significant between lifestyle practice [F (1,48)= 

6.458, p= .05], government role [F (1,48)=3.256, p= .05] with level of the people' 

health in Taman Universiti. Thus, this study explained the level of the people’s health 

especially dengue fever aspect. 

Keywords: Aedes mosquitoes type, spirit of neighbourliness, lifestyle practice, 

government role in tackling spread towards level of the people's health especially 

dengue fever.


Bachelor of Economics 

(Natural Resources)


Climate Change and Power Nuclear: Analysis of the Determining Factor 

and Willingness to Pay (WTP) On Nuclear Energy 

Arina Nadirah Binti Razi 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr Azlina Binti Abd Aziz 

Bachelor of Economics (Natural Resources) 

School Of Social and Economic Development 

Nuclear power is capable of being developed in Malaysia for electricity generation 

aimed at promoting renewable resources. Nuclear power has been more attentive than 

ever before as environmental issues become more important and the fossil fuel supply 

becomes unstable. In addition, one of the reasons should be noted on the 

development of this nuclear energy plant as it relies on phenomena related to "notin-my-back-yard" 

(NIMBY) public perception. Hence, this study aims to see the 

acceptance of the people on the development of nuclear energy in Malaysia and the 

determinants of the acceptance. This article discusses the acceptance of the 

community on the development of nuclear power generation plants for electricity 

generation, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels in the future.


Nuclear As an Energy Resource: Factors Affecting Public Acceptance of 

Nuclear Energy Development in Malaysia 

Shahida binti Abu Bakar 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Azlina Bt. Abd. Aziz 



Nuclear power is a vital energy to replace fossil fuels as it reduces emissions of 

greenhouse gases. At the present, nuclear energy in Malaysia is used for research 

activities under the Malaysian Nuclear Agency, formerly known as the Malaysian 

Institute Nuclear Technology (MINT). According to the International Atomic Energy 

Agency (IAEA), Malaysia government is still at the first level considering the use of 

nuclear energy as one of the materials for electricity supply in post-2020. Since the 

use of nuclear energy is still in its early stages, public acceptance will be one of the 

major challenge in nuclear energy development. Hence, this study aims to identify 

public acceptance on nuclear energy development and to examine factors affecting 

the acceptance. This article also discusses the actions taken by the government for 

future use of nuclear energy that will ensure a sustainable energy in the future. 

Keywords: the use of nuclear energy, greenhouse gases, sustainable use


The Influence of GDP, FDI and Population Growth on Electricity 

Consumption in Malaysia 

Siti Nurfazira binti Yuseri 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Azlina Binti Abd Aziz 



Electricity is known as a secondary energy resource derived from a major nonrenewable 

energy resource. However, an increase in electricity consumption has led 

to major concerns in most developing countries. This is due to fossil fuels is a nonrenewable 

energy that gives negative impact toward environment in Malaysia. This 

study examined the factors affecting the use of electricity in Malaysia over the period 

of 1980 to 2014 using time series data. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) 

approached was applied for this purpose. The results showed that gross domestic 

product (GDP), foreign direct investment and population growth have a positive impact 

in the long run, while only gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign direct investment 

have a positive impact on the consumption of electricity in short run. In addition, this 

finding lead to important policy recommendation for future renewable energy 

development in Malaysia. 

Keyword: Electricity consumption, GDP, FDI, population growth, ARDL


Factors Affecting Fossil Fuels Consumption in Malaysia 

Siti Norasmida binti Che Mohd Salam 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya. Dr Azlina Binti Abd Aziz 



Fossil fuels are an important resource that generates the economic growth of a 

country. However, fossil fuels is a non-renewable energy that gives negative impacts 

toward environment in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects 

of price, population, export and import on consumption of fossil fuels in Malaysia. The 

time series data were applied from 1980 to 2015. The ARDL approach was used as a 

method in this study. The final results showed that population, export and import have 

positive influence on fossil fuel consumption. In short-run, only population and export 

are positively affects the consumption of fossil fuel. The implication of this study is 

that government need to focus on technology development that reduces the use of 

non-renewable resources and should pay attention to factors affecting fossil fuel 

consumption. 

Keyword: Fossil fuel consumption, non-renewable energy, price, population, export, 

import, ARDL


Examining the Influence of Renewable Energy, Fossil Fuel Energy, 

Economic Growth and Population on Environmental Quality in Malaysia 

Yashini Devi A/P Balachander 

Prof. Madya Dr. Azlina Abd Aziz 



Low carbon energy is an increasing importance of most countries in the world for 

improving environmental quality, as it can reduce emissions and produce better 

economic growth. However, a sharp increase in carbon dioxide emissions from fossil 

fuels has raised a major concern, especially in developing countries. This study 

attempts to examine the potential determinants of environmental quality in case of 

Malaysia over the period of 1979 to 2014. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) 

approaches was applying for this purpose for the study. The results showed that 

renewable energy, fossil fuel energy , economic growth , and population have a 

positive influence on environmental quality, however only fossil fuel energy and 

population positively affect environmental quality in short-run. This finding leads to 

important policy recommendations of future renewable energy development and 

carbon dioxide emissions reduction in Malaysia. 

Keywords: renewable energy, fossil fuel energy, environmental quality, ARDL, 

economic growth


Female Education and Fertility: 

A Case Study of UMT’s Female Employees. 

Cindy Wong 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Suriyani Binti Muhamad 



Malaysia is facing a problem of shortage and ageing population which is caused by 

the decreasing fertility rate. There are some factors that lead to this problem. The 

main purpose of this study is to examine whether education and lifestyle have an 

influence on fertility rate of female employees in Malaysia. Besides, this study also 

aims to investigate the effect of demographic factors as a moderator on the 

relationship between education, fertility and female fertility rate. This research is 

based on quantitative method and involved survey questionnaire on 100 female 

employees in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The data were analysed using 

Structural Equation Modelling using IBM-SPSS-Amos 21.0. The result revealed that all 

factors in this study are significantly related to the female fertility rate. As for the 

moderating effect of demographic factors, this study discovered that demographic 

factors significantly moderated the effects of education, lifestyle on female fertility 

rate.


Public Debt Structure on Economic Growth in Malaysia 

Foo Tzen Yoong 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Nur Azura Binti Sanusi 



This paper examines the trend of debt ratio, and the time series relationships between 

GDP per capita, debt ratio, government expenditures and household expenditures in 

Malaysia for the period 1970-2016. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) 

framework shows that there’s a long-run effect between the debt and economic 

growth in Malaysia. The Error Correction Term shows that there’s an 117% of 

adjustment by the following year. The results also reveal that the CUSUM and 

CUSUMSQ tests are stable.


Tax Reform Due To Economic Performance in Asean-5 

Johnson Wong Jung Ying 

Supervisor: Associate Prof. Dr. Nur Azura Binti Sanusi 



The objective of this study is to determine the impact of inflation when tax reform is 

implemented and the effect of tax reform to the economic growth in ASEAN-5. The 

study employed a static panel data model which consists of 5 Asian countries: 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines from year 2001 until 

2015. We found that tax reform among personal income tax and corporate income 

tax has negative relationship to the inflation. Besides that, the tax reform also having 

relationship to the economic growth and decreasing lightly with the GDP growth. 

Keywords: Tax reform, GDP Growth Rate, Personal income tax, corporate income tax


The Nexus of Investment and Economic Growth in Malaysia 

Siti Nor Nadzirah bt Mohd Nazaruddin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur Azura Sanusi 



Within the rapid of economic growth due to openness, the growth of investment 

activities is becoming worldwide. Private investment has being the important source 

of growth in Malaysia for the past four decades. Therefore, this research will 

investigate the contribution of investment to the economy. Investment has positive 

impact on Malaysia’s economic growth. Three other factors that affect the economic 

growth in Malaysia as well as investment are exports and savings. This study uses 

annual time series data from 1980-2017. Unit root test, autoregressive distributer lag 

(ARDL) and test for consistency are adopted in order to investigate the relationship 

between private investment and the independent variables. There is a long run 

relationship between investment and the determinant factors, where GDP being the 

most contributing factor with the highest elasticity. Meanwhile, export negatively 

contribute to the economic growth in the long run. While, saving is the important 

indicator to the economic growth in short run and long run.


External Debt and Economic Growth in 4 Selected Asean Countries 

Yusreena Binti Mohd Yusoff 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nur Azura Sanusi 



This study investigates the contribution of external debt to the economic growth in 4 

selected ASEAN countries which is Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia. The 

study employed data from 1970 to 2016 which were sourced from World Bank Data, 

IndexMundi and Malaysian Economics Indicator. It used gross domestic product as 

the proxy for economic growth being the dependent variable and external debt, debt 

service payment, export, inflation and exchange rate as the explanatory variables. The 

model are tested using Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) bound test. In 

addition, stationary test are used to ascertain the stationary and robustness test are 

conducted such as lagrange multiplier test. The expected findings of study that 

external debt contributes positively to the economic growth of Malaysia. Next, the 

accumulation of external debt is associated with an increase in Philippines’s economic 

growth. Moreover, external debt also contributes to the Thailand and Indonesia 

economic.


Relationship of GDP Growth, Inflation Rate, Exports, Imports and Foreign 

Direct Investment to Exchange Rates in Malaysia 

Shalmimi Amalia Binti Mohd Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr. Suhal Kusairi 



This study aims to discuss the relationship of GDP growth, inflation, exports, imports 

and foreign exchange rates on currency exchange rates in Malaysia. The data used in 

this study are time series data from 1985 to 2015. The analysis method used is the 

Multiple Linear Regression Model. In this study, there was no existence and the causal 

relationship between the variables. In addition, the results of this study show that GDP 

growth, inflation, import and foreign investment rates are positively correlated except 

for exports to the currency exchange rates in Malaysia. The implications of this study 

that GDP growth, inflation, import, export and foreign investment is not the main 

cause of currency fluctuation in Malaysia. 

JEL Classification Code: E01, F13, F31. 

Keywords: GDP growth, inflation rate, foreign direct investment, exports, imports, 

exchange rate.


The effect of the International Trade on Economic Growth In Malaysia 

Ummulfatin binti Mohammad Nor 


Bachelor of Economic (Natural Resources) 


The objective of this study is to identify the effect of macroeconomic variables towards 

on economic growth in Malaysia. Data is the time series from 1987 to 2016 and the 

empirical testing using the Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM). The results 

stated the exports and real exchange rates had a negative effect with GDP while 

imports had a positive effect with GDP. The policy implication is the control over the 

macroeconomic variables is capable of ensuring an increase in international trade at 

Malaysia.


The effect of Household Consumption, Capital Investment and Export on 

Economy Growth in Malaysia. 

Fatin Nadia binti Abd Razak 




The goal of this study is to find out the extent of effects of household consumption, 

capital investment, and exports on economy growth in Malaysia. The data in this study 

is time series from years 1985 until 2016 and used the multiple regression method 

analysis. The results of this study shows that household consumption and exports had 

positive effect while capital investment had negative effect on economy growth. 

Implication of this results is the government should focus on increasing aggregate 

demand by increasing household consumption through the reduction of taxes and 

should pay attention to the factors that affect exports. 

JEL CODES: E01, E21, E22, F13 

Keywords: economy growth, household consumption, capital investment, export


The Effect of Macroeconomic Variables and Internal Factors 

On Banking Stability 

Gunavathi A/P Anmbarasan 




Banking stability is very important for supporting the economic stability of the country 

because the banking institution is the main factor of the financial system works well. 

The study aims to explore the impact of interest rate, inflation rate, bank concentration 

and bank size towards the bank stability. Data collected from 6 countries in Asia from 

year 2007 to 2016. Using the static panel data analysis, the results stated that there 

is a negative relationship between inflation rate and bank stability and shows positive 

relationship between bank size, interest rate and bank concentration towards bank 

stability. The implication of the study is the bank stability of a country will fall due to 

slope in serious contagious. Therefore, all countries should step up measures to 

develop bank stability system to be more effective. 

JEL Code: E43, G21 

Keywords: Bank Stability, interest rate, inflation rate, bank concentration and bank 

size


The Effect of Macroeconomic Factors on Economic Growth in Malaysia 

Muhammad Hafiz bin Ruslan 




The study aims the application of regression models in macroeconomic analyses. The 

particular situation approached is the influence of national debt, net exports, final 

consumption and money supply on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia. This 

study uses time series data from 1987 to 2016 and utilizes a classical method 

comprising linear model regression analysis and linear logs. The findings show that 

the impact of national debt, net exports and final expenditure on GDP is positively 

related. While the relationship between money supply to GDP is negatively related. 

The implication of the findings of this study is to provide guidance to relevant parties 

in formulating policies that can boost the country's GDP. 

Keywords: national debt, net exports, final consumption, money supply


The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Financial Development 

towards Business Start-Ups 

Yeo Siew Kuan 


Bachelor of Economics (Natural Resource) 


The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of the foreign direct investment 

(FDI) and financial development towards business start-ups. This study employed a 

static panel data model and used data of ten ASEAN countries from year 2011 until 

year 2016. The result stated that FDI had a positive impact on cost to start a business. 

Conversely, the domestic credit to private sector has a negative impact on cost to start 

a business. As the cost to start a business decrease leads to the business start-up’s 

growth, therefore, implied that financial development that represented by domestic 

credit to private sector supported the business start-ups growth, and implicitly 

financing factor could motivate the growth of entrepreneurship in ASEAN countries.


The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate toward 

Unemployment Rate 

Chew Shell Yong 




This study aims to explore the effect of foreign direct investment and exchange rate 

toward the unemployment and to examine their two ways relationships due to the 

ambiguously results of previous research. Sample data are ASEAN-5 countries from 

2001 to 2015 and utilize the static panel data analysis. The result showed that the 

relationship of foreign direct investment is inversely related with the unemployment 

rate which means that increased foreign direct investment will decrease the 

unemployment rate. Furthermore, foreign exchange rate positively affects the 

unemployment rate. Besides, Granger Causality Test showed that the two independent 

variables do not run a unidirectional causality relationship with the unemployment 

rate. This study also revealed that there are many challenges facing policy makers in 

order to reform the business environment to make it more attractive for foreign direct 

investments and to stabilize the exchange rate for lower unemployment rate.


The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi), Trade Balance and Human 

Capital on Economic Growth (Gdp) In Malaysia 

Tharani A/P Rajindran 

Supervisor: Dr Suhal Kusairi 



Malaysia is one of the developing country in the world where the foreign sector, trade 

and human capital are very important in the economic growth. Therefore, objective 

of this study is to investigate the impact on foreign direct investment, trade balance 

and human capital on economic growth in the short-run and long-run as well. This 

study was conducted by using time series data from the period 1986 to 2015 by using 

the VECM method. The results stated that FDI has a positive relationship with GDP in 

short term whereas the trade balance and human capital variables have negative 

relationship towards GDP which have no short term relationship. Furthermore, the 

relationship between trade balance and human capital are negative in long term 

towards GDP whereas FDI has negative relationship and has no long term relationship 

with GDP. Implication from this result shows that GDP can be used to predict the long 

term relationship between the FDI, trade balance and human capital. 

JEL Code: E22, J24, F41, E01 

Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Balance, Human Capital, Economic 

growth


The Characteristics of Investor and Objective of Investment towards 

Trading Performance 

Suba A/P Balasupramaniam 

Supervisor: Dr.Suhal Kusairi 



The study attempts to investigate the impact of investor’s characteristics and 

investment objective towards trading performance. The data sample used in this study 

is 150 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Logit and Probit 

Analysis was used and found that gender and age variable has a positive impact 

towards trading performance but medium of trade like online trading and offline 

trading have negative impact towards trading performance. 

Jel Code: G11, G12 

Keywords: Trading Performance, gender, age, medium of trade, time horizon


The importance of financial self-efficacy in explaining personal finance 

behavior: Female lecturers in a public universiti Terengganu, Malaysia. 

Tan Jeng Kae 




The goal of this study is to examine the significance of financial self-efficacy in 

explaining personal financial behavior of female lecturers on financial decision, 

through the solicitation of a psychometric instrument. The study employed in the 

research survey approach on the 239 female lecturers of a Public University in 

Terengganu, selected based on simple random sampling. Using the multivariate probit 

analysis, the results showed that financial self-efficacy is negatively related to 

likelihood of a female lecturers having any credit card, loan, insurance, and takaful 

products. In addition, female lecturers with higher education levels, household 

income, and are employed gives them a stronger probability of having a loan products. 

The important factor affecting the likelihood of a female lecturers having any 

insurance or takaful products is ethnicity,marital status, household income level, TV, 

magazine, and investment consultants. Financial self-efficacy is important to personal 

financial advisor and the credit counseling and debt management agency (AKPK) to 

help their customer to solve personal financial problems and make decision. 

JEL Classification: G41, D01, D14 

Keywords: Behavioral Finance: Financial Self-Efficacy, Financial Instruments


Employability, Academic Performance and Soft Skill among University 

Malaysia Terengganu Graduates 

Nur Amalina Shafiqah binti Mohamad 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Nasir bin Nawawi 



The issue of employability graduates in higher education institutions has received 

major attention from various parties. This study examines factors that influence 

employability graduates of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) graduates from 

2013 and 2014. The logistical analysis model is used to estimate the impact of 

academic achievement, involvement in co-curriculum and language skills, especially 

English to the level of employability. The findings show that the involvement of 

students in co-curriculum is mainly in association activities. In addition, non- 

Bumiputera graduates influence higher levels of employability. The university needs 

to focus more on outdoor classroom activities to enhance the confidence of graduates 

to face the reality of employment.


Factor Influencing Waste Separation at Source and Household Willingness 

to Pay for Improving Solid Waste Management in Kuala Terengganu 

Mohamad Syahme bin Azhar 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Nasir Bin Nawawi 



Waste separation at source has been recognized as a way to achieve sustainable 

municipal solid waste (MSW) management. However, Kuala Terengganu City Council 

have been facing with lack of recycling facilities, lack of cost and low level of source 

separation practice. Using contingent valuation method, this study investigated Kuala 

Terengganu household willingness to pay (WTP) to improved MSW. The study found 

that the 95.1% were willing to pay with willing to pay is RM4.69 per month. This value 

is higher than the existing rate of waste collection service and shows the Kuala 

Terengganu household have preference for separation at source.


Environmental Regulation Compliance in the Manufacturing Sector in 

Selangor, Kelantan and Terengganu 

Nor Atiqah Dayini binti Norazalin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Nasir Bin Nawawi 



Residual effluents from the industrial sector contribute to water pollution. Although 

Malaysia already have specific rules for environmental protection, some industries still 

do not comply with regulatory requirements. This paper is to identify the factors that 

influence the level of industrial compliance. Econometric models are used to analyze 

the level of compliance on environmental regulations in Selangor, Kelantan and 

Terengganu. The result shows that the number of inspections affects the industrial 

compliance. Besides, the study also proves that industry in developed countries are 

higher in compliance. Enforcement agencies are encouraged to increase enforcement 

activities to increase the level of industrial compliance.


Identifying Factors that Affecting the Business Involvement among 

University Students 

Farah Hamizah binti Suhaimi 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Nasir bin Nawawi 



This study aims to analyze the factors affecting involvement of students carrying out 

business activities in universities. Structured questionnaire was developed to measure 

extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, entrepreneurship education and family 

background on involvement of students in business. The results showed that exposure 

towards entrepreneurship education at university and intrinsic motivation factors 

influence the involvement of students in business. Therefore, the government should 

introduce and strengthen entrepreneurship education and streamline the intrinsic 

motivation among students to be more likely to venture into entrepreneurship after 

graduation.


Impact of Climate Change on Water Consumption of Industrial Sector in 

Malaysia 

Nur Anis Syairah Binti Abdul Halim 

Supervisor: Dr Zuraini Binti Anang 

Bachelor in Economics (Natural Resource) 


This study to examine the impact of climate change and water quality on water 

consumption in the industrial sectors in Malaysia. Water consumption in the industrial 

sectors is a dependent variable while climate change and water quality are 

independent variables. This study was used panel data from 2009 to 2016 for 14 states 

in Malaysia. All the data were used and collected from Malaysia Water Industry Guide. 

The result shows that climate change and water quality have positive impact on water 

consumption in industrial sectors. This suggests that the changes in the magnitude of 

climate change will cause the quantity of water in dams and rivers to be affected. 

When the water quality decreases, the water quantity also decreases. Therefore, for 

more systematic management of water resources in all sectors of the industry, the 

work of drafting the National Water Resources Policy to ensure sustainable use of 

water resources in order to optimize the use and minimize wastage.


Analysis of the Determinants Affecting the Water Resource Revenue in 

Selangor 

Kirthana a/p Krishnan 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuraini Bt Anang 



Selangor is the most developed and the richest state in Malaysia. This development is 

a challenge for water supply industry in Selangor to provide continuous water services 

as well as to increase their water resource revenue. The purpose of this study is to 

analyze the determinants of the water resource revenue in Selangor. In this study, 

annual data was used which include dependent variable of the water resource revenue 

of Selangor and independent variables of non-revenue water (NRW), billing and meter 

as well as the leakage of water pipes in Selangor. The data collected is a series of time 

of 20 years from 1997 to 2016. The collected data were analyzed using the estimation 

method of the multiple regression test, the normality test and the correlation test. The 

findings show that all the variables in the model are significant with the values of 

0.001, 0.983, and 0.095. The value of the r 2 coefficient is 54.63% that reinforces the 

claim that the model is good fit. In addition, NRW shows a positive and strong 

correlation of 57.67% to the water revenue of Selangor compare to the other 

independent variables namely billing and meter as well as the leakage of water pipes 

in Selangor. Hence, the water industry in Selangor should be responsible for 

implementing the water industry restructuring to improve the efficiency of water 

management in the state of Selangor.


Efficiency of Malaysian Water Services 

Nur Aisyah Binti Alias 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuraini Binti Anang 



This study examines the performance of water services in 14 states in Malaysia for 

ten years from 2006 to 2016. In this study, data are analyzed using STATA and Data 

Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure water efficiency competency scores and 

provide overall performance assessment water service in Malaysia. The results show 

that the 14 states provide different services in supplying clean water to consumers. 

Five states show overall performance that is equal to 1 in the service of Malacca, 

Penang, Perak, Perlis and Sarawak. State income a variable that greatly influences the 

efficiency of water services. The management should carry out improvements in the 

management model to achieve sustainable services efficiency.


Analysis of the Use of Water in the Extraction of Palm Oil Industry in the 

State Of Terengganu 

Tuan Mohd Shahrizad bin Tuan Mahmud 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuraini binti Anang 



This study is to evaluate the water use in the oil palm extraction industry in 

Terengganu. This study identifies the relationship between Oil Extraction Rate (OER), 

Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB), Water Treatment Cost, and Crude 

Palm Oil Production on Water Usage in palm oil extraction industry in Terengganu. 

Data from 2014 to 2017 such as OER, PO, FFB, Water Treatment Cost and Crude Palm 

Oil Production variables were collected from Felda Global Ventures (FGV) factory in 

Chalok, Setiu. We used monthly data for 48 observations by using the Ordinary Least 

Square (OLS). The result shows that the OER has a negative relationship at 5% 

significance level, Palm Oil Production and FFB have a positive relationship at 5% 

significance level. Meanwhile, we did not find evidence showing CPO, and Water 

Treatment Costs had an impact on water use. However, we cannot exclude the 

possibility that these two variables have a relationship, but cannot prove in this study.


Analysis of Water Stress Problem among the Domestic User in Selangor 

Mohd Za’im Zamani bin Mohd Zambari 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuraini Binti Anang 



This study is to investigate the water supply to estimate the demand of domestic water 

in Selangor especially for the variables of total riverine, total consumption of water, 

and also climate change. This investigation will use the 48 month of observation from 

2013 until 2016. By using the VAR and Granger Causality method, we can conclude 

that all the variables are significant except for the variable of LTEMP and LBOD. The 

result shows that for variables LRAIN, LSNNY, LCNSMP, and LPH can increase the 

supply of water. This have shown that there are variable that have positive relationship 

and also a negative relationship in the dependent variables which will cause the 

problem for the water stress to become higher. Increasing in supply of water depend 

on the relationship between the other dependent variables. The objective of this 

investigation focus on the factors of this problem of water stress to happen and its 

impact for the domestic user in Selangor. The outcome from this study shows that the 

relationship are significant for all the data used in this study for about 87%.


Analysis of the Water Consumption on Batik Industry in Kuala Terengganu 

Siti Nazirah binti Mohamad Yazit 

Supervisor: Dr.Zuraini binti Anang 



Batik industry is one of the industries that has an economic impact on the people in 

Terengganu. However, batik industry cannot avoid to use the water to produce the 

various types of batik. This study will investigate the relationship between water 

consumption using 30 respondents that consists the owner of batik factory in 

Terengganu. Among the variable that we use in this research is factory size, quantity 

of batik production and the level of awareness among the owner in batik industries. 

The method used in this study were descriptive analysis method and correlation 

regression method. The findings show that the quantity of batik production as well as 

the size of the factory is significant at 0.04. This shows that the larger the size of the 

factory and the more batik produced by the producers, the higher the amount of water 

consumption for the industry. Therefore, in order to address the increase in the 

amount of water used for the batik industry, water companies should encourage the 

batik industry to reduce the amount of water used in their industry through the 

provision of subsidies on R & D to be undertaken by the batik industry.


Determinants of Water Stress in Melaka 

Murshida binti Mohamad Zoher 

Supervisor: Dr Zuraini Binti Anang 



The water crisis issue in Malaysia is a national concern. Melaka is experiencing a water 

supply crisis. This study investigates the factors that cause water stress in Melaka and 

its impact on the economy. Its’ used secondary data from 1997 to 2016 on which the 

unit root tests and Granger Causality test was conducted using the Multiple Linear 

Regression Model (MLRM) method. The findings show that there is a long-term 

relationship between water supply with domestic water as well as no short-term 

relationship between domestic water, population and rainfall measurement. For causal 

relationships, the water supply affects the domestic water in long-term. Hence, 

governments need to ensure that water resources are managed more efficiently by 

implementing sustainable water management policies.


Analysis Demand of Water Resource against Household in Penang 

Muhammad Amirul Hafiz bin Mohd Arbi 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuraini Anang 



Sources of water is source that priced that very closely related to man's daily life, this 

is because water is pulse to every life and life this starting with existence of water. 

Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the use of water in the local area. 

Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the use of water in the local 

area. This is because, this study requires the latest and past information in order to 

purposes, this study uses quantitative secondary data. Population factor in Penang, 

economic growth in Penang is used as a free variable while demanding for water 

resources is used as an independent variable. Data obtained from 2007 to 2017 based 

on such variability. This study covers time series data, multiple linear regression 

models, and ordinary least squares (OLS). Result research showed relationship 

between water of demand with residential population significant 0.10 show it biases 

while economic growth not significant 0.21 less influencing.


Analysis of Water Shortage Problems in Malaysia 

Muhammad Faris bin Shaharom 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuraini binti Anang 



This paper discusses about the analysis of water shortage problems in Malaysia. Water 

shortage defined as the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the 

demands of water usage within a region. Dependent variable that were used in this 

study is water shortage problem while the independent variables are population, river 

pollution, rainfalls. The method that were used in this study is Ordinary Least Square 

analysis. Results showed that the population, river pollution, and rainfalls were 

significant at 10%. Besides, results also showed that there were positive relationship 

between the population and river pollution to the water shortage problems. While, 

there were negative relationship between rainfalls and water shortage problems. Thus, 

the cooperation from government sector and private sector is necessary especially in 

R&D activities and law enforcement in order to overcome the water shortage problems 

in Malaysia.


Economic Value of Turtle Preservation Program for Perhentian Island 

Community 

Dina Amira binti Hasrin 

Supervisor: Dr. Roseliza binti Mat Alipiah 



Turtle conservation programs are often less likely to receive attention, cooperation 

and commitment because they do not make any profit. Due to the factors of extinction 

of turtles and the impact on the turtle's awareness of the importance of the directly 

and indirectly requires the role of the community through the willingness to join (WTP) 

as a volunteer to increase turtle conservation in Perhentian Island. This study uses 

the approach opportunity cost method and the primary data with using instruments 

such as interviews, observations and questionnaires distributed randomly to the 

respondents. Overall, the results showed that 88.32% of respondents tend to 

participate as turtles volunteer to consist of unemployed men or pensions with age 46 

years and above. On average, the minimum slot they are willing to join is 1 slot. In 

addition, the level of awareness indicates that local communities have a high level of 

awareness. All parties should play an important role in mobilizing joint ventures to 

maintain the balance of global ecosystems.


Willingness To Participate (WTP) Locals On Waste Composting Program At 

Perhentian Island 

Nor Bidayati Azura Binti Hasan 

Supervisor: Dr Roseliza Binti Mat Alipiah 



The never-ending issues of solid waste disposals are inevitable. This is mostly due to 

the fact that we produce waste whenever and wherever we go. This predicament 

creates complications especially when it involves uncontrolled and inefficient waste 

disposal management in recreational sites. A study was conducted to identify 

willingness to participate (WTP) locals on waste composting program at Perhentian 

Island. Several methods of data collection were used such as survey method, 

interviews and observation. This data is analyzed using by SPSS 23. This study was 

conducted to measured economic value of volunteering by using social benefits 

approach. In this study, as much as 78 questionnaires have been distributed and find 

out 68 questionnaires who willing to participate this program. The study found that 

the willingness to participate (WTP) locals on waste composting is at a moderate level 

which is 43 respondents (70.59%) only.


Tourist Willingness to Participate Of Solid Waste Management in 


Nurhayati Binti Khalib 

Supervisor: Dr. Roseliza Binti Mat Alipiah 



Solid waste management in Perhentian Island is a complex and critical process due to 

constraints related on the size, location and landscape of the island. The presence of 

too many tourists will lower the quality of the environment and exceed the load 

capacity of an island. Thus, a study was conducted to estimate the economic value of 

bringing back solid waste program to land among tourists as a new approach in the 

solid waste management. The societal benefits approach was used to measuring the 

economic value of volunteer and 70 questionnaires have been distributed and 

respondents are requested to state their willingness to participate (WTP) in bringing 

back solid waste program. From the result, 62 respondents willing to participate and 

the average of bringing back solid waste is 2kg. Willingness to participate among 

respondents also influenced by the attitude of tourists to environmental care to 

maintain the beauty of the island.


Economic Value of Recycling Program among Community in Perhentian 

Island 

Nurul Nabilah binti Mohamed Lazin 




The addition of solid waste disposed of to the day is increasingly disturbing, so one of 

the initiatives that can be implemented to reduce the production of solid waste is 

through the recycling program. The purpose of this study was to see how far the local 

was the willingness to participate (WTP) in the recycling program. This case study was 

conducted in the community of Perhentian Island using primary data. A total of 68 

respondents were randomly selected to present the population of the village. In 

addition, there are several methods were used for data collection such as interviews, 

observation, and survey. The study also conducted to measure the economic value of 

volunteers on recycling programs using social benefits approaches. This data was 

analyzed using SPSS 23. The results show that the willingness to participate in the 

recycling program is very high where 59 respondents (86.76%) are willing to 

participate in this program.


Polisterin-Based Product Prevention Value by Community in Perhentian 

Island 

Nur Hayati Binti Suhaimi 

Supervisor: Dr Roseliza Binti Mat Alipiah 

Bachelor of Economics (Natural Resouces) 


Solid waste generation has been increasing every year with increasing population 

density in Pulau Perhentian. The use of polystyrene and plastic is still practiced by the 

population. It becomes more complicated if it is not controlled from now and will have 

a negative impact on the environment and aquatic life. Therefore, a study has been 

conducted to obtain the value of prevention of the use of polystyrene and plastic 

products. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent of the awareness of the 

people in Pulau Perhentian to reduce the use of polystyrene and plastic. The research 

instrument used is questionnaire. Observation was also carried out to add more 

information to prepare for this scientific study. A total of 68 respondents were analyzed 

using SPSS software. The findings show that the level of knowledge of the population 

about the impact of polystyrene use on nature and health is high but the main factor 

affecting the population to participate in the reduction program is the attitude of the 

population to preserve the environment and to maintain the beauty of the island.


Willingness to Pay Of Preservation Programs by Tourists in Perhentian 

Island: Contingent Assessment Methods (CVM) 

Amalia Asyiqin binti Harum 




Turtle extinction in Perhentian Island is caused by many factors directly and indirectly. 

Turtles are having trouble collecting and selling turtle eggs that cause turtle population 

to decrease. A study was conducted to measure the willingness to pay ‘adopt a turtle’ 

program by tourists in Perhentian Island using contingent valuation method (CVM). A 

total of 70 questionnaires were distributed to measure the willingness to pay for the 

program. The results of the study showed 57 respondents who were willing to pay for 

this turtle's adoption program. Percentage shows that 23% of respondents are willing 

to pay RM100. The level of tourist awareness of turtle conservation programs in 

Perhentian Island should be prioritized for future generations.


Willingness to Pay for Coral Reef Preservation Program by Tourist at 


Nurul Hasyimah binti Ali 




Coral reefs are very important for marine life. The extinction of coral reefs began 

drastically since the beginning of the century and studies by the United Nations (UN) 

have found that coral reef ecosystems have shrunk faster than anticipated scientists. 

Thus, this study was conducted to identify the payable capacity that focused on the 

maintenance of coral reefs in Perhentian Island, Terengganu. Data used is primary 

data by using questionnaire distribution instrument of 70 respondents from amongst 

tourists. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is used to estimate the ability to pay for 

coral reef preservation. The results showed that 63 respondents agreed to pay the 

program with the average each respondent willing to pay from RM10 to RM20. 

Besides, 21.4% of respondents are willing to pay RM10 for this program. The 

willingness to pay for the program is also influenced by the age and income of tourists. 

The coral reef preservation program has the potential to be implemented in 

cooperation with tourists.


The Aesthetic Value of the Gotong-Royong Program of Pulau Perhentian 

Beautification 

Nurul Fatin binti Awang 




The aesthetic value of an island will decline as a result of damage to natural resources 

and pollution on the island. Therefore, this study is conducted to identify the aesthetic 

value of the gotong-royong program of Pulau Perhentian, Terengganu. Respondents 

for this study were the villagers of Pulau Perhentian. The data used were primary data 

which was through the distribution of questionnaire and 68 questionnaires were 

distributed to villagers. The global replacement method is used to estimate the 

willingness to join the gotong-royong program. The results show that most people 

who are willing to participate in the gotong-royong program are of all ages. In 

addition, studies show that the respondents' types of work consist of boat drivers, 

retailers and fishermen. Furthermore, the results of the study found that 98.53% of 

villagers agreed to participate in the Perhentian Island's gotong-royong program. This 

gotong-royong program has enormous potential to be implemented in collaboration 

with villagers.


The Economic Value of Volunteers for Coral Reef Conservation Program: 

Replacement Cost Method 

Nur Adilah Binti Jamil 




This study is related to the economic value of volunteers for coral reef conservation 

programs at Pulau Perhentian which aimed to investigate the willingness to participate 

in volunteer program while taking into account the influence of demographic factors 

of the respondents as well as their motivation level. To achieve these objectives, a set 

of questionnaire was used as the main instrument and distributed among 100 visitors 

that randomly selected. Data analyzed by using the replacement cost method through 

SPSS software. This study found that the visitor willingness to participate in the 

program is on a high level which influenced by demographic factors such as gender, 

age, education level, as well as the holiday period. Besides, high level of motivation 

of the visitors also affect their willingness to participate in volunteer program. Overall, 

this volunteer program is seen to have a great potential in order to maintain the 

natural treasures.


The Conservation of Coral Reef in the Sea Park of the Perhentian Island 

against the Population: Contingent Valuation Method (Cvm) 

Che Siti Nurhidayah binti Jaafar 

Supervisor: Dr Roseliza binti Mat Alipiah 

Bachelor of Economics (Natural Resouces) 


The marine park is a major attraction due to the beautiful coral reefs in the marine 

park. However, the extinction of coral reefs drastically studied by the United Nations 

(UN). Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze coral reef conservation in the 

Perhentian Island's marine park against the population using a contigent valuation 

method (CVM). This objective is to conduct an economic assessment in the Perhentian 

Island Marine Park area for the conservation of coral reefs. Respondents for this study 

were the residents of Pulau Perhentian village which involved teenagers and adults. 

The data used are primary data, through the method of distribution of questionnaires 

using an opportunity cost method to estimate the willingness to participate in the coral 

reef conservation program. The study found that 89.71% of the island population 

wanted to participate in this conservation program with the highest slot of 3 hours. 

This reef conservation volunteer program has enormous potential to be implemented 

in collaboration with the island's residents.


Willingness to Pay For Coral Reef Conservation at Pulau Perhentian 

Noor Silmi Farihah Anisah binti Mohd Shukur 

Supervisor: Dr Mahirah binti Kamaludin 



Healthy coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse and economically valuable 

ecosystems on the planet, providing important services to human communities. 

Conservation of coral reefs should be emphasized in order to reduce the damage of 

coral reefs. The purpose of this study is to determine the value that people placed for 

conservation of coral reefs in Pulau Perhentian and to study the factors that influence 

individual’s willingness to pay to conserved coral reefs. Marine park user fees can 

generate revenue to help manage and maintain natural and artificial reefs. Apart from 

that, this study assesses the degree of visitor awareness of coral reef conservation 

rather than damage to Pulau Perhentian. This study uses Contingent Valuation Method 

(CVM) to estimate the level of willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors to the conservation 

of coral reefs in Pulau Perhentian. This study also uses Statistical Package for the 

Social Sciences (SPSS) software to analyse the data obtained. The study found that 

there are two factors that have a strong impact on the visitor WTP which is bid price 

and income level. Where, both variable are significant at the 5 percent significant level.


Willingness to Pay for Conservation and Preservation Elephant Tube in 

Malaysia 

Fatin Nurlisa binti Zulkefli 

Supervisor: Dr. Mahirah binti Kamaludin 



The elephant is the mega herbivorous animal found on this earth that has experienced 

extinction among some of its species available, namely Asia and Africa elephants. 

Among important factors leading to its extinction are conflict between elephants and 

human that cause the elephants to lose their habitat due to forest clearing for human 

placement and illegal hunting for ivory. In this case, efforts towards elephant 

conservation and preservation should be implemented to avoid the extinction. 

However, the total cost of conservation and preservation is high. This includes 

nutrition, habitat and medical cost. This study was conducted to examine the factors 

affecting willingness to pay (WTP) and to assess the value of individual pay in 

contributing to the elephant conservation and preservation fund in Malaysia. Various 

methods use to include Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to estimate the willingness 

to pay among visitors for the elephant conservation and preservation in Malaysia. This 

study also used Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) to analyse the data 

obtained from 100 randomly selected respondents. The result shows that most 

respondents are willing to pay for conservation and preservation elephant tube in 

Malaysia.


Economic Valuation of Endangered Species (Malayan Tapir) 

Wan Luqman Nur Hakim Bin Wan Hamid 

Supervisor: Dr. Mahirah Binti Kamaludin 

Bachelors of Economics (Natural Resources) 


The study was conducted to estimate visitors’willingness to pay (WTP) of Taman 

Rekreasi and Mini Zoo Kemaman, Terengganu for the conservation and preservation 

of endangered animals,“tapir Malaya” species or its scientific name “tapirus indicus”, 

the only tapir species from Asia. Problems with this species are often associated with 

the destruction of forests for development and agriculture. Additionally, this species is 

also the target of poachers who make these animal meat a source of food and income. 

This has led to the population reduction of this species which leads to its extinction. 

This can be overcome by raising the rate of entry ticket to Taman Rekreasi and Mini 

Zoo Kemaman, Terengganu for the purpose of maintaining and conserving the species 

of tapir Malaya. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used on a total of 150 

randomly selected visitors of Taman Rekreasi and Mini Zoo Kemaman, Terengganu to 

evaluate their willingness to pay for the purpose of preserving and conserving this 

species. Results of the data analysis found that bid price, amount of income, and 

education level have reached a significant degree. The average value of the willingness 

to pay (WTP) of individuals is RM 14.90. 

Keywords: Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), Willingness To Pay (WTP), Bid Price, 

Income, Education Level


Economic Valuation of Endangered Species (Malayan Tiger) 

Jamil bin Johari 



School of Social and Economy Development 

The objective of this study was to assess the respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) 

for the conservation and preservation process of Malayan tiger using the Contingent 

Valuation Method (CVM). A total of 150 respondents were chosen at random in this 

study, and there were five pricing categories offered to the selected respondents to 

determine the level of pricing willing to be paid by respondents. In addition, this study 

also evaluated respondents’ willingness to pay for the conservation fund of Malayan 

tiger. Kuala Nerus district was the area selected for the study and there were four 

variables used, namely bid price, education level, age, and income. It was found that 

there are three factors influencing the respondents’ willingness to pay, namely bid 

price, income and age where the average value of the willingness to pay (WTP) of 

individuals is of RM 5.32. This study employed SPSS Statistics 25 software to analyse 

data descriptively and Binary Logistic Regression method. 

Keywords: Malayan tiger, Economic Value, Willingness To Pay (WTP), Contingent 

Valuation.


Economic Valuation Of Endangered Species (Borneo Orangutan) 

Muhammad Iqbal Bin Mohd Hashim 

Supervisor: Dr. Mahirah Binti Kamaludin 



The orangutan is a famous and unique species of big ape living in arboreal forests and 

could be found only in Borneo and Sumatra Islands. The orangutans are divided into 

two subspecies, namely Borneo orangutan and Sumatra orangutan. However, these 

two subspecies have been classified as critically endangered species as a result of 

rapid development activities. In Malaysia, an estimated of 12,300 Borneo orangutans 

that are undergoing rehabilitation are kept in Ulu Segama Forest Reserve, Sabah, 

Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak, among others. These parks are opened 

to the public and also have other attractions such as exotic plants and wildlife, and 

interesting activities like elephant riding. The introduction of entrance fees to these 

areas with natural attraction can help overcome the inadequacy of public funds for 

the conservation and preservation of natural resources. This study aims to determine 

the economic value of Borneo orangutans by obtaining an estimated value of 

Willingness To Pay (WTP) among visitors to enjoy ecotourism and identify factors 

affecting the ability to pay for the preservation and conservation of one of the 

threatened species, namely Borneo orangutans at Mini Zoo Kemaman, Terengganu. 

The method used is Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) which is by asking visitors’ 

WTP using questionnaire. Results show that the average value of pay for the visitor's 

WTP is RM13.26 and visitors’ WTP is heavily influenced by the following factors, 

namely bid price, income, and age. 

Keywords: Orangutans, Economic Value, Willingness To Pay (WTP), Contingent 

Valuation.


Economic Valuation of Endangered Species (Sea Turtle) 

Muhammad Aqiff Naim bin Hasnan. 



School of Sosial and Economic Development 

The objective of this study was to assess public’s willingness to pay for the 

conservation of the Sea Turtle by using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The 

numbers of respondents have been randomly chosen about 160 people. Through this 

study, four additional percentages of categories of water bills were offered to selected 

respondents to determine the level of additional water bill percentage that 

respondents are willing to pay for conservation fund. In addition, this study found that 

the respondents are willing to increase their monthly water bill at homes to contribute 

for sea turtle conservation fund. The selected area was at certain place in Terengganu, 

here four variables were used such as bid price, income, gender and respondent’s job. 

The result of this study found that there are two determinants influenced public’s 

willingness to pay which are bid price and income where the average value of the 

willingness to pay (WTP) of individuals is of 2.36 %. This study analyzed by SPSS 

Statistic 25 software in order to analyze data for descriptive analysis and Logit Model. 

Keywords: Sea Turtle, willingness to pay (WTP), Contingent Valuation Method, 

Terengganu.


Relationship between Climate Changes against Biodiversity Loss 

Azalina binti Abdul Wahid 

Supervisor: Dr. Jaharudin bin Padli 



Biodiversity is a very important asset in maintaining the ecosystem in the world. 

Hence, the loss of biodiversity is one of the global problems in these days. Specifically, 

the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between climate changes 

as an independent variable against biodiversity loss as a dependent variable. The 

cross-sectional data for this study covered four years in 1999, 2002, 2003 and 2016 

using the Pooled OLS estimator method for all 111 countries. The results showed that 

the climate change, tourist arrivals and forest areas had a positive correlation against 

biodiversity loss. Besides that, the total population, land area and Gross Domestic 

Product (GDP) were negatively related to the dependent variable. In conclusion, 

conservation activities need to be carried out to overcome the biodiversity loss.


Willingness to Contribute (WTC): Case Study of Coastal Erosion in Kuala 

Nerus 

Nur Nazatul Naziera binti Suhaimi 

Supervisor: Dr. Jaharudin Padli 



Coastal erosion is one of the most pressing issues that occur in Kuala Nerus, 

Terengganu. The study was conducted to see the Kuala Nerus population's willingness 

to contribute (WTC) to conservation of the affected coast due to erosion. A total of 

100 samples were randomly selected from residents of Kuala Nerus has been 

interviewed to assist this study. The method used in this study is the Contingent 

Valuation Method (CVM) to study and analyze willingness to contribute (WTC) in the 

Kuala Nerus residents on the coastal conservation. Based on the studies, we find that 

the majority of the population are willing to contribute their energy on the coastal 

conservation. Mean for the WTC is 3.28 days per month which is highly appreciated 

by the residents of Kuala Nerus.


Effects of Human Environmental Activities to the Climate Change in 

Selected Asia Countries 

Syahirunnisa binti Mohd Azhaar 



School of Social and Economic Developement 

This study was conducted to identify factors that affect climate change. While other 

regulatory variables such as agricultural land, air pollution, rural population, Gross 

Domestic Product, migration and natural disasters have been used in this analysis. 

The study has used 19 selected Asian countries from 1995 to 2014. Panel data 

methods have been used in this study. The results showed that agricultural land, 

migration, natural disasters and Gross Domestic Product positively correlated to 

climate change. The green plant replanting program needs to be intensified so that 

the problem of climate change can be overcome. Subsequently, the increase in 

economic activity not only enhances the economy of the Asian countries but 

contributes to increased pollution and carbon. Programs such as replanting of green 

plants need to be enhanced by policy makers and developers to mitigate these effects.


Determinants of Crime, By Type: A Panel Data Analysis on Selected OECD 

Countries 

Nur Diyana Binti Mohd Zahid 

Supervisor: Dr. Jaharudin Bin Padli 



Increased crime activity has led to anxiety reactions in various levels of society in 

many countries including OECD. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate 

the determinants such as urban populations, unemployment rate, education and the 

impact of natural disasters on violent crime rates and property crime in selected OECD 

countries. This study uses the Panel Data approach for the period 1998-2015. The 

result indicates that urban populations provide positive links to all types of crime while 

unemployment rate and education are contrary. For natural disaster impact, we do 

not find any evidence that natural disaster impact could effects crime activities. In 

conclusion, more effective policies and enforcement laws need to be implemented by 

the OECD governments in overcoming the growing crime rate.


Kesanggupan Membayar (WTP) Penduduk Terhadap Program 

Pengurangan Risiko Banjir Melalui Kaedah Penilaian Kontingen (CVM) 

Dengan Pendekatan Double-Bounded In Kemaman 

Ahmad Syahmi bin Mohamad 

Supervisor: Dr Jaharudin Padli 

Sarjana Muda Ekonomi (Sumber Alam) 

Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Sosial 

Flood is a disaster that often happens in Malaysia. The problem has been taken 

seriously by all parties because it affects the ecosystem and human beings. Therefore, 

a project to control flood disaster was proposed. However, there were some 

constraints in implementing the flood control project. A high cost was required to carry 

out the project but the financial assistance provided by the government was 

insufficient. This study was carried out to analyse the willingness of randomly chosen 

104 residents of Chukai, in Kemaman, Terengganu to pay (WTP) for the cost of the 

proposed project, and to identify the factors contributing to their willingness. WTP 

questionnaires which were developed based on the Logit Model were distributed to 

the respondents to gather data on their perceptions. WTP consisted of six dimension 

and one of them focused on priced bid to choose one bid price among the options 

given (RM10, RM20, RM30, and RM40). Stata software was used to analyse the data 

obtained. The findings revealed that the average amount (mean) of money that the 

respondents were willing to pay for the project was only RM29. Household income and 

bid price were identified as the main two factors contributing to the respondents’ 

willingness to pay. A positive significant correlation (r= 0.003) was found between 

household income and WTP, and negative significant correlation (r = 0.029) was found 

between bid price and WTP. The results implied that the higher price bid, the lesser 

is their willingness to pay (WTP) for the project. This means that the respondents are 

not willing to pay much for the project and simply wait or expect for subsidies from 

the government.


The Impact of Economic Cycle, Poverty, Climate Change and Law 

Enforcement on Crime in United States of America 

Nur Fadhilah Binti Zainal 




Crime is one of the major problems faced by most of the developed countries such as 

the United States. However, crime in US has declined over the last two decades, but 

violent crime has increased from 2015 to 2016. The purpose of this study is to examine 

between economic cycle, poverty, climate change and law enforcement on crime in 

50 states in US employing the panel data analysis from 1997 to 2016. Fixed and 

Random Effect models are estimated to analyze the impact of economic cycle, poverty, 

climate change and law enforcement on crime for all various types of crime categories 

(violent crime and property crime). The result indicates that economic cycle and 

poverty were negatively related on crime. While for law enforcement, it is significantly 

positive relationship on crime and according to Sherman and Eck (2002), crime 

increases during the 'police strike' and weak law enforcement in US. For climate 

change, this study did not find any evidence that climate change could reduce or 

increase criminal activity. Therefore, to reduce criminal activities in US, government 

policies and law enforcement need to be implement more effectively to curb these 

problem.


Willingness to Pay for Reducing Coastal Erosion Project: 

Case Study in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Aina Izzati binti Mohd Khair 




Malaysia is a country surrounded by coastal areas exposed to natural phenomena such 

as coastal erosion. This phenomenon often occurs on the East Coast of Malaysia 

especially when it comes to the monsoon season. However, human intervention such 

as coastal development is also capable of altering the physical process of the beach 

causing erosion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of Kuala Nerus 

people’s willingness to pay for the project to reduce coastal erosion. Interview method 

using a questionnaire on 100 respondents among selected Kuala Nerus residents was 

conducted. The result shows that on average, respondents are willing to pay RM 30.56 

for the program. Logit model approach was used to identify significant variables for 

this study and found that income, government, men and low education respondents 

were significant. Therefore, several recommendations have been proposed to help in 

preserving Kuala Nerus beach from getting seriously eroded.


Impact of Sectoral Development on the Natural Disaster Fatalities in 

Developed and Developing Countries 

Anushthurrga D/O Parameswaran 

Supervisor: Dr Jaharudin bin Padli 



This study is to examine the relationship between sectoral development in term of 

agriculture sector, manufacturing sector, mining sector, service sector, gross domestic 

product (GDP), population density, employment rate, and research and development 

(R&D) on the impact of natural disasters such as total deaths, total affected and total 

damages in 30 selected countries from 1995 to 2015. The panel data are used in this 

analysis where the results show that sectoral development in term of agriculture, 

manufacturing, and mining sector have a positive relationship and highly significant 

on natural disaster fatalities. The result suggests that an invention in the 

manufacturing and mining sector will mitigate the impact of natural hazards.


Impact of Creative Destruction on Natural Disasters in Developed and 

Developing Countries 

Asha A/P Sivalingam 




This study is to examine the relationship between creative destruction in term of gross 

domestic product (GDP), education, population density, unemployment rate, inflation 

rate and land area on the impact of natural disasters such as total deaths, total 

affected, total damages and the number of occurrences in 40 selected countries from 

2000 to 2014. The panel data are used in this analysis where the results show that 

creative destruction in term of R&D have negative relationship and highly significant 

on natural disaster fatalities. The outcome suggest that an increase in the number of 

inventions will mitigate the impact of natural hazards.


Impact of Fertility on Natural Disasters in Developed and Developing 

Countries 

Kithanjeli A/ P Hari Krishnan 

Supervisor: Dr Jaharudin Bin Padli 



This study is to examine the relationship between fertility, inflation, unemployment, 

population, research and development (R&D), gross domestic product (GDP), 

international tourism and refugee population on the impact of natural disasters such 

as total death, total affected and total damage in 34 selected countries from 1997 to 

2014. The panel data are used in this analysis where the results show that fertility 

have positive relationship and highly significant on natural disasters fatalities. The 

results imply that an increase in the number of birth will increase the impact of natural 

hazards.


The Prospect of Gold Investment at Bank Muamalat 

Lydya Hanum binti Adenan 

Supervisor: Dr NoorHaslinda binti Kulub Abdul Rashid 



Investments are a way to develop a person's property wealth into more quantities like 

gold savings. The most popular investment instruments today are gold investments 

offered in banking and one of them is in Bank Muamalat. This study discusses the 

outlook for gold investment in Bank Muamalat through new product called Muamalat 

Gold-i (MGI). The objectives of the study is to identify how far the society understand 

regarding the investment potential of gold and lastly to examine the factors that 

influence the potential for gold investment in Bank Muamalat. A total of 100 

respondents involved in this study based on random sampling method. Survey 

conducted found that the validity and reliability of more than 0.7, means that the 

instrument can be used. The method used to analyze the data is descriptive analysis 

and inferential analysis. Regression analysis found that there are three dependent 

variables significantly affect the potential for gold investment in the Bank Muamalat 

such as income level, price stability and the reliability of gold investment in Bank 

Muamalat. In order to introduce gold investment products at Bank Muamalat, the Bank 

Muamalat needs to intensify a good promotion of the product and improve the 

performance of gold investment in Bank Muamalat. 

Keywords: Bank Muamalat, Muamalat Gold-i, potential gold investment, level of 

knowledge, stability gold price and level of reliability


Productivity of Employees in Small and Medium Industry (SME) 

Nurul Najwa Binti Abdul Wahid 

Supervisor: Dr. Noorhaslinda Binti Kulub Abdul Rashid 



The Small and Medium Sector (SME) sector in the country is undergoing a more 

dynamic and competitive transformation. This sector will not only help generate the 

economic growth of the nation but also provide employment opportunities to rural 

communities. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that affect the 

productivity of SME employees and to see the impact of productivity of employees. 

This study uses descriptive analysis and inferential analysis based on primary data on 

100 SME employees in Kuala Terengganu. The findings of the study using the SPSS 

software found that there were three important factors affecting the productivity of 

SME which is training, work experience and health. In an effort to increase employee 

productivity, the government should play a role in diversifying the types of training 

and related courses to enhance the skills of SME employees and thus increase 

productivity. 

Keywords: Employee productivity, training, work experience, and health


The Relationship between Poverty of Knowledge and Living Standards in 

Kuala Terengganu Area 

Afifah binti Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr Noorhaslinda bt Kulub Abd Rashid 



Poverty knowledge is a part of multidimensional poverty. The objective of this study 

is to identify the people's understanding of the concept of poverty, and to examine 

the factors that affect the poverty of knowledge among the people in Kuala 

Terengganu. The variables in this research can be explained by income factors, family 

environment factors, education factors, geographical factors and individual attitude 

factors. The study was also conducted to find out the government role in addressing 

the problem of poverty rather than widespread dissemination. The analysis method 

used in this study is descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis through 

Statistic Package for the Science (SPSS) software. A total of 100 respondents were 

randomly selected to answer the questionnaire provided by the researcher. The 

findings show that poverty is influenced by income factors, geographical factors, age 

and number of dependents with positive relationship. As a conclusion, the 

establishment of a private higher education institution had great implications for the 

development of the national education industry. The implementation of these private 

institutions allows for higher learning opportunities without directly relying on local 

universities. Therefore, through this initiative can produce more knowledgeable 

societies as Prime Minister's voice can be realized. 

Keyword: knowledge of poverty, income, family, education, geographical, individual 

attitude.


First-Class Human Capital and Graduates' Marketability in Johor 

Nur Amira binti Mohd Yatim 

Supervisor: Dr. Noorhaslinda binti Kulub Abd. Rashid 



Quality human capital is often associated with the availability of graduates in the 

workforce. Recently, graduates seems less marketability to gain a place in the work 

environment as they do not equip themselves with various factors such as experience, 

training, skills and so on. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to identify factors 

that influence first-class human capital. A set of questionnaires containing 67 items 

were distributed over 100 post-graduate respondents in Johor. The results of the pilot 

study for each instrument show that the value of Cronbach's Alpha exceeds 0.7 

indicates that each question item can be used. This study uses descriptive analysis 

and inferential analysis. The findings show that there are three significant factors in 

influencing first-class human capital is family, education and gross income. The 

government is committed to improving the quality of human capital towards the 

graduates' marketability through various initiatives and support institutes such as 

SL1M towards providing added value to graduates. 

Keywords: first-class human capital, graduates' marketability, descriptive 

analysis, inference analysis


The Comparison between Ar Rahnu and Conventional Pawn Broking 

Nur Dini binti Ahmad Zan 

Supervisor : Dr. Noorhaslinda binti Kulub Abdul Rashid 



Ar Rahnu is a lease service that based on the jurisprudence of Islam aims to give 

money loan as fast as possible. The main issue in Ar Rahnu is that the society is still 

unsure about the concept and competition problem between Ar Rahnu and other 

certified money lenders are at an intense level. This research is being carried out to 

identify the role of Ar Rahnu in improving the people's economy, studying the factors 

affecting the acceptance of Ar Rahnu and analyzing the differences between the 

Islamic-based Ar Rahnu pawnshops and conventional pawnshops. The primary data 

was collected by distributing questionnaire to 100 respondents in Kuala Terengganu 

by using descriptive and inferential analysis. The results showed that the selection of 

Ar Rahnu is affected by the genders, personal consumption, investment and good 

service offerings. The Ar Rahnu needs to play its role by giving exposure to the public 

and further improving its level of service so that the community is more attracted to 

Ar Rahnu than conventional. 

Keywords: Ar Rahnu, gender, personal use, investment and services.


The Analysis of Efficiency in Public Education Expenditure in Malaysia 

Mohamad Munir bin Mohamad Puzi 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Haslinda bt Kulup Abdul Rashid 



The Malaysian government's expenditure on the public higher education sector has 

recorded the second highest position among developing countries in terms of percentage 

of GDP (World Ranking Reveals, 2013). The performance of the local public universities is 

not very significant based on the statistical outlook. Malaysia has been in a poor position 

with 44th position in terms of output. The objectives of this study is to measure the level 

of resource allocation efficiency in the Malaysian public education sector and identifying 

the competencies of each university in the higher education sector in Malaysia. The 

method used in this study is DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis). The findings show that 

local universities are less in efficiency terms of resource management as compared to 

private university performance. The government should review the national education 

policy in line with current developments in education sectors. 

Keyword: government's expenditure on the public higher education sector, spending 

efficiency, public universities, private universities, resource efficiency.


The Analysis of Suffiency of Student’s Need 

Nor Fareeha binti Mamat 

Supervisor: Dr NoorHaslinda binti Kulub Abdul Rashid 



The issue of the expenditure of education today is getting crucial and more debated 

especially in the current economic situation. In order to fulfil the needs and wants 

among the student, the aspects of expenditure are inevitable. This study examines 

the need for student life in UMT. The purpose other complement needs of this study 

is to identify how far students spend on their needs. The adequacy of student needs 

is to ensure that they obtained a good and conducive environment and surrounding 

of education, either at IPTA or IPTS. Based on questionnaire on 100 students in UMT 

found that there were very important factors in contribute to the needs of students. 

Findings showed that there are two significant factors in influencing the sufficiency of 

students' needs, namely religious commitment and scholarship. Students are 

suggested to be more competitive in all aspects of their daily life to ensure they can 

achieve a better quality of life. 

Keywords: The Need for Student, Expenditure of Education, Religious Commitment, 

Scholarship


The Effect of Digital Economics towards Entrepreneur’s Profit 

Muhamad Azizi bin Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr. Noorhaslinda Binti Kulub Abd Rashid 



Digital economics becoming a world-wide phenomenon in nowadays situation. In 

addition, the revolution in digital industry enhancing people to use digital platform 

towards economics profit. The aim of this paper is to identify the effect of digital 

economics towards the entrepreneur’s profit. The variables that being use in this 

research namely entrepreneur’s profit as the dependent variable. While, the 

independent variables can be explained by digital technology, service quality and 

expenditure cost. Primary data were used in this study and the data were analysed 

using Multiple Linear Regression method. Findings showed that most of the 

independent variables (X) directly effects the dependent variables (Y), such as service 

quality and expenditure cost. As conclusion, this study should be as references for 

society in order to help them to understand how digital economics effecting income. 

Keywords: Digital economics, primary data, multiple linear regression.


Determining Factors of Gold Price Votality in Malaysia 

Anis bin Mat Dalam 

Supervisor: Dr. Noorhaslinda binti Kulub Abd Rashid 



Gold is a good potential economic since the liquidity itself and the tendency to be a 

valuable asset a country. The aim of this paper is to identify the factors contributed 

to the volatility of gold price, such as Malaysian GDP, inflation rates, crude oil price 

and exchange rates. The data was analysed using ARDL approach, ECM and Granger 

Casuality with time series data, coverage from 1987 to 2016 (with 30 years’ time of 

period). Findings showed that only inflation rates is significant in short run and all 

variables are significant in long run. As a conclusion, this study could be as references 

for the society in order to forecast the volatility of gold price in Malaysia. Therefore, a 

good information regarding gold price can be a good measurement to the economic 

as well as other investors. 

Keywords: gold price, Malaysian GDP, inflation rates, crude oil price, exchange rates, 

ARDL


Social Innovation in Public Transportation Services: 

Uber and Grabcar 

Nurul ‘Ain Nabila bt Baderus 

Supervisor: Dr NoorHaslinda bt Kulub Abd Rashid 



Public transport services such as Uber and Grab Car are the latest example of social 

innovation that have changed the way of transportation especially in Malaysia. The 

objectives of this study is to i) identify factors that bring the attractiveness of this new 

social innovation compared to taxis or the other public transportation, ii) to identify 

how this public transportation social innovation contribute to the society wellbeing and 

iii) to identify shortcoming and recommend alternatives that are potential to the 

betterment of this services. This study have collected data and opinion from 100 

participants that have used this public transport services. The study have concluded 

that there are three main categories of independent variables that are very significant 

in these study. The three main variables are safety, cost-effective and gender of the 

respondent. In conclusion, hoped that this services will be the top choice in public 

transport services, more customer-friendly and more advanced.


Health Expenditure among Felda Community: An Empirical Study in Felda 

Kemahang, Kelantan 

Nur Shafika Binti Che Hassan 

Supervisor: Madam Roshanim Binti Koris 



Increased illness will lead to increase health expenditure. The purpose of this study is 

to identify factors that can affect health expenditure for the FELDA Kemahang 

community. The data used were primary data where about 138 respondents were 

randomly selected and the instrument was a set questionnaire. Descriptive analysis 

and multiple linear regression were performed using the SPSS software. The results 

showed that total direct medical costs spent RM157.67 and the total indirect cost was 

RM175.77. Overall, the highest cost of disease in this study was stroke with a cost of 

RM95.00 and the frequent patient-visited facility was a government clinic with a 

percentage of 23.9%. The FELDA community in the inland area is less expose to the 

importance of healthcare. The involvement of the government is also needed by 

organizing programs that can provide information to the importance of maintaining 

health. With that, the FELDA community in the inland area will be more sensitive to 

the importance of healthcare as well as adopting a healthy lifestyle. 

Keywords: FELDA, Community, Direct Costs of Medicine, Indirect Costs and Multiper 

Linear.


Determinants of Income Differences of Settlers 

in FELDA Kemahang, Kelantan 

Nuradila bt Abd Aziz 

Supervisor: Puan Roshanim bt Koris 


School of Social and Economic Development. 

The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) is a large and well-known 

organization. In 2016, there were 112,635 settlers living in Malaysia. This study aims 

to see the differences between the incomes of settlers who have managed the 

plantations by themselves with the settlers who hand over the plantations. This is a 

primary study by using survey method and the total of 150 respondents was randomly 

selected from Felda Kemahang in Kelantan. The method used is descriptive analysis 

and Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) in determining the factors affecting 

income differences between FELDA Kemahang settlers. The findings show that around 

56.7% of respondents choose to hand over the plantations while another 43.3% 

manages their own plantations. Through this survey, the mean value of income of the 

settlers who managed the plantations by themselves was RM999.93 while for settlers 

who handed the plantations was about RM890.67, the difference in income of the 

settlers was RM102.26. The difference of income between settlers was due to the area 

of the farm estate, operating cost and how the settlers managing their plantations. If 

settlers can manage the plantations well, then they can increase their monthly revenue 

and it will increase their income level. 

Keyword: FELDA Settlers, income differences, hand over the plantations, selfmanaged 

the plantations, Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM)


Health Expenditure among Fishermen Community: An Empirical Study in 

District Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Nor Shahirah binti Muhamad 

Supervisor: Puan Roshanim binti Koris 



The role of a fisherman is very important in the fisheries sector which it contributes to 

economic growth. Fishermen who have good health can do their work more 

productively. Health problems suffered by fishermen will affect the cost of health 

expenditure. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors in addition to analyze 

direct costs and indirect costs fishermen on health expenditure. A total of 72 fishermen 

from the Kuala Nerus area were randomly selected for this study. A set of 

questionnaire was used as a research instrument. Data were analyzed using SPSS 

version 25.0. Overall, the findings found that 69. 4% of fishermen are active smokers 

where the highest number of cigarettes consumed in a day is 48 cigarettes. On 

average, the number of direct cost is RM332.33, while indirect costs were of 

RM107.54. There are several diseases that fishermen suffer from, but the disease with 

the highest cost is kidney problem with RM993.49 while the facilities which recorded 

the highest cost are private hospitals with RM1, 210.89. Reduce the risk factors such 

as smoking among fishermen could overcome the increases in the cost of health 

expenditure. 

Keyword: Health care expenditure, fishermen, Direct cost, Indirect cost, Chronic 

disease, and Risk factors


Demand For Cigarette And Cost Of Expenditure Among Studentsof 


Muhamad Zubair bin Mohamad Ismail 

Supervisor: Mrs. Roshanim binti Koris 


School Of Social and Economy Development 

Smoking is a bad habit that causes health problems among students. The purpose of 

this study is to find out the demand for cigarettes and the cost of expenditure among 

students of University Malaysia Terengganu. A total of 160 respondents were randomly 

selected and the questionnaire which took the fifth (5) sections was as a research 

instrument. The data were analysed using SPSS software to get frequency, percentage 

and mean. Overall, the findings show that male students are more dominant than 

female students in cigarette demand which is 90%. The cigarette packed in a day is 

8 sticks. On average, the cost of student spending within one month is RM459.60 for 

non-smokers. Meanwhile, monthly spending on smokers is RM550 a month. This 

indicates that active smokers have a higher monthly spending than non-smokers or 

passive smokers as there are spending on cigarettes within a month. 

Keywords: Cigarettes, students, active smoker, passive smoker, cost of expenditure


Health Expenditure for Community of Kampung Tok Jembal 

with Chronic Illness 

Muhamad Zulkifli Bin Mohd Pauzi 

Supervisor: Puan Roshanim Binti Koris 



This study was conducted to identify and analyze health expenditure among Kampung 

Tok Jembal community with chronic illness. The general objective of this study is to 

estimate the total health expenditure on chronic illnesses and the determinants of the 

health expenditure. A total of 100 respondents were randomly selected and a 

questionnaire instrument was used to collect relevant information. The results showed 

that health spending for people with chronic illness is higher than those with no chronic 

illness. Health expenditure for chronic patients involves direct cost and indirect costs, 

to get treatment as outpatient or inpatient. Some determinants such as gender, age 

and total income are seen as determining factors in health expenditure for the 

Kampung Tok Jembal community. In conclusion, the percentage of communities with 

chronic illness is high, thus the authorities need to add the relevant healthcare facilities 

to help these sick people. 

Keywords: Health expenditure, Community, Chronic Illness, Direct Cost, Indirect Cost.


Effects of Aging and Health Expenditure on Malaysia Economic Growth 

Amirul bin Hasan 

Supervisor: Madam Roshanim binti Koris 



The National Senior Citizen Policy (DWEN) has classified individuals aged 60 and above 

as seniors. This old population is at risk to a variety of illnesses that affect individual 

health and national health. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness 

of the nation's health and expenditure on the growth of the Malaysian economy. This 

study is used annual time series data from 1985 to 2014 with three variables: 

economic growth represents dependent variables; old populations and health 

expenditure represent independent variables. To investigate the relationship between 

these variables, the Auto Regression Auto Distribution Model (ARDL) is used consisting 

of co-integration tests and other statistical tests such as Root Unit tests, Cusum and 

Cusum Square tests. The expected results of the study are the old population and 

health expenditure has a long-term relationship with economic growth. The Cusum 

and Cusum Square tests are expected to show a stable model. Therefore, aging and 

health expenditure are expected to affect economic growth in the coming years. 

Keywords: aging, health spending, economic growth, and ARDL model


Health Expenditure by UMT Staffs For Fever, Cough and Flu: A 

Comparative between Conventional Medicine and Traditional and 

Complementary Medicine (TCM) 

Nurfarahin bt Khalil 




Common diseases such as fever, cough, and flu are often underestimated by the 

community. However, this disease can affect your daily activities. The purpose of this 

study is to calculate the direct medical costs spent on fever, cough and flu disease 

among UMT citizens. This study also provides a comparative cost estimation of 

conventional direct medical costs with traditional and complementary medicine (TCM). 

Secondary data is obtained through records from PKU and Panel Clinics of UMT. The 

results showed that for the year 2017, the number of patients for fever was 13, cough, 

fever and flu as many as 1,376 people, fever and cough only 3,353 people, and fever 

only 4 people. Direct costs incurred by PKU, RM9, 952 for fever and RM183, 351.56 

for cough and RM18, 830.14 for flu. TCM's medical costs are expected to be lower due 

to the easy-to-use items available at home. In conclusion, TCM is an alternative for 

patients to treat illness naturally, cost-effective and safe. 

Keywords: fever, cough, flu, conventional medicine, traditional and complementary 

medicine (TCM), direct cost.


Health Care Cost Of Working Women And Housewives: 

An Empirical Study In Taiping, Perak 

Nur Atikah Bt Abdul Hadi 




Working women or housewives can not escape from having chronic illnesses such as 

breast cancer, cervical cancer, high blood pressure and so on which shows a growing 

percentage. The increase in these diseases leads to increased healthcare expenditure. 

The main purpose of this study is to examine the costs of expenses incurred by 

working women or housewives. A total of 130 respondents were randomly selected in 

Taiping, Perak using a questionnaire. The analysis method used was descriptive 

analysis and multiple linear regression. In this study, the percentage of working 

women was 71.8% and the housewife was 28.2%. Overall, 10.7% have diabetes and 

11.5% have high blood pressure. The total direct cost is RM369.31 while the indirect 

cost is RM196.26. Women are susceptible to dangerous diseases, therefore they 

require a change in lifestyle and exposure to the information or greater knowledge of 

healthcare. The provision of good healthcare facilities is also indispensable from the 

government specifically for women. 

Keywords: Working women, Housewives, Health care cost, Direct Cost, Indirect costs, 

Chronic illness, Multiple Linear Regression


Health Expenditure by UMT Staffs For Hypertension, Diabetes, and Health 

Diseases: A Comparative between Conventional Medicine and Traditional 

and Complementary Medicine (TCM) 

Nur Sabrina binti Mohamed Ismail 




Good health care benefits the self, the community, and the nation. However, the 

number of people with hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease is increasing. 

Increased disease causes the increased of health expenditure. The purpose of this 

study is to estimate the direct medical costs for hypertension, diabetes, and heart 

disease in PKU and Panel Clinics of UMT. This study also provides a comparison of the 

direct costs between conventional medicine and traditional and complementary 

Medicine (TCM). Secondary data is obtained through records from PKU and Panel 

Clinics of UMT. The results showed that the number of diabetics was 99, 12 patients 

with hypertension, 179 with high cholesterol, and 31 heart problems. The direct cost 

incurred by PKU for hypertension is RM22,738.70, RM15,902.42 for cholesterol, and 

RM6,216.50 for diabetes. TCM's direct cost is expected to be lower due to its easy-touse 

materials at home. In conclusion, TCM is an alternative to patients to treat chronic 

diseases at lower costs, save and safe. 

Keywords: Traditional and Complementary Medicine (TCM), conventional medicine, 

diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, heart disease, direct cost.


The Long Run Relationship between the Human Development Index with 

Health and Education expenditure In Malaysia 

Nur Fara Nabila Binti Jamaludin 




The human development index is an index of composite indicators that measures the 

average achievement of a country based on the three major dimensions of human 

development: longer and healthier life, education attainment and lifestyle. The aim of 

this study is to examine the direct relationship between government health and 

education expenditure with the human development index in Malaysia. This study is 

used annual time series data from 1990 to 2015 with three variables where is the 

human development index as a dependent variable while government health and 

education expenditure as independent variables. ARDL Model comprising of cointegration 

test as well as other statistical tests such as Unit Root tests, Cusum test 

and Cusum Squareare used to see the relationships between these variables. The 

results of the study are expected to have a long-term relationship between health and 

education expenditure with the human development index. This illustrates that 

throughout 1990 to 2015, government health and education expenditure have 

contributed to improve the human development index in Malaysia. Therefore, in order 

to improve human development in this country, the government must increase 

government expenditure on health and education. 

Keyword: Human development index, health expenditure, education expenditure, long 

run relationship, ARDL.


Comparison of Conventional and Islamic Banking in Aspect of Profitability 

(Majoring In Return of Investment (ROI) and Net Interest Margin (NIM)) 

In Malaysia 

Nur Ra’aina Izaty binti Mohamad Rafi 

Supervisor: Dr Hazman bin Samsudin 



This paper discusses about the comparison of conventional and Islamic banking in 

aspect of profitability in Malaysia (majoring in Return of Investment (ROI) and Net 

Interest Margin (NIM)) by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) over the 

period 2002 to 2017. Among the components of measuring the profitability used in 

this panel data are capital adequacy, payout ratio, earning per share, operating 

margin, and dividend. The estimations that were used are 10 banks of Malaysia which 

is 5 banks from the type of conventional banking and 5 other banks from the type of 

Islamic banking. This study also shows the effects of the comparison of the types of 

banking in short term and long term.


Stock Market Development and Economic Performance Between 

Developed and Developing Countries: 

Risk Premium and Exchange Rate Targeting Policy 

Chew Wen Hong 

Supervisor: Dr. Hazman bin Samsudin 



In recent decades, economists have devote considerable attention to the study of the 

relationship between stock market development and economic performance, 

especially after a series of economic crises. It is deemed that stock market 

development is the root cause of the catastrophic event. Therefore, this study aimed 

to investigate the impact of the stock market on economic performance between 

developed and developing countries. The study employed secondary data obtained 

from the World Development Indicator (WDI) for 8 developed and developing 

countries from 2001 to 2014. It is found that the effect of risk premium and exchange 

rate as an instrumental variable in the model is pronounced. The finding is derived 

through Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) method under fixed effect condition. The 

finding is also subjected to goodness of fit test and diagnostic checking. It is found 

that there is the strong positive relationship between stock market development and 

economic growth in both developed and developing countries. The finding suggests 

that both developed and developing countries should emphasize on risk premium and 

exchange rate targeting policy in order to promote stock market development and 

hence economic growth in the long run. 

Keywords: risk premium, exchange rate, stock market, economic performance


Prediction Financial Distress of Commercial Bank through Debt Ratio in 

Malaysia 

Faridah binti Yusuf 

Supervisor: Dr. Hazman Samsudin 



Commercial banks are key players in the financial system and they help mitigate the 

significant informational costs of assessing and monitoring the creditworthiness of 

borrowers. The soundness of the banking system is a key element in the 

implementation of the prudential framework, especially with reference to capital 

regulation, that aims to control bank risk taking. Therefore, this study aims to 

investigate the financial distress in commercial bank in Malaysia. Instruments variables 

used in this study is return on equity, operating margin ratio, loan deposit ratio and 

debt ratio of commercial bank in Malaysia. This study utilized panel data analysis 

ranging from 2001 to 2017 by using 10 commercial banks in Malaysia.


Effectiveness of Exchange Rate and Inflation Factor towards External Debt 

in Malaysia 

Nurlaila binti Abd Aziz 




External debt, inflation, and the exchange rate is a common economic indicator that 

influences the economic growth, especially during a crisis. Therefore, this study is 

conducted to analyze the effectiveness of exchange rate and inflation factor towards 

external debt for Malaysia using a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) 

model. The objective of the study is to examine the nonlinearity relationship between 

the variables and also to identify the most influences variable towards the external 

debt from 1971 to 2016. The estimated NARDL model affirms the presence of 

asymmetries in the exchange rate. In the long run, it is found that the increasing and 

decreasing in exchange rate leads to increase in external debt. Meanwhile, the 

increase in inflation rate leads to increase in external debt, and decreasing in inflation 

rate leads to decrease in external debt. The study concludes the exchange rate 

response more to positive change while inflation rate response more to negative 

change.


Hedging Exchange Rate Risk in Gold and Crude Oil Markets 

Ku Yee Bui 

Supervisor: Dr. Hazman Bin Samsudin 



In modern business today, financial risk management is an important discipline for 

corporations, financial and public institutions. In this paper examines hedging 

exchange rate risk in gold and crude oil markets. This study has 36 samples time 

series data monthly for Malaysia from 2015 to 2017 using GARCH model. This study 

will focus on three things, namely to determine (1) the effectiveness of the gold and 

crude oil market as hedges in GDP, (2) to identified the relationship between gold 

price, crude oil price and exchange rate in the GDP and (3) to examine the effects of 

volatility in exchange rates, gold price and crude oil price as hedge against GDP. The 

result show gold and crude oil price variables have negative relationship, while 

exchange rates variable are positively correlated. More importantly, this study 

highlights the need for dynamic policy making in Malaysia to contain exchange rate 

fluctuations using gold price and oil price as instruments.


Bank Stability and Economic Volatility in High-Income, Middle-Income and 

Low-Income Countries 

Lee Jie Xin 




In the case of persistent economic volatility, it is being that bank stability would make 

an important role in determining in influences economic crisis. Therefore, this paper 

examines the effect of bank stability on economic volatility in three categories of 

country income: high-income, middle-income and low-income countries. By utilizing 

two-stage least squares (2SLS) model and data ranging from 1998 to 2015, the issues 

will be well address. The findings suggest that credit risk, lending decision, 

misallocation of credit and default risk are very important in explaining economic 

volatility through bank stability. Particularly in high-income countries, the bank stability 

is likely to lower economic volatility. For middle-income countries, bank stability is 

likely to induce higher the economic volatility. This is because middle-income countries 

are more dependence on capital flow compared to high-income countries. For lowincome 

countries, bank stability has no influence on economic volatility in the long 

run. With this finding, policymakers in high-income and middle-income countries 

should focus more on promoting bank stability as it will directly influence economic 

volatility differ from low-income countries the primarily is not on promoting bank 

stability but rather on other factors.


Impacts of Bank Loan In Assisting the Performance Small and Medium 

Enterprise (Sme) In Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 

Syazwani binti Mohammad Moharam 

Supervisor: Dr. Bayu Taufiq Possumah 



This study aims to analyse the impacts on Bank loan in assisting the performance of 

Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) in Kuala Terengganu. By using primary data this 

study investigates the sustainability of SME where questionnaire was distributed 

among SME entrepreneurs around Kuala Terengganu. The data was obtained through 

respondent interviews. This study found that the bank loan has no positive significant 

correlation to the sustainability of SME in Kuala Terengganu.


The Impact of Income Tax on Students’ Spending In Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT) 

Wahidayu binti Abdullah 




This study examines the impact or influence of income tax on students’ spending in 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The general objective of this study is to analyze 

the impact of income tax on students’ spending in UMT. The two specific objectives 

of this study are to identify the relationship between income tax and the spending of 

students in UMT and to identify the total spending of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu’s 

students over a semester. This study used the primary data collection method through 

questionnaire. Respondents were picked from UMT’s students. The analysis methods 

used were Descriptive Analysis, Correlation Analysis, and OLS. Data were analyzed 

using SPSS software and Microsoft Excel. This study found that income tax has positive 

impact on students’ spending in UMT although it is weak. Majority of UMT’s students 

spend at a modest rate ranging from RM1,000 to RM2,000. 

Keywords: income tax, expenditure, students, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.


Factors affecting the perception of final year students on 

entrepreneurship: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Siti Syabariah binti Mamat Ayob 




The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence the perception of 

students towards entrepreneurship in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. By using 

questionnaire, the data collected randomly at 361 respondents (final year students). 

In analyzing the data collected, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 

version 20 was used and descriptive analysis was used to explain the data collected. 

By using SPSS, Linear Regression was used to test whether the independent variables 

obtained significant or not to entrepreneurship. The results of this study show that 

environmental factors, personalities and interest factor are positively correlated to the 

perceptions of students in entrepreneurship. 

Keywords: entrepreneurship, student perception, environmental, interest, personality, 

linear regression, SPSS


Factors Influencing Female Entrepreneurs’ Success from the Capital 

Perspective in Johor Bahru 

Nor Lyiana Izzaty binti Mohd Takriji 


Bachelor of Economics (Natural Resources) School of Social and Economic 

Development 

This study is aimed at identifying the factors that encourage women to venture into 

entrepreneurship and the factors that stimulate the success of female entrepreneurs 

in business. This study involved 260 female respondents in Johor Bahru. The data 

were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) Version 20. 

Descriptive analysis was used to find the frequency and percentage of age, race, 

academic qualification, business type, total capital and business performance. 

Inferential analysis was used to test the hypotheses, where the total capital and 

business performance were dependent variables, while independent variables were 

interest, family, skills and capital assistance. The results showed that all variables were 

significant to the success of female entrepreneurs. However, the family and interest 

factors were the most significant at the 10% significance level.


The Impact of Inflation and Population Growth on Unemployment in 

Malaysia 

Nur Sariah binti Wan Hassan 

Dr. Bayu Taufiq Possumah 



This paper discusses the impact inflation and population growth on unemployment in 

Malaysia. Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and 

services in an economy over a period of time while population growth refers to the 

increases of individuals in a population. The independent variables are inflation and 

population growth while dependent variable is unemployment in Malaysia. The study 

was conducted based on latest qualitative secondary data which obtained from 1986 

till 2016 for all those variables. This study covers time series data, then the statistical 

test such as Unit Root Test, Vector Auto regression Estimates (VAR) Test, White Test 

Heterokedasticity and Ramsey Reset Test are used. Study findings show that there is 

a positive relation between population growth and unemployment, meanwhile there 

is no relation between inflation and unemployment in Malaysia.


Impact of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) In Malaysia 

Kavitha A/P Chandran 

Supervisor: Dr Bayu Taufiq Possumah 



This paper discusses the impact of corruption on foreign direct investment (FDI) in 

Malaysia. Corruption is an abuse of power to obtain personal benefits while foreign 

direct investment (FDI) refers to a growing investment relationship between nation, 

people and economic activities. In this regard, this study examines the relationship 

between corruption and FDI in Malaysia. Since this study need the latest information, 

this study uses qualitative secondary data. Foreign direct investment factors, GDP per 

capita, political stability and trade openness are used as independent variables while 

corruption perception index is used as a dependent variable. The data were obtained 

from 1995 to 2016 based on those variables. This study covers time series data, then 

the statistical test such as Unit Root Test, Vector Autoregression Estimates (VAR) Test, 

ARDL Method Test, Breusch-Godfrey Test, White Test Heteroskedasticity and the 

Ramsey Reset Test are used.


Zakat Contribution to Economic Development in Northern Coastal States 

Nurhaziqah Bazilah bt Mohd Hairil Basar 




Zakat is one of the instruments for state revenue that can contribute to the economic 

development of the Northern Coastal. The study aims to investigate the zakat 

contributions to economic development expenditure in the Northern Coastal States. 

The study was conducted based on descriptive analysis on zakat data and economic 

development from 2007 to 2016. Study findings show that 22% of zakat contribute to 

economic development expenditure of Northern Coastal States. The important 

implication of this study is that zakat is now very important and from time to time the 

innovation in the zakat system needs to be made to catalyse economic development


The Effect of Tourism Sector on Employment in Malaysia 

Tuan Nur Amira Syahirah binti Tuan Mansor 

Supervisor: Dr Bayu Taufiq Possumah 



Tourism industry is one of the sectors that is a major contributor to national income 

and economic growth. It also influences the demand for employment to develop this 

sector. In this context, the major services such as accommodation services, food 

preparation, transportation services and hospitality are also used in the tourism 

industry. As such, employment plays important role in developing this sector. 

Therefore, job opportunities will be available to the people. This study aims to find 

out the relationship of tourism on employment and the impact of tourism to the Gross 

Domestic Product in Malaysia. By using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) analysis 

method as a projection to know the relationship between employment and income in 

the services sector. The results show that employment plays a positive relationship to 

the income of the services sector. Thus, employment has an impact in terms of 

improving the services in the tourism industry. 

Keywords: tourism industry, employment, Malaysia, GDP


Zakat Contribution to Development Expenditure in Southern Malaysia (Johor, 

Malacca and Negeri Sembilan) 

Nurul Izzah Afiqah binti Mohmad 




Zakat is one indicators of economic development. Zakat can improve the economic 

growth and increase the socio-economic of society. The purpose of this study is to identify 

the contribution of zakat to the Malaysia's southern development expenditure (Johor, 

Melacca and Negeri Sembilan). This study uses data panel of zakat and state development 

expenditure for 10 years from 2006 to 2016 comprising 3 states namely Johor, Malacca 

and Negeri Sembilan by using the least-squares method (OLS). The findings show that 

zakat has a positive correlation and contributes to the development expenditure of 

Southern Malaysia's spending. 

Keywords: Zakat, Malaysia's Southern Development Expenditure, growth


The Study of The Factor That Effect the Contribution of Small and Medium 

Enterprise (SME’s) To Growth Domestic Product (GDP): Malaysia 

Siti Zubaidah Mohd Nazri 




The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of two factors in the 

Contribution of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME’s) to the Growth Domestic Product 

(GDP) in Malaysia. There are two factors that has been used in this research which is the 

total of Labour and Consumer Price Index in Malaysia for the past 10 years from 2005 to 

2014. The data that have been collected was a secondary data. The data was analysed 

using Simple Linear Regression method. The result shown that the two factors was highly 

influence the Contribution of SME’s to the GDP. This study suggest that the government 

can create an initiative for SME’s to help increase GDP in Malaysia.


Social Instructions and National Income: Asean Countries 

Tuan Ainun Najihah binti Tan Muhamad @ Tuan Muhamad 

Supervisor: Dr. Zairihan binti Abdul Halim 



This study is conducted to examine the impact of social indicators on national income. In 

particular, this study discusses social indicators and examines the relationship between 

social indicators and GDP in ASEAN countries using data from 10 ASEAN countries. The 

data period in this study was 36 years from 1980 to 2015. This study carried out a panel 

data analysis method called Pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and long-term 

budgeting. The empirical results confirm that there is a cointegration between the 

variables examined. The results showed that fertility rate variables, birth rates and the 

population had significant relationships with national income.


The Determinants of the Demand on Islamic Banking and Conventional 

Banking Products in Malaysia 

Nor Shazreen binti Sahat 


Bancelor of Economics (Natural Resources) 


This study aims to investigate the factors determining the demand for Islamic and 

conventional banking products in Malaysia, specifically deposit and loans. The four factors 

examined in this study are the base lending rates, per capita income, inflation rate and 

economic growth (GDP) in Malaysia for seven years period from 2009 to 2015. The data 

collected are from secondary source where 15 Islamic bank and 16 conventional bank 

annual reports reviewed. This data is then analyzed using the Multiple Linear Regression 

Model (MLRM) method. The results show that the above four factors strongly influence 

the demand for deposits and loans at Islamic and conventional in Malaysia. The finding 

suggests that the macroeconomic factors significantly influence the demand for deposit 

and loan for types of banking in Malaysia.


The Study on Capital Market Contribution to Economic Growth in Asean-3 

Countries 

Nur Alwani binti Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr Zairihan Abdul Halim 



The purpose of this research is to understand the impact of stock and, bond markets as 

well as money supply on economic growth in ASEAN-3 countries, namely Malaysia, 

Thailand and Indonesia. These countries have different characteristics than capital 

market in other countries because their capital market has experienced a major crisis. 

The policy of their government has significant impact on how these countries managed 

their capital markets. The data collected from secondary source from 2000 to 2016. The 

data was then analyzed using the Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) method. The 

findings show that the above three factors significantly influenced the capital market 

contribution to economic growth in ASEAN-3 countries. An important insight from this 

study is that serious attention should be paid to the capital market development, which 

is an important driver of economic growth in ASEAN-3 countries.


Work Incentives and Operations Achievements 

Nurul Suhana binti Khalid 

Supervisor: Dr Zairihan Binti Abdul Halim 



Firms in Malaysia have a distinctive reference in which they will choose firm setting styles 

based on some incentives that can provide an overview of the overall style within the 

firm. Firm’s productivity the focus of this study. Specifically, this study examines whether 

incentives garneted to employees influences the firm’s overall revenue. One of the criteria 

observed by the stakeholders in the Malaysian private sectors is Shariah-compliance 

status of the firm. This study shows that incentives such as bonuses, salaries, 

remuneration and return on investment vary according to the status of firms in Shariah 

compliance. Results for the subsample of Shariah-compliant firms show that incentives 

for employees influence the firm’s productivity positively.


Banks’ Risk: Evidence from Islamic Banks in Malaysia 

Muhammad Haris bin Mohamad Hithir 

Supervisor: Dr. Zairihan bt. Abdul Halim 



The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of credit risk and liquidity 

risk in the case of Malaysian Islamic banks. Using a yearly bank level data from 2009 until 

2015, this paper utilizes the cross-section random effect model to provide evidences on 

Islamic banks credit and liquidity risk in Malaysia. The results demonstrate that Islamic 

banks have lower credit risk but higher liquidity risk. The findings show that the proportion 

of loan to assets, deposits and bank size are significantly related to liquidity risk; and 

bank size is insignificantly related to credit risk. The inclusion of ownership status also 

suggests that there is a significant difference between the local and foreign ownership 

for both risk. Our results also show that macroeconomic factor, in particular base lending 

rate, significantly influences Islamic banks’ risk.


Factors That Affecting Graduate Unemployment Rate in Asia 

Aiman bin Rashid 

Supervisor: Dr. Zairihan bt Abdul Halim 



This study was conducted to identify the relationship between the dependent variables is 

unemployment rate and tertiary education and independent variables are gross domestic 

product (GDP), inflation, foreign direct investment inflow, foreign direct investment 

outflow, GDP outflow and inflow. The study has used 14 Asian countries from 1997 to 

2016, and this panel data has been estimated using the 'Fixed Effect Model' method. The 

results show that GDP, inflation, foreign direct investment outflow and average GDP 

inflow are not closely related to the unemployment rate. Furthermore, for foreign direct 

investment inflows with the average GDP outflow has been positively correlated and 

closely related to the unemployment rate variables. GDP, incoming foreign direct 

investment and average GDP showed positive correlation to tertiary education variables. 

While inflation, foreign direct investment outflow and the average GDP outflow have 

shown a negative correlation to the study for a period of 20 years. In conclusion, this 

study is also to understand the factors that have influenced the unemployment rate and 

the effects of unemployment to graduates.


Unemployment and Foreign Direct Investment in Developed Country 

Nur Anis Syahirah binti Abdul Wahab 

Supervisor: Dr ZairihanbBinti Abdul Halim 



Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a component that contributes to the economy of the 

country where it can create job opportunities and will overcome an unemployment issues 

in most countries. This study focuses on foreign direct investment and unemployment in 

developed countries and this study is conducted to identify the relationship between 

foreign direct investment and unemployment rate. Method that applied in this research 

is multiple linear regression which involves an education, gross domestic product, inflation 

and export as independent variable. This research used a panel data which is 8 years 

start from 2008 to 2016 and includes 10 high income countries. This research applied 

static panel data as method analysis. The result of this study shows that foreign direct 

investment and unemployment rate have a positive relationship.


Factors Affecting the Level of Poverty in Countries of South America 

Nur Iffah Hanna binti Azlan 




Poverty is one of the most serious phenomena in the era of globalization today. It comes 

from various sources. This paper explains the factors affecting the level of poverty in five 

selected countries in the American continent. The study was initiated with a description 

of the definition and dimensions of poverty. Next, the study further discussed various 

possible causes of poverty. This paper specifically identifies inflation, education, 

unemployment, and population as a causative factor of poverty. The main objective of 

this study is to analyze the causes of poverty affecting South America. This study uses 

panel data regression techniques to identify the significant levels and the extent to which 

variables tend to be. The findings show that unemployment and population have a 

positive impact on poverty in South America, while inflation and education level have a 

negative and insignificant impact on poverty.


The Effects of Foreign Exchange Rate Changes On Asean Exports 

Muhammad Najib bin Samsudin 

Supervisor: Dr Zairihan binti Abdul Halim 



This paper explores the causal relationship between total export and foreign exchange 

rates in 10 ASEAN countries over the period of 2009-2016. Additionally, this study also 

examines the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates, percentage of commodity 

prices, foreign national income and technological change on palm oil exports, exports of 

electrical goods, exports of petroleum products, exports of machinery, and exports of 

chemicals. Panel cointegration and causality tests are performed to examine the long-run 

and causal relationship between variables. Results confirm that there is no presence of 

cointegration between variables. Empirical results of full sample analysis shows that 

foreign exchange rates positively influence total exports. Other explanatory factors such 

as percentage of commodity prices, foreign income and technology changes are also 

found to have a positive effect on exports. Furthermore, the impact of foreign exchange 

rates, percentage of commodity prices, foreign income and technology changes on palm 

oil exports, exports of electrical goods, exports of petroleum products, exports of 

machinery, and exports of chemicals are also found to be positive. The panel Granger 

causality analysis reveals the bidirectional causality between total exports and patent 

application, total exports and exchange rate.


Analysis of Consumer Perception of Public Transport in Kuala Terengganu, 

Terengganu 

Mohd Azizan bin Habeh 

Supervisor: Dr. Nizam bin Ahmat 



Consumer satisfaction is an important aspect that should be given attention by the public 

transport service providers. This is because the quality of the services provided by an 

organization can be assessed and improved based on the insights gained from the user. 

Therefore, this study aims to assess consumer perceptions and levels of satisfaction with 

the use of public transport and to identify factors that encourage users to use public 

transport. Questionnaires were distributed to 200 people consisting respondents to the 

people who use public transport in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. The data were then 

analyzed using a mean score and t-test. The results showed that the level of user 

satisfaction with public transport in Kuala Terengganu is moderate.


Analysis of Factors Influencing Study of Training Model in Indonesia 

Universiti Terengganu 

Siti Nur Faezah binti Mohd Shariff 




This study is to determine the factors affecting the choice of transport modes to lectures 

for students at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. This survey is intended to get feedback 

from students on the selection of student transport mods. This study also uses bionari 

logistics method and interview method on 280 respondents selected among students 

comprising 7 faculties in UMT. Overall, the findings show that UMT students are more 

likely to use motorcycles than other vehicles. The use of motorcycles among students is 

very high because the use of motorcycles to college can save oil and move to class faster 

than other vehicles.


Factors That Affect Accident in Malaysia 

Noor Falailah binti Mohamad Fazil 


Bachelor in Economics (Natural Resources) 


Road accidents have become a very important issue for developing countries such as 

Malaysia. This study uses multiple regression analysis methods to determine the factors 

that affect the rate of accident in Malaysia. This study uses the secondary data from each 

month from 2000 until 2016. The findings of this study reveal that the number of 

registered vehicle numbers shows statistically significant (p < 0.10) relationship to the 

number of road accidents. This is because when there is an increase in vehicles on the 

road then the probability of road accidents will be increased. Additionally, gasoline 

variable also shows statistically significant relationship to the number of road accidents 

where in the event of an increase in oil prices, the number of road accidents will be 

reduced. The interpretation of this study also shows that the summons variable shows 

not statistically significant to the number of road accidents. Therefore, The Road 

Transport Department (JPJ) should increase the Automated Enforcement System (AES) 

cameras in areas where road accidents occur both in urban and rural areas.


The Effectiveness of Public Transportation System in Klang Valley, Focus on: 

Light Rail Transit System (LRT) 

Nur Aziela binti Zamri 




The Light-Rail Transit System (LRT) is one of the public transports that feature modernpowered 

electric trains moving on two bases. The study was conducted to examine the 

effectiveness of Light Rail Transit (LRT). This study used an interview method of 152 

respondents in the Klang Valley. The data obtained were analyzed using methods 

descriptive, Chi-square and reliability tests. From the results of the study, we found that 

the Chi-square test on demographics was significant at the levels 0.05 and the good 

reliability test was at the value of 0.6 and the results obtained for safety variables and 

quality of service were α = .790 and α =. 607. In conclusion, the safety variables and 

service quality are important and appropriate variables to test the effectiveness of LRT.


Analysis of Factors Affecting Selection Mode of Private Transportation among 

Staff UMT 

Fazlisha binti Md Soid 




The study was conducted to determine the factors that determine the choice of private 

mode of transport such as motorcycles or cars to the workplace among University 

Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) staff. This study uses interviews and questionnaires on 313 

selected UMT staff. Based on the results obtained from logistic regression, we find that 

UMT women's staff tends to choose cars as transport to work.


The Impact of the Influx Foreign Workers on the Productivity Services Sector 

in Asean 5 Countries. 

Saudah binti Mohamad 

Supervisor: Dr Nizam bin Ahmat 



This study aims to analyse the factors that affect the productivity of the service sector in 

the ASEAN5 country and analyse comparison between Malaysia with ASEAN 5 country in 

effect the entry of foreign workers. The analysis of this study using panel data from 2006 

to 2015 covering ASEAN5 country. The results of this study found that only locals labour 

and foreign direct investment affect the productivity of the service sector. Meanwhile, 

Malaysia had a positive impact due to the influx of foreign workers on the productivity of 

the service sector than in Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines.


Demand Factors of House Ownership by Citizens 

in Dungun, Terengganu 

Nur Zamira binti Mohd Zuki 




Ownership of house is important in an individual's life. In addition to utilities, home is an 

indicator of the quality of life as outlined by the Malaysian Quality of Life Index (MQLI). 

Therefore, this study sets out three objectives for the study answered interest factors 

that examine the demand for house ownership, level of ability, and a major obstacle to 

house ownership by residents in Dungun Terengganu, involving 384 respondents. The 

random sampling method was adopted to avoid bias during the study and Binary Logistic 

Regression was used to analyze the parameters that have been selected. Therefore, the 

study found that for the personal house ownership only factor of household income and 

level of education are significant to house ownership. However, the ownership of the 

rented and family houses indicates that only the factor of household income is significant. 

Next, the analysis found the population in the study area is shown capable to have their 

own house and household income factors identified as major obstacles for citizens in 

Dungun to have their own house.


Quality of Public Transport in Kuala Terengganu: Case Study for Students 

Satisfaction at University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 

Syahidatul Nurashikin binti Shamsudin 




In Malaysia, public transport services is an important thing in life. Public transportation 

makes it easy for someone to move to the destinations you want to go. So this study 

relates to the quality of public transport service buses in Kuala Terengganu City Council 

(MBKT) students satisfaction of University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The first objective 

is to study the safety aspects, second objective aspects of comfort and convenience, the 

third objective of assessing the reliability of bus services to the satisfaction of University 

Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). These respondents were students of UMT. The 

questionnaire was distributed to 370 students. Data was analyzed using SPSS software 

version 20. The method OLS was used in this study to estimate Multiple Regression 

Models (MLRM). The results obtained revealed that the variables of social responsibility 

and information services management system are significant to the student satisfaction 

of University Malaysia of Terengganu (UMT). However for variable comfort and 

convenience, safety, and reliability is not significant.


The Effect of Goods and Services Tax (GST) To Inflation Rates in Malaysia 

Alsabrin bin Hashim 




The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Goods and 

Services Tax and inflation rates in Malaysia. Goods and Services Tax is a value added 

tax implemented in Malaysia on 1 April 2015 with 6% standard rate. There are two 

main objectives in this study, they are to identify the GST effect to inflation rate in 

Malaysia and to compare GST and Sales and Services Tax (SST) effects to the inflation 

rates in Malaysia before and after GST implementation. The data was analyzed by 

using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and White-Huber standard error to test the 

robustness standard error. The result has shown that the inflation rates was highly 

influenced by the GST in Malaysia from April 2015 to December 2017. This is clearly 

proven through the results of the study where an increase of one GST will increase 

4.75 inflation rates in Malaysia. This study suggests that Malaysian government needs 

to take the best initiative to mitigate the significant impact of this GST implementation 

on the inflation rates.


Impact of NKEA Implementation towards Investments and Economics 

Growth of Malaysia 

Mohd Nur Zaidi bin Aliyas 




This paper investigates the impact of NKEA implementation towards investments and the 

economics growth in Malaysia. The Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) was 

launched on 25 September 2010 and formulated as part of Malaysia’s National 

Transformation Programme. The ETP’s targets for 2020 will be achieved through the 

implementation of 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs), representing economic 

sectors which account for significant contributions to Gross National Income (GNI). In 

this study researcher take a several variable such as Gross National Income (GNI) as the 

dependent variable and investment as the independent variable. Panel Data Regression 

Analysis are used for this studies. In finding after regression, we found that there are 

significant in relationship between investment and GNI. Based on that estimated results, 

the allocation of investment that have potential to contribute substantially to GNI should 

get attention by government.


Factors That Influenced the Raising Household Debt to the Economic Growth 

Nik Putri Syazlin Adlina Binti Muhamaad Zaki 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Ermawati Binti Hussain 



This study aims to investigate the factors that influence the increase in household debt 

to economic growth based on monthly series data from January 2010 to December 2015. 

The study uses unit root test, co-integration, vector error correction model and also the 

causes and effects. Apart from that, the finding indicates that the variables are stationary 

at first-level differences, significant relationships in the long term and insignificant in the 

short term and have the cause and effect of the relationship between the household debt 

and the economic growth. 

Keywords: household debt, economic growth, unit root test, vector error correction model 

and causes and effect.


Relationship between Tourism Arrivals with Macroeconomics Factors in 

Malaysia 

Wan Nur Hidayah binti Wan Abdul Manan 

Supervisor: Dr Nor Ermawati Binti Hussain 



This study is to investigate the relationship between tourist arrivals and macroeconomic 

factors in Malaysia. By using time series data from 1990 to 2015, the unit root test, cointegration 

test, vector error correction model (VECM) test and causality test were 

conducted. We find that there is a long-term relationship between tourist arrivals with at 

least one variable. For causality test, Tourist arrivals are the cause of economic growth 

while economic growth is a cause for employment.


The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Employment in Malaysia 

Nur Atikah Binti Mohd Zaidi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Ermawati Binti Hussain 



This study was conducted to see the impact of foreign direct investment on employment 

in Malaysia. The data used in this study from year 1986 until 2016. The research methods 

used in this study were unit root test, augmented dickey-fuller, Co-integration test, vector 

error correction model (VECM) test and granger causality test. The results show 

employment is a cause for foreign direct investment in the short term. While economic 

growth and development expenditure are the cause of foreign direct investment in the 

long term.


The Factors of Entrepreneurship Success in Terengganu 

Muhammad Nukman bin Zolkefli 




This study was carried out to examine the factors affecting entrepreneurs in Terengganu 

using the primary data taken from 100 respondents through a questionnaire. The 

objective of this study is to know the development of entrepreneurship in the state of 

Terengganu. The methods used in this study were descriptive analysis, cross tab analysis 

and ordinary least squares (OLS). The findings show that net income and duration of 

business have relationship to entrepreneurs.


The Impact of the Big Mac on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Exchange 

Rate in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand 

Siti Hajar bt Mohd Azman 

Supervisor: Dr Nor Ermawati binti Hussain 



The purpose of the research is to investigate the effects of Big Mac prices to the 

purchasing power parity (PPP) and exchange rate between Malaysia, Indonesia and 

Thailand. With used the panel data from 2006 until 2016 for Malaysia, Indonesia and 

Thailand, the results shows that there are short-term relationship exist between the 

purchasing power parity (PPP) and gross domestic product (GDP) for all countries. 

However, there are no long-term relationship showed between variables.


Demand and Ownership of PPRT Houses around the State of Terengganu: 

Case Study of Kuala Nerus 

Husnol Hakim bin Zulkeflay 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Ermawati Bbnti Husain 



Home ownership is important in the life of an individual. In addition, the home is a guide 

to the quality of life of a person as outlined by the Malaysian Quality of Life Index (IKHM). 

Thus, this study divides 3 objectives to addressing the topic of the study, which examines 

backgrounds and profile respondents, PPRT home construction factors and constraints in 

the implementation of PPRT housing developement projects in Kuala Nerus district 

involving 100 respondents. Descriptive analysis methods, crosstab analysis and least 

squares regression method have been used. Therefore, the results of the survey find that 

ownership, income, poverty and urbanization have significant relationships. Then, after 

being analyzed, people in the vicinity of the study area were able to own their own homes 

and home price factors became the main obstacle for the residents of the Kuala Nerus 

district to own their own homes.


Factors That Affect the Quality Of Life of the Community in Kuala Nerus, 

Terengganu 

Mohd Fahizan Fazwan bin Ali 




Quality of life is an aspect that has to be taken into consideration when discussing about 

the development of a nation which can be reflected through the well-being and comfort 

living of the people. Each individual has a different quality of life according to their 

economic background. Hence, the objective of this study is to identify the factors that 

affect the quality of life of the community in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. By using the 

method of distributing the questionnaires to 100 respondents in Kuala Nerus, the findings 

show that the people around Kuala Nerus accentuate the entertainment factor as the 

socioeconomic factor and housing as well as education as other factors that can change 

their quality of life.


Relationship on Economic Growth with Exports, Foreign Direct 

Investment (FDI), and Unemployment. 

Mohammad Akmal bin Shabudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Ermawati binti Hussain 



The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which the relationship between 

dependent variables which is economic growth with dependent variables such as exports, 

foreign direct investment and unemployment. By using 30 years on time series data from 

1985 to 2016, the findings show that some of the variables used are significant and have 

a long-term relationship. While in the short term there is no relationship. The study also 

found that there was a causal link between the variable used. 

Keywords: Exports, foreign direct investment, unemployment, economic growth (GDP), 

root unit testing, cointegration, error correction vector model, granger causality test.


Impact of Energy Consumption on the Environment 

Syarifah Rafiqah binti Syed Othman 

Supervisor: Dr Nor Ermawati binti Hussain 



This study was carried out to study the relationship between the electrical energy 

consumption to the environment in Malaysia by using secondary data from 1990 to 2016. 

The methods used in this study were unit root test, co-integration test, Vector Correction 

Vector Model (VECM) test and granger-causality test. The findings show that energy 

consumption, the population and the gross domestic product (GDP) have a relationship 

with the release of carbon dioxide in the short term.


Effective Economic Effects to Development Expenditure, Domestic 

Investment and Foreign Direct Investments in Malaysia 

Aainaa Izzati binti Azman 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Ermawati binti Hussain 



Malaysia is also impressed with the economic crisis as it applies the door-to-door policy 

economy even though it has started globally. Therefore, the objective of this study is to 

see how far the impact of the economic recession affects development expenditure, 

domestic investment and foreign direct investment in Malaysia. By using secondary data 

from 1980 to 2015, unit root tests, Johansen's co integration test, vector error correction 

model (VECM) and granger causality test were carried out. The findings show that there 

is a long-term relationship between the economic recession and at least one independent 

variable while there is no short-term relationship between the variables. For causal 

relationships, the economic recession has been the cause of domestic development and 

investment expenditure while foreign direct investment has been the cause of the 

recession, domestic development, and investment spending. Hence, the government 

must ensure economics stability by implementing various policies.


The Impact of Population Ageing On Economic Growth in Malaysia 

Fatin Nazira binti Baharuddin 

Encik Muhammad Najit bin Sukemi 



Since 1960 there was an increasing in the population ageing in Malaysia due to the 

reduction in fertility and mortality rate, infectious disease control, and improvement in 

healthcare facilities. This leads to the increasing in life expectancy among community. To 

see the impact of the increasing in population ageing, this study is carry out to identify 

the relationship of population ageing on economic growth. ARDL model is used to 

analyses data of population ageing, fertility rate, life expectancy, and economic growth 

including 30 observations from 1984 – 2014. There are two results obtained. First, there 

is a significance relationship of population ageing and economic growth. Second, the 

reduction in fertility rate affects the increasing in population ageing. Overall, this paper 

shows the relation of economic activity and individual life expectancy towards population 

ageing in Malaysia.


The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) On Economic Growth in 

Malaysia. 

Noor Hazleeniza Hasnin binti Zainol Abidin 

Supervisor: Encik Muhammad Najit Bin Sukemi 



Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the important external sources of finance for 

developing countries such as Malaysia. The inclusion of the FDI is expected to be 

influenced by the inclusion of capital resources and transfer of technology. This study 

was conducted to find the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic 

growth in Malaysia. Time series data of FDI, economic growth, interest rates, exchange 

rates, economic openness and exports for 30 years from 1987 to 2016 were used and 

analyzed using the Vector Errors Model (VECM). There are two results that have been 

obtained. First, there is a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth. 

Secondly, there is a short-term and long-term relationship between PLA and economic 

growth. Overall, this study has proven the role of PLA in assisting economic growth 

directly or indirectly.


Stock Market Development and Economic Growth: 

Case Study in Malaysia 

Nur Farhana binti Mohamad Rapi 

Supervisor: Encik Muhammad Najit bin Sukemi 



Interactions between stock market and economic capital are important in driving 

economic growth. Global economic impacts, political and social sites within and outside 

the country have influence in influencing the local money market and thus affecting the 

country's economic growth. Thus, this study was carried out to look at the relationship 

between stock market capitalization and economic growth and its effect on each other in 

the short and long term. The Auto-Regressive Lagrange Model (ARDL) approach is based 

on annual data on stock market capitalization and economic growth for 30 years from 

1987 to 2016. The results showed significant relationship between economic growth and 

stock market capitalization in the short and long term. Overall, stock market capitalization 

is an important indicator in influencing economic growth.


Perbelanjaan Kerajaan Dan Hutang Negara Mempengaruhi Keluaran Dalam 

Negara Kasar Di Malaysia 

Najaa Nadrah bt Adanan 

Supervisor: Encik Mohd Najit bin Sukemi 


School of Social Economic Development 

Government spending is one important component in a country's government revenue 

and is a driver of economic growth in countries such as Malaysia that adopting the practice 

of deficit spending that expenses exceed income.This study aims to determine the extent 

to which the government spending and the national debt affect changes to the Gross 

Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia. The dependent variable in this study is represented 

by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia while debt nations and government 

spending are independent variable. The data used in this study were from 1987 to 2016 

for 30 years. Time series econometric methods applied in this study which consists of the 

Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration test and Granger Cause Testing grounds to 

determine the relationship between the two variables.


Government Influence on Labour Supply through Educational Sector 

Mohamad Safrul Hakimi bin Azizul Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Haslina 



This research explores how government influence skilled labour supply through 

educational sector in Malaysia countries. The research covers the period of 1997-2017. 

We have compared three difference Malaysia Plan which is 8 th Malaysia Plan, 9 th Malaysia 

Plan and 10 th Malaysia Plan to examine how policies effect the skilled labour supply in 

market. Results of study confirms the presence of cointegration between variables. The 

impact of educational sector and government policies on skilled labour supply is found to 

be positive. The time series data proves the changed in skilled labour supply in the market 

after the implementation of Malaysia Plan supported by educational sector.


Contribution of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) To Malaysia Economics 

Suganyah A/P Selva Kumaran 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Haslina Mohamad Akhir 



This study is conducted to determine the contribution of Small and Medium Enterprises 

(SME) to Malaysia Economics. The data that used in this study is between the years 2001 

to 2015, which covers 15 years. From the analysis regression, this study is to evaluate 

the relationship and to determine, which factor influences the most changes to the GDP 

in Malaysia. The results of this study show that SME growth affects the GDP in Malaysia. 

There is a significant relationship between SME growth and GDP compared to the other 

independent variable. A very high correlation between SME growth and GDP makes it 

clear that this factor is the main source of growth in national income. Therefore, SME 

growth has been proven to be the most important component which positively stimulating 

economic growth in Malaysia.


Impact of Inflation, Employment and Net Exports in SME in Malaysia 

Jesindraa A/P Yaacob 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Haslina binti Mohammad Akhir 



Small and Medium Businesses (SMEs) is a business entity registered with the commission 

of a Malaysian company (SSM). Among the key criteria of SMEs are the number of fulltime 

employees and the company's sales profits. Secondary data has been used from 

1986 to 2015 for 30 years. SME production affects the inflation rate, and it can be 

measured by simple linear regression and it indicates that the production of SMEs and 

the national inflation rate is significant. SMEs are among the major employers in Malaysia, 

which is 65.3 percent in 2016. Further growth of SMEs is compared with inflation, net 

exports and employment by using multiple linear regression and it shows significant 

relationships. Finally SME growth in the 10th Malaysian plan has been analyzed by looking 

at the first sector productivity.


Wages Determining In Ict Services, Kluang, Johor 

Siti Khadijah binti Kamaludin 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Haslina binti Mohamad Akhir 



ICT services sector is increasingly used throughout Malaysia as each field employment 

requires its use. This article aims to examine the factors of determining private sector 

wages in the ICT services sector in Kluang. In Malaysia, there is a big gap of wages in 

ICT services due to the discrimination factor, the level of education and the gender 

difference of the employee itself. The main purpose of this study was to examine the 

differences in wages of education and working experience, factors and problems in the 

services sector. The use of primary data is by distributing questionnaire forms to 73 

respondents around Kluang, Johor. The results show that the wage differences are 

influenced by the level of experience, work experience, gender differences and training 

periods. Overall, it can be seen that the selection of employment in ICT services is 

influenced by the rate of allowances, conducive working environment and the degree of 

placement. 

Keywords: Wages differential, level of education, work experience, Gender Equality and 

training periods


Zakat and the Qulities of Life Asnaf in Kuala Terengganu 

Nurfarahani binti Sufian 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Haslina binti Mohamad Akhir 



Zakat is an obligation imposed on Muslims who are capable of being given to those who 

are categorized as asnaf. The distribution of zakat has been explained in the Quran. Zakat 

is given to assist them in achieving a more comfortable life and accommodating their 

daily lives. The study was conducted in Kuala Terengganu to see the effectiveness of 

zakat received by asnaf either can help them in their daily lives. The study was conducted 

using descriptive analysis to identify the profiles of the recipient zakat and to study 

sociocultural and well-being of zakat recipients. In addition, this study has used the 

"crosstab" test to test the relationship between education and the gender of the recipients 

of zakat. The results of the study have shown that zakat has helped them in their daily 

life among the recipients of zakat. The results of this study also found that their quality 

of life is still at the same level even though they receive zakat assistance. Furthermore, 

this study shows that most zakat recipients have low levels of education.


The Impact of Innovation on the development Malaysia 

Nur Syafiqah binti Mohd Azlan 




It is known innovation is important for a countries development. Innovation describes the 

development and application of ideas also technologies that improve goods and services 

or make their production more efficient. The objective of this paper is to explore the 

impact of the innovation, investment and international trade on GDP, based on an 

empirical study covering 30 years from 1986 to 2015 in Malaysia. This research 

quantitatively examine the impact of innovation to development in Malaysia by running 

simple regressions and multiple regressions to capture the impact of independent 

variables on the GDP. The results reveal that innovations, investment and international 

trade are statistically significance on GDP.


Success Factors of Single Mother Entrepreneurs 

In Terengganu 

Nurul Izzati binti Che Juhari 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Haslina binti Mohd Akhir 



The objective of this paper is to study the business profiles and to identify the factors 

that influence the success of single mother entrepreneurs. Besides that, this research 

also to identify the problems faced by single mothers entrepreneurs when starting and 

handling their business. Questionnaire has been used as a method of data collection in 

this research and has been distributed to 34 single mother entrepreneurs that involve in 

entrepreneurship in Terengganu. The results reveal there is a strong relationship between 

the skills factor and sales of single mothers entrepreneurs. This research also found that 

financial problems are still a main issue among the single mothers to start their business.


The Influence of Parent’s Status Sosio-Economics (SSE) On Academic 

Performance of Social Science Students at 

University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 

Siti Nor Shaherah Azwani binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Haslina binti Mohamad Akhir 



Nowadays, the parent’s function in ensuring the academic performance of their children 

is decreasing because of the impact of economic development. The objective of this study 

is to identify the relationship between SSE of parents and academic performance of social 

science students at UMT. In this study, the respondent consists 140 of social science 

students and they were chosen through simple and strata sampling techniques. 

Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) is used as a proxy for academic performance 

while SSE of parents is measured by their occupation, monthly income and level of 

education. The researcher used a descriptive analysis, crosstab test and Multiple Linear 

Regression Model to analyze the result by using Statistic Package for Social Science 

(SPSS) software. From the questionnaire that had been distributed to respondents, the 

result showed that the parent’s occupation, monthly income and level of education is not 

significance to explained academic performance of social science student at UMT. In 

addition, the results of this study show that the most dominant factor that can influence 

the academic performance is the frequency of student’s revision and the positive attitude 

of the students.


The Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Malaysia 

Nurul Aqilah binti Nasran 




In the 9th Malaysia Plan, the Federal focuses more on human capital development to 

enhance Malaysia's economic growth. Human capital development is the collective skills, 

knowledge, or other intangible assets of individuals that considered as a key element in 

improving economic value. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of human 

capital development on economic growth in Malaysia, based on time series data covering 

1991 until 2015, by running multiple linear regression to capture the results. Education, 

skilled labour and net export, being the key variable of human capital while economic 

growth is measured in term of Nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The results reveal 

the positive effects of human capital developments on economic growth in Malaysia which 

the most significant factor to determined nominal GDP is the number of skilled labours. 

Keywords: Human Capital Development, economic growth and number of skilled labors.


Innovation and Performance of Halal Products: 

Case Study of Kuala Terengganu 

Nurul Farahana binti Wagimin 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Haslina binti Mohamad Akhir 



Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) contribute substantially to national development 

and provide employment opportunities to locals. However, the SME will thrive by using 

innovation in production and sales value of SMEs will increase. The study was conducted 

to study the SME business profile and the impact of innovation on SME's sales value 

performance. The data were 30 SMEs around Kuala Terengganu using questionnaire and 

interview session. The findings show that 12 SMEs who have education at SPM level 

innovate in their production. 

Keywords: Small and Medium Industry, Innovation, Sales Value Performance

UMT Undergraduate Research Day 2018 

School of Fundamental 

Science



(Biological Sciences)


Isolation and Identification of Amoeba-Resistant Bacteria from Taps of 

Household Water Supply in Residential Areas of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Nur Nabilah binti Mat Rashid 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nakisah binti Mat Amin 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Siti Siti Nor Khadijah binti Addis 

Bachelor of Science (Biological Sciences) 

School of Fundamental Science 

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoa that inhabit a wide range of environment 

worldwide and feed on bacteria in the environment. Some of these bacteria, somehow 

through various adaptations are able to resist intracellular killing, therefore they can 

exploit host cell resources. The ubiquity of the amoeba, while some of them are 

pathogenic has been discovered to reside in the inner side of the water taps originating 

from water supply in domestic. This study was conducted to isolate the amoebae from 

the inner side of taps of domestic water supply.


In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Analysis of Acanthamoeba SP. In 

Response to Arsenic Based On Membrane Integrity and Random Amplified 

Polymorphic DNA Profile 

Nur Hidayu Binti Arisman Susanto 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nakisah Mat Amin 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Suzana Misbah 



Arsenic (As) is known to induce adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. It 

existence in waterbodies and the need for an efficient bioindicator for its toxicity 

assessment is indisputable. Present study was conducted to analyze toxicity effects of 

As on Acanthamoeba sp., a protist functioning as water quality bioindicator. The 

viability of Acanthamoeba sp. was tested by Eosin dye assay after 72 h of amoebae 

exposure to different concentration of As. The inhibitory concentrations (IC); IC25, 

IC50, and IC75 obtained were 21μg/L, 46μg/L, and 231μg/L, respectively. These 

concentrations were used in analysis of membrane integrity and PCR-RAPD profile of 

As-treated Acanthamoeba. By AO/PI staining under fluorescence microscopy, loss of 

membrane integrity at varying degree according to IC used was evident. In PCR-RAPD 

profile, compared to control, As-exposed amoebae produced profiles with 

deletion/addition of fragments. These results highlight the sensitivity of 

Acanthamoeba sp. to serve as a bioindicator for As toxicity assessment in the 

environment.


Identification of Imidazolinone Herbicide-Resistant Of Induced Mutant 

Aerobic Rice 

Hazurin Akmal Binti Husein 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Aziz B Ahmad 



Rice, Oryza sativa L is cultivated in wide range of environments and consist of many 

varieties. Drought is an abiotic stress that reduces agricultural productivity. As varieties 

with stress tolerance are introduced, issues with weed and herbicide management 

arise. To improve rice production, non-transgenic approach are introduced by inducing 

mutagenesis. The objective in this study is to identify the imidazolinone herbicides 

resistant line in F2 generation of putative mutant aerobic rice and to determine the 

point mutation in acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene. Imidazolinone herbicide-tolerant 

aerobic rice are induced with potent chemical mutagen, sodium azide (NaN3). To 

detect the herbicide tolerant line in F2 generation, the plant are treated with 

imidazolinone herbicide. Total mortality occurs on the plant and detection of possible 

point mutation at the ALS sequence which is the site of action of herbicide are 

compared with Clearfield* seed and aerobic rice IURON 18 seed shows no mutation 

occurs.


Identification and Characterization of Marine Bacteria against Rice 

Bacteria Pathogen, Xanthomonas Oryzae 

Muhammad Shazly bin Rosdy 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Aziz Ahmad 



Rice is a staple food for more than half of population in the world and very susceptible 

to abiotic factors and biotics factors. The study is conduct to achieve the following two 

goals which are to characterize the bacteria strains and to determine the antagonist 

activity between marine bacteria and X. oryzae. The marine bacteria samples are 

identified through molecular test and biochemical test. There are one of six strains of 

marine bacteria have been sequenced, and it comes from genus Enterobacter. Next 

by biochemical test, all marine bacteria strains have been identified which are from 

genus Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Acinobacter, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas and 

Vibrio. The antagonist testing shown that only genus from Enterobacter and 

Pseudomonas show antagonist activity by 0.3mm and 02.mm respectively. The result 

not really convincing, farther study not to be done to find better biocontrol agent.


Effects of Exogenous Arachidonic Acid on Endogenous Fatty Acid Profile 

and Panicle Formation on Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Grown Under Saline Soil 

Puteri Afiqah Binti Abdul Wahab 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Aziz bin Ahmad 



Rice is a staple food and sensitive to salinity. Effect of salinity will first be encountered 

by plasma membrane in root cell and free polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) will be 

released into the cell. The free PUFAs were believed to regulate spikelet development 

in rice plant. In this study, we treated the plants with exogenous arachidonic acid. 

Samples were collected for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production. FAME contents 

were analysed to determine the effects of arachidonic acid on the endogenous fatty 

acid profile. The changes in morphological traits of the plants were observed to 

determine the panicle and spikelet development of the plants. The treatment applied 

to the plants resulted on appearance of various type of endogenous fatty acid and 

brought significant effects on morphology traits of the plants. The finding suggested 

that the presence of fatty acid might play a role in plant defence mechanism and plant 

development.


Effects of Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate to the Endogenous Fatty Acid 

Profile and the Panicle Formation of Rice in Saline Soil 

Azrul Hanis binti Zainuddin 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Aziz Bin Ahmad 



Rice is a staple food for world population. Though, the crop growth and productivity 

were affected by the limitation of fresh water supply. The role of methyl jasmonate is 

varied in breeding during the flowering plant evolution. However, no studies has been 

conducted to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate on the formation of panicle in 

saline soil. The aims of this study are to investigate the effect of exogenous methyl 

jasmonate to the endogenous fatty acid of rice in saline soil by analyzing the FAMEs 

of sample in Flame Ionization Detector Gas Chromatography (FID-GC). The 

morphology traits were considered for second objective which is to identify the effect 

exogenous methyl jasmonate to the panicle formation of rice. Exogenous methyl 

jasmonate were found to affects the endogenous fatty acid in rice and also the 

formation panicle of rice. The result suggested the best usage of methyl jasmonated 

is 50µm.


Effect of Exogenous Linolenic Acid on Endogenous Fatty Acid and Panicle 

Formation in Oryza Sativa (Ss1-41) Grown Under Salinity Stress 

Nurhidayani Mohd Rased 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Aziz Bin Ahmad 



Inadequate fresh water resources have become major problem in agricultural 

production especially for rice growth. SS1-41, rice variety that able to tolerate with 

saline condition, shows poor panicle and spikelet development which are a big loss in 

term of food production. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is sprayed to the rice plant to 

observe the effect on endogenous fatty acid and panicle formation grown in saline 

environment. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant regulator, has been proven to 

encourage flower development and ALA is the starting point of MeJA derivation. In 

this project, it is discovered that ALA treatment is not only assist in rice production but 

also help in rice plant virus-resistant.


Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity in Mangrove Fungus Trichoderma 

Atroviride as Response to Iron Toxicity 

Farha Yasmin binti Faris Taufeq 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mariam bt Taib 



Heavy metals are becoming a global issue due to its harmful effects to the biodiversity. 

They also caused plants to stress up and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). In 

this study, mangroves fungus T. atroviride was treated with iron (Fe) in order to study 

its antioxidant enzymatic activity. Previous study showed that T. atroviride is known 

to be one of the best biological agents as they are able to detoxify heavy metals. The 

objective of this study was to determine the enzymatic activities of Catalase (CAT), 

Guaicol Peroxidase (GPX) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in fungus T. atroviride upon 

exposure to different concentrations of iron (Fe). The results showed that the amount 

of peptides expressed by T. atroviride is increasing. In enzymatic assays, the activity 

of APX is increasing along with the increasing Fe. However, the highest activity in CAT 

is 400 μM while GPX is 100 μM and it decreasing.


Enzymatic Activities in Mangrove Fungus Tricoderma Atroviride as 

Response to Chromium Toxicity 

Nur Ain Shahirah binti Noor Hisham 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mariam bt Taib 


School of Fundamental Sciences 

Contamination of Chromium, Cr in the environment is one of the major areas in 

concern. Cr used in industrial component function including wood tanning. Cr (III) 

which is in trivalent is vital to human and animal while Cr (VI) is toxic and could cause 

cancer. Trichoderma atroviride is one of the bioremediation agents and when 

T.atroviride exposed to heavy metal, reactive oxygen species (ROS) activated to 

detoxify heavy metal become less toxic material. Catalase (CAT), Guaiacol peroxidase 

(GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are antioxidative enzymes that play roles in 

scavenging free radicals. According to the result, there were positive respond of 

T.atroviride growth in Cr. The dry weight of mycelia dropped for each concentration. 

While HRPs content rose at beginning and dropped at 400 μM. For CAT and GPX 

activities indicated the highest at 100 μM and APX shown at 300 μM.


Isolation of Fungi from Polychaete Habitat in Morib, Selangor 

Siti Suraya binti Ruslee 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mariam binti Taib 

Bachelor in Science (Biological Sciences) 


Fungi are found as a potential agents for heavy metal detoxification. Heavy metals 

categorized as non-biodegradable and high in toxicity. Bioremediation considered as 

the best way to degrade the heavy metals as they occur naturally by microorganisms. 

Pantai Morib, Selangor considered as polluted areas as it was situated facing the 

Straits of Malacca. The survival of polychaete in the contaminants area lead this study 

to be conducted. The aims of this study are to isolate and identify the fungi that are 

associated with the polychaetes as they are believed to assists in the survival of the 

polychaetes. The soil suspension were spread on three types of agar. The morphology 

were observed macroscopically and microscopically under light microscope. Totally, 

18 fungal belonged to 16 genera were isolated from two sites of sample collected. 

Ascomycetes as the most dominant fungi isolated. Only Trichoderma sp. identified as 

terrestrial fungi while the other were marine fungi.


Isolation and Identification of Fungi from Polychaetes 

(Marphysa Moribidii and Diopatra Claparedii) Of Morib, Selangor 

Najiha binti Ahmad 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mariam binti Taib 



Fungi are organisms with vast habitat encompasses every world parts with superior 

diversification across the time, with roles differed by species within their unique 

kingdom. Little to no certainty of understanding of relationship within both species 

interactions, leads towards commencement of this study of fungi species isolation from 

polychaetes of Morib, Selangor. The microscopic and macroscopic morphology 

observation is the ultimate key of this study, in determining and as a guidance to 

identify fungi species. Mostly are recognized as terrestrial species with efficient 

adaptive capacity instead of genuine marine fungi where Trichoderma sp. are wholly 

an aquatic species. Upon complement, species identified from isolation dubiously 

reflects fungi relation in assisting polychaetes survival in their environment where 

almost all adaptability divert in two ways: marine and terrestrial. Indication that fungi 

isolated understanding in relation to polychaetes are severe and uncertain since 

accidental introduction possibility is high within project period.


Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Concentration of Eco Enzyme from 

Sugarcane Bagasse and Their Potential Applications in Red Palm Weevil 

(Rpw) Integrated Pest Management Approach 

Aina Mardia binti Borhan 

Supervisor: Dr. Hazlina binti Ahamad Zakeri 

Co-supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wahizatul Afzan Azmi 



Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchoporus ferrugineus, is a most major pest of palm trees 

which are the most important source of economy worldwide. It causing problems 

toward farmers and utilising eco-enzyme has been introduced to overcome the 

infestation. Purpose of this study were to determine the total phenolic concentration 

(TPC) and total flavonoid concentration (TFC) of sugarcane eco-enzyme that could be 

give effect to cellulase activity inhibition and anti-feedant activity of RPW. The TPC 

and TFC were determined using Follin-Ciocalteau method and Dowd method 

respectively. Cellulase activity inhibition was determined by using carboxymethyl 

cellulose agar as a substrate while using flour disk assay to determine anti-feedant 

based on feeding deterrent index (FDI). The results obtained showed that sugarcane 

bagasse eco-enzyme was inhibitor for cellulase activity and stimulate the feeding of 

RPW. In conclusion, sugarcane bagasse eco-enzyme has a potential to manage RPW 

and helps in reducing waste production.


Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Concentration of Eco Enzyme from Banana 

Peel and Their Potential Applications In Red Palm Weevil (RPW) 

Integrated Pest Management Approach 

Noradila Syawani binti A. Molok 





Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is a serious pest of palm trees. 

Eco-enzyme has been introduced as a solution to manage the RPW infestation. It was 

prepared by using banana peel and are believes to be useful for weevil management 

due to its anti-microbial properties. In this study, the presence of phenolic and 

flavonoid compound of eco-enzyme banana peels was investigated if it could be 

positively associated with anticellulase and antifeedant activity against RPW. The 

cellulase activity of RPW was determined by using carboxylmethyl cellulose as 

substrate. It showed that eco-enzyme banana peel can inhibit cellulase activity of 

RPW. Antifeedant activity of eco-enzyme banana peel was tested against adults of 

RPW by using the method of flour disc bioassay. The result showed that RPW has fed 

on flour disc treated with eco-enzyme banana peel. In conclusion, banana peel ecoenzyme 

has a potential to be used for RPW management.


Eco-E Pesticide, Biological Approach to Manage the Red Palm Weevil 

Noor ‘Amirah binti Razlan 





Rhynchophorus ferrugineus are the pests that infest on palm plantation. The early 

infestation is undetectable which will leads to more major problems. Eco-enzyme, have 

the potential as a bio-pesticides because of its flavonoid and phenolic contents. The 

objectives of this study are to (i) examine the efficacy of eco-enzyme from sugarcane 

bagasse and banana peel as a food bait to attract the RPW; (ii) determine the total 

anti-oxidative (T-AOC) enzyme effect and H2O2 contents of protein in RPW samples. 

Thus, an olfactometer assay, total anti-oxidative enzyme (T-AOC) and H2O2 test was 

were conducted. The result showed that sugarcane bagasse was a repellent while 

banana peel was an attractant and no significant difference in the anti-oxidant content 

and H2O2 content for the three treatments. In conclusion, both eco-enzyme have its 

potential to be applied on field. Future studies will focus more on the effect of ecoenzyme 

based on a different concentration.


Catalase, Ascorbate Peroxidase and Guaiacol Peroxidase Enzymatic 

Activities of Chlorella Vulgaris in Different Growth Phases 

Nur Maisarah Athirah Binti Khazali 

Supervisor: Dr. Norhayati binti Yusuf 



Chlorella vulgaris is considered as a potential antioxidant as they enable to generate 

enzymatic antioxidants against oxidation from reactive oxygen species (ROS). This 

study was conducted to determine the growth curve as well as compare catalase, 

ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase specific activities in different growth 

phases of C. vulgaris. C.vulgaris was cultured in Guillard f/2 medium at 25±2°C under 

laboratory condition. The results indicated catalase production was higher at 

exponential phase 1.50 ±0.08 units/mg protein, whereas ascorbate peroxidase and 

guaiacol peroxidase were higher at lag phase 37.13 ±4.93 units/mg protein and 1.31 

±0.03 units/mg protein respectively. C.vulgaris produced highest catalase, ascorabate 

peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymatic activities in exponential and lag phase. 

Production of enzymatic activities in growth phases can be used as guideline to 

produce massive enzymatic antioxidants, which commercialized in the food and 

pharmaceutical industry. In addition, further studies also are required to have better 

understanding of C.vulgaris.


Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants of Chlorella Vulgaris in Different Growth 

Phases 

Suhaila binti Azizam 




Chlorella vulgaris is a unicellular microorganism that offers health benefits due to the 

concentrated antioxidants produced. They also have efficient scavenging system for 

reactive oxygen species (ROS) which to protect from destructive oxidative reactions. 

This study was conducted to determine and compare the amount of α-Tocopherol, 

ascorbic acid, and carotenoids at different growth phases in C. vulgaris. Microalgae 

was culture in F/2 medium with batch culture system. The growth curve was analysed 

through cell counting, whereas the content of the non-enzymatic antioxidants were 

measured using UV spectrophotometer. α-Tocopherol production was higher at the 

stationary phase (97.38±4.18 µg/g.fwt), whereas the higher production of ascorbic 

acid (266.67 ± 22.22 µg/g. fwt) and carotenoid (8.16 ± 2.52 µg/g. fwt) are at decline 

phase. Above results indicated that all the five phases have different amount of nonenzymatic 

antioxidants. The higher amount of non- enzymatic antioxidants are at 

decline and stationary phases. Further study is required for development of the 

medium with proper of nitrogen and phosphorus ratio.


Association of Polychaete towards Enzymatic Activities of Mangrove Plants 

Nor Shazlina binti Zakariah 

Supervisor: Dr. Norhayati bt Yusuf 


School Of Fundamental Science 

Mangrove is one of the ecosystem that contribute towards ecological functions. In 

Malaysia, there are varieties of mangrove species that are difference in their 

characteristic. However, the abiotic and biotic in Pantai Morib cause the changes of 

enzymatic activities in the mangrove plants. Hence, the study was conducted to 

compare the catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase 

(gPOD) specific activities in leaves and roots of Rhizophora sp., Avicennia sp., and 

Sonneratia sp. Based on the results, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in 

activities of enzymatic antioxidants among mangrove species. CAT (2.88 ± 0.32, 3.51 

± 0.41) and gPOD (42.36 ± 22.87, 132.67 ± 28.71) seems to prefer Avicennia sp. in 

both parts respectively since its activity is higher in that species, whereas Rhizophora 

sp. prefer APX in leaves (24.86 ± 3.85) and gPOD in roots (37.72 ± 36.89) to scavenge 

H2O2. Study on the association of enzymatic responses of mangrove species with effect 

of heavy metal pollution since there are many industrial activities develop nowadays.


Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants Interaction between Mangrove Plants and 

Polychaetes 

Fahnuni binti Warkil 




The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) might affect the normal mechanism 

of mangrove plants when it is in contact with polychaetes. Mangrove plant has 

antioxidants machinery which play role to scavenge the ROS. The aim of this study 

was to determine and compare the non-enzymatic antioxidants activities i.e α- 

tocopherol, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in leaves and roots of Rhizophora sp., 

Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia sp. in response with polychaetes distribution. Leaves and 

roots of mangroves were taken from Pantai Morib, Banting, Selangor. Amount of α- 

tocopherol have no significant different between leaves and roots of three different 

types of mangroves. Leaves of Sonneratia sp. and roots of Rhizophora sp. were high 

in ascorbic acid with (615.81 ± 214.62) μg /g fwt and (605.38 ± 73.45) μg /g fwt 

respectively. The highest carotenoids content was on leaves (61.00 ± 8.43) μg /g fwt 

and roots (27.55 ± 3.53) μg /g fwt of Sonneratia sp. Results indicated the nonenzymatic 

antioxidants were significantly diferrent for each type of mangroves.


Association of Polychaetes toward Early Oxidative Stress Responses of 

Mangrove Plants 

Nurul Shahirah bt Mohd Azam 

Supervisor: Dr. Norhayati bt Yusuf 



Around the world, there were less study on mangroves toward the biotic stress. Hence, 

this study was done to close the gap and was important to understand about 

mangrove defence mechanism and biotic effect on mangroves different parts & 

species. The objective was to compare the early oxidative stress responses on leaves 

and roots of three mangroves species associate with polychaetes. Pantai Morib Baru, 

Selangor was the sampling site. Results showed there were no significant difference 

between those biomarkers, (p > 0.05). However, for leaf part H2O2 concentration and 

MDA content was very high in Avicennia sp. (197.59 ± 2.67) µM/g FW and (5.57 ± 

1.31) nmole/g FWT respectively. In contrast, Rhizophora sp. (52.22 ± 4.25)% rank 

the highest for root part in ion leakage percentage. This suggest that, biomarkers 

content were unrelated and depend on each parts and species defence mechanism. 

More studies should be conducted next to evaluate the effect of biotic stress upon 

mangroves.


Mode of Cell Death in Mcf-7 Cells Treated With Chalcone Derivatives 

Nurul Shazwani Mohd NorHadi Shah 

Supervisor: Dr. Fatimah Hashim 

Co-supervisor: Assoc. Prof.Dr. Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin 



Three different chalcone derivatives which are nitro, trifluomethyl and 

cyanochalconehave been synthesised and were evaluated for their cytotoxicity 

potential onMCF-7 cells. Based on dose-response on MCF-7 cells,nitro and 

trifluoromethylchalconecompounds shows active range with IC50 values 14.75 and 

13.75 µg/ml respectivelybut bit higher than tamoxifen (positive control) with IC50 value 

6.40 µg/mLwhile cyanochalcone is inactive range with no IC50 value. Moreover, both 

active compounds have triggered morphological changes to the MCF-7 cells as 

revealed by light microscope such as cell shrinkage, rounded and clumping.It’s also 

induced apoptosis asshown in AO/PI staining method with cell blebbing. Other 

apoptosis indicatorthat can been seenis phosphatidylserine exposure that where 

determined by using Annexin V staining method. In conclusion, nitro and 

trifluoromethylchalcone compounds have proved to causeapoptosis in MCF-7 cells.


In Vitro Examination on Tetrahydrozoline Hydrochloride Efficacy of On 

Acanthameoba Sp. A Causative Agent for Acanthamoeba Keratitis. 

Zafirah Najwa Binti Zainal Abidin 


Co-Supervisor: Dr Muhammad Fairus Bin Noor Hashim 



The risen of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) cases in the recent years proven the current 

treatments of the AK still not fully effectives. In this study the Acanthamoeba sp. was 

exposed to the different concentration of tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (THCl) to 

study the efficacy of the compounds towards Acanthamoeba sp. In this study, the IC50 

concentration obtained from MTT assay of the THClwas 45.1%. Morphological 

changes of Acanthamoeba cells after has been treated with the IC50 concentration for 

24 hours was observed under the light microscope showed the Acanthamoeba cells 

rounded in shape indicating the encystment process from its trophozoite stage. From 

the observations after performed the treated Acanthamoeba cells with AO/PI staining, 

the green cytoplasm stained red which indicated the non-viable cells while the orange 

granules in cytoplasm indicated the necrosis of cell death. This study found that 

THClthat have been marketed and used for eye infection treatment is not really 

effective on Acanthamoeba sp. in this study proved. 

Keywords: Acanthameobasp., Acanthamoeba keratitis,cytotoxicity,tetrahydrozoline 

chloride


Evaluation of Cytotoxicity Activities of Gentadexa on Acanthamoeba 

Trophozoite 

Nur A’fiefah Binti Mohd Zulkeffli 

Supervisor: Dr Fatimah Binti Hashim 

Co-Supervisor: Dr Muhammad Fairus Bin Noor Hashim 



In this study, Acanthamoeba was treated with Colircusi Gentadexa (CG) in order to 

study the cytotoxicity effects of CG on Acanthamoeba based on MTT assays, light 

microscope for morphological changes and acridine orange and propidium iodide 

(AO/PI) staining for determination of cell death. The IC50 value obtained was in the 

moderate range which is 20.3%. Morphological changes of treated Acanthamoeba for 

24 hours were observed under light microscope showed the inhibition of acanthapodia 

on surface of the cells. CG-treated Acanthamoeba was also stained with AO/PI staining 

solutions indicated the presence of red Acanthamoeba cells, a necrotic type of cells. 

This was resulted from the leakage of Acanthamoeba cell membrane after exposed to 

CG at its IC50 value. It is shown that CG is able to kill trophozoite of Acanthamoeba 

cells with moderate IC50 value. Unfortunately, necrosis mode of cell death is not 

preferable type of cell death for Acanthamoeba to be killed.


Isolation and Identification of Acanthamoeba Healyi as Endosymbiont to 

Marphysa Moribidii 

Sharifah Aminah Binti Tuan Said 


Co-supervisor: Dr. Malinna binti Jusoh 



In this study, polychaete Marphysa moribidii were collected from Morib beach, 

Selangor. Amoeba were obtained by swabbing technique from the dissected gut area 

of the M.moribidii. By using the light microscope and scanning electron microscope, 

the morphology of the pure culture of amoeba’s cyst and trophozoite was obtained. 

Two different shape of cyst were obtained which are round shape and squareshape 

while the average size are 16.27 µm and 16.90 µm respectively while the 

trophozoites’s average length was 24.88 µm. Scanning electron microscope were used 

to study the surface structure of amoeba which visualized the ostioles at the surface 

of the amoeba. From Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) the species of the amoeba 

was identified. The amoeba gene in the 18S SSU ribosomal RNA (rRNA) isolated was 

very similar (98% sequence identity) to Acanthamoebahealyi DNA sequence at 

GenBank under accession number of GQ996532.1 with 92% query cover. The 

morphological character examined by using both light microscope and scanning 

electron microscope supported by the results of the molecular identification are 

confirming that the organism isolated from the gut of M.moribidii was 

Acanthamoebahealyi. The identification of A.healyi allow its role towards the 

M.moribidii to be studied further in the future.


Isolation and Identification of Acanthamoeba Healyi at Diopatra 

Claparedii 

Siti Erma Rusniza bt Abd. Rashid 


Co-supervisor: Dr. Malinna Binti Jusoh 



In 2017, 100% presence of amoeba were observed in cyst and trophozoite form that 

cultured from Dioptara claparedii which sampled in Morib beach, Selangor by using 

swabbing technique. The presence of cyst and trophozoite were confirmed by using 

light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) where it revealed the 

average diameter size of 30 amoeba cysts (16.14µm ± 1.63) and the trophozoites’s 

average length (23.46µm ± 5.59). SEM observation showed the presence of ostioles 

on the surface of the cyst. This study was undergo Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 

to identify the species of the amoeba. The result obtained from the PCR shows 98% 

similarity to Acanthamoeba healyi under accession number of AF019070.1 with 94% 

query cover and 731 maximum score. The presence of A. healyi fulfilled the objective 

of this study that is to identify the species of amoeba presence in D. claparedii and it 

allow the roles for the polychaete to be studied more in the future.


Molecular Detection of Megalocytivirus in Diopatra Claparedii through 

Endodermis 

Muhammad Nor Ishraff bin Adnan 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nor Khadijah binti Addis 

Co. supervisor: Dr. Sandra Catherine Zainathan 



Megalocytivirus have been causing mass mortalities in various marine and freshwater 

fishes of Asian countries. Thus, the purpose of the study is to to investigate the 

presence of Megalocytivirus in endoderm of Diopatra claparedii by polymerase chain 

reaction. This research will be conducted to determine the existence of Megalocytivirus 

in Diopatra claparedii where polychaetes is known to be the viral vector for White Spot 

Syndrome Virus (WSSV). Diopatra claparedii was collected in Morib, Selangor. Total 

genomic DNA of 5 sample of Diopatra claparedii was extracted. The result was 

obtained by carrying Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This study involved the use of 

2 positive control (extracted DNA from infected oyster and plasmid contain MCP gene 

of Megalocytivirus), and a negative control (with no DNA template) as to validate the 

laboratory findings. At the end of the study, the Megalocytivirus cannot be detected 

where the bands cannot be observed through agarose gel electrophoresis due to 

incorrect method and contaminated of samples.


Molecular Detection of Megalocytivirus on Outer Tissue of Marphysa 

Moribidii Collected from Morib, Selangor 

Siti Zaima Binti Zainal 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nor Khadijah Binti Addis 

Bachelor of Science (Biological Science) 


Previous study has shown that polychaete, Marphysa sp. has become a passive carrier 

for White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) whereas Megalocytivirus can co-exist with 

WSSV. On account to this matter, there is a possibility of Megalocytivirus also possible 

to be detected in polychaete. This study elaborated the first detection of 

Megalocytivirus in new organism; Marphysa moribidii. Five extracted samples collected 

from Morib, Selangor were analyzed by using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 

with primers that are selectively amplified major capsid protein (MCP) of extracted 

DNA samples. The PCR products were screened to determine the expected size which 

is 430 bp (for primary PCR) and 167 bp (for secondary PCR). Overall, the results shown 

two out of five samples used in this study were found to be Megalocytivirus positive, 

indicating the presence of Megalocytivirus on the outer tissue of M. moribidii collected 

from Morib. This preliminary study shown that Megalocytivirus can also be detected 

on M. moribidii collected from Morib, Selangor.


Molecular Detection of White Spot Syndrome Virus in the Ectoderm of 

Marphysa Moribidii Collected From Morib, Selangor 

Nur Syuhada binti Zakaria 




Malaysia are well-known for being a significant area for shrimp culture. However, the 

emergence of White spot disease (WSD), which is a significant viral shrimp pathogen 

caused by a White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is considered the most challenging 

problems for this industry. WSSV had caused many farms to close down due to mass 

mortalities of shrimp. This virus can infect a wide range of host. Here, we investigated 

whether the polychaete, Marphysa moribidii is positive with WSSV and hence could be 

a positive carrier for this virus through the nested polymerase chain reaction. Our 

result shows that out of five randomly collected polychaetes, 0 (0%) were found to 

be positive by primary PCR and only 1 (20%) were found to be positive by secondary 

PCR. The data indicate that the polychaetes might act as a WSSV reservoir to shrimp 

aquaculture. Our findings are the first detection of WSSV from M. moribidii collected 

from Morib, Selangor, Malaysia.


Molecular Detection of White Spot Syndrome Virus in Diopatra Claparedii 

Collected From Morib, Selangor 

Azwin Farhin binti Yaakob 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nor Khadijah Addis 



White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) outbreaks occurred among aquaculture areas by 

causing great economic loss and high mortality rate among shrimp species. The 

polychaete worm plays a role in epizootiology of WSSV as a passive vector in the 

transmission and infection of the virus. Less investigation has used polychaete as the 

model for WSSV detection due to the virus competency to retain its infectivity. 

Diopatra claparedii collected from Pantai Kelanang, Morib, Selangor was used as the 

non-crustacean model in this study. The objective of this project was to detect WSSV 

presence in D. claparedii using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific 

primers. PCR analysis produced no DNA amplicons of expected size. WSSV failed to 

reside in D. claparedii, indicate that the polychaete may not be WSSV passive vector. 

In conclusion, this study suggests that there is no occurrence of WSSV in D. claparedii. 

Keywords: Polychaete, Diopatra claparedii, White Spot Syndrome Virus, PCR, Morib


Identification and Molecular Analysis of Bacteria Isolated From Contact 

Lens Solutions 

Nuryasmin Ezzaty Bt Anapil@Salleh 




Contact lens solution can be contaminated by various types of bacteria due to the 

wrong handling. The bacteria transferred into the contact lens solution via indirect 

contact. A contaminated contact lens solution can caused a severe eye infection. Thus, 

the aim of this study is to identify the bacteria isolated from contact lens solution by 

performing Polymerase Chain Reaction to amplify the bacteria 16s rDNA gene. From 

previous study, four bacteria samples identified as Gram-positive bacteria and another 

five bacteria samples were Gram-negative bacteria and these bacteria were 

antimicrobial resistance. Staphylococcus sp. is could be identified among the Grampositive 

bacteria that frequently cause conjunctiva. Meanwhile, Serratia sp. could be 

possible identified among Gram-negative bacteria that can cause keratitis. In this 

study, the eight bacteria samples successfully underwent 16s rDNA gene amplification. 

This study is important to provide information to improve the understanding in the 

association of bacteria with eye infection among contact lens wearers in Malaysia.


Optimization of Sterilization Technique for Shoot Tissue Culture of 

Cattleya Sp 

Ellydia binti Chandra 

Supervisor: Dr. Ma Nyuk Ling 



Micropropagation supports Cattleya sp. orchids that have long generation time, 

difficult to germinate and have low seeds production. This study is conducted to 

optimize the sterilization techniques for shoot tissue culture of Cattleya. Shoots were 

treated with 1% Clorox for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mins, 1% Clorox for 1, 3 and 5 mins with 

0.2% fungicides (Fuji-One and Moncut) for 5 mins and 0.5% Clorox for 1, 3 and 5 

mins with 0.2% Moncut for 5 mins. Treatment with only 1% Clorox could not control 

fungal contamination while long exposure to Clorox leads to less browning but high 

explants contamination. Treatment with 1% Clorox for 3 mins with 0.2% Moncut yields 

80% of explants survival rate. Further studies should be focusing on micropropagation 

of different plant hormone to induce callus and shoot formation.


Cultivation of Hibiscus by Using Baby Diaper and Food Waste 

Mohamad Zulkifli Bin Che Soh 




The baby diapers has been used around since the beginning of human history. Most 

of the parents make their choice to use disposable diaper but not cloth diaper because 

of disposable diapers are more convenient and effective to use. After used they just 

throw diapers away because the diapers cannot been used anymore. Therefore, this 

study was conducted to use the disposable diapers as a medium for the hibiscus tissue 

culture and to observe the percentage of survival cultured hibiscus at different ratio 

of disposing baby diaper and food waste combination. The type of food wastes were 

egg shell, banana peel and coffee ground. The media was prepared at different ratio 

of baby diapers and food wasted. The ratio was determined based the most suitable 

composition for cultivation of hibiscus. However, the percentage of survival cannot be 

observed because the media have been contaminated.


Detection of Dengue Virus in Aedes Sp. Eggs in Seberang Takir, 

Terengganu 

Dianah Irdina Binti Mohd Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Suzana Misbah 



This study was conducted to detect the presence of dengue virus (DENV) in Aedes sp. 

eggs of Seberang Takir, an area with high dengue cases reported. Eggs were collected 

using standardized ovitraps and were subjected to RNA isolation. A total of 1,608 eggs 

were collected within October 2017 to January 2018. Transovarial transmission of 

DENV in mosquitoes was then determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase 

reaction (RT-PCR). From 28 pools of egg screening, there was no sample found to be 

positive for DENV. This gives a minimum infection rate (MIR) of zero for the eggs 

carrying DENV. Data from this study conclude that there is a low risk of DENV 

transmission within Seberang Takir. Further virological surveillance is necessary to 

predict and control dengue outbreak in the future.


Detection of Dengue Virus in Aedes Sp. Larvae in Seberang Takir, Kuala 

Terengganu 

Aqilatul Hakimah Binti Mohd Yusoff 




Dengue is a disease that is caused by Dengue Virus (DENV) which can be found in 

Aedes sp. mosquito. The virus causes a wide range of diseases such as Dengue Fever 

(DF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). Dengue cases rate in Malaysia has been 

alarming over the past decades, especially in Seberang Takir, Kuala Terengganu. This 

study was thus conducted to assess the presence of DENV in Aedes mosquito larvae 

of Seberang Takir using Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), 

and to determine the Minimum Infection Rate (MIR). A total of 432 larvae were 

collected from October 2017 until January 2018. Our results showed that no pool was 

found positive for DENV, giving zero MIR value of larvae harbouring DENV. This 

indicate that Seberang Takir has a low risk in DENV transmission. Nevertheless, 

virological surveillance must not be neglected to provide information of potential 

dengue outbreak.


Identification Of Bacteria Associated With Polychaete, Diopatra Claparedii 

Norasyikin Binti Hamzah 

Supervisor: Dr. Suzana Binti Misbah 



Diopatra claparedii lives inside sedentary tube in mangrove and mudflats with medium 

tide level. The role of bacteria in terms of pathogenicity, identified from Diopatra 

claparedii is not clearly defined yet. The identification of bacteria from D. claparedii is 

a new study and need to be explored to enhance importance of bacteria for future 

medical diagnostic, industrial purposes and fulfil research needs. The main objective 

of this study was to identify bacteria from internal organs of D. claparedii including 

muscle, blood and blood vessels. Bacteria were isolated on agar and further identified 

using BBL Crystal ID Kit. Results showed that Gram positive bacteria inhabited the 

respiratory tract tissue such as muscle, blood and blood vessel and mostly found in 

bacillus shape. Bacteria identified are Leifsonia aquatica, Brevibacillus brevis, 

Corynebacterium sp, Corynebcaterium pseudogenitalium, and Corynebacterium 

propinquum. L. aquatica has the highest confidence which was 0.996, compared to 

the other bacteria.


Identification of Bacteria from Marphysa Moribidii 

Noor Shaheera Binti Shahidi 




Annelids is currently used as a model for bacterial research mainly for medical 

purposes. Marphysa moribidii is a polychaetous annelid or marine segmented worm 

that has huge population within mangrove forest of Peninsular Malaysia. Limitation of 

research on bacteria associated with polychaetes lead to this study to fulfil 

requirement for potential therapeutic purposes. This study aimed to identify bacteria 

isolated from M. moribidii tissues include from muscle, blood vessel, blood and faeces. 

Tissues from different body parts of polychaete were dissected and the bacteria were 

isolated on nutrient agar and marine agar. Species of bacteria were further identified 

using BBL Crystal Identification System. 56% of Gram-positive bacteria (Actinobacteria 

and Firmicutes) were identified compared with Gram-negative bacteria (Proteobacteria 

and Bacteroidetes) only 22%. This also include 22% of unknown bacteria that could 

not be identified due to errors in bacteria amount adjustment and colour determination 

while conducting BBL Crystal Identification kit.


Detection of Dengue Virus from Field-Caught Adult Aedes Albopictus in 

Seberang Takir, Kuala Terengganu 

Nasihah Al- Sakinah Binti Nazarrusman 

Supervisor: Dr. Suzana Binti Misbah 



Dengue is a major public health concern worldwide. Dengue, caused by dengue virus 

(DENV) is an arthropod-borne viral disease that can be transmitted to human through 

the bites of infected Aedes species. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of 

DENV in adult Aedes albopictus and to determine the minimum infection rate (MIR) of 

mosquitoes. Adult mosquitoes were collected using Human Landing Catches (HLC) 

from Seberang Takir, an area of high dengue cases. A total of 336 Ae. albopictus 

females and 53 males were collected from November 2017 until February 2018. DENV 

was screened from the mosquitoes using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain 

reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed that all mosquitoes were negative for DENV with 

the MIR value is zero. This indicates that Seberang Takir has a minimum to no risk of 

dengue transmission through adult mosquitoes. This study highlights the importance 

of mosquito surveillance for prediction of DENV transmission.


Growth and Lipid Production of Microalgae Chlorella Vulgaris Grown Under 

Nitrogen Limited Condition 

Izhar Adib bin Zainal Anuar 

Supervisor: Dr. Malinna binti Jusoh 



Microalgae are unicellular eukaryotic organisms which can reproduce rapidly and serve 

as an alternative way to gain energy sources. Microalgae have been worldwide studies 

but the growth and lipid body formation of microalga C. vulgaris grown under nitrogen 

limitation is not widely studied. This study was conducted to observe the growth and 

lipid body formation in C. vulgaris. Microalga C. vulgaris was cultured in two different 

conditions which are nitrogen control and limiting. The growth of C. vulgaris was 

counted for every two days using haemocytometer. Lipid body formation for both 

conditions was observed for every seven days using Nile Red staining. The highest 

number of cell in treatment condition was found at DAT-18. Nile Red staining 

penetrated into the microalgae and stained lipid body. It is found that DAT-21 in the 

treatment condition produced more lipid body. Therefore, further study was needed 

for extracting the lipid for future used.


Comparison of Two Housekeeping Genes (18s Rrna and Gapdh) of 

Microalgae (Chlorella Vulgaris) Grown Under 


Nor ‘Awatif binti Che Soh 




Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is crucial in gene expression analysis and 

it necessitates housekeeping genes (HKGs) as internal standard controls. It is essential 

to establish stable reference genes for the proper normalization. This study aimed at 

evaluating the stability of two HKGs (18S rRNA and GAPDH) of Chlorella vulgaris grown 

under nitrogen limited condition. C. vulgaris were grown in complete F/2 media with 

100% and 25% of NaNO3 concentration for control and treatment condition, 

respectively. The cultures were grown for 28 days and RNA extraction was done for 

every 7 day intervals. Cycle threshold (Ct) values generated from real-time PCR 

showed a significant stable expression of GAPDH in control and treatment conditions 

which were 37.23 ± 0.30 and 36.44 ± 0.53, respectively as compared to 18S. Thus, 

GAPDH can be used as a reference gene in the study of gene expression of C. vulgaris 

for lipid production.


Indentification of Microalgae Isolated From Morib 

(Polychaetes-Rich Habitats) 

Wan Nur Syarafina Binti Wan Ahmad 




Polychaetes are one of the most vital groups of marine benthic animals which are 

deposit feeders, swallow mud and feed on the microalgae that attached to the 

particles. In order for the polychaetes to feed on microalgae, the habitats of 

polychaetes are likely to have variety type of microalgae that live together. The 

objective of this study was to isolate and identify the microalgae from the habitat of 

polychaetes by using 18s rDNA. Mud sample from the polychaetes- rich habitat were 

taken from Morib and cultured on F/2 liquid media before transferred to F/2 agar 

media. DNA was extracted from the single colony culture and PCR was done using 

EuKA and EuKB primers. Expected band of 2000bp was excised and sent for 

sequencing. The sequence BLAST analysis showed highest similarity as Stichococcus 

bacillaris sp. This result was supported by morphology observation under the 

microscope. Thus, there was a relationship between polychaetes and microalgae.


Comparison of Two Housekeeping Genes (Cyclophilin And 

Alpha Tubulin) Of Chlorella Vulgaris Grown Under 


Siti Nurul Amira Binti Noor Azman 

Supervisor: Dr. Malinna Binti Jusoh 



Real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is one of the methods to study gene 

expression between samples and experimental conditions. Thus, the comparison 

between two housekeeping genes, cyclophilin and alpha tubulin were observed to 

evaluate the most stable gene expression for the use as reference gene in real time 

PCR. Cells of C. vulgaris were cultured in F/2 media with 100% control and 25% 

treatment of sodium nitrate. Cells were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after 

treatment, proceeded with RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and analysed by real-time 

PCR. The expression data were obtained from real time PCR threshold (Ct) values. 

From the results, cyclophilin had stable expression for both control and treatment 

where the reading recorded were 28.04 ± 1.37 and 29.17 ± 1.22, respectively. 

Cyclophilin was the most stable gene and appropriate for the normalization of gene 

expression studies for real time PCR.


Identification of Microalgae Isolated from Polychaetes 

Aishah Naqiah Binti Zainuddin 




Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can be found in marine and 

freshwater environment. Microalgae also are found in polychaetes and most probably 

from the diet. Hence, this study was conducted to isolate and identify the microalgae 

from polychaetes by using 18s rDNA gene. The polychaetes were sampled at 

mangrove area Pantai Kelanang, Morib, Selangor, Malaysia and cultured on F/2 media 

until single colony was obtained. DNA was extracted from the colony and served as a 

template for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by using universal EuKA and EuKB 

primers. A putative DNA band of 1500 base pair was cut and purified before sending 

for sequencing. Based on the sequence from BLAST, it showed that Surirella sp. has 

highest similarity. Therefore, it is important for this study to identify the microalgae 

isolated from the polychaetes in order to fully understand the relationship between 

microalgae and polychaetes.


Isolation and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides (Eps)-Producer 

Bacteria from Marphysa Moribidii 

Siti Hazwani Binti Rosdi 

Supervisor: Dr. Azila binti Adnan 



Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is the natural high molecular weight polymer that usually 

produces by bacteria for their protective mechanism and survival. Lactic acid bacteria 

are the common bacteria that have been extensively studied on EPS production. EPS 

is important because they can be an alternative class of bio thickeners that are widely 

used in food industry. In this project, the bacteria, which isolated from the polychaete 

Marphysa moribidii are used to prove the ability to produce EPS. The aim of this study 

is to characterize and identify the isolated bacteria from the gut of Marphysa moribidii 

and prove its ability to produce EPS. For the identification of the bacteria, several 

biochemical tests were conducted. It is found that the bacteria isolated come from 

family Bacillaceae, which is Bacillus cereus. Total carbohydrate analysis were also 

carried out to identify the production of EPS by Bacillus cereus. In conclusion, 

Marphysa moribidii has the EPS-producer bacteria, which are able to produce EPS. 

Further study will be a focus on the modification of the EPS produced by this bacteria, 

which is Bacillus cereus that will give more benefit to the industry.


Biosynthesis of Exopolysaccharides Utilizing Different Sugar by Gut 

Bacteria from Polychaetes (Marphysa Moribidii) 

Izwan bin Nazri Sundram 

Supervisor: Dr. Azila Binti Adnan 



Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are biomolecular substance with high molecular weight 

biopolymers that are secreted from diversity of bacteria. They are widely used in 

industrial, pharmaceutical and etc. Bacteria excrete EPS through fermentation process. 

Commonly glucose is use as a carbon source for EPS production but different type of 

sugar like fructose, maltose and sorbitol can be use as an alternative. Few studies 

have been attempted in producing EPS using bacteria isolated from polychaetes. There 

is limited study on EPS production involving polychaetes’ bacteria, only involving 

Marphysa moribidii. Hence, this study will illuminate the production of EPS by a 

bacteria isolated from the gut of Marphysa moribidii polychaete. The objectives include 

the investigation of bacterial growth and EPS production by the polychaete bacteria in 

shake flask fermentation under certain conditions. By conducting this study, the 

knowledge on mechanism and biosynthesis of EPS excretion by bacteria isolated from 

the gut of Marphysa moribidii could be enhanced.


Production of Exopolysaccharides (EPS) By Bacillus Cereus from Marphysa 

Moribidi in Shake Flask Fermentation at Different Acidity 

Shahrul Zamir Bin Mohmad 




Exopolysaccharides (EPS) or also known as bacterial extracellular polymeric substance 

are usually used as texturizers, viscosifiers and syneresis-lowering agent in food 

industry. Because of it highly potential, the study for production of EPS by Bacillus 

cereus from Marphysa moribidii was conducted as limited research on this species of 

polychaetes’ bacteria. Three objective for this study that is the effect of acidity on EPS 

production, glucose consumption and cell growth by Bacillus cereus isolated from 

Marphysa moribidii in shake flask fermentation. The pH used is pH 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0. 

Three types of analysis method was used for sample analysis that is Total 

Carbohydrates Analysis, Nelson-Somogyi method and spread plate technique to 

achieve the objective. Although pH 5 use more percentage of sugar that is 26.3%, but 

it show the higher EPS production that is 0.168g . So pH 5 was concluded as suitable 

pH used for fermentation of Bacillus cereus from gut Marphysa moribidii to obtain 

more EPS.


Enhancement of Exopolysaccharides (Eps) Production with Addition of 

Water-Soluble Polysaccharide Fermented By Bacillus Cereus from 

Polychaete Guts 

Mohamad Ikmal Naim Bin Mutaza 




Polychaete also known as brittle worm are diverse class worms. For this project, 

fermentation process has been used to produce EPS by Bacillus cereu species. EPS 

are essential to increase the viscosity and improve the texture of fermented milks 

however the magnitude varies depending on incubation condition of total solid 

content, viscosity measurement and culture strain. Hence, this study elucidated the 

effect of water-soluble polysaccharides on EPS yield produce by polychaete bacteria. 

Fermentation went for 24 hours and under controlled temperature, shaker rotation 

and pH value. Bacterial growth, sugar consumption and productivity of EPS were 

compared between three types of culture media. Nutrient agar shows the highest 

compared to xanthan and non-water-soluble polysaccharides media. It is appeared 

that media influences the increasing number of bacteria activity, thus effecting the 

sugar consumption and EPS production.


Euphoria over Life: Psychedelic Terphenyl Derivatives Inducing 

Hallucination Directing Cyclin-Dependent Kinases toward Cell Death 

Fatin Azierah Fauzi 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhamad Fairus Noor Hassim 



Psilocybin compounds usually prescribed to relieve severe distress and depression on 

cancer patients. These compounds bound to the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) on 

neurons causing hallucination. In this study, chemically synthesized terphenyl 

derivatives; 1,3-di(phenyl)benzene (13P) and 1,4-di(phenyl)benzene (13-BPB) 

interaction in human model were assessed. Both derivatives are analogues found in 

fungi although their functional molecular mechanism is unknown. Therefore, our study 

designed included in-vitro and in-silico assessment of 13P and 13-BPB interaction. MTT 

assay shown noticeable cytotoxicity 13P on fibroblasts and macrophages at 0.4mM, 

for 13-BPB was at 0.016mM and 0.08mM, respectively. Homologous compounds 

screening identified 15 proteins being targeted in human and mouse. Docking analysis 

shows both derivatives binding affinities (pKd/pKi) are the highest with CNR1 and 

estrogen receptors (ESRs). Pathway analysis shows, CNR1 activate neuronal signalling 

and together with ESRs activate the MAPK and RAP1 signalling pathways that activate 

CDK dictating the cell-fate in cell cycle and proliferation.


Potential Inhibitor to Abnormal Involuntary Movement Disorder: 

Dimethoxy-Terphenyl and 3-(4-Methoxy-Phenyl)-Dibenzofuran Targeting 

Monoamine Oxidase B 

Goh Meng Shien 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhamad Fairus Bin Hassim 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Fatimah Binti Hashim 



Abnormal involuntary movements (AIM) disorder is symptom of Parkinson and seizure. 

Usually associated with false signalling of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) associated 

pathway in synapse. Our study identifies new terphenyl-based compounds that 

interact with MOAB. Cytotoxicity of dimethoxy-terphenyl (14MP) and 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-dibenzofuran 

(FD1) were assessed. Through computational approach, we 

identified potential proteins that interacted with the compounds and characterized the 

type of interaction. Cytotoxic assessment using MTT shows minimal cytotoxicity to 

NIH-3T3 and RAW264.7, however 14MP is more toxic than FD1. Homologous database 

screening to find proteins targeted by these compounds shows that 14MP has the 

highest probability to interact with MAOB and amyloid precursor-like proteins (APLPs). 

While for FD1 are inducible nitric oxide synthase (P35228) and MAOB. However, 

further molecular docking analysis shows that MAOB has the highest binding affinity 

with 14MP and FD1. Thus, indicate potential inhibitor for MAOB from false breaking 

down dopamine hence causing AIM.


Elucidating Kinetic Of Xanthomonas Oryzae Infection in Drought Tolerance 

Rice, Mr219-4 

Hani Shafiqah Binti Shamsudin 

Supervisor: Dr.Muhamad Fairus Bin Noor Hassim 

Co-Supervisor: Prof.Dr.Aziz Bin Ahmad 



Rice (Oryza sativa) is a primary source of carbohydrates and cultivated in tropical and 

subtropical region thus prone to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, pathology of 

Xanthomonas oryzae infection during development of local drought tolerance paddy, 

MR219-4 were investigated. The kinetic of X. oryzae infection, the morphology and 

total fatty acid content was assessed in seedlings, vegetative and reproductive phases 

of MR219-4. The results show that formation of bacterial colonies in the xylems but 

did not cause significance differences in plant height, root length, biomass (except day 

20 th ) and the fatty acid content between infected and non-infected paddies. Variance 

analysis shows the infection causes decreased to fatty acid/weight variance in seedling 

stage, while vice versa in the other phases. However, variance of dry-weight and 

biomass is negatively correlated. This indicate MR219-4 respond to the infection is 

deterministic during seedling but stochastic during vegetative associated with 

resistancy to bacterial infection.


Elucidation of Association of Root Complexity of Rhizophora Apiculata 

towards Sedimentation at Pantai Kelanang, Morib 

Nuraqilah Yusra Binti Raheman 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhamad Fairus Bin Hassim 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Maizah Binti Mohd Abdullah 



Sedimentation in mangrove promote accumulation of food resources. However, how 

mangrove pneumatophores influence sedimentation remain open for investigation. In 

this study, the complexity of Rhizophora apiculata’s roots influence the sedimentation 

under the root structures and at the walkway area in Pantai Kelanang, Morib were 

investigated. The complexity of R. apiculata pneumatophores computationally 

analyzed. The sediments composition was measured using wet-sieve method and laser 

diffraction method. Correlative analysis shows that no definite pattern between angles 

and lengths of R. apiculata roots. Assessment on sediment composition shows 

significant differences between walkways and under the roots. High accumulation of 

organic matter and sand in samples from under the roots. While the walkway has high 

accumulation of clays and silt sediments than others. Mathematical scoring reveals 

positive association between root complexities with accumulation of organic matters 

and sand in both area. While sand and clay accumulation are inversely associated.


Elucidating Pathological Kinetic Of Xanthomonas Oryzae Infection in 

Drought Tolerance Rice, Mr219-4 under Drought Condition 

Nurhidayana Binti Mohd Rased 

Supervisor: Dr Muhamad Fairus Noor Hassim 

Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Aziz Ahmad 



Paddy commonly faces drought and bacterial infection during growth process. This 

may reduce the morphological and physiological quality. The aim of this study is to 

investigate the pathological effect of Xanthomonas oryzae infection on local drought 

tolerance paddy, MR219-4, under drought condition. The effect of Xanthomonas 

oryzae to the plant morphological trait, fatty acid content and bacterial kinetic on 

MR219-4 were observed in each growth phases. The result shows that there are no 

significant differences in the morphological and physiological between the infected 

and non-infected MR219-4. Interestingly, the presence of bacterial colonies was 

observed in the infected paddy. These indicate that the infected MR219-4 exhibit 

stochastic response to the Xanthomonas oryzae but they manages to overcome the 

infection. In conclusion, the MR219-4 is resistant to the Xanthomonas oryzae infection 

even under drought stress. This study would contribute to the improvement of local 

rice varieties selection especially in the drought-prone area.


In Vitro Response of Fungi Isolated From Mangrove Plants in Morib to 

Lead (Pb) Stress 

Nur Afiqah Binti Mohd Radzuan 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Aliaa binti Idris 



Mycorrhizal fungi are known to play a role in helping plants tolerate heavy metal stress. 

Mangrove plants have high tolerance to heavy metal stress through the interaction 

with mycorrhizae. Therefore, to understand further on mycorrhizae functioning as 

mediator to metals toxicity, this study was done to isolate and identify mycorrhizae 

from mangrove in Morib and screen for lead (Pb) tolerance. Three fungal species were 

isolated and identified as Penicillium pinophilum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus 

niger. In vitro Pb tolerance screening in different concentration (100 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 

1000 mg/L) of Pb on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) showed that all the isolated fungi 

were able to tolerate the lead metal even at the highest concentration of 1000mg/L. 

However, the growth rates were lower than normal. It is hoped that the discovery of 

novel species of mycorrhizae that are able to tolerate heavy metal stress will benefit 

efforts in bioremediation of land for agriculture.


In Vitro Response of Isolated Fungi from Mangrove in Morib to Salt Stress 

Nurin Sahira Binti Muda 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Aliaa Bt Idris 



Salinization of soil is a severe problem that affects the establishment, growth and 

development of plant. Salt stress has become a major threat to plant growth that lead 

to huge loses in productivity of plants especially in agricultural purposes. This study 

aim to isolate and identify the mycorrhizal fungi associating with mangrove plant and 

to determine the tolerance of isolated mycorrhizal fungi under in vitro salt stress. 

Three fungal species which are Penicillium pinophilum, Aspergillus fumigatus, 

Aspergillus niger were isolated and identified. The isolated fungi were screened for 

salt stress tolerance at four different salt (NaCl) concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 

M) in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Tolerance was measured by diameter growth rate 

and dried biomass. The results showed that the three isolated fungal species were 

positively affected by the NaCl treatments as the growth rates of isolated fungi 

increased with the increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 M).


In Vitro Zinc Stress Response of Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated From 

Orchids in Bris Soil of Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu 

Zaiti Binti Mohd Zuhir 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Aliaa Binti Idris 



Excessive or deficiency of heavy metals, especially Zn can give adverse effect towards 

the soil health and plant growth. Bioremediation which an interaction of plant with 

their mycorrhizal partner is found to mediate the solubilization or tolerance with 

different heavy metal minerals. In the case of orchid, their relationship with orchid 

mycorrhiza fungi enable them to adapt to various extreme habitats. This study aims 

to isolate and identify mycorrhiza fungi from orchid in BRIS soil and investigate their 

ability to tolerate and solubilize zinc compound. A concentration of 3mM, 6mM, and 

9mM of zinc sulfate were prepared in potato dextrose agar (PDA) as treatment. The 

solubilization were assessed by measuring growth rate and the solubilization zone. All 

isolated orchid mycorrhizae did not have the ability to solubilize zinc sulfate in the 2 

months’ timeframe but are able to tolerate the presence of zinc sulfate. 

Keywords: Bioremediation, Heavy metals, Solubilization, Tolerance, Zinc


In Vitro Inhibition of Rice Pathogen Rhizoctonia Solani by Orchid 

Mycorrhiza Fungi Isolated From Orchids in Bris, Setiu Wetlands 

Siti Noradila binti Abdul Ghani 




Rice production is threatened by Rice Sheath Blight (RSB) disease which is caused by 

a soil-borne fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. This study are aim to isolate and 

identify the orchid mycorrhiza fungi present in roots of terrestrial orchids in BRIS, Setiu 

Wetlands as well as to determine its antagonistic activity towards pathogenic R. 

solani. Three fungal species were successfully isolated with two fungi suspected as 

Rhizoctonia sp. While the third was suspected to be Daldinia sp. based on the 

microscopic and macroscopic observation. Inhibition test using dual culture assay were 

done to the isolates against R. solani. Isolate B displayed the strongest anti-fungal 

activity with 60.46% of Percentage Inhibition of Radial Growth (PIRG) value followed 

by Isolate A, 51.02% and Isolate C, 39.80%. The high PIRG from Isolate B offers high 

prospect of integrated management of RSB disease as it has the potential to be 

developed as a biocontrol agent. 

Keywords: Biocontrol agent, Orchid mycorrhiza fungi, PIRG, Rhizoctonia solani, 

Terrestrial orchid


Inducement of Secondary Thickenings in Roots of Maize Exposed To Ex- 

Gold Mining Soil from Pepsiblue Lake, Rusila, Terengganu 

Nor Farahana binti Zamri 




Mining activities are known to negatively impact the environment by polluting the soil 

and further cause stress to the growth of plants. However, certain plants are known 

to adapt to these environmental stresses through anatomical defence mechanisms. 

This study was done to investigate the effects of growing maize (Zea mays L.) in soil 

from ex-gold mine in Rusila. The treatments used were 100% ex-gold mine soil, 1:1 

ratio of ex-gold mine soil and potting mix, and 100% potting mix as control. Using 

histological techniques, it was observed that intensive wall thickenings were detected 

in exodermis of the roots in plants grown in 100% ex-gold mine soil compared to the 

control. The thickness of secondary thickenings were higher in 100% ex-gold mine 

soil compared to the control while the length of the roots were shorter. The function 

of secondary thickenings maybe as a protection wall to the cell when the plants 

become stress. 

Keywords: maize, secondary thickenings, ex-gold mine soil, exodermis


Antimicrobial Activity Of Marine Bacteria Associated With 

Marphysa Moribidii 

Hamizah Binti Jaafar 

Supervisor: Dr. Fazilah Binti Ariffin 



The microbes associated with polychaete may produce bioactive compound that also 

can give advantage to the polychaete as a host to the microbes. Bacterial infections 

is the major health problem worldwide. This study was perfomed to characterize 

bacteria and to determine antimicrobial activity produce by bacteria associated with 

Marphysa moribidii. The sample of polychaete was taken in Pantai Morib, Selangor. 

Biochemical test and Bbl crystal test were utilized to characterize and to identify the 

species name of bacteria that associated in Marphysa moribidii. Disk diffusion Kirby- 

Bauer method was performed to test the susceptibilty and resistant of isolated bacteria 

from gut and surface. The bacterial strain was identified as Corynebacterium 

pseudogenitalium and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica for each isolated bacteria. The 

antimicrobial activity showed that there is significant difference between gut and 

surface. The study of antimicrobial activity need to be continued for further 

identification of new antibiotic to against bacteria pathogen.


Isolation and Identification of Hydrocarbon- Degrading Bacteria from 

Polychaete 

Nurul Fadhilah Binti Mohd Nor 




Petroleum are used as a primary source of energy for industries and transportation in 

daily life that caused pollution especially for sea. The studies have shown that 

polychaete can affect the composition of bacterial communities in oil-contaminated 

sediments. The primary role of polychaete in bioremediation is to increase the 

solubility and bioavailability of hydrocarbons by oil-degrading bacteria. Therefore, the 

aim of this study was to isolate, screen, and identify hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria 

that present in the polychaete Marphysa moribidii of oil-polluted waters in Pantai 

Morib, Selangor. The bacteria was isolated from gut fluid using spread plate method 

and identified based on morphology, biochemical test and BBL Crystal Identification 

Kit. As a result, two bacteria were tentatively identified such as Gardnerella vaginalis 

and Acinetobacter iwoffi showed positive effect. Based on the result, it can be 

concluded that the hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria that present in the polychaete 

are beneficial to improve the quality of the water and hence, the combination of these 

isolated bacteria could be a good bioremediation agent for sea water.


Isolation and Identification of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Isolated 

From Mud Soil 

Nur Maisarah Binti Mohd Jaafar 




Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are becoming worldwide problem 

environmental pollutants. Presence and disposal of PAHs is highly concerned due to 

its toxicological effects to the soil ecosystems. This study was conducted to isolate 

and identify the hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria isolated from mud soil that were 

collected from Pantai Kelanang Morib, Selangor and to study the diesel oil degradation 

ability of bacteria. The significance of this study determined bacteria with their high 

ability to degrade hydrocarbons can be mass cultured in the future to remove toxic. 

The degradation analysis was carried out for 20 days of incubation in rotary shaker at 

37˚C, 150 rpm. Two hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were identified based on BBL 

Crystal Identification Kit as Bacillus cereus sp. shown 97.34% and Corynebacterium 

bovis sp. shown 98.96% of diesel oil degradation in 20 days. The bacterial 

biochemistry during bioremediation of PAH should be widely studied so that it will be 

beneficial for bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.


Isolation and Identification of Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria from 

Polychaete (Marphysa Moribidii) 

Rozilawati Binti Mohamed Razali 




Hydrocarbon consumption has been rising significantly. Incidents such as accidental 

spills caused severe contamination. It is crucial to eliminate hydrocarbon pollutant. 

Bioremediation is a method which use microorganisms like bacteria to detoxify 

pollutants. Bacteria that able to degrade hydrocarbon known as hydrocarbon 

degrading bacteria. The objectives are to isolate and identify the bacteria from gut 

fluid of Marphysa moribidii that can degrade diesel oil and their diesel oil degradation 

cability. This study may able to discover bacteria with most efficiency in treating diesel 

oil contaminants. Bacteria isolates were screened and enumerated in MSM with 1% 

v/v of diesel and incubated in rotary shaker for 20 days. Percentage of degraded diesel 

oil is determined using gravimetric analysis. Isolates; Bacillus cereus and 

Staphylococcus kloosii able to degrade diesel oil with average percentage 52.29% and 

39.24% respectively. However, T-test showed there is no significant difference 

between these two species in degrading diesel oil.


Antibacterial Activity Of Marine Bacteria Associated With Polychaete 

Marphysa sp. 

Nor Sakinah Binti Hamdi 

Supervisor: Dr Fazilah Binti Ariffin 



Microorganisms associated with the marine invertebrate contain a higher proportion 

of antibacterial activities but only a limited works are available. The rapid evolution of 

antimicrobial resistance has been a major problems in the last three decades. 

Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize bacteria from the 

surface and gut of polychaete; to determine the antibacterial activity produced. The 

bacteria was isolated from the surface and gut of polychaete using spread plate 

method and identified based on morphology and biochemical test. The antibacterial 

activity of the crude protein extracts were tested using disc diffusion method. As a 

result, both of the sample pointed an inhibitory activity. Based on the result, it can be 

concluded that the bacteria from polychaete are beneficial to produce strong 

antibacterial activity.


Cytotoxic Effect of Namalycastis sp. Crude Extract on 3t3 Fibroblast 

Cell Growth 

Muhammad Faiq Najmi Bin Tajudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Maziah binti Mohd Ghazaly 



Namalycastis sp., a family of polychaete which is known for its repair and cell 

regeneration ability, potential for medicinal uses is unknown and there is no data on 

its effects towards normal cells. Current study was conducted to investigate the 

cytotoxic effect of Namalycastis sp. crude extract (NCE) treated on 3T3 fibroblast cell 

for 24 hours. Different concentrations (0-8000 µg/mL) of NCE were used. The results 

were as follow; MTT assay proves that NCE enhanced 3T3 fibroblast cell proliferation. 

Moreover, IncuCyte analysis shows increase percentage of cell viability on treated 

cell as compared to control. Finally, migration assay shows that treated cells 

completely proliferate in less than 20 hours. Thus, NCE is non-toxic towards cell and 

able to enhanced growth and proliferation of cells. These findings can be used to 

determine the medicinal potential of Namalycastis sp. on the severely debilitating 

diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and dementia. 

Keyword: Namalycastis sp., cytotoxicity, cell growth, proliferation, 3T3 fibroblast cell


The Effects of Namalycasti S sp. Lipid Extract on High Glucose- Induced 

Oxidative Stress in 3t3 Fibroblast Cell 

Siti Nur Sharmila Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Maziah Binti Ghazaly 



Hyperglycemia is defined by having high level of glucose in blood. Additionally, 

Namalycastis sp. was chosen due to its ability to undergo fast and complete selfregeneration. 

However, limited research on it lipid function. 3T3 fibroblast cells were 

stimulated by high glucose and treated with various concentrations (0-1600 ug/mL) 

of Namalaycastis sp. lipid extract for 24 hours. In this study, Namalycastis sp. lipid 

extract was able to reduced 3T3 cells viability in normal glucose, however it may not 

have any protective effect on cells against high glucose-induced damage detected by 

MTT assay. The lipid extract was able to trigger cells proliferation in normal glucose 

at 6.25ug/mL within 15 hours detected by migration assay. A trend of reduction on 

reactive oxygen species level found in cells following treatment under normal glucose 

concentration. Conclusively, this study found that Namalycastis sp. lipid extract may 

have therapeutic potential in cells regeneration under normal glucose condition. 

Keyword: Namalycastis sp., 3T3 fibroblast cell, high glucose, reactive oxygen species


Effect of Passiflora Foetida Crude Extract on Blood Glucose Level and Body 

Weight in Mice Enriched With High Fat and Carbohydrate Diet 

Mohamad Alameen Bin Mustafa 




Diabetes mellitus(DM) is characterized by hyperglycaemia in patient. It is due to the 

absence or impairment of the insulin secretion by the pancreas together or 

independence signalling deterioration at the cellular level. Passiflora foetida(P.foetida) 

is known as a herb that cures a variety of diseases that have been applied worldwide. 

The objectives of the study were to study the effects of P. foetida on blood glucose, 

body weight, food and water intake in mice treated with high fat and carbohydrate 

diet. The mice were divided into 3 groups: Control, DM and DM + Extract. Study shows 

that, P.foetida able to decrease the blood glucose and body weight in mice following 

treatment and there were no significant differences in the food and water intake of 

mice. These data could provide a useful insight on discovering therapeutics 

alternatives in treating diabetes in the future. 

Keywords: Passiflora foetida, blood glucose, body weight, diabetes mellitus


The Effect of Namalycastis sp. Extract on Mcf-7 Cell Growth and 

Proliferation 

Yan Chong Seng 

Supervisor: Dr. Maziah Binti Mohd Ghazaly 



Breast cancer is a challenging medical issue due to its multi-drug resistant behaviour. 

A marine polychaete, Namalycastis sp., may have a potential therapeutic use on 

treating cancer. There are insufficient data shown in using polychaete as potential 

treatment for anticancer. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the effects on 

growth and cell proliferation against the human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cell 

line, MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxic effect of Namalycastis sp. extract showed the IC50 at 

6.875mg/mL after 24 hours of treatment detected by MTT assay. Following treatment, 

MCF-7 cell death mechanisms was found to be activated through caspase 3/7 that 

leads to cell apoptosis process detected by caspase 3/7 assay. Furthermore, the 

overproduction of reactive oxygen species in MCF-7 was attenuated (66.52%) 

following treatment compared to control (74.58%). Thus, Namalycastis sp. may have 

a promising therapeutic potential for treating oxidative-stress induced cancer diseases. 

Keywords: Namalycastis sp., cancer, reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, cellular 

signalling mechanism


The Effects of Passiflora Foetida Crude Extract On High Glucose-Induced 

Oxidative Stress in 3t3 Fibroblast Cells 

Nuraini Binti Mohamed Zuki 




Type-2 diabetes mellitus is characterised as having high glucose level in blood. 

Currently, traditional herbal medicines were still preferred to be used to treat diabetes. 

Passiflora foetida (P. foetida) was chosen in this study because its metabolic cellular 

signalling mechanisms in cells are unknown. This study is to investigate its effects on 

cell viability, cell migration and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) profile on cells 

treated with high glucose detected by MTT assay, migration assay and 96-well plate 

dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescent assay respectively. It was found that the extract 

was non-toxic to cells, able to increase 50% of cell migration and there is a reduction 

trend of ROS level in 3T3 fibroblast cells following treatment. Therefore, the extract 

may have potentials to act as an anti-diabetic treatment for its effectiveness. Further 

study need to be done to elucidate further on the cellular signalling mechanisms for 

effective drug discovery in the future. 

Keywords: Passiflora foetida, cellular signalling, high glucose, reactive oxygen species


Optimization of Silver Nanoparticle Reducing Agent from Marphysa 

Moribidii Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activities 

Mohammad Asyraf Adhwa bin Masimen 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Wan Iryani Wan Ismail 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Noor Aniza Harun 



Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis using local species of polychaete, Marphysa 

moribidii as a reducing agent is relatively new. However, the optimum time for AgNPs 

synthesis using this organism as reducing agent and its efficiency as antimicrobial 

agent is still unknown. Through this experiment, the synthesis time is relatively fast 

as the reduction process starts as soon as the silver nitrate solution is mixed with the 

polychaete crude extract. Optimum time for the synthesis is between four to five days, 

based on surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) band exhibited by AgNPs showing a single 

sharp peak formation approximately at 401 – 405 nm. The aqueous AgNPs can also 

be converted to solid form using freeze-drying technique. From scanning and 

transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) analysis, AgNPs have spherical 

shape. Minimum inhibitory concentration and spread plate technique assessment on 

bacteria and yeast indicated that AgNPs are able to function as antimicrobial agent.


In Vivo Evaluation of Marphysa Moribidii Extracts on Wound Healing 

Logeiswariy Perumal 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Wan Iryani Wan Ismail 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Suvik Assaw 



Acute wound cases are increasing every year. Current treatment in acute wound 

healing has many adverse impacts and looking for alternative. Marphysa moribidii; a 

local polychaete has a promising potential as a new option in wound healing because 

of its regenerative capability. Hence, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness 

of aqueous polychaete extract, M. moribidii in wound healing treatment. Collected 

samples were finely pulverised and lyophilized by freeze dryer to form a powdery-form 

extract prior to prepare in three different concentrations (0.3%, 1.0% and 2.0%). The 

aqueous extract emulsifying ointment of M. moribidii was applied on rat model. Wound 

contraction and histopathological analysis were taken to determine its effectiveness in 

wound healing. Results demonstrated that aqueous M. moribidii extracts showed rapid 

wound healing after applied on rats even at lower concentration (0.3%) compared to 

controls at 0.4% concentration i.e., commercial antiseptics; acriflavin and gamat 

ointment (sea cucumber extract).


The Effect of Diopatra Claparedii Grube, 1878 Extract On Chang Liver and 

Human Primary Glioblastoma (U-87) Cell Lines 

Amirah Binti Idris 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Iryani Binti Wan Ismail 



The distinctive regenerative ability of Diopatra claparedii has a potential to be 

discovered as a cellular growth agent. In this study, the growth effect was investigated 

in normal cells without giving any harm that can lead to cancer (abnormal cell growth). 

Water extract of D. claparedii at different concentrations (0-100 μg/mL) was tested 

on Chang Liver (normal cells), and Human Primary Glioblastoma (U-87) (cancer cells) 

cell lines for 24, 48 and 72h. Percentage of cell viability was evaluated by [2-(4, 5- 

dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-3, 5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay kit. The 

findings suggested that the extract has proliferative effect on normal cell growth when 

tested at lower doses (80 

μg/mL in all incubation periods. Meanwhile, it showed cytotoxic effect on cancer cells 

only after 48h when treated with all concentrations. It shows that the extract can 

induce cell growth without causing abnormal cell progression at low concentration 

only, after 48h and 72h.


Characterisation and Regeneration of Diopatra Claparedii 

Nervous System 

Dhenmolly Arumugam 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Wan Iryani Binti Wan Ismail 



Diopatra claparedii has the potential to serve as an animal model for 

neurodegenerative diseases study due to their complete nervous system and 

regenerative ability. However, the whole diagram of nervous system of D. claparedii 

in intact condition and after regeneration process is still unknown. In this study, the 

intact samples were fixed with hematoxylin and eosin staining for characterization. 

Amputated samples were placed in the artificial aquaria to observe their regeneration 

capability within 60 days (20 days interval) before the staining. The major findings 

showed that the intact samples have complete nervous system with the presence of 

an anterior dorsal brain and ventral nerve cord, which is segmentally ganglionated. 

The histology also revealed that nervous system of regenerated samples differs where 

their brain were smaller than intact brain. Presence of brain and ventral nerve cord 

validates that D. claparedii nervous system is similar and suitable for human nervous 

system study.


Effect of Salinity and Temperature on Survival and Regenerative Ability of 

Diopatra Claparedii 

Mohammad Syahril Bin Muhammad Al-Aqsza 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Iryani Binti Wan Ismail 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Izwandy Bin Idris 



Diopatra claparedii is one of local polychaetes with commercial value as a brood stock 

for prawn farming and because of its regenerative capability. However, none initiative 

has been done to culture and maintain the species in artificial aquaria for farming 

purposes. In this study, effects of salinity and temperature on survival of intact D. 

claparedii and its regenerative capability (either anterior and posterior part) in artificial 

condition were investigated. All the specimens were placed into treatment containers 

with different salinity (16, 23, 30, 37 and 44 ppt) and temperature (23, 25, 28, 31 and 

34 °C) for eight weeks. The study revealed specimens that exposed to salinity (23 and 

30 ppt) and temperature (28 and 31 ⁰C) showed the highest survival rate and posterior 

regeneration process and may suitable for artificial condition.


Dietary Supplement on Growth Performance and Muscle Histology of 

Oreochromis sp. 

Nur Atiqah binti Kamal 

Supervisor: Dr Nor Omaima binti Harun 



Dietary supplement is one of the alternatives to increase the production and quality 

of the fish fillet, but the price usually at critical point. This study was conducted to find 

weather Eisenia foetida, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Nepenthes gracilis had potential to 

be dietary supplement or not. All ingredients were mixed together with commercial 

pellet with the proportion of (90:10) and (70:10:10:10). About ±10 to ±30 grams of 

75 Oreochromis sp. were used and three replicates were taken weekly. The effects 

were evaluated by measuring growth performance and muscle histological 

observation. From this study, it can be concluded that the addition of Pleurotus sajorcaju 

and the mixed pellet improve the growth performance as well as quality of in 

minimum time, but, suggesting P. sajor-caju can be one of the best since even the 

small quantity was added its give big effect to the growth and still maintain the quality 

as good as the commercial pellet.


The Effect of Dietary Supplements on the Hematology of Oreochromis sp. 

Wan Nursyahida binti Wan Abd Ariff 




Oreochromis sp. is a high demand food fish. Dietary supplements were used improve 

the quality of the fish. The quality was observed through the improvement of the 

immune system of the fish by determining the direct leukocyte count and differential 

leukocyte count of the fish. The dietary supplements that had been used were; Eisenia 

foetida, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Nepenthes gracilis. These supplements were added 

into commercial pellet to produce new pellets. Head kidney, spleen and peritoneal 

fluid were obtained from the fishes, every 7 days. Samples were prepared as cell 

suspension before counted under hemocytometer. The differential cell count used 

Giemsa stain for smear preparation. The result showed that Pleurotus sajor-caju gives 

a significant effect (p < 0.05) towards the direct leukocyte count in spleen and head 

kidney. Differential leukocyte count gives high percent of lymphocyte. Thus, the best 

diet supplement for fish immunity can be concluded as Pleurotus sajor-caju.


Effect of Dietary Supplement on Organs Study in Red Tilapia 

(Oreochromis sp.) 

Asma Hanif Binti Mohd Hanafi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Omaima Binti Harun 



Rapid growth of aquaculture industry had increased the demand of aquaculture 

production where availability of protein sources like fishmeal is scarce and expensive. 

This study aim to determine the positive effect of dietary supplements; Pleurotus 

ostreatus (oyster mushroom), Eisenia foetida (earthworm), Nepenthes gracilis (pitcher 

plant),a combination of three types diet and commercial pellets as a control to organs 

of red tilapia through histological changes of gills, liver, and small intestine by using 

H&E hemoxylin for 28 days. Different changes in different organs was appeared after 

28 days. The liver alteration showed vacuolation, necrosis, hemorrhage, and presence 

of glycogen in the hepatocytes. The small intestine showed necrosis of mucosa, 

formation of lipid, folded and loose of the lamina propria in different diets. In 

conclusion, earthworm diet was the best choice alternative diet supplement in 

improving immunity against pathogen and enhancing nutrient of fish. 

Keywords: Fish, histology, Eisenia foetida, Pluerotus ostreatus, Nepenthes gracilis. 

gills, liver small intestine.


Protein Analysis in the Muscle of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) Treated 

With Different Type of Diets 

Elvie John Baptist 


Co-Supervisor: Dr. Hazlina binti Ahamad Zakeri 



The purpose of this study is to determine the protein contents in fish’s muscle using 

red tilapia which were known as a popular fish in aquaculture industry. The fish were 

treated with five different diet formulations up to 28 days. Fish were treated with 

commercial pellets, 90% Commercial+10% Pleurotus sajor-caju, 90% 

Commercial+10% Eisenia foetida, 90% Commercial +10% Nepenthes gracilis and 

70% Commercial+10% E. foetida. +10% P. sajor-caju + 10% N. gracilis. All the 

treatments will be fed at 3% of the fish total body weight for twice a day. The protein 

contents of fish muscles were analyse with Kjeldahl protocol. The result showed that 

the treatment with Pleurotus sajor-caju possess significant value compared to the 

other treatments due to the nutritional properties in this mushroom which contains 

essential nutrient such as B-Glucan. Moreover, cheaper fish supplements and 

nutritious fish muscle were produced to speed up aquaculture system.


Bacteria Isolation From Skin, Gills And Water When Treated With Different 

Diet Studied In Oreochromis sp. 

Nur Syuhada Binti Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Omaima Harun 



The aim of this study is to determine the microbial community and the immunity of 

fish when treated with different diets. 75 fish were treated with different diets in five 

tanks. The treatment are by having the commercial pellet to be added whether with 

oligochaete (Eisenia foetida), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju), pitcher plant 

(Nepenthes gracilis) or combination of all of the ingredients. The fish is collected 

randomly to analyze the bacteria in each week. The results of identification tests 

showed 190 bacteria colonies from 12 species have been identified by using traditional 

biochemical test. Three species are rarely found on fish. The bacteria are vary, 

encompasses Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria with different 

morphology and characteristics. In this study, fish have observed to secrete more 

mucus (protein) than bacteria colony isolated to avoid invasion of pathogens. Thus, 

the different diet utilization in fish have role in changing the microbial community and 

increase the immunity of fish.


Assesment of Acrylamide Compound Cytotoxicity Mechanism in Human 

Colon Cell Line (Hct 116) Via Mapk Pathway 

Nur Syazwina Binti Abdul Manaf 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Huda Binti Abdul Kadir 



Acrylamide occur if food, rich in salt and starch content were exposed to high 

temperatures exceed 120 ºC during foods processing. Development of colon cancer 

was believed due to consumption of foods contain Acrylamide. Cytotoxicity effects of 

Acrylamide were evaluated at various concentrations using AlamarBlue Assay on HCT 

116 cells. Acrylamide were potentially reduce viability of HCT 116 cells with exclusive 

50% inhibition concentration (IC50) on each time point of the treatments (IC50: 

20.0mM, 25.1mM, and 28.2mM after 24h, 48h, and 72h). This cytotoxicity activity 

was corresponded with the ROS activity where the treated HCT 116 cells shown criteria 

of apoptosis. ERK 1/2, p-ERK, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 mitogen-activated protein kinase 

(MAPK) was detected using Western blot technique. Our result shown that protein 

expressions of treated HCT 116 with Acrylamide was upregulated and down regulated 

after 48 hour, suggesting that cell death event induced by Acrylamide was due to 

apoptosis.


Investigation of Free 3-Mcpd Compound Cytotoxicity Mechanism in 

Human Colon Cell (Hct 116) Via Mapk Pathway 

Nurnadhirah Zulaikha binti Mohd Nizam 

Supervisor: Dr Nurul Huda binti Abdul Kadir 



Colon cancer was reported as second common cancer among males and the third 

common cancer among females, in Malaysia. Food contaminants such as 3- 

monochloropropane-1, 2 diol (3-MCPD) are reported to be detected in foods 

manufactured from oils and fats. Cytotoxic assay were evaluated by using 

AlamarBlue assay. High cytotoxicity effect on HCT 116 cell line was shown when 

the cell’s viability was significantly decreased at highest concentration (100mM). 

To measure ROS activity, a fluoregenic dye, DCFDA was used. Western blot result 

has shown the ERK1/2, p-ERK, BCL-2 protein expression after treated HCT-116 

with 3-MCPD were upregulated after 48 hours, while for caspase-3 it was 

upregulated and down regulated after 48 hours. To summarize, this study showed 

that the high concentration of free 3-MCPD compound have a high toxicity towards 

HCT 116. Thus, it is concluded that this compound could be potentially be as a 

cancer causing agent.


Assessment of Free R-Glycidol Compound Cytotoxicity Mechanism in 

Human Colon Cell Line, Hct 116 via Mapk Pathway 

Siti Nur Syahirah binti Nor Mahiran 

Supervisor: Dr Nurul Huda binti Abdul Kadir 



Glycidol is one of contaminants that arise in food especially in refined cooking oils and 

toxic due to its electrophilic properties that lead to colon cancer. Cytotoxicity effect of 

glycidol in human cells was carried out to ensure understanding on the mechanism. 

Free R-glycidol compound possess cytotoxic effect on HCT 116 cells were evaluated 

using AlamarBlue ® assay. It showed significant potential to reduce cell viability with 

exclusive 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) each time point of treatments (IC50: 

5.01, 4.47 and 3.41 mM after 24, 48 and 72 hours). Reactive oxygen species activity 

was corresponded with morphological changes of the cells after stained with 

dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) showed apoptosis mode of cell death. ERK ½, 

p-ERK, BCL-2 and Caspase-3 mitogen-activated protein kinases was detected using 

western blot technique. The result shown protein expression was down regulated after 

48 hours, suggesting cell death event induced by free R-glycidol compound due to 

apoptosis


Investigation of Free S-Glycidol Compound Cytotoxicity Mechanism in 

Human Colon Cell Line (Hct 116) Via Mapk Pathway 

Nanthini Ravi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Huda Binti Abdul Kadir @Abdul Rahman 



Human Colorectal Cancer is classified as the third most common cancer in both men 

and women although the risk is slightly lower in woman. Free S Glycidol Compound 

cytotoxicity was investigated against Human Colon Cell Lines (HCT-116). The cytotoxic 

effect of HCT-116 cells were evaluated by using AlamarBlue ® assay. The compound 

showed significant potential to reduce the viability of the HCT-116 cells with exclusive 

50% inhibition concentration (IC50) on each time of the treatments (IC50: 4.30mM 

after 24 hours; 0.656mM after 48 hours; 0.398mM after 72 hours). GAPDH, ERK1/2, 

p-ERK, BCL-2, CASPACE-3 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was detected 

using Western blot technique and our results had shown that the protein expression 

of treated HCT-116 with S Glycidol compound for CASPACE-3 was down-regulated for 

both 24 and 48 hours indicating no apoptosis involved although BCL-2 shows preapoptotic 

expression at 24 hours, suggesting that cell death event was initially 

triggered but underwent homeostasis. In line, with the result of protein expression of 

CASPACE-3, there is no induction of apoptosis via ROS generation after treated for 24 

hours, thus suggesting that the cell death event does not occur after the treatment 

with Free S Glycidol Compound.


Cytotoxicity Effect of Human Colon Cell Line (Hct 116) After Induced With 

Glycidamide via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (Mapk) Pathway 

Nurshahirah Ashikin binti Moidu 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Huda binti Abdul Kadir @ Abd Rahman 



Glycidamide is metabolite of Acrylamide, type of food carcinogen found in heating 

process of carbohydrate-rich food at high temperature such as French fries. An 

experiment to assess the cytotoxicity effect of Human Colon Cell Line (HCT 116) after 

induced with glycidamide was conducted. Result showed cells viability reduced after 

treated with different concentration of glycidamide and was evaluated using 

AlamarBlue assay. Glycidamide showed time and dose-dependent inhibition on the 

growth of cells with IC50 values of 1.55mM, 1.00mM and 1.50mM. This is due to 

production of ROS that lead to oxidative stress and apoptosis. Amount of ROS were 

measured by fluorometric assay using DCFDA. In order to confirm the apoptotic event, 

protein expression of ERK 1/2, p-ERK, BCL2, and Caspase-3 using western blotting 

were done. Results have shown that up-regulation of BCL2 and Caspase-3 at 24 and 

48 hours might induce apoptosis to cells. Thus, glycidamide could potentially induce 

cancer.


Diversity and Density of Mangroves Plant Species at Mid-Intertidal Zone in 

Pantai Kelanang, Selangor 

Yusrina Safura Binti Ghazali 

Supervisor: Dr. Razifah Binti Mohd Razali 



Mangroves forest in Pantai Kelanang is one of the potential site for research because 

of their location that closed to industrial area. The objectives of this study are to 

determine the diversity and density of mangrove plant in mid-intertidal zone. Quadrat 

(10x10m) analysis with block sampling technique was used in this study. Diameter at 

Breast Height (DBH) and height of tree was measured. Temperature, relative humidity 

and light intensity was measure to complete the environmental facts. The result shows 

three species that belonging to two families; Avicenniaceae and Sonneratiaceae were 

documented. Among the two families, Avicenniaceae obtains the highest individual in 

the study area. Shannon Weiner Index (H’), Shannon Evenness Index (E), and 

Simpson Diversity Index (D) were H’=0.588, E=0.535 and D=0.591 respectively. The 

diversity index for mid-intertidal zone shows that the diversity value in mid-intertidal 

zone is less diverse.


Diversity and Density of Mangroves Plant Species at High Intertidal Zone 

in Pantai Kelanang, Selangor 

Nur Sayyiddah Afifah Binti Mohd Radif 




The aim of this study to determine the diversity of mangrove species at high intertidal 

zone in Pantai Kelanang and to compare plant density within plot. The sampling plots 

within size of 10 m x 10 m established to measure the species diversity by using 

Shannon-Wiener Index (H’), Shannon Evenness Index (E) and Simpson’s Diversity 

Index (D). One species which is Rhizophora apiculata and 86 numbers of individulas 

was recorded. The diversity index gives the value of H’ is 0, E is 0 and D is 1. Diversity 

of Rhizophora apiculata may affected by temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and 

light intensity. While the ranges of diameter at breast height in four plots from 3.3 to 

32 cm and ranges of height from 2.0 to 14.5 m. As the conclusion, the diversity of 

mangrove plant species is less diverse and the data obtained in this study is useful to 

other researcher.


Meiofauna Assemblages Structure Associated With Avicennia Sp. And 

Sonneratia sp. Mangrove in Pantai Kelanang, Morib 

Nur Hidayah Binti Ahmad Pauzi 




Meiofauna or meiobenthos are marine animals that is known to retain at 40–64 µm 

but can pass through the 500 µm sieve. Due to the fact that the mangrove covered 

much of the coastlines and worldwide, the ecology of meiofauna associated with the 

mangroves have received almost low attentions for further research and studies. This 

research were designed to determine the composition of meiofauna species in the mid 

intertidal zone that dominated by Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia sp.. Decantation 

method and Ludox solution were used for the extraction of the meiofauna. In the mid 

intertidal zone, several groups of meiofauna such as Nematoda, Harpacticoida, 

Copepoda, Oligochaetea and Polychaetea were discovered. Nematoda (665.87 ind/10 

cm²) has the highest composition compared to the other meiofauna taxa. The 

important role of nematoda as bio indicator and breakdown of are the reason why 

nematoda are widely found in the mid intertidal zone of the mangrove area.


Meiofauna Assemblages Structure Associated With Rhizophora sp. In 

Morib 

Siti Fatimah binti Tajuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Razifah binti Mohd Razali 



Ecologically, mangrove ecosystems grow in the brackish water with complex root 

system. These ecosystems provide home for variety of aquatic organisms. Meiofauna 

found in soft sediment from intertidal zone to ocean floor. The objective of this study 

is to compare the composition of meiofauna from mangrove habitat dominated by 

Rhizophora apiculata and mudflat zone in Pantai Kelanang, Morib. The samples were 

extracted using LUDOX solution and decantation technique. Each individual are 

counted under dissecting microscope. The result shows that highest density of 

meiofauna found in mudflat zone than those in intertidal zone which associated with 

Rhizophora sp. with 117.7±251.3 and 71.6±158.0 ind.10 cm -2 respectively. 

Distributions of nematode are diverse in mangrove sediment because they could adapt 

to extreme environment. Furthermore, the assemblage of meiofauna is a good 

biological indicator as they provides information about environment and also play an 

important role in food web of aquatic ecosystem.


Effect of Different Types of Water in Static Hydroponic System on Plant 

Growth and Postharvest Quality of Brassica Campestris L. (Pak Choy) 

Kalaivaani Perumal 

Supervisor: Dr. Razifah Mohd Razali 



In this final year project, Brassica campestris L. (pak choy) was planted using 

hydroponic system by using different water treatments. This study is to understand 

the effect of different types of water in hydroponic on the growth of Brassica 

campestris L. and their nutritional value. This project was carried out in Greenhouse 

of University Malaysia Terengganu by starting with the germination of seed followed 

by preparation of nutrient solution. After the seeds was germinated, the seedlings 

were transferred into hydroponic pot and monitored by taking EC pH reading. On 42 nd 

day, the plants were harvested and the post-harvest parameters such as root dry 

weight, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, leaf surface area and antioxidant analysis 

were studied. From the result, the rain water gives the highest reading in most of the 

analysis. This is clearly shows that the rain water contains sufficient nutrients which 

promote the growth and nutritional value of pak choy to be higher compared to other 

treatments.


Isolation And Identification Of P[3HB-CO-4HB] Producing Bacterial Strain 

From Various Environment In Kuala Terengganu 

Manogiri A/P Sadasivam 

Supervisor: Dr.Vigneswari Sevakumaran 



Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are the microbiologically synthesized plastic. Among all 

types of PHA, copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) is widely 

sought after. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify P(3HB-co-4HB) producers 

from various environment in Kuala Terengganu. Hence, samples of soil and water 

were collected and screened for P(3HB-co-4HB) producer. A total of 18 isolates were 

isolated, however only 5 isolates were identified as potential PHA producer. 

Interestingly, 3 isolates were confirmed as copolymer P(3HB-co-4HB) producer 

through gas chromatography analysis. These 3 isolated strains were then identified 

using BBL Crystal Kit. It was identified as Burkholderia sp., TMT 11 (0.975 of 

confidence value) with highest 4HB molar fraction of 14.1%. The other 2 isolates are 

Shigella sp., KPD 13 (0.8728 confidence value) and Acinetobacter sp., PD 16 (0.2969 

confidence value). The properties of the copolymer P(3HB-co-4HB) produced by the 

wide variety of bacteria isolated can be tailored for various biomedical applications. 

Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), 

Burkholderia sp., Shigella sp., Acinetobacter sp.


Effect Of Carbon Sources In The Biosynthesis Of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) 

Using Novosphingobium Panipatense Umtkb-4 

Sarenyah A/P Manimaran 

Supervisor: Dr.Vigneswari Sevakumaran 



Petroleum-based plastics are a threat to the ecosystem due to its non-biodegradable 

properties. Interestingly, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P3HB] a microbial derived 

biodegradable biopolymer has proven as a promising candidate to combat this 

environmental damage. In this study, biosynthesis of P3HB batch fermentation is 

conducted using inexpensive carbon substrates such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and 

glycerol using locally isolate bacterium, Novosphingobium panipatense under nitrogen 

limiting condition. Based on the findings, cultivation at C/N ratio 20 and 30 using 

glycerol as the sole carbon source has accumulated the highest P3HB up to 11.99 ± 

0.91 wt% and 13.54 ± 1.18 wt% with the 0.50g/L and 0.51g/L dry cell weight (DCW) 

respectively. Therefore, it is proven that N. panipatense UMTKB-4 is capable of 

producing P3HB with component of by-product as the sole carbon source. Thus, more 

value-added green material can be produced from the conversion of agro-industrial 

by-products which are abundant in Malaysia.


Effect of Various Carbon Sources in the Biosynthesis of 

Polyhydroxyalkanoates Using Mangrovibacter Plantisponsor Umtkb-3 

Hannah Syahirah binti Rapi 

Supervisor: Dr. Vigneswari A/P Sevakumaran 



Synthetic plastics ends up polluting marine environment and accumulating the land 

for thousands of years due to its non-degradability. Thus, polyhydroxyalkanoates 

(PHA) can replace conventional plastics as they are completely degradable. Poly-3- 

hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] are members of PHA family which can be biosynthesized by 

bacteria. This study aims to study the effect of various carbon sources in the 

biosynthesis of P(3HB) using Mangrovibacter plantisponsor UMTKB-3 and to enhance 

the P(3HB) production. This was done by limiting the nitrogen supplied and increase 

carbon sources by regulating the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ration to 20 and 30 in 72 

h of incubation. Carbon sources used were glucose, fructose, sucrose and glycerol. 

The highest P(3HB) yield was recorded when M. plantisponsor utilized sucrose at C/N 

ratio 20 which resulted 2.352% ± 0.0153 . While for C/N ratio 30, the highest P(3HB) 

yield was 2.118% ± 0.0051 when bacteria was fed with glycerol as sole carbon source.


The Cytotoxicity Effect and the Mode of Cell Death of Acanthaster Planci 

Extract on Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line (HELA) 

Nur Shahida binti Ahmad Sofian 

Supervisor: Dr. Vigneswari Sevakumaran 

Co-Supervisor: Prof Dr. Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad 


School in Fundamental Science 

Cervical cancer is common devastating disease among female worldwide and current 

treatment cause various side effect. Researcher has leverage the effort on finding new 

effective anti-cancer drug. A.planci are venomous starfish with active metabolites that 

posess pharmacology activity. This studies are designated in vitro studies to asses 

cytotoxicity and apoptotic effect of A.planci extract againts human cervical cancer cell 

(HeLa) via MTS assay and Annexin V/Propadium iodide assay respectively. MTS assay 

shows cell viability was inhibited by the A.planci extract (IC 50 = 52.48 µg/ml). Thus, 

A.planci methanolic extract shows anti-proliferative effect but not anti-cancer 

properties. The induction of apoptosis confirmed by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining 

due to the translocation of PS (phosphatidylserine) on the cell surface. The 

morphological observation shows HeLa cell with early apoptotic feature emited green 

fluorescence while late apoptotic cells emited red fluorescence.This results revealed 

that A. planci extract posses low cytotoxicity and apoptotic effect on HeLa cell


The Cytotoxicity Effect and the Mode of Cell Death of Iotrochota Baculifera 

Extract on Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line (HELA) 

Ambrose A/L Louise 

Supervisor: Dr.Vigneswari A/P Sevakumaran 

Co- Supervisor: Professor Dr. Tengku Sifzizul Bin Tengku Muhammad 



Sponges are animals that are sessile and filter feeders in which has the potential to 

be agents for pharmaceutical applications, including anticancer. In this study, sponge 

species of Iotrochota baculifera extract was studied for its cytotoxicity effects and the 

mode of cell death on human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). MTS Assay was used to 

determine the cytotoxicity effects, Annexin Vanadium & Propidium Iodide Assay were 

done in detecting the induction of apoptosis. Results showed that I. baculifera extract 

can kill 50% of the HeLa cells with the Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) of 7.7 µg/mL 

and can induce cells death via apoptosis. Due to the profound cytotoxic and apoptotic 

activities, further studies can be done on the extract to determine the specific 

compound involved in the mechanism.



(Chemical Sciences)


Synthesis and Characterization of Homopolymer and Copolymer of 

N-Isopropylarylamide (Nipam) and Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate 

(Tegdma) By Using Emulsion Polymerization Technique 

Anis Arina Binti Zainuddin 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Aniza Binti Harun 

Bachelor of Science (Chemical Sciences) 


Hydrogels undergo alteration in structure from hydrophilic to hydrophobic state, 

triggered by changes in the temperature known as lower critical solution temperature 

(LCST). However, LCST has brought limitations towards the applications of hydrogels 

especially in chemical and biological processes. N-isopropylacylamide (NIPAM) is a 

monomer that effected by LCST and tend to change from liquid to solid hydrogels 

when heated above 32℃. The emulsion copolymerization of NIPAM and triethylene 

glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) in different ratios are believed to improve the effect 

of LCST. The copolymer formation, structures, thermal properties, and solubility of 

copolymer nanoparticles were investigated using FTIR, SEM, TGA, and solubility test. 

As resulting in the changes of the peak intensities of the functional groups, it shows 

the achievement of formation of the copolymer nanoparticles that has potential to 

improve LCST. Emulsion copolymerization of P(NIPAM-co-TEGDMA) demonstrated the 

successful formation of copolymer nanoparticles which could improve the LCST of 

NIPAM.


Synthesis and Characterization of Alkanethiol Compound as a Potential 

Recognition Layer in Electrochemical DNA Sensor 

Asilah Binti Mohammad Yatim 

Supervisor: Dr. Hanis Bt Mohd Yusoff 



Electrochemical DNA sensor is a technique that can identify and diagnose various 

diseases due to its highly sensitive and fast response. This study was conducted to 

find a suitable chain length of alkanethiol to be applied as potential linker on the gold 

substrate through the self-assembled monolayer (SAMs). Two potential linkers, 

hexanethiol and heptanethiol were successfully synthesized and characterized using 

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 

spectroscopy. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) was used to study the self-assembled of 

difference linkers on the gold electrode and the immobilization of DNA target gene. 

The working electrode was prepared by depositing gold substrate onto indium-tin 

oxide (ITO) glass by using autocoater. Each measurement of modified gold electrode 

was performed in the standard parameter before being hybridized with the DNA target 

gene. The increase or decrease in the electron transfer for both linkers were observed 

as CV peak current and potential change.


Sodium Alginate/Ageratum conyzoides Film for Wound Dressing Materials 

Aznatul Jannah binti Abu Bakar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Khairul Anuar bin Mat Amin 



This study focus on the effect of Ageratum conyzoides extract (ACE) in Sodium 

Alginate (SA) films to their mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. The tensile 

strength results show that the addition of ACE into the SA film improved the stress of 

the SA-ACE6 film to 5 ± 1 MPa compared to 4 ± 2 MPa for blank SA film. Water Vapour 

Transmission Rates (WVTRs) of SA incorporated Ageratum conyzoides extract (SA- 

ACE) were decreased, while swelling rate values of all films were increased upon 

addition of ACE. It was found that the thermal stability of the SA film also improved 

after the addition of ACE. Overall, the addition of ACE enhances the properties of SA 

film. This makes the SA-ACE film is suitable to be applied as wound dressing materials.


Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes 

Incorporated into Biopolymer for Degradation of Methyl 

Basirah Binti Mohd Azam 

Dr. Mohd Hasmizam Bin Razali 

Bachelor of Science (Chemical Science) 


The major concern of this research is to overcome the limitation of suspensions mode 

heterogeneous photocatalysis by implementation of immobilized TiO2. Thus, in this 

study commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder was used as precursors to synthesis 

of TiO2 nanotubes by using hydrothermal method. The synthesized TiO2 nanotubes 

was incorporated into sodium alginate biopolymer for TiO2 immobilisation. The result 

shows that the synthesized TiO2 nanotubes had ununiformed diameter size within 

30nm - 33nm with high crystallinity and the surface area is 102.0512 m²/g. TiO2 

nanotubes were homogeneously distributed in sodium alginate biopolymer, however 

their photocatalytic activity for methyl orange degradation is lower as compared to 

TiO2 nanotubes powder in 3 hours reaction. This is due to the lower UV penetration 

through alginate surface to reach active site of the TiO2 nanoparticle since the opacity 

of the alginate beads increases.


Synthesis and Characterization of Alkoxy-Chalcone Derivatives as Active 

Material for Metal Sensor 

Elccey Binti Augustine 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Wan Mohd Khairul Bin Wan Mohamed Zin 

Bachelor of Science (Chemical Chemistry) 


Heavy-metal pollution can be defined as an environment pollution that cause by metal 

with high relative atomic mass like lead, and also mercury. Chalcone are 1,3-diphenyl- 

2-propene-one, in which the aromatic rings are linked by a three carbon α-βunsaturated 

carbonyl system. Chalcone derivatives was said to have a good ability in 

sensing metal ion. In this study alkoxy-chalcone derivatives;3-(4-methylbenzene)-1- 

(4-heptyloxy benzene)-2-propen-1-one and 3-(4-ethyl benzene)-1-(4-heptyloxy 

benzene)-2-propen-1-one was synthesized using Claisen-Schmidt Aldol condensation 

and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), 

Perkin-Elmer thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), nuclear magnetic resonance 

spectroscopy (NMR) and also CHNS analysis. The fluorescent studied of metal ion 

towards these compounds was characterize using UV-Vis Visible.


Preparation and Characterization of Ceramic Membrane by Using Palm 

Fibres as Pore Forming Agent 

Faezatul Alwani Binti Mohd Rahim 

Supervisor: Dr Mohd Al Amin Bin Muhamad Nor 



Ceramic membranes gain attention due to the chemical and thermal stability, and high 

separation efficiency. In this study, the ball clay ceramic membranes was prepared 

using slip casting method. Palm fibres in range of weight 0wt% to 40wt% was used 

as pore forming agent. Membranes produced were characterized by using Archimedes 

Method and Universal Testing machine to determine the porosity, density and 

compressive strength. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to observe the 

morphology of the ceramic membrane. As porosity increases from 36% to 54%, 

density was decreased from 2.5g/cm 3 to 1.7g/cm 3 with increasing amount of palm 

fibres from 0wt% to 40wt%. While, compressive strength was decrease from 8.37MPa 

to 1.42MPa. In conclusion, increasing amount of palm fibres because the porosity 

increases while the density and compressive strength of the membrane decrease. 

Based on the higher porosity value 54%, this ceramic membrane is highly potential to 

be used in water filtration.


Preparation And Characterization Of Silane Grafted Montmorillonite 

Poly(Ethylene) (PE) Composites 

Farah Liyana bt Mohd Rodin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Aidil Adhha bin Abdullah 



The objective of this study is to compare the effect of single and dual modified 

montmorillonite on the morphology, mechanical and thermal behaviour of the 

resulting Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites prepared by melt 

compounding. Sodium montmorillonite (MMT) were modified into organophilic 

montmorillonite (OMMT) with trihexyltetradecylphosphonium ions by ion-exchange 

method. The reaction of surfactant with MMT only involved weak electrostatic 

interaction and thus second modification involve silane coupling agent, 

aminopropyltrimethoxylsilane (APTMS) take place in order to produce twice-modified 

clay (grafted-OMMT) that improved compatibility with LDPE. The resulting MMT, 

OMMT, grafted-OMMT and MMT Grafted were characterized by Fourier transform 

infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and CHNS 

Elemental Analysis. The FTIR analysis for surfactant organoclay shows the presence 

of new peaks from the surfactant. In grafted-OMMT, new peaks also present that 

confirmed the successful of grafting reaction. The XRD analysis proved that the 

modification happens by the increasing of clay interlayer basal spacing.


Synthesis of Coumaric Acid Derivatives via Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 

(DCC) Coupling Reaction 

Gloria Bangie Anak Bandar 

Dr. Asnuzilawati Binti Asari 



Coumaric acid is a natural compound isolated from cereal. It can also be obtained 

from Perkin Reaction by reacting cinammic acid with acid anhydride. Coumaric acid 

possesses various biological activities including anti-atherosclerosis, anti-tumor, 

antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. The aim of the study is to synthesis pentyl 

coumarate by coupling reaction. In this study, coumaric acid was reacted with 1- 

pentanol in the presence of DMAP as catalyst by employing Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 

(DCC) coupling reaction. From the result, synthesis via DCC coupling reaction at 0°C 

is better than at room temperature because ester product with less impurities was 

obtained. In conclusion, pure ester product was not successfully obtained because of 

the presence of by product Dicyclohexylurea (DCU).


Modification of Montmorillonite by Cation Exchange and Silane Grafting 

Reactions for Polymer Nanocomposites 

Hani Masitah Binti Mad Jin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Aidil Addha Bin Abdullah 



Surface modification of MMT by physical and chemical reactions to alter the properties 

of naturally hydrophilic into organophilic clay. Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was firstly 

prepared by cation exchange reaction between sodium ion in the interlayer of MMT 

with protonated octadecylamine (ODA) before it was modified by silanization process 

using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) to form organoclay (OMMT). The 

OMMT was then characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy, X-ray 

diffraction, Thermogravimetric and CHNS elemental analysis. The insertion of ODA and 

grafting APTMS resulted in expansion of interlayer spacing of MMT, as well as lower 

the water content indicates successful organophilization of MMT. Finally, OMMT was 

applied as nanofiller for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) composites using melt 

intercalation technique. The effect of OMMT on tensile and thermal properties of 

composites were evaluated.


Synthesis and Characterization of Alkoxy Substituted Chalcone Derivatives 

as Conductive Solid Polymer Electrolytes Thin Films 

Janice Roria Anak Joni 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin 

Co. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Ikmar Nizam Bin Mohamad Isa 



The use of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is becoming main attention due to the 

problems arising from liquid and gel polymer electrolytes. The purpose of this study is 

to investigate the performance of the conductivity for alkoxy substituted chalcone 

derivatives compounds 2a and 2b. Both compounds has been synthesized and 

characterized followed by analyzed with Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). 

SPEs thin films from carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC as the polymer host doped with 

dopant salt of 16 wt.% ammonium chloride, AC and added with varied amounts (0 - 

8 wt. %) of 2a and 2b respectively as plasticizer via solution casting method has been 

prepared. It showed that from the spectroscopic results, the highest ionic conductivity 

for 2a was obtained at 6 wt.% which was 2.3 × 10 -2 S/cm meanwhile 2 wt.% for 2b 

that was 1.7× 10 -2 S/cm. Therefore, 2b has a better conductivity than 2a as SPEs.


Crystal Violet-Imprinted Polymer: A Study on the Characterization and 

Binding Behaviour 

Ku Norsyafieka Binti Ku Harith 

Supervisor: Dr. Faizatul Shimal Binti Mehamod 



Crystal Violet (CV) does not undergo natural degradation which can spoil the 

ecosystem. In this study, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared via bulk 

polymerization method were used as an adsorbent for the removal of CV from aqueous 

solution. CV was used as template molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional 

monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker, 2,2’- 

azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator, and methanol as solvent. Various 

techniques were applied to characterize the polymers including Fourier transform 

infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer- 

Emmett-Teller (BET). FTIR analysis showed that both non-imprinted polymer (NIP) 

and crystal violet-imprinted polymer (CV-IP) have similar backbone structure with little 

difference in peak shifting. SEM illustrated both NIP and CV-IP has irregular shape. 

BET analysis showed that CV-IP has higher surface area with numerous pores 

compared to NIP. Adsorption capacity of CV-IP obtained is higher than NIP which was 

carried out by UV-Vis spectroscopy.


Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate (Mma) and Hydroxypropyl 

Methyl Cellulose (Hpmc) via Emulsion Polymerization Technique 

Liew Pei Chen 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Aniza Binti Harun 



Copolymerization between methyl methacrylate (MMA) and hydroxypropyl 

methylcellulose (HPMC) to produce poly(methyl methacrylate-co-hydroxypropyl 

methylcellulose) P(MMA-co-HPMC) nanoparticles were successfully prepared via 

emulsion polymerization technique. The effects of different molar ratios of MMA and 

HPMC monomers towards the copolymer formation, morphology, thermal stability and 

solubility have been discussed. Homopolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) 

(PMMA) and poly(hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose) (PHPMC) were also carried out as 

control via emulsion polymerization. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and potassium 

persulfate (KPS) were used as anionic surfactant and water soluble initiator, 

respectively, throughout the emulsion polymerization. The formation of copolymer 

P(MMA-co-HPMC) and homopolymers of PMMA and PHPMC nanoparticles were 

confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology of 

copolymer and homopolymer nanoparticles were determined using Scanning Electron 

Microscopy (SEM) The decomposition rate of homopolymer and copolymer 

nanoparticles were determined using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique 

whereas the hydrophilicity of homopolymer and copolymer nanoparticles were 

determined by simple solubility test.


Synthesis and Characterization of Alkoxy Substituted Chalcone Derivatives 

as Potential Treatment for Breast Cancer (MCF-7) Cells 

Mas Binti Mohammed 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin 

Co. Supervisor: Dr. Fatimah Binti Hashim 



Breast cancer is the major cause of cancer related to death among females worldwide. 

However, chalcone derivatives are have been identified to become the potential to 

treat breast cancer cells. In this study, three new alkoxy substituted chalcone 

derivatives (2a-2c) featuring general formula of X(C6H4)C3H2O(C6H4)Y which X 

represent NO2, CN, and CF3 and Y as hexyloxy group have been successfully designed, 

prepared, characterized and evaluated the biological activities towards breast cancer 

cells (MCF-7). They were used to investigate the cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 by 

evaluated MTT assay to determine the IC50 values. ELISA plate reader was used to 

determine the IC50 values. The cytotoxicity of the compounds were evaluated based 

on dose-response on MCF-7 cells which exhibited all of the compounds were in active 

range with IC50 values 31.82, 41.05 and 24.38 g/mL respectively. In conclusion, the 

compounds have potential to establish as new anticancer agents in further research.


Synthetic Metal Ion of Thiosemicarbzide Derivatives Bearing Chitosan for 

Conductive Polymer 

Mohamad Azuan Bin Mohd Ashri 

Supervisor: Dr. Md Uwaisulqarni Bin Osman 



In this study, thiosemicarbazide bearing chitosan and their metal complexes have been 

synthesized successfully. Next, all complexes were analysed by using Infrared 

spectroscopy (IR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), CHNS element analyser, 

and Electrical impendence spectroscopy (EIS). The data analysis of the infrared 

spectrum for ligand showed the important band for the functional groups of v(C=S), 

v(C=N), v(C=O), and v(N-H) with the frequencies observed in 1165.50cm -1 , 

1621.27cm -1 , 1645.57cm -1 , and 3370.27cm -1 respectively. UV-Vis spectrum for ligand 

has its own band that is show two peaks of absorption which are at 237nm is for π → 

π ∗ transition for C=C benzene ring and at 321nm is transition of n → π ∗ for two main 

chromofor (C=N) and (C=S). This analysis is further strengthened when the data from 

the CHNSO element analyser exhibit the reading value below 5% for each element. 

Lastly, by using EIS it is show that complexes containing zinc ion has higher 

conductivity value 2.33x10 -6 Scm -1 .


Synthesis of Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives and Their Zinc (Ii) Metal 

Complexes 

Muhamad Hazwan Bin Zaaba 

Supervisor: Dr Md Uwaisulqarni Bin Osman 



Thiosemicarbazide derivative compound, chitosan and its zinc (II) metal complex has 

been successfully synthesized and their electrical conductivity was measured. A 

compound, (E)-2-(5-oxohexan-2-ylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide, (2OHC) was 

characterized using spectroscopic technique namely CHNS elemental analyser, FTIR 

spectroscopy, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The significant band showed by the FTIR 

spectrum for the functional groups are ʋ(N-H), ʋ(C=N), ʋ(C=S) with the frequencies 

of 3399.40 cm -1 , 1509.21 cm -1 , 1205.33 cm -1 , respectively. The thin film was formed 

by using chitosan mixed with the 2OHC and metal acetate, [2OHC-ChZn (II)]. The 

molecular structure of the new synthesized compound which is [2OHC-ChZn (II)] 

complexes possesses azomethine group, which contains nitrogen and sulphur atoms 

that enables bonding with metal ions. The electrical conductivity of the thin films was 

measured using the Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) instrument and electrical 

conductivity of the [2OHC-ChZn (II)] complexes was 8.117x10 -4 Scm -1 . This research 

found that the conductivity increases due to the presence of metals.


Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Bis-(Carbonyl Thiourea) 

Derivatives in Waste Water Treatment 

Muhamad Shafiq bin Nilamutheen 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mohd Sukeri bin Mohd Yusof 



4 new compounds of bis-(carbonyl thiourea) derivatives were successfully synthesized 

through a condensation reaction by carbonyl chloride derivatives, ammonium 

thiocyanate and 2,2-ethylenedioxy bis(ethyl) amine. The main focus of this research 

is to react bis-(carbonyl thiourea) with selective transition metal salts such as 

copper(II), cobalt (II) and nickel(II) ions. All of these compounds were characterized 

using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), 1 H and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 

(NMR), CHNS Elemental Analysis and Ultraviolet- Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Para 

methoxy and para methyl thiourea were tested for their absorptivities towards metal 

salts such as copper(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II) ions through analytical method which 

was Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS). Both para methoxy and para methyl 

thiourea showed around 15 percent absorption towards copper(II) and cobalt(II) ions 

while nickel(II) ion showed the highest absorption by both thiourea which is around 

30 percent.


Modification of Montmorillonite with Phosphonium Surfactant and Its 

Influence towards Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Low Density 

Polyethylene Nanocomposites 

Mujahidah Binti Mohd Ramzi 

Supervisor: Dr. Aidil Adhha Bin Abdullah 



The objective of this study is to compare the effect of single and dual modification of 

montmorillonite on the morphology, mechanical and thermal behaviour of the 

polyethylene nanocomposites by melt intercalation method. Montmorillonite was 

modified by using trihexyltetradecylphosphonium ion (THTDP) by ion exchange 

method to form organoclay (OMMT). OMMT will undergo second modification via 

silane grafting reaction with 3-aminoproplytriethoxysilane (APTES) to form grafted- 

OMMT and make it more compatible with polymer matrices. IR spectrum for OMMT, 

OMMT grafted, and Na-MMT grafted obtained indicates that there are alkyl chain in 

the samples that comes from THTDP surfactant and APTES agent. The basal spacing 

of OMMT, OMMT grafted, and Na-MMT grafted increased due to the modifycation of 

the clay that leads to a shift of the diffraction peak toward lower angles.


Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes Coated On Glass as Photocatalyst for Methyl 

Orange Wastewater Treatment 

Nadhra Hidayah Binti Mohd Halim 

Supervisor: Dr.Mohd Hasmizam Bin Razali 



Methyl orange is known as one of the anionic dyes which is the major pollutants that 

enter both aquatic and atmospheric systems via textile industries. In this research, 

methyl orange was degraded using titanium dioxide powder and TiO2 thin film coated 

on glass. Titanium dioxide powder and TiO2 thin film were prepared using sol-gel 

method and paste-gel coating method, respectively with TTIP was used as TiO2 

starting material. The prepared photocatalyst were characterized by XRD and titanium 

dioxide powder had higher crystalline anatase phase as compared to TiO2 thin film. 

SEM analysis revealed that titanium dioxide powder had spherical shape while TiO2 

thin film had triangular shape. For the photocatalytic activity, titanium dioxide powder 

had higher degradation rate (71%) than TiO2 thin film (52%) due to the chemical 

stability and amount of catalyst used for the removal of methyl orange.


Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Tomato Extract and Its 

Antimicrobial Activity 

Najihah binti Nasran 

Supervisor: Dr. Hanis binti Mohd Yusoff 



Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been studied extensively due to their unique 

properties and wide range of applications in various fields, which differ significantly 

from bulk materials. In this study, AgNPs was synthesis from aqueous extract of 

tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with different concentrations of silver nitrate. The 

formation and morphology of synthesized AgNPs have been characterized by using 

UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). UV-Vis 

spectroscopy analysis showed a peak at 420 nm which indicated AgNPs formation and 

SEM images showed spherical AgNPs. Furthermore, disc diffusion method was used 

to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs. The antimicrobial activity of 

synthesized AgNPs was tested with Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gramnegative 

(Escherichia coli) bacterium. AgNPs synthesized from the tomato extract with 

1x10 -1 M and 1x10 -3 M of substrate have better antimicrobial activities against S.aureus 

(17 mm of zone inhibition) and E.coli (16 mm of zone inhibition) respectively.


Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Oxide (Fe3o4) Nanoparticles from 

Water-In-Oil (W/O) Microemulsion Coated With Oleic Acid and its 

Application as Heavy Metal Removal 

Noor Hana Binti Azman 

Supervisor: Dr Laili Bnti Che Rose 



In this century, textile industries have contributed significantly in the release of heavy 

metals in the water sources that contributes to water pollution. Thus, the iron oxide 

nanoparticles (IONPs) have been used as absorbents for its remediation. It is due to 

its special physical characteristics which are inexpensive method, and easy 

regeneration in the presence of the external magnetic field that makes it more 

attractive as a water purifier. The IONPs were synthesized by using ratio 

33%:40%:27% water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion method and the surface was 

modified using oleic acid. Which is used to stabilize the magnetic nanoparticles. The 

size, structure, morphology and surface modification were characterized by using X- 

Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transfer 

Infrared (FTIR). By using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) the removal of 

heavy metal Cu 2+ was studied.


Study on Indole-3-Propionic Acid Imprinted Polymer via Precipitation 

Polymerization with Methacrylic Acid (Maa) and Methyl Methacrylate 

(Mma) As Functional Monomer 

Noor Shahirah bt Abd Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr Faizatul Shimal Bt Mehamod 



Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are highly crosslinked polymer which can bind 

specifically to the target compound and used as biosensor. In this study, Indole-3- 

propionic acid imprinted polymer (IPA-IP) was prepared by precipitation 

polymerization with indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) as template, methacrylic acid (MAA) 

and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as two different functional monomers and 

divinylbenzene (DVB) as crosslinker. The formation of MIPs was determined as the 

molar ratio of IPA-MAA-DVB of 1: 4: 20 by single factor experiment. By using Fouriertransform 

infrared spectrometer (FTIR), all functional groups present in indole-3- 

propionic acid imprinted polymer (IPA-IP) and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) were 

detected. The beads formed obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) for 

IPA-IP-co-MAA was homogeneous while IPA-IP-co-MMA was heterogeneous. The 

pores volume of IPA-IP-co-MAA and IPA-IP-co-MMA obtained from Brunauer, Emmett 

and Teller (BET) are 0.3146 cm 3 /g and 0.3334 cm 3 /g respectively. The binding study 

using UV-Visible showed that IPA-IP-co-MMA has higher binding capacity than IPA-IPco-MAA.


Synthesis and Characterization of PMMA@Alloy (Au-Ag) Core-Shell as 

Potential Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) 

Nor Abidah Binti Mukhtar 

Supervisor: Dr. Syara Kassim 



Photonic Crystals (PhCs) have attracted considerable interest on account of their many 

potential technological applications ranging from optics to optoelectronics in the form 

of thin film. In order to evaluate the fabrication of PhCs thin film, homogeneous 

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was synthesized via free-emulsifier emulsion 

polymerization. By the absence of absorption peaks of the C=C bond at 1639.83 cm -1 

of FT-IR spectrum, proved that Methyl Methacrylate was completely undergone 

polymerization to form PMMA. Besides, to produce highly sensitive substrates for 

active surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), PMMA was coated with alloy Au- 

Ag to produce core-shell structures. The addition of the metal nanoparticles displays 

surface plasmon resonance at 466 nm via UV-Vis spectrum. PMMA@Alloy (Au-Ag) 

core-shell then will be applied as potential substrates for SERS. These substrates offer 

several benefits such as simple, inexpensive synthesis, and high SERS activity due to 

the concentration of extremely intense electromagnetic fields at the interparticle gap 

when aggregated into plasmonic clusters.


Chemical Study of Malaysian Stingless Bee Propolis: Heterotrigona itama 

Nor Farah Diyana Binti Abdul Razak 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Nazif bin Aziz 



Stingless bee propolis has been used since ancient time as curing agent for various 

diseases. However, there is lack of chemical study on Malaysian stingless bee propolis. 

In this project, a chemical study on Heterotrigona itama propolis was conducted. The 

propolis was extracted by using methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl 

acetate. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenols, tannins, 

flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and glycosides. Methanol and ethyl acetate 

extracts showed cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines with IC50 of 29 

µg/mL and 30 µg/mL respectively. Ethyl acetate extract showed the most potent 

cytotoxicity against SKUT-1 fibroid cancer cell lines with IC50 of 10 µg/mL. Ethyl acetate 

extract was chosen for isolation and purification process by using column 

chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Two compounds were successfully 

isolated and their structures were elucidated by using various spectroscopic 

techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet, and mass 

spectrometry.


Effect of Acetaminophen on Physicals and Compression Behaviors of 

Kelcogel as Wound Materials 

Nor Faten Kartini Binti Ramli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Khairul Anuar Bin Mat Amin 



This study investigates the compression performances, swelling and Water Vapour 

Transmission Rates (WVTRs) of Kelcogel at different thickness. The Kelcogel at 2 mm 

thickness (KEL-2) shows the optimum compression strength and swelling ratio at 155 

± 33 kPa and 99 ± 5%, respectively compared to other samples. KEL-2 hydrogel films 

were incorporated with acetaminophen and the properties were examined. The 

compression strength of KEL-2 with addition of 30% w/w acetaminophen (KEL-A30) 

was increased to 427 ± 47 kPa, an increment of almost 3-fold than KEL-2 film. The 

swelling ratios of the KEL-A30 hydrogel films were increased to 108 ± 7%. The water 

vapour transmission rate (WVTR) of the hydrogel films were in the range of 2329 - 

4699 g m -2 d -1 . The addition of acetaminophen improved the strength and swelling 

ratios of the Kelcogel and promising to be applied as dressing materials.


Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Aluminium Layered Double 

Hydroxide as Potential Adsorbent for Phenol Red Dye 

Nor Hanani Binti Ab. Halim 

Supervisor: Dr. Mazidah Binti Mamat 



Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is an anionic clay that is widely used as an adsorbent 

to remove pollutants in water body-system. This study describes the procedure for the 

removal of phenol red (PR) dye from wastewater by using zinc/ aluminium LDH (Zn- 

Al LDH). Zn(NO3)2.6H2O and Al(NO3)3.9H2O mixture with ratio of 3:1 was used to 

synthesize Zn-Al LDH via co-precipitation method. During the synthesis, the pH of the 

solution was raised until 7 and kept constant. The synthesized Zn-Al LDH has been 

characterized by using five different techniques which are X-ray Diffraction, Fourier 

Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Scanning Electron 

Microscopy, and CHNS analysis. The adsorption study was conducted by using 

different masses of Zn-Al LDH which were put in contact with 25 ml of 30 ppm PR 

dye. The removal percentage of PR dye as found to increase as the mass of Zn-Al LDH 

increases.


Preparation and Characterization of Gellan Gum Fragrance 

Nor Suhaini binti Abd Rahman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Khairul Anuar Bin Mat Amin 



This study produces hydrogel fragrance by using gellan gum (GG). GG hydrogels were 

prepared by cross linked with calcium chloride and the different percentages of lemon 

essential oil. The mechanical performances and swelling of the hydrogels were 

examined. The mechanical performances of GG hydrogels containing less percentage 

of lemon essential oil (GGLemon-1%) required smallest volume to achieve optimum 

compression stress, compression strain and modulus compared to both GGLemon-2% 

and GGLemon-3%. Swelling ratios of GG hydrogels were increased upon addition of 

percentage of lemon essential oil. For odour test, GGLemon-2% shows the optimum 

result and can last for 1 month compared to others. In conclusion, gellan gum hydrogel 

is suitable to be applied as fragrance.


Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoflakes Photocatalyst 

for the Photodegradation of Methyl Orange 

Norfaizah binti Ajali 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Hasmizam bin Razali 



ZnO nanoflakes powder have been successfully synthesized via simple hydrothermal 

route using zinc nitrate hexahydrate and urea. The compositions, crystallinity, and 

morphology architectures of the ZnO nanoflakes were performed using X-Ray 

diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning 

electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The ZnO nanoflakes were well-crystalline 

with the wurtzite structure through the XRD. For FTIR, a weak and broad absorption 

at 3340cm -1 indicates the present of hydroxyl group and a strong absorption that 

indicates M-O bonding which is Zn-O bond at 563 cm -1 . The ZnO appeared in flakes 

shaped in SEM. The photoactivity of the ZnO nanoflakes were observed by measuring 

the degradation of the methyl orange under the ultraviolet lamps. The 

photodegradation of methyl orange using ZnO nanoflakes obtained after calcined at 

500°C is 69.03%. Meanwhile, ZnO nanoflakes calcined at 700°C shows lower 

photodegradation with 54.66%, followed by commercial ZnO (39.23%) and 

uncalcined ZnO nanoflakes (12.83%).


Application of S. Polyanthum and M. Citrifolia in Medicinal Cream 

Formulation as Potential Treatment for Diabetic Ulcer Wounds 

Norhazliani Azira Binti Aliasa’ 

Supervisor: Dr. Laili Che Rose 



Diabetic patient are likely to have wounds at the feet, which can become worse and 

could lead to amputation of the lower limbs. This study is to create a novel medicinal 

treatment towards diabetic wounds via topical application of cream formulated with 

herbal plants extract i.e. S. Polyanthum and M. Citrifolia. Those herbal plants are 

known for their ability to treat diabetes disease. The crude of the herbal plants are 

extracted by using solvent extraction method. Phytochemical screening is also 

performed to both of the plants extracts. Cosmetic emulsion (cream) is formulated by 

using constructed phase diagram. The cream is characterized for their organoleptic 

properties, pH, rheology, and stability. Previous study showed that both of the plants 

extracts are bio-compatible with human tissue, and are qualified to be used as a 

potential medicinal cream for treatment of diabetic wounds.


Synthesis and Conductivity Properties Of Phenyl-Thiosemicarbazide 

Derivtives and Their Transition Metal Complexes 

Norvyana Fuza Binti Yarahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Md. Uwaisulqarni bin Osman 



This study involves the synthesis and conductivity of phenylthiosemicarbazide 

derivative and metal complexes. New copper (II) and nickel (II) complexes were 

synthesized with 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde N(4)-phenylthiosemicarbazone. The 

ligands form a thiol-thione tautomerism presenting several forms of donor atoms and 

form four or five-member chelate rings when bind to metal ion. The metal complexes 

were dissolved in carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) to form a thin film. All the ligand 

and complexes were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, 

thermo gravimetric analyses and elemental analysis. In addition, the conductivity of 

copper (II) complexes and nickel (II) complexes were studied by using Cole- Cole Plot 

of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The Schiff bases of copper 

complexes excellently have a high conductivity.


The Synthesis of Allylation of 1,3-Cyclohexadione using different types of 

Allyl Halides 

Nur Al Wani Binti Zainol Abidin 

Supervisor: Dr. Soraya Shafawati Binti Mohamad Tahier 



Allylation is representing an important C-C bond formation where it introduced new 

allyl product. The aim of this study is to synthesized the monoallyl product for 

application in herbicide for example Quizalofop-P-ethyl. In this study, monoallyl was 

synthesized by the treatment of 1,3-cyclohexadione with allyl halide such as allyl 

chloride or allyl bromide. The product of monoallyl was characterized using Fourier- 

Transform Infrared (FT-IR). This result shown a positive result where the percentage 

yield of monoallyl were increased to 50% compared to previous reported. The result 

of IR spectrum shows ν(sp 3 C-H) at 2920.71 cm -1 , ν( C=C ) at 1849.22 cm -1 , ν(C=O) 

at 1735.83 cm -1 and allyl ν(C=C) at 861.43 cm -1 . As a conclusion, allyl bromide has 

better reactivity to get monoallyl compared to allyl chloride.


Development of Geopolymer Concrete Based On Oil Palm Ashes 

Nur Atikah Binti Mohd Saad 

Supervisor: Dr Mohd Al Amin Bin Muhamad Nor 



Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) is combination of fly ash that contains high percentage 

of silicon and aluminum that reacts with alkaline activator to become cementitious. 

The effect of ratio of alkaline activator to fly ash (0.2-0.5 wt %) and curing 

temperature (50-90℃) was investigated. GPC was characterized for microstructure 

and strength using SEM and Universal Testing Machine, respectively. Overall results 

for compressive strength of GPC ranges from 0.91 to 1.83 MPa. 0.3 wt % GPC at 90℃ 

after 14 days curing time shows the highest strength which is comparable to ordinary 

Portland cement (OPC) that has 2.22 MPa with difference of 9.6 %. Microstructure of 

0.3 wt % GPC shows similar crystalloid porous to OPC. As a conclusion, 0.3 wt % of 

GPC is highly potential to be used as a concrete.


Effect of Different Phases on Titanium Dioxide Properties as Photocatalyst 

Nur Farhana Binti Razali 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Al Amin Bin Muhamad Nor 



Due to more and more high rising buildings emerged in modern cities, photocatalytic 

materials especially titanium dioxide have been widely used as self cleaning materials. 

The aim of this research is to study the effect of calcination temperature and dopant 

to the TiO2. This study focuses on the rate of photodegrade on doped TiO2 and 

undoped TiO2 at different temperature. TTIP, acetic acid and ZnNO4 as dopant were 

used in synthesis of TiO2. The sample is characterized by using XRD, SEM and UV-VIS. 

Anatase phase formed at 500°C and anatase rutile mixed phase formed at 700°C. SEM 

shows that nanoparticles were obtained in the study. The degradation of MB under 

UV light of Zn-doped TiO2 is slightly higher than pure TiO2. The best temperature is at 

500°C and doped TiO2 is better than pure TiO2. This TiO2 was the highly stable and 

suitable as photocatalyst.


Analysis of Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities 

from Leaves, Fruits, and Seeds Of 

Momordica Charantia (Cucurbitaceae) 

Nur Fazirah Binti Mohammad Ali 

Puan Nurul Huda Binti Abdul Wahab 


School of Fundamental of Science 

Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) or known as bitter gourd is widely used as a 

natural source for remedial purposes. Therefore, this study is designed to determine 

the presence of the secondary metabolites and antioxidant potentials from a different 

part of M. charantia (leaves, fruits, seeds) which extracted using different polarities of 

solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) by conducted qualitative 

phytochemical screening and antioxidant assays. The methanolic crude extracts from 

all parts showed the highest percentage of yield 6.6%, 5.8%, and 6.1%, followed by 

hexane crude extract 3.92%, 3.73%, and 2.9%, ethyl acetate crude extract 1.6%, 

0.8%, and 1.2%, respectively. The phytochemical screening of various extracts of the 

M. charantia revealed the presence of secondary metabolites alkaloids, flavonoids, 

reducing sugar, carbohydrates, and steroids, and possess antioxidant potential 

activities. Thus, the use of M. charantia deserves more attention as it may enhance 

the exploration of secondary metabolites prior to the next isolation work.


Molecular Recognition By Indole-3-Acetic Acid Imprinted Polymers And 

Binidng Studies Using Two Different Monomers MAA And MMA 

Nur Habibah Safiyah binti Jusoh 

Supervisor: Dr. Faizatul Shimal Mehamod 



Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) were prepared by bulk polymerization using 

indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as a template molecule with methacrylic acid (MAA) or 

methyl methacrylic acid (MMA) as functional monomers and ethylene glycol 

dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linkers. By using fourier-transform infrared 

spectroscopy (FTIR) all the functional groups presence in the polymers were detected. 

Characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that polymers 

formed irregular shape for all polymers that have been synthesized. It can be seen 

that imprinted polymers surface are rougher compare to the non-imprinted polymers. 

For the characterization using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) shows that MIP IAA MAA 

have pore size (21.441 A ° ) and MIP IAA MMA have pore size (21.469 A ° ).Binding studies 

showed that MIP IAA MMA have higher affinity than MIP IAA MAA .


Preparation and Characterization of Ceramic Membrane by Using Rice 

Husk as Pore Forming Agent 

Nur Hanis Syafiqah Binti Hamdan 




Ceramic membrane gain reputation in treating wastewater due to their high 

permeability, chemicals resistance and thermal stability. In this study, ball clay ceramic 

membranes were fabricated using slip casting method. Rice husk (0wt%-40wt%) were 

used as pore forming agent. Fabricated membranes were sintered at 900°C. Porosity 

and density of the membranes were determined by Archimedes’ principle while 

compressive strength determined by Universal Testing Machine. The morphology were 

observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. As porosity increase from 36% to 52%, 

density was decreased from 2.5g/cm 3 to 1.7g/cm 3 with increasing amount of rice husk 

from 0wt% to 40wt%. Compressive strength was decreased from 10.9 MPa to 0.6 

MPa. Morphology of the membranes showed that the amount of pores was increased 

with increasing amount of rice husk. Hence, the utilization of rice husk as pore forming 

agent has certainly affected the properties of the membranes and possessed good 

potential in wastewater filtration.


Chemical study of Malaysian stingless bee propolis: Geniotrigona thoracica 

Nur Husna Ashikin Binti Mohamad Noor 




Propolis has been studied for their biological properties worldwide. However, the study 

on its chemical composition is very rare, especially on the Malaysian stingless bee 

propolis. In this study, the propolis of Geniotrigona thoracica, a Malaysian stingless 

bee was investigated for its chemical constituents. Phytochemical screening showed 

the presence of phenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids and 

glycosides in the propolis. The methanol, hexane and a fraction from hexane extract 

namely GTBH3 were screened for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer and SKUT- 

1 fibroid cancer cell lines. Fraction GTBH3 and methanol extract showed highly 

cytotoxicity against SKUT-1 with IC50 of 2 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL respectively while 

GTBH3 showed most highly cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with IC50 of 10 μg/mL. The 

hexane extract was selected for isolation and purification using Column 

Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography. Two compounds were successfully 

isolated and analyzed using Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Ultraviolet and 

Mass Spectrometry.


Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of p-Nitroanilide Derivatives Using 

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Coupling Methods 

Nur Shuhaila Haryani binti Abd Haris 

Supervisor: Dr Maisara binti Abdul Kadir 



Peptide-p-nitroanilide is obtained by using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as coupling 

agent. In this approach, a new p-nitroanilide derivative namely tert-butyl(3-methyl-1- 

((4-nitrophenyl)amino)-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate was successfully synthesized. This 

compound was characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier Transform 

Infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis, 1 H and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). From FTIR 

spectrum, several important peaks were observed at 3362.34 cm -1 , 1630.45 cm -1 and 

1350.00 cm -1 which assigned for N-H, C=O and N-O, respectively. Based on UV- 

Vis spectrum, the C=O and NO2 signals were indicated at 375 nm, representing 

electron transition to *. Meanwhile, the 1 H NMR shows the present of NH 

resonances at 8.215 ppm and 6.794 ppm. The aromatic protons were identified at 

range 7.838 – 8.293 ppm while in 13 C NMR spectrum, the resonances for carbon atoms 

at benzyl ring were observed at range 112.39 – 135.61 ppm. Despite of several 

attempts to produce p-nitroanilide derivatives, the reaction led to formation of tertbutyl(3-methyl-1-((4-nitrophenyl)amino)-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate 

only.


Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Euphorbia Milii 

(Euphorbiaceae) and Its Biological Activities 

Nur Syafika Amani Binti Abd Mutalib 

Supervisor: Puan Nurul Huda Binti Abdul Wahab 



Euphorbia milii (Euphorbiaceae) is a well-known decorative plant that has been used 

as a natural source for ornamental purposes since ancient times. Thus, the 

phytochemical analysis was carried out involving different parts of the plant (flowers, 

leaves and stems) extracted with increasing polarities of solvents (hexane, ethyl 

acetate and ethanol). The qualitative analysis carried out for the determination of 

alkaloid, flavonoid, phlobatanins, saponins, phenolic content, triterpenoid, steroid, 

quinones, carbohydrates, reducing sugar and tannin. The results showed that alkaloid, 

flavonoid, quinones, carbohydrates and reducing sugar were mainly present in all of 

the sample extracts. For overall extract, ethanol leaves extract shown the higher 

amount of flavonoid content followed by ethyl acetate and hexane. The presence of 

phytochemical compounds resulted to positive antioxidant activities in E. milii plant 

which make this plant has higher medicinal value and can be extensively studied and 

commercialized for higher production than synthetic drugs with side effects.


Theoretical Evaluation and Uv-Vis Studies Of Calix [4] Arene Derivatives as 

Molecular Receptor for Paracetamol and Amphetamine 

Nur Syaimaa Hanisah Binti Ali 

Supervisor: Dr. Maisara Binti Abdul Kadir 



Calix[4]arene is a bowl-shaped structure that allows accommodation or allocation of 

any guest molecules within the cavity by hydrogen bonding. By taking the advantage 

of calix[4]arene, this research focused on the use of this molecule as drugs’ receptor. 

The interaction study of calix[4]arene as molecular receptor was investigated by using 

Gaussian 09 Software. The studied calix was investigated with different functional 

groups consisting either electron donating group (-CH3) or electron withdrawing group 

(-Cl) to detect amphetamine and paracetamol. Based on the theoretical result, the 

structure of 4-chlorocalix[4]arene was identified as the most stable structure and has 

lowest stabilization energy. It gives the stabilization energy of -4251. 8162 3041a.u 

when interact with 2 mol of paracetamol, followed by -4031. 9311 2409a.u when 

interact with 2 mol of amphetamine and gives -3736. 3033 9593a.u. when interact 

with 1 mol of paracetamol. Thus, 4-chlorocalix[4]arene has better response towards 

paracetamol compared to other analyte.


Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel/Aluminium-Layered Double 

Hydroxide as Potential Adsorbent for Eriochrome Black T 

and Alizarin Red S Dyes 

Nurdiyana Binti Roslan 

Supervisor: Dr Mazidah Binti Mamat 



The textile industry’s increasing popularity elevates water usage and eventually causes 

high expel rate of wastewater with excessive dye pollutants. Therefore in this study, 

a type of anionic clay, nickel/aluminium-layered double hydroxide (NiAL), was studied 

as a potential adsorbent for anionic dyes, mainly Eriochrome Black T (EBT) and Alizarin 

Red S (AR). The NiAL was synthesized via co-precipitation method and was 

characterized using powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared 

spectrophotometer (FTIR). The morphology and composition of the NiAL was further 

analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, 

sulphur elemental analyzer (CHNS) and Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA). NiAL was 

then used as adsorbent for the removal of both dyes in aqueous solution which was 

tested at different mass and its adsorption ability was analyzed.


Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Substituted Benzoyl Thiourea 

Nurfarihah Binti Zaidi @ Zaidi Azlan 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr Mohd Sukeri Bin Mohd Yusof 



The title compounds namely N-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-N’-(benzyl)thiourea (I), N-(4- 

methylbenzoyl)-N’-(benzyl)thiourea (II), and N-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-N’- 

(benzyl)thiourea (III) have been successfully synthesized by using condensation 

technique called reflux. The reaction of ammonium thiocyanate with three different 

benzoyl chlorides that is 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride, 4-methylbenzoyl chloride and 4- 

methoxybenzoyl chloride then react with benzyl amine gave out the three new 

compounds with slightly different characters. They were then characterized by typical 

spectroscopic techniques, Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR), Nuclear magnetic 

resonance (NMR), and CHNS analysis. It is observed that there are 4 mains stretching 

vibrations in the IR spectra, v(N-H), v(C=O), v(C-N) and v(C=S) at 2996-3295 cm -1 , 

1600-1670 cm -1 1466-1555 cm -1 , and 694-761 cm -1 respectively. In 13 C NMR spectra, 

the carbon carbonyl resonance for (I), (II) and (III) can be observed at 165 ppm, 167 

ppm and 162 ppm respectively. Meanwhile, resonance of carbon thione groups can 

be observed at 178 ppm, 180 ppm and 167 ppm. In 1 H NMR spectra, two singlet N-H 

resonances can be observed, one in up field region, while another one in downfield 

region.


Study of Phytochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Gracilaria sp 

Nursyamen Izzaty Binti Azmi 

Supervisor: Dr. Asnuzilawati Binti Asari 

Bachelor of Sience (Chemical Sciences) 


Gracilaria species or known as agar-agar red seaweeds are belonging to phylum 

Rhodophyta and family Gracilariaceace. These species have been reported to posses 

various biological activities including antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifungal, anti-bacterial, 

cardiovascular effects and cytotoxicity. The aim of this study is to determine 

phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities on Gracilaria sp. In this study, 

Gracilaria sp was collected from Johor and was extracted by using two different solvent 

with different polarities which are ethyl acetetate and methanol. Then, the extract was 

evaluated for antioxidant activities by using two methods, namely (a) free radical 

scavenging assay with DPPH and non-superoxide, (b) non-enzymatic antioxidant 

assays which is to determine caratenoids and α- tocopherols. The phytochemical test 

revealed that, the crude extracts of ethyl acetate contain alkaloid, reducing sugar, 

steroid, and terpenoid. Meanwhile, for methanol crude extract, it contains saponin, 

alkaloid, and terpenoid. The results obtained are important for identification of their 

bioactive principles.


Chemical Investigation of Geniotrigona Thoracica 'S Propolis 

From Dungun, Malaysia 

Nursyaza Syazwani Binti Yasjar 




Propolis has many biological and pharmacological properties, which are related to its 

chemical composition. In this study, the propolis produced by Geniotrigona thoracica 

from Dungun, Terengganu was investigated for its chemical constituents. The propolis 

was extracted by using four solvents which are methanol, hexane, dichloromethane 

and ethyl acetate. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, 

terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids phenols and tannins. The hexane, methanol 

and dichloromethane extracts showed mild cytotoxicity against MCF7- breast cancer 

cell lines with IC50 values of 40 µg/mL, 58 µg/mL, 34 µg/mL respectively while SKUT1- 

fibroid cancer cell lines showed that mild cytotoxicity for hexane with IC50 value of 48 

µg/mL. Dichloromethane extract was selected for isolation and purification of 

compounds by using Thin Layer Chromatography and Column Chromatography. Two 

compounds were isolated and analyzed by using Infrared, Ultraviolet, Nuclear 

Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectroscopy.


Synthesis And Characterization Of Homogenous Poly(Methyl 

Methacrylate) Via Surfactant Polymerization Potentially For Organic Light 

Emitting Diode (OLED) 

Nurul Aini Binti Mohd Johari 

Supervisor: Dr Syara Binti Kassim 



The synthesis homogenous of poly(methyl methacrylate) by varying the amount of 

monomer and surfactant via surfactant polymerization was carried out to obtain 

nanoparticles of polymer range from 100nm to 200nm which is potential to act as a 

substrate in organic light-emitting diode (OLED). Surfactant polymerization was used 

to evaluate the fabrication of photonic crystal of thin film. Characterization of the 

synthesized polymer were carried out by using Fourier Transform Infrared 

spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric 

analysis (TGA) and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). IR spectrum shows an 

absorption bands namely, ν(O–CH3), ν(C=O), ν(C–H) and ν(C–O) which can be 

observed at range 2952cm -1 , 1727cm -1 , 1450cm -1 and 1149cm -1 . For thermograms, 

the final stage of degradation of polymer is the ranging 330°C to 450°C. Besides, from 

UV-Vis analysis there is peak absorption at 300nm to 400nm. Meanwhile, for SEM 

analysis shows the PMMA has homogenous sizes and closely-packed arrangement.


Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium/Aluminium Layered Double 

Hydroxide as a Potential Adsorbent for Removal Methyl Orange Dye 

Nurul Fatini Binti Bakar 

Supervisor: Dr Mazidah Binti Mamat 



Layered double hydroxide of calcium/aluminium-nitrate (CAN) was successfully 

synthesized at Ca/Al molar ratio of 3 and pH 12 via co-precipitation method. The 

material was characterized by using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier 

Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Carbon, Hydrogen, 

Nitrogen and Sulfur (CHNS) Elemental Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy 

(SEM). The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the interlayer spacing distance for 

CAN is 0.87 nm. The IR spectrum showed the structural and chemical bonding belongs 

to CAN. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed the image from variety 

magnifications. The adsorption study was carried out at different CAN dosages and it 

was found that as the mass of CAN increase, removal percentage also increase.


Effect of Various Shape Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles as an 

Antimicrobial Agent 

Nurul Hidayah Binti Mohd Azmi 

Supervisor: Dr Hanis Binti Mohd Yusoff 



Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) of different shape were prepared by chemical reduction 

method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), and 

X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the prepared Ag-NPs. 

SEM micrographs showed three different shapes of Ag-NPs which are spherical, 

triangular and flower like with size range 200 to 300 nm, 100 to 300 nm and 1690 nm 

respectively. The optical characteristics of different shape Ag-NPs which are spherical, 

triangular and flower shape with wavelength in the range of 420 to 430 nm, 395 to 

495 nm and 293 to 300 nm respectively. XRD diffractogram of flower shaped indicated 

face-centered cubic crystalline structure. The antimicrobial properties of Ag-NPs 

against Staphylococcus aureus sp. and Escherichia coli sp. carried out by disc diffusion 

method showed that flower shape Ag-NPs at pH 4 demonstrated highest inhibition 

zones against Escherichia coli sp. For Staphylococcus Aureus sp., spherical Ag-NPs 

demonstrated better result.


Study of Phytochemical Properties and Anti-oxidant Activities in Seed of 

Trigonellafoenum-graecum, Brassica nigra and Salvia hispanica species 

Nurul Syafiqah Binti Mohamad Ashri 

Pn. Nurul Huda Binti Abdul Wahab 


School Of Fundamental Sciences 

Studies on three different seeds known as Trigonellafoenum-graecum, Brassica nigra 

and Salvia hispanica, has been conducted on phytochemical test and antioxidant 

activities. The chosen samples were extracted using three different solvents (hexane, 

ethyl acetate and methanol). Phytochemical screening on T.foenum-graecum showed 

positive results on alkaloids, flavonoids in hexane and methanol extracts. More over, 

tannins, reducing sugar, carbohydrate and phenolic content indicated in ethyl acetate 

and methanol extracts. In B.nigra sample, methanol extracts showed promising 

positive results with presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic content, 

saponins, reducing sugar and carbohydrates. S.hispanica showed the presence of 

alkaloid, flavonoid in hexane extracts. Meanwhile, reducing sugar and carbohydrate 

indicated in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Additionally, the non-enzymatic 

antioxidant activities also determined and indicated the presence of α-tocopherol and 

carotenoid. This study designated that the chosen samples exhibited the antioxidant 

activities and can be used potentially as a readily accessible source of natural 

antioxidant.


Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Carbon Coated Iron (ll, lll) 

Oxide, C@Fe3O4 Microparticles Photocatalyst for Degradation of Textile 

Wastewater Pollutant (Methyl Orange) 

Rosmiati Binti Nandu 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Hasmizam Bin Razali 



Magnetic C@Fe3O4 microparticles was synthesized with magnetite (Fe3O4) as the 

magnetic core and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as carbon source via hydrothermal 

method and applied as photocatalyst in degradation of methyl orange (MO). The 

synthesized C@Fe3O4 is characterize with FTIR, SEM, TGA, XRD and BET. The results 

show the peak which indicate the presence of bonding between Fe-O and the size of 

the C@Fe3O4 is within 90–433 nm. The prepared C@Fe3O4 which synthesized with 

three different mass of CNTs have amorphous carbon diffraction peak and all the 

characteristic peaks of Fe3O4. The C@Fe3O4 which synthesized with 0.5g CNTs which 

has BET surface area of 129.61 m²/g shows the highest degradation percentage of 

MO which is 83%.


Synthesis and Characterization of Composite Silica, PMMA and Alloy (Au- 

Ag) Via Co-Crystallize As Potential for Light Trapping In Solar Cell 

Application 

Rozaitunmas binti Jamal 

Supervisor: Dr. Syara Kassim 

Bachelor of Chemical Sciences 


Metallodieletric photonic crystal are being a great booster in development of light 

managing materials. Inverted silica, alloy(Au-Ag) had potential in increasing light 

trapping in solar cell. This composite was prepared through self-assembly method 

which is simple, fast and low cost that able to fabricate bigger surface area of photonic 

crystal. PMMA used as crystal template and hydrolysed TEOS act as cementing 

component. MMA monomer is completely undergo polymerization reaction to form 

PMMA due to absent of C=C bond around 1639.83 cm -1 characterized by IR 

spectroscopy. Alloy(Au-Ag) nanoparticle has good ability to absorb light where UV-Vis 

analysis shows the absorption of this nanoparticles at wavelength 437nm. The removal 

of PMMA template from Si-Alloy(Au-Ag)-PMMA composite produce inverted structure 

where it has hole skeleton structure show by SEM image. The performance of 

composite inverted Si-alloy(Au-Ag) was test by using dye sensitive solar cell (DSSC) 

where the reading of voltage was increased.


Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium/Aluminium Layered Double 

Hydroxide as Potential Adsorbent for Bromophenol Blue 

Shariena binti Shamsul Bahari 

Supervisor: Dr. Mazidah Bt Mamat 



Layered double hydroxide (LDH) also known as anionic clay is one of the promising 

adsorbent for the removal of anionic pollutant from water system. In this study, 

Magnesium / aluminium LDH with Mg/Al molar ratio of 3 was synthesized via a coprecipitation 

method at constant pH 10. The as-synthesized sample was characterized 

using five different techniques which are Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier 

Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric 

Analysis (TGA) and Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulfur (CHNS) Elemental Analysis. 

The obtained sample was used as adsorbent for the removal of Bromophenol Blue dye 

from the aqueous solution. Adsorption experiment was carried out under different 

mass of LDH. The equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of Bromophenol Blue dye 

on layered double hydroxide were analysed using selected isotherm models.


Synthesis and Characterization ZnO/MgO/Graphene Composite as a 

Potential Anode Material in Lithium Ion Batteries 

Sharifah Nurshahirah Binti Syed Hussin 


Co-Supervisor: Dr Nurul Hayati Binti Idris 



Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been widely studied due to its low cost, outstanding stability and 

high efficiency. One of the potential application of ZnO is to improve cycling 

performance of a lithium ion batteries. Synthesis of ZnO with MgO to form ZnO/MgO 

nanopowder has been carried by using simpler method. The synthesized of ZnO and 

ZnO/MgO nanopowder are characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), 

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For FT-IR, the peak 

at 500 cm -1 indicates that the formation of ZnO bonding while SEM morphology 

showed that spherical ZnO and ZnO/MgO nanopowder were obtained. Electrochemical 

property of ZnO and ZnO/MgO nanopowder are tested using galvanostatic 

charge/discharge with Neware battery tester. The electrochemical testing result 

indicates that the performance of ZnO/MgO nanopowder is decreased with a discharge 

capacity of 117.04762 mAhg -1 at 0.1 C rate after 37 cycles. The results shows that the 

battery performance can be improved.


Synthesis And Characterization Of Polystyrene@Alloy(Silver-Gold) Core- 

Shell Nanoparticle As Potential Substrate For Surface-Enhanced Raman 

Scattering (Sers) 

Siti Aisyah Binti Mohamed Diah 

Supervisor: Dr. Syara Binti Kassim 



Core-shell structure is applicable in various fields especially in material science by 

using SERS technique since it exhibit unique properties. Core-shell structure is made 

up of polystyrene and alloy (silver and gold) nanoparticles which known as 

metallodielectric photonic crystal (MDPCs). Polystyrene act as host of MDPCs; and 

further incorporated with alloy known as PS@alloy. Polystyrene as a dielectric material 

exhibit a complete reflection throughout the crystal layer which known as complete 

photonic band gap. A combination of silver and gold results in an intense plasmon 

resonance peak around 450nm. The objectives of the research are to synthesize 

polystyrene, alloy, and polystyrene incorporated with alloy nanoparticles. Those 

products were characterized using spectroscopy techniques to study the optical 

scattering and absorption properties. The instruments involved in this study are FT- 

IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, XRD, SEM, and EDS. The resulting analysis reveals the 

potentialities of PS@alloy to enhance Raman signal as a SERS substrate.


The Synthesis of Allylation Reactions of 1,3-Cyclohexanedione with Tin 

Dichloride in Water 

Siti Khadijah Binti Husin 

Supervisor: Dr. Soraya Shafawati Binti Mohamad Tahier 



Cyclohexanedione is important as it is used as a precursor to treating cancer and 

widely used as a skeleton in the production of herbicides. Some herbicides such as 

Cycloxydim, Clethodim, Tralkoxydim, and Profoxydim are derivatives of 1,3- 

cyclohexanedione. The allylation reaction between carbonyl compounds and allyl 

halide is called the formation of the carbon-carbon bond. In this study, the allylation 

reactions of 1,3-cyclohexanedione and allyl bromide were carried out using the SnCl2- 

H2O system under stirring method for 7 to 9 days to get a monoallyl product which is 

2-allyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (C9H12O2). This study was carried out by using the 

different equivalent of starting material and catalyst. The product obtained was 

characterized by using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. This 

research study has increased the yield of the final product by 50%.


Synthesis and Characterization of Carbonyl Thiourea Derivatives 

Siti Rahimah Binti Abd Rahman 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Mohd Sukeri Bin Mohd Yusof 



Four new carbonyl thiourea derivatives have been synthesized by refluxing mixture of 

acyl chloride, isothiocyanate intermediates, and aromatic amine in acetone. The four 

structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by Fourier Transform 

Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, 1 H and 13 C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 

spectroscopy, CHNS Element Analyzer and Mass Spectroscopy. The infrared spectra 

of these compound showed four significant stretching vibration of v(N-H), v(C=O), 

v(C-N), and v(C=S) at 3155 - 3184 cm -1 , 1689.06- 1698.35 cm -1 , 1369.14-1380.30 

cm -1 and 759.24-773.60 cm -1 , respectively. In the 1 H spectra, the signal of δH(N1) and 

δH(N2) presence at around δH 11-12 ppm. The 13 C NMR spectra showed signal of 

carbonyl and thione carbon can clearly observed at δc 173-179 ppm and 180-181 

ppm, respectively and it is proved by Mass spectroscopy. From the CHNS element 

analysis, these four new thiourea are revealed good agreement with slightly small 

difference value compared to theoretical value.


The Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Shape for Photodegradation of 

Rhodamine B Dye 

Siti Zulaikha Binti Mohd Khalid 




Zinc oxide (ZnO) with different shape which are spherical and nanorod were 

successfully prepared by using sol-gel method. In this method, zinc acetate 

dehydrated and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were used as a starting material. The obtained 

powder was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope 

(SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR). SEM micrographs showed that spherical 

and nanorod ZnO were obtained. These ZnO samples were then applied for the 

photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye. Results from photodegradation showed 

the nanorod shape gave the highest degradation. The results of photocatalytic 

degradation of RhB dye in aqueous solution showed that the morphology of ZnO 

nanostructure influenced on the photocatalytic efficiency.


Synthesis and Characterization of Pre-Organized Diamide Compounds as 

Potential Anion Receptor 

Syahira Binti Omar 

Supervisor: Dr Maisara Binti Abdul Kadir, Ph.D 



Neutral anion receptors play an important role in nature. For this reason, artificial 

neutral receptors became an attractive target for studies. Therefore, in this study, four 

new amide compounds were synthesized from reactions between 2,6-dimethylpyridine 

dicarboxylate and 2-amino-4-methylpyridine . The synthesized ligands were 

characterized by using spectroscopy methods such as Fourier Transform infrared (FT- 

IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) 

spectroscopy. The infrared analysis showed the presence of four significant peaks for 

νstr(N-H), νstr(C-H), ν(C=O), νbend(N-H) and at range of 3274-3452 cm−¹, 2812- 

2968 cm−¹, 1686-1742 cm−¹, and 1533-1571 cm−¹, respectively. While for 1 H NMR 

results, the presence of N-H were indicated at range of δH = 10.30-10.41, respectively. 

The UV spectra indicated the absorbance for C=O group and pyridine group. The anion 

binding studies of the ligands toward chromate were monitored by UV spectroscopy 

and the results show promising potential as chromate receptor.


Synthesis, Characterization and Electrical Activity of Transition Metal 

Complexes Derived from Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives 

Syasya Syakirah binti Redzuan 

Supervisor: Dr. Md. Uwaisulqarni bin Osman 



Thiosemicarbazide are sulphur containing schiff base and known for it fascinated 

properties as versatile ligand thus make it widely study and its application are apply 

in many field. This study are important to know the relationship between the electron 

delocalization in the thiosemicarbazide derivative and the contribution on electrical 

activity. Complex derivative in this research project have been synthesized by 

condensation reaction of thiosemicarbazide and p-benzoquinone which later react with 

transition metal to form metal complex before thin film are form. The compound was 

characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultravioletvisible 

spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and CHNS elemental analysis. FT-IR spectrum shows 

the significance bands for the functional group of ⱱ(C=N) and ⱱ(C=S) and the 

dissapearing of ⱱ(C=O). Meanwhile, UV spectroscopy shows one main absorptions at 

241nm and a shoulder at 292nm. The thin film form are expected to have electrical 

conductivity due to the electron delocalization of the ligand. 

UMT Undergraduate Research Day 2018


Homopolymerization and Copolymerization of Methacrylic Acid (MAA) and 

Butyl Acrylate (BuA) Via Emulsion Polymerization Technique: Synthesis 

and Characterizations 

Tan Yea Tzy 

Dr Noor Aniza Bt Harun 

Bachelor of Science (Chemcial Sciences) 


Hydrophilic homopolymer of poly(methcarylic acid) P(MAA), poly(butyl acrylate) 

P(BuA) and copolymer poly(methacrylic acid-co-butyl acrylate) P(MAA-co-BuA) 

nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via emulsion polymerization technique. 

The emulsion polymerization were composed of methacrylic acid (MAA) and/or butyl 

acrylate (BuA) monomers, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) (surfactant), potassium 

persulphate (KPS) (initiator) and water. The effects of different molar ratios of MAA 

and BuA towards the formation, morphology, thermal stability and solubility of 

homopolymer and copolymer nanoparticles were studied. The formation of polymer 

nanoparticles were confirmed by the absorption peaks of Fourier transform infrared 

spectroscopy (FTIR). The particles sizes and the morphology of the polymer 

nanoparticles were obtained by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). 

Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to measure the changes in physical and 

chemical properties of polymer nanoparticles. Solubility test for polymer nanoparticles 

were performed and P(MAA-co-BuA) in ratio of 4:1 obtained as optimum ratio that 

shows improved hydrophilicity of the copolymer.


Synthesis of Ferulic Acid Ester 

Ummil Unais binti Alimin 

Supervisor: Dr. Asnuzilawati binti Asari 



Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid) is a natural occurring phenolic acid 

that has been investigated for their characteristics and health effects. Ferulic acid 

posses biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic agent and widely used in 

cosmetic products. The aim of this study is to synthesis (E)-pentyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3- 

methoxyphenyl)acrylate via DCC (dicyclohexyl carbodiimide) coupling reaction. In this 

study, ferulic acid and 1-pentanol was reacted with DCC in the presence of DMAP (4- 

dimethylaminopyridine) at a room temperature. However, the reaction produced low 

yield of the product , 0.023% yield. Thus, this research need to be furthered study to 

obtain higher yield of the desired molecule.


Synthesis and Characterization of Bismuth and Tungsten Doped TiO2 

Photocatalyst 

Wan Nadiya Binti Wan Su 




Titanium dioxide, TiO2 is a photocatalyst that used for dyes removal and for selfcleaning 

application. In this study, undoped and doped (Bismuth and tungsten) TiO2 

photocatalysts were prepared via sol-gel method. The effect of different dopant 

towards the properties of TiO2 was examine in this study. Samples were calcined at 

500 o C and characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared 

Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). XRD patterns showed 

anatase phase and anatase-mixed phase were obtained for undoped sample, Bi-TiO2 

and W-TiO2 doped sample. FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of Ti in each of the 

samples in the range of wavelength 500-1000 cm -1 . SEM image showed the formation 

of nanoparticles for all samples. As conclusion, addition of dopant may improve the 

photocatalytic activity of photocatalyst.


Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Derivatives via Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 

Coupling Reaction 

Woong Chee Hao 


Chemical Sciences 


Caffeic acid derivatives have demonstrated many biological and pharmacological 

actions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial. The aim 

of this research is to synthesize (E)-pentyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylate. In 

this study, caffeic acid and 1-pentanol was reacted by employing 

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling reaction in the presence of 4- 

Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as catalyst. From the IR spectrum obtained, the 

product exhibited a sharp medium band at 1718 cm -1 confirming the presence ester 

carbonyl group. The characteristic signal from 

1 H NMR spectrum was observed at δ 

4.14 assignable to methylene protons (-COO-CH 2 ) of ester. Unfortunately, the 

percentage yield of the product was extremely low (7.43 %) and a lot of impurities 

were emerged in the product. In conclusion, pure ester product was not successfully 

obtained due to the presence of dicyclohexylurea (DCU) by-product. Changing the 

condition or solvent used in this reaction was suggested in order to improve the 

percentage yield of the product.


Study of Phytochemical properties and Antioxidant Activity of 

Holothuria nobilis 

Nur Syuhada Binti Mohamad Nasir 




Holothuria nobilis is one of the sea cucumber's species from the family of 

Holothuriidae. It has been used as a traditional remedy by Malay and Chinese 

community in Malaysia to treat asthma, hypertension and wound healing. In this 

study, the sample of Holothuria nobilis were collected from Bidong Island, Terengganu 

on 2016. The clean and dried samples of Holothuria nobilis were extracted using two 

different solvent with different polarities which are ethyl acetate and methanol. 

Phytochemical screening test was conducted on both crude extracts and each crude 

shows positive results on flavonoid, saponin and glycoside which are responsible for 

antioxidant properties. The dried sample and extract of Holothuria nobilis were 

evaluate for their antioxidant activities such as full antioxidant assay using linoleic 

acid, free radical scavenging assay using DPPH radical with superoxide radical and 

non-enzymatic antioxidant assay which to determine a-tocopherol and carotenoid.


Camellia Sinensis as Natural Corrosion Inhibitor 

Nur Azlin binti Awang Senik @ Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Nabilah binti Ismail 

Bachelors of Sciences (Chemical Sciences) 


Camellia Sinensis were well-known natural product containing phenolic and flavonoid 

compounds, which reveals a significant advantage for corrosion inhibition purpose. In 

this study, the active compound in Camellia Sinensis were extracted and further 

characterized with FTIR to identify the functional group in it including their abundancy. 

Corrosion experiment using JR235 mild steel grade was conducted where these 

specimens were immersed in the flowing system models in control condition for 60 

days. Corrosion performance were investigate using weight-loss method and analysed 

using mathematical equation to determine the weight different, thus determining the 

corrosion rate. In addition, SEM was used in order to monitor the surface morphology 

of mild steel. Results reveal that corrosive layer formation is being inhibited correspond 

to extract usage. This research found that the inhibition properties increase with 

increasing extract concentration used. Therefore, tea leaves extract serves as an 

effective and non-toxic corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in dynamic saline condition.


Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities from Three 

Different Citrus Leaves (Rutaceae) 

Nur Irdeena Binti Zulkornain 

Supervisor: Pn Nurul Huda Binti Abdul Wahab 



Citrus has long been considered as a food and curative plant. Leaves of Citrus 

aurantifolia, Citrus hystrix and Citrus microcarpa were selected to investigate their 

phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities. The leaves extraction of those 

samples were carried out using three different polarities of solvents (hexane, ethyl 

acetate, and methanol). Phytochemical screening disclosed that the leaves of C. 

aurantifolia have positive results of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugar and 

carbohydrates only in hexane and ethyl acetate crude extracts. Meanwhile, C. hystrix 

leaves contained with alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, reducing sugar, 

carbohydrates, phenolic and tannins in all crude extracts. However, flavonoids and 

glycosides only existed in hexane and methanol crude extracts. From C. microcarpa 

leaves, indicated that the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, reducing 

sugar, carbohydrates, phenolic and tannins in hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. 

Additionally, the non-enzymatic antioxidants assays were conducted and showed the 

promosing results of α-tocopherol and carotenoids contains.


Synthesis and Characterization of Acetylide-Thiourea Derivatives as 

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Chemosensor. 

Pavithran A/L Renganathan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Wan Mohd Khairul Bin Wan Mohamed Zin 



An increase emissions of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) is now considered of 

major environmental concern. Few methods that already developed in detecting VOCs 

analyte which are by carbon nanotubes based materials , conductive polymeric 

system, and metal oxides derivatives, needs special treatments like large 

instrumentation, high operating temperature, and inert environment in order to be 

operated. Therefore, thiourea derivatives are selected to be as a single molecule that 

can be developed into a gas sensor due to their capacity for electronic transport 

throughout molecular backbone favoured by rigid π-conjugated systems. In this study, 

4-[(4-aminophenylethynyl] toluene as a precursor has been synthesized by using 

Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. Further reaction has been done to produce final 

product alkoxy-substituted acetylide-thiourea. Characterization techniques using 

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR), Perkin-Elmer thermo 

gravimetric analysis (TGA), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and also 

CHNS analysis has been done to confirm the molecular structure of the synthesized 

product.


Synthesis and Conductivity Properties of Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives 

Containing Pyridine Ring and Their Transition Metal Complexes 

Sharmili Silvarajoo 

Supervisor: Dr. Md Uwaisulqarni Osman 



Thiosemicarbazone derivatives, namely 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde thiosemicarbazone 

(2-PCT) have been synthesized through the reaction between thiosemicarbazide and 

2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde which have successfully attracted the interest of 

researchers in the fields of study such as biological, medical and industry. Compound 

of 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (2-PCT) was characterized by using 

Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV- 

Vis), and CHNS elemental analysis. FT-IR spectrum shows the significance bands for 

the functional groups of (C=N) and (C=S) that can be observed in the frequency of 

1625cm -1 and 1147.15cm -1 , 876.51cm -1 , respectively. Meanwhile, UV spectroscopy 

shows two main absorptions at 270 nm for transition for pyridine ring 

chromophore and at 320 nm for n for C=N and C=S chromophore. Magnetic test 

have been conducted by using Gouy balance when 2-PCT is reacted with copper salt 

and nickel salt to form its complexes. The conductivity of CMC thin film was determined 

using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and it is proven that by mixing 

CMC salt with Cu (II)-bis-2-PCT have the highest conductivity value of 1.898 x 10 -7 

S/cm compared to CMC salt with Ni (II)-bis-2-PCT and CMC salt only thin film which 

are 6.39 x 10 -8 S/cm, 1.36 x 10 -8 S/cm, respectively. It is prove that electrical 

conductivity was increase due to the presence of metal.


Tea Leaves Extract As a Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 

Hydrochloric Acid 

Nur Khairunnisa binti Nazri 

Supervisor: Dr. Nabilah binti Ismail 



Camellia Sinensis (tea) extract is commonly consumed due to its antioxidant 

properties. These properties reveal significant advantages for green corrosion 

inhibitor. In this study, the active compound in Camellia sinensis (tea) leaves were 

extract in methanol and further characterize with FTIR to identify the functional group 

in the tea leaves extract. The presence of the active compounds such as tannin, phenol 

and flavonoid compounds was further test with qualitative method. Corrosion 

prototype set up consist of coated mild steel JR235 grade with size (25 x 25 x 3) mm 

immersed in the stagnant medium in control condition for 50 days. Performance of 

tea extract as anticorrosion was evaluated using weight lost analysis and stereo 

microscope images. Result shows that weight different indicate the extract inhibited 

the corrosion on mild steel surface. All the results show that rate of corrosion is low 

and tea extract can inhibit corrosion.


Lawsonia Inermis (Henna) As a Corrosion Inhibitor of Mild Steel in 0.15M 

Hydrochloric Acid Solution 

Syahidah Binti Isrofil 

Supervisor: Dr. Nabilah Binti Ismail 



Lawsonia Inermis(henna) is a class of herbs commonly found in South East Asia 

countries for art decoration. It also has high inhibitor properties due to the presence 

of phenolic and flavonoid content. This study was conducted to determine the 

properties and performance of henna to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in 0.15M HCl. 

Henna extract was analyzed through FTIR and it shows lawsone as major compound, 

which can slow down corrosion attack. The main components in lawsone are phenols 

C6H5O-H, carboxylic acid COOH and alkenes C=C. Inhibitor properties of henna were 

determined by the presence of phenolic, flavonoid and tannin by using phytochemical 

screening test. Their great inhibition abilities make it possible to use henna as inhibitor. 

Morphology was studied by using SEM and major cracks shown after day 60 which 

means, henna can inhibit corrosion in long period. In conclusion, henna is an excellent 

natural inhibitor for mild steel in 0.15M HCl.


The Study of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Flavonoid Compound 

from Different Parts of Andrographis Peniculata 

Arifah Radhiah Binti Mohd Arif 

Supervisor: En Mohamad Hussin Bin Haji Zain 



Xanthine Oxidase (XO) is an enzyme known to contribute to the production of uric 

acid in human body. Flavonoid, one of the natural sources of Xanthine Oxidase 

Inhibitor (XOI) was extracted from leaves, stems and roots of Andrographis Peniculata 

by using solvent extracted method. In this research, the presence of flavonoid 

compound in extracted samples was identified using phytochemical test and 

characterized by FTIR Spectroscopy. The highest total flavonoid content was in stem 

(0.098mg/ml), followed by leave (0.074mg/ml) and root (0.073mg/ml).This was then 

proven with the maximum inhibition rate of XO assay was in stem (89.4%), followed 

by leave (69.5%) and root (68.2%). However Allopurinol gave have the highest 

inhibition rate at (99.9). According to IC50 evaluation showed Allopurinol had lower 

IC50 value (0.002mg/ml) as compared to stem (0.015mg/ml).The inhibition of XO 

assay in stem was 10.5% less than Allopurinol. Thus stem of Andrographis Peniculata 

has high potential to be used in gout treatment.


Synthesis and Characterization of Bis-(Benzoyl-Thiourea) Derivatives and 

As Chealating Agent of Heavy Metal in Waste Water 

Low Chia Hui 

Supervisor: Assoc.Prof Dr. Mohd Sukeri bin Mohd Yusof 



SEM image: Bis-(benzoylthiourea) derivative (a) before (b) after absorption of 

copper ions. 

Improper disposal of inorganic waste to the rivers is the main factor of water pollution, 

due to rapid developing industrial such as electroplating process. Therefore, 

development of chelating agent of heavy metal in waste water. Thioureas derivatives 

are well known having good affinity toward heavy metal via thiono group (C=S) and 

carbonyl group (C=O) make them applicable as heavy metal sensors. In this research, 

four new Bis-(benzoyl-thiourea) derivatives were successfully synthesised. These 

compounds were characterized using ( 1 H) and ( 13 C) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 

spectroscopies (NMR) and Single Crystal X-Ray Diffractometer. These Compounds 

shown good thermal stability, without decomposition up to ca.140°C. This experiment, 

in which heavy metal were removed using these Bis-(benzoyl-thiourea) derivatives in 

aqueous solution. The maximum removal efficiency of Cu, Ni, Cd and Fe was 

determined to be 31%, 59%, 100%, and 68% respectively. Bis-(benzoyl-thiourea) 

derivatives act as ideal chemical sensor.

School of Marine 

and Environmental 

Sciences


(Biodiversity Conservation and 

Management)

The Preferences of Horseshoe Crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda on 

Different Types of Bivalves in Captivity 

Alisa Shahfiqa Binti Ghazali 

Prof. Madya Dr. Faridah Mohamad 


(Biodiversity Conservation and Management) 

School of Marine and Environmental Sciences 

A study on the preferences of horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda on 

different types of bivalves in captivity was conducted at Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu from November 2017 until March 2018. The objective of this study 

was to determine the types of bivalves that is most preferred by horseshoe crab, 

C. rotundicauda in captivity. C. rotundicauda were given four types of bivalves 

namely mussels, mud clams, cockles and oysters. The results obtained showed 

that C. rotundicauda has the highest preference on mussels followed by mud 

clams, oysters and cockles. The influence of the mortality rate of bivalves during 

feeding experiment towards the preferences of C. rotundicauda showed that 

mussels had the highest mortality rate compared to mud clams, oysters and 

cockles. Hence, this study revealed that conservation activities of C. rotundicauda 

would not affect the people in Setiu.

Efficiency of Natural Ingredients to Act As 

House-Infesting Ants Repellent 

Ayuni binti Razali 

Dr. Norasmah Basari 




Chemical repellents were used to repel ants since 1400 years ago. However, using 

insecticides can cause harm towards human and pets such as poisoning and 

allergic and therefore, search for natural repellent is increasing. This study was 

conducted to determine the effectiveness of selected natural ingredients which is 

lemon juice, cinnamon powder and eggshell powder to act as ant repellent. Six 

pieces of cardboard were put with strawberry jam as food baits. Cinnamon paste, 

eggshell paste, lemon juice, mixed paste and fluon were spread into the corner of 

the cardboard. All of the cardboard were placed in front of Paratrechina longicornis 

nest. The number of ants visiting food baits was recorded for every one hour for 

five hours. The entire natural ingredient cardboard’s show a positive result since 

the number of ants visiting food baits were less than positive control cardboard. 

However, the mixed paste cardboard shows a good consistency in repel the ants 

at home or other premises. From this study, we can produce a product to repel 

ant using all this natural ingredients. 

Keywords: House-infesting ant, insecticides, natural ingredient, Paratrechina 

longicornis, repellent

Nest Guarding Behaviour of Stingless Bees, Heterotrigona itama (H. 

itama) 

Badrul Amin bin Abdul Malek 

Supervisor: Dr. Norasmah binti Basari 



School of Marine and Environmental Science 

Meliponi activities has been accepted by local farmer and related studies has been 

done in this field to enhance the understanding of this bees and their behaviours. 

However, stingless bee nest guarding behaviour are poorly studied particularly on 

species Heterotrigona itama (H. itama). This situation may put the stingless bee 

in harm if being placed in a vulnerable spot. A study was conducted to determine 

the nest guarding behaviours of this species towards different odours related 

towards their predators. The experiments reveal that the stingless bees attack 

aggressively towards both dummy intruders that attached with the odour of their 

nestmate and non-nestmate. The dummy with distilled water and the odour of 

weaver ants however were being ignored most of the time by the guards and the 

foragers. Future studies on the chemical component in the formic acid of the 

weaver ants may help in understanding the stingless bee’s defense behaviours.

Influence of Relative Humidity on Pathogenicity of Metarhizium 

Anisopliae Isolates from Thailand and Malaysia against Red Palm 

Weevil, Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus Olivier 

(Insecta: Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) 

Cheong Jia Lei 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Wahizatul Afzan binti Azmi 




Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is a polyphagous insect that caused 

economic damage in various palm species, particularly coconut plantation in Malaysia. 

The entomopathogenicity of an indigenous (Meta-G4) and foreign (Met-TH) Metarhizium 

anisopliae strains isolated from the soil of Malaysia and Thailand, were tested against 

RPW adults in laboratory bioassays at 50, 70, 90% relative humidity (RH). Laboratory 

results indicate no significance differences in efficacy between both the conidia of M. 

anisopliae strains against RPW adults. Meta-G4 showed the highest efficacy at 90% RH 

(LT50=6.17 days). However, LT50 only slightly differed from Met-TH (6.33 days; 90% 

RH). Scanning electron microscopy for the treated RPWs showed that Meta-G4 (90% 

RH) was densely sporulated within the abdomen, while Met-TH can be found mainly 

across cuticular surface of RPW. In conclusion, entomopathogenicity of M. anisopliae 

might be differed in geographical origins, while Meta-G4 is a better biocontrol agent of 

RPW in Malaysia.

Towards A Balance in Environmental Sustainability, Social Rights And 

Business Opportunities: An Assessment on Website of Green 

Companies In 

Malaysia 

Chong Sok Leng 

Supervisor: Dr. Jarina Binti Mohd Jani 



School of Marine & Environmental Sciences 

Malaysian government had developed the green growth economic plan which 

intended to shift our country’s economic pathway into more sustainable ones. 

However, in order to make this economic plan a success, it requires great support 

from the society which initially need typical change in their mindsets and 

behaviour. One of the parties that can contribute to this transition is believed to 

be the green companies in Malaysia. The major tool that is believed to be able to 

help in exposing our society to green knowledge and later, pursuing them to join 

the green movement will be high quality of green companies website. High quality 

of websites should have high attractiveness and effectiveness. In order to know 

the quality of websites and later, make improvements on it, green companies can 

have self-evaluation on their websites. With that, this study aims to propose a type 

of evaluation to quality of green company’s website with newly designed 

scorecard.

Effect of Larval Food Amount on In-vitro Rearing of Queen Stingless 

Bee, Heterotrigona Itama (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) 

Devadarsheene A/P Regena 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr Wahizatul Afzan Azmi 

Co-supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr Shamsul Bahri Abd. Razak 




The in-vitro rearing of queen stingless bee is one of the efforts to increase the 

colonies’ number in order to produce more stingless bee products such as honey, 

propolis and bee bread. To date, there are limited studies on the production of the 

stingless bee queens by manipulating the quantity of food to the larvae. Thus, the 

aim of this study were to determine the growth rate of the in-vitro rearing of queen 

stingless bee and to investigate the optimum amount of larval food needed by 

larvae. Three different treatments of amount of larval food were tested on the 

larvae and the measurement of head capsule width was taken every week until 

the emergence stage. Results showed that the diameter of head capsule of larvae 

increased from week 1 to week 11 but there was no queen produced due to 

contamination of the treatment. Survival rate was higher in 100µl of larval food 

compared to 120µl and 140µl. Further studies is needed to improve the technique 

of the in-vitro rearing.

Mosquito larval surveillance and study of knowledge, attitude and 

practices among residents in Tok Jembal, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 

Farisha Amira Binti Mustapa 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aida binti Hashim 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Jarina binti Mohd Jani 




Mosquito-borne diseases are the most significant public health in many countries. 

Rapid development and population growth increase the mosquito population by 

providing opportunities of breeding sites and blood host. Objectives of this study 

are to determine Aedes mosquito breeding sites characteristics in Tok Jembal 

residential area and also to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices 

regarding Aedes Mosquito and dengue among residents. Breeding sites containers 

were collected around the house compound and 100 respondents were 

interviewed based on the questionnaires provided. Through larval survey, the 

number of wet containers found in Tok Jembal was 115 containers. Out of this, 25 

containers were with mosquito larvae. From interview and questionnaires, it was 

found that the residents have high knowledge, attitude and practices towards 

dengue information and its preventions. In conclusions, this study can help the 

mosquito control agencies to improve vector control and reduce transmission of 

mosquito-borne diseases in the future.

Avian Diversity and Feeding Guilds at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin 

(UniSZA) Lake 

Hazirah Atikah binti Khaidil 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdulmula Abdulmagid Hamza 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Nur Juliani Binti Shafie 





Birds play important roles in ecosystems such as pollinators, seed dispersals and 

keeping balance for nature, they also maintain sustainable population levels of 

their prey and predator species and, after death, provide food for scavengers and 

decomposers. The aim of this study to determine the diversity of bird species and 

link species identified to different feeding guild. Bird surveys were conducted 

between October 2017 and March 2018, using point count method. Results 

indicate counting of 879 bird individuals of 33 species, which belong to 22 families. 

The highest number of species according family of birds at Unisza Lake was family 

Ardeidae. According to feeding guild, represented 46% insectivorous, 24% 

carnivorous, 21% frugivorous, 6% nectarvorous and 3% omnivorous at study site. 

This study can help the public (students and visitors) to the lake to understand 

and appreciate the unique diversity of birds in the study site.

Screening Of Advanced Glycation End Products (Ages) Inhbitory 

Activities in Traditional Herbal Medicines 

Heah Lee Hua 

Supervisor: Prof Fadzilah Adibah Binti Abd Majid 





Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a non-enzymatic reaction between 

proteins with reducing sugar. This reaction can cause the development of diseases 

such as diabetic, cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer diseases. Herbal medicines 

play a crucial role in the development in modern human life and have a significant 

effect on treating diseases. The aim of this study is to determine antiglycation 

potential of traditional herbal medicine (Aidecine, Synacinn, Sanativ and Jd-10) at 

multiple stages. A vitro model of glycation which is BSA-glucose was used in this 

experiment. The experiment was carried by out by determined level of 

fructosamine, protein carbonyl and AGEs for 30 days. The result showed that these 

traditional herbal medicines have significant inhibition effect at multiple stages. In 

conclusion, these four herbal medicine posses fructosamine, protein carbonyl and 

AGEs inhibitory effect which can help to decrease or control the development of 

diabetic complication.

Bird Diversity at the Coastal Area of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

(UMT) 

Ili Izzati binti Musa 

Supervisor: Dr. Chong Ju Lian 





This study of avifauna was conducted at the coastal area of Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT) for five months starting from October 2017 until February 

2018. The main objectives were to identify the species of birds present at the 

coastal area of UMT and to update the existing checklist of bird species. The point 

observation method was use involving 1000 meters long transect. A total of 24 

species of birds from 17 families were recorded whereas the total number of 

sightings was 560. Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) was the common 

species found at the coastal area with a number of 105 sightings. According to the 

monthly observation, highest number of birds sighting were recorded in February 

2018. The presence of bird species were influenced by some factors such as 

weather and habitat. There was a decline in the number of bird species at the 

coastal area of UMT.

The Morphological characteristic and Optimization of DNA and PCR 

product of Pomacea canaliculata in Air Puteh, Kemaman and Kampung 

Gong Tok Nasek Kuala Terengganu. 

Isniyati binti Subari 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Bayani Binti Wan Omar 



School of Marine Sciences and Environment 

Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) or Golden Apple Snail is the large freshwater 

snails, aquatic gastropod molluscs and family Ampullaridae that can be found on sediment 

and on aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. This species act as rice pest and host of 

parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The aim of this paper are to measure and 

compared the morphological characteristic of Pomacea canaliculata in 2 sampling sites 

Air Puteh, Kemaman and Kampung Gong Tok Nasek, Kuala Terengganu and to optimize 

the DNA and PCR product of Pomacea canaliculata. Samples were collected and measured 

also extracted using DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit. The result indicates that there are 

significant different in high and width between two sampling site as (P

Movement of Released Horseshoe Crabs in Setiu Lagoon 

Jahirah binti Jam Sari 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Faridah Moahamad 





Two species of horseshoe crab which are Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius 

rotundicauda could be found in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the population has 

drastically declined due to human intervention. One way to recover their population is by 

relocating them to Setiu Lagoon. This experiment was aimed to determine the movement 

of horseshoe crab within three days after release. A total of 55 individuals of T. gigas and 

161 of C. rotundicauda had been released in three samplings. The distance travelled was 

calculated based on capture at four locations where gill nets were installed prior to 

release. These nets were checked at 24, 36 and 72 hours. Within three days after release, 

the furthest distance for T. gigas and C.rotundicauda was confirmed at 1.27 km and 2 

km respectively. This data is useful for the management of horseshoe crabs conservation 

project in the future, for example to decide better release points for a successful 

horseshoe crabs relocation.

The role of Squirrels (Sciuridae) and Treeshrews (Scandentia) as Seed 

Dispersal Agents in Kenyir Forest Area and Sekayu Recreational Forest, 

Terengganu 

James Lee Jia Wei 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Zalipah Binti Mohamed 





It is important to identify the actual role of squirrels and treeshrews as seed 

dispersal agent because they also have the potential to be seed predators. 

Therefore this study was conducted at Kenyir and Sekayu forest to determine their 

role and to identify the tree species which seeds are dispersed by them. Sampling 

was done include trapping and collection of fruit samples. Seed germination test 

was conducted to determine the seed viability of both ingested seed and seeds 

from fruit samples (uningested). Seventeen faecal samples with seeds were 

collected from the 31 captures consisting of Tupaia glis, Lariscus insignis and 

Callosciurus notatus. Seven types of seeds were succesfully identified from faecal 

samples. The germination of ingested seeds might take more than twenty days 

that we conducted but the role of squirrels and treeshrews as seed dispersal agent 

was determined as they helped to transfer seeds away from the parent plants.

Leaf Litter Fall and Leaf Decomposition in BRIS Vegetation in Setiu, 

Terengganu 

Joey Choy Zhu Er 

Supervisor: Dr. Rohani Shahrudin 




Heath vegetation in Beach Ridges Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) soil of 

Terengganu is dominated by stunted and dwarf vegetation that distributed in 

clumping soil resources due to its oligotrophic physical conditions. This study is 

undertaken to investigate the nutrient cycling of heath vegetation in BRIS 

ecosystems via litter fall and leaf decomposition. Total litter fall production was 

1.64 t ha −1 year −1 , which 75% of litter was contributed by leaves while the 

remaining is non-leaf. Abiotic variables such as temperature, precipitation and light 

intensity showed a positive correlation with litter fall production. A decomposition 

experiment was conducted for the duration of 151 days. Result showed that the 

dry mass of leaf litter remained approximately 70% from its original mass. The 

ratios of lignin/N and C/N were found negatively correlated with mass loss rate of 

litter decomposition.

Effects of Biomimetic Physical Stimulations Prior to Fruitbody 

Formation in Local Mushroom Cultivation Industry 

Lee Yik Kin 

Supervisor: Aqilah Binti Mohammad 




Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) is the most commonly cultivated mushroom in 

Malaysia due to its delicious taste and high nutritional values; however the local 

production of mushrooms did not meet the requirement. In nature, oyster 

mushrooms fruiting under favourable conditions, especially after rain and 

thunderstorm. This study aimed to determine growth performance and yield 

production of oyster mushrooms treated with electrical stimulation (15V), free fall 

pressure (6.86 kPa), and acoustic sound (55-75 dB). These stimulations were used 

to mimic the natural events that signal the advantageous time for mushrooms 

fruiting. The results showed that free fall pressure required the shortest spawning 

time and produced the largest fruitbodies. This project has potential to strengthen 

scientific evidence of the effects of physical stimulations on mushrooms growth 

and helps to discover alternative techniques in mushrooms cultivation. Overall, the 

free fall pressure was the best treatment among three physical stimulations.

Orchid Cultivation Using 

Baby Diaper Waste and Selected Food Waste 

LIM KAR LOKE 


Co-supervisor: Dr. Rohani Shahrudin 




Food waste and diaper waste contribute solid waste in landfill. Many studies show 

that human urine can be used as plant fertilizer but lack of attention on the recycle 

of used diaper. This study was conducted to formulate orchid growing media by 

utilizing the used diaper and selected food waste: banana peels, coffee waste and 

eggshell. The nutrient composition in used diaper and food waste was determined 

by using ICP-OES method. Biochars that derived from oil palm waste, sugarcane 

and sawdust were tested to reduce the ammonium in diaper waste. Biochar 

derived from oil palm waste showed the best reduction of ammonium. Orchid 

media were formulated with the combination of used diaper, food waste and 

biochar. There were four treatments including commercial media as control, no 

dilution in diaper as T1, 1:100 of dilution as T2 and 1:250 of dilution as T3. Survival 

of orchids were observed and recorded.

Effects of Additional Substrates on the Growth, Yield and Analysis of 

Moisture and Ash Contents of Grey Oyster Mushroom 

Low Suet Yee 

Supervisor: Dr. Aqilah binti Mohammad 




Grey oyster mushroom is one of the varieties of edible mushrooms that are grown 

commercially in Malaysia. Presently, there is lack of study on the utilization of 

general solid waste that may have potential in oyster mushroom cultivation in 

Malaysia. Therefore, current study was conducted to determine the growth, yield 

and analysis of moisture and ash contents of grey oyster mushroom with additional 

substrates. Three treatments were prepared as A (coffee leftover), B (tea leftover) 

and C (mixture of coffee leftover, tea leftover and waste paper) and used as 

additional substrates in grey oyster mushroom cultivation. These additional 

substrates were added into sawdust, supplemented with fixed ratio of rice bran 

and CaCO₃. The media bags were colonized by mycelia and fruit bodies were 

formed to be harvested. First harvest indicated that the highest average fresh 

weight (82.84 g) of oyster mushrooms was obtained from treatment C, in 

comparison to control.

Wetland Cover Changes in Terengganu (1998-2014) 

Maizatul Azwa binti Radzi 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Jamilah binti Mohd Salim @ Halim 




Wetland provides a lot of ecosystem services such as water purification, flood 

protection, fish and wildlife habitat, and shoreline stabilization. Wetland cover 

changes mapping is very important in identifying wetlands changes. In 

Terengganu, the wetland area is slowly loss mainly due to conversion for economic 

benefits. There was little information on the latest covers of wetlands in 

Terengganu and it needs to be updated. The objectives of this study are to 

determine the wetland cover in Terengganu between 16 years (1998-2014) based 

on vegetation cover and to update wetland cover map for Terengganu based on 

the above data. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) 

techniques were used in this study. Satellite images of Terengganu were acquired 

from 1998, 2005 and 2014. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was 

applied to monitor vegetation. The overall high NDVI values for the 1998, 2005 

and 2014 images were 0.94, 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. This study implies that 

remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques provide a 

useful tool for studies in wetland cover changes. 

Keywords: Wetland covers mapping, remote sensing, GIS, wetland changes, 

Terengganu.

Bird Diversity in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) Campus & the 

Potential Hazard in relation to Urban Landscape Adaptation 

Mas Ainin Sofia binti Muslee 

Supervisor: Dr. Nik Mohd Shibli bin Nik Jaafar 




Bird diversity in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) campus has not been well 

documented and there is no published data. Estimating abundance is a key 

component to study the bird diversity in urban landscape. Bird adaptation in urban 

landscape could pose potential hazard. The study was conducted to determine bird 

diversity and to identify the adaptation behavior that could pose potential hazard 

to the urban community. Four sampling sites were chosen in within UMT main 

campus in Kuala Nerus and point count method was applied. A total of 611 

observations for 33 species representing 21 families were recorded. Communal 

roosting was identified as the adaptation behavior that could pose potential 

hazard. The result concludes that the habitat type was the major influencing factor 

to the adaptation behavior of the bird. It is suggested that the sites should be 

managed well to attract more species of bird.

Length-Weight Relationship of Five Common Freshwater Fishes in 

Rivers of Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu 

Mohammad Syafiq bin Jailani 

Supervisor: Dr. Amirrudin Bin Ahmad 





Studies on the length-weight relationship (LWR) of fishes are an important tool to 

describe several biological aspects of the species. A study on the LWR was done 

on five common freshwater fishes namely Mystacoleucus obtusirostris, Osteochilus 

vittatus, Osteochilus waandersii, Crossocheilus oblongus and Rasbora paviana 

collected from several rivers in Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu. The measurement of 

fish weight and length was directly obtained during the sampling. The growth 

pattern of fish was predicted using isometric length-weight relationship (LWR). 

The results showed that Osteochilus vittatus and Rasbora paviana have an 

isometric growth with parameter b values very closed to 3 compare to other 

species which have the b values less than 3 indicating negative allometric growth. 

This research emphasizes the importance of LWR studies on fishes in rivers of 

Tasik Kenyir and the use of primary data for fisheries management plans, since 

different environment conditions impact different lifecycle parameters of 

respective species differently.

The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Occurrence of 

Terrestrial Orchids in BRIS Ecosystem 

Mohd Hakkim Firdaus bin Hamzah 

Supervisor: Dr. Rohani Shahrudin 




The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental factors that affecting the 

occurrence of terrestrial orchids in BRIS ecosystem in Setiu, Terengganu. A total 

of 50 quadrats (1 m x 1 m) was established in the area with orchid’s occurrence. 

Soil was sampled using 100 cm 3 metal ring near to the rooting zone of the orchids 

and was brought back to the laboratory for further analysis. Environmental factors 

such as light intensity and soil temperature were measured in-situ. The soil 

samples then were analyzed using 

Loss of Ignition (LOI) method and CHNS-O Analyzer. The results show that soil 

temperature, soil pH (KCl) and soil organic matter were significantly correlated 

with the occurrence of the orchids (P

Study of Genetic Variability on Scapharca cornea, In Setiu Wetland 

Terengganu 

Muhamad Luqman Hakim bin Muhamad Safuan 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Bayani Binti Wan Omar 



School of Marine and Enviromental Science 

Scapharca cornea is a bivalve from the Phylum Mollusca, Family of Acidae. It is 

one of the species of cockles, found in the area of Setiu Terengganu. Nevertheless, 

there was a lack of documentation especially in the field of molecular genetic for 

the species itself. Thus, it leads to the aim of this study that is to determine the 

genetic variability of the S. cornea. A frozen sample of the species were extracted, 

and run through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) process, with the use of 

Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) as the molecular marker. As a result, 

an approximate of 600-necluotide fragment were recorded from three out of 10 

individuals. The morphological character of the species were also recorded. Further 

research in the morphological character is suggested, as it is not fully covered in 

this study. In conclusion, there is a high genetic variability present in the species.

Influence of Container Opening Size and Depth on Survival 

Development and Adult Size of Aedes albopictus 

Muhamad Syahir bin Shukor 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aida bt Hashim 




Container opening size and depth are important characteristics for Aedes breeding 

site selection. These characteristics closely related to water evaporation rate which 

might influence the development and survival of Aedes larvae as well as adult size. 

This study was conducted to test those theories. Laboratory experiment was 

conducted by using three different sizes of container opening. Adult size was 

determined by weighting the adult and measuring the left wing. Container opening 

sizes have an effect on the immature survival and wing width and length. While 

water depth only influence on the immature survival. As a conclusion, the larger 

container opening favoured the survival of Aedes albopictus. While shallow water 

(250ml) also promotes the survival of larvae. Containers around residential area 

with these characteristics must be monitored closely to prevent Aedes breeding.

Diversity of Reptiles at Different Lowland Forests in Terengganu 

Muhammad Afiq bin Suhaimi 





In this study, three different sites are selected in Terengganu that are Sekayu, 

Lata Belatan, Lata Tembaka. The aims of this study are to compare the species 

diversity of reptiles in different lowland forests and to determine and compare 

diversity of reptiles in different habitat at Sekayu lowland forest. Two types of 

collecting method were designed which were the active and passive methods. 

Sekayu recorded higher species richness compared to two other lowland forests 

with 43 species from 14 families of reptiles including two new species from the 

genus Tytthoscincus. At Sekayu lowland forest, diversity of reptiles was 

determined at three different habitats. Each habitat has different distribution of 

reptiles. However, the comparison between the habitats has shown there are no 

significant differences in each habitat. The overall outcome of this study shows 

that the lowland forests in the Terengganu recorded a remarkable number of 

species that important for conservation of biological fauna.

The Role of Rats (Family Muridae) as Seed Dispersal Agents in Kenyir 

Forest Area, Terengganu 

Muhammad Haziq bin Mohd Yusop 





Rats may be as seed dispersal agents when they ingested the seeds and dispersed 

them later on germinate through defecation. Previous studies on the role of rats 

as seed dispersal agents however showed little attention on the viability of the 

ingested seeds. The objectives of this study therefore are to identify the species 

of seeds ingested by rats and to determine the viability of these ingested seeds. 

Identification of seeds was conducted by comparing the ingested seeds and with 

the reference seeds collected at the study site. Seed germination test was 

conducted for both the ingested and reference seeds (uningested) to determine 

the role of rats as seeds dispersal agents. Seven types of seeds were identified 

from the fecal sample. From this, only one type of seed were able to identify to 

species level which is Jamaica cherry (Muntingia calabura). From the seed 

germination test, the ingested seeds of Jamaica cherry were able to germinate. 

This indicates that rats act as seed dispersal agents for Jamaica cherry.

Antioxidant Analysis of Selected Plants Used by Orang Asli in Malaysia 

Muhammad Ismail Faruqi bin Zulkifli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Jamilah Mohd Salim @ Halim 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Norhayati binti Yusuf 




Malnutrition issues is serious among the Orang Asli that caused by the imbalanced 

diet. Their diet are lack of nutrient due to limited food sources. Many recent studies 

were focusing on malnutrition status and their traditional knowledge but a little 

attention on nutrient analysis of their plants food especially the antioxidant 

analysis. The antioxidant are essential for the body system to work wisely 

especially immune system. The aim of study was to determine the concentration 

of antioxidant that contained in their plants food. The top four of plants food were 

chosen and five replicates of each samples. Ascorbic acid and carotenoid will be 

determined using spectrophotometer. Parkia speciosa seed has the highest value 

of carotenoid compared to the others. By knowing the nutrient contained, we can 

suggest the suitable plants food that meet with their need and lead to further 

investigation. In conclusion, petai seed has highest antioxidant among them.

Liverwort Flora (Marchantiophyta) of Belukar Bukit Recreational 

Forest, Terengganu 

Muhammad Syafiq bin Sarimi 

Supervisor: Dr. Lee Gaik Ee 




This study was conducted in Belukar Bukit Recreational Forest, Terengganu which 

was rich in biodiversity. However, there was very lack of record for liverwort 

species. Therefore, a comprehensive checklist regarding liverwort was desirable in 

assisting more future related studies. The aim of this study was to identify and 

prepare genus taxonomic key for liverwort samples found for the region. Fieldwork 

and identification work were conducted in collecting and identifying all 94 samples 

respectively. The result gives a newly record of 20 genera in 9 families, 3 orders 

and 1 class with the large number of species was represented by genus Lejeunea 

(22 taxa); most of them favor growing on tree trunks. A brief description was 

provided for each genus. This record can be an update checklist and latest 

reference for Terengganu. As suggestion, more exploration should be done in 

producing a complete view regarding liverwort flora for Malaysia.

Anthelmintic Resistance of Nematodes towards Albendazole and 

Kelamectin on a Sheep Farm. 

Muhammad Syahmi bin Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Khadijah Binti Saad 




Nematode infection is a major cause for reduced productivity in sheep. Henceforth, 

anthelmintic is one of the common methods used by farmers to control nematode 

infection. The frequent usage of anthelmintic and incorrect anthelmintic dosage 

cause anthelmintic resistance. Thus, this study was conducted to determine 

anthelmintic resistance towards two anthelmintics (albendazole and kelamectin) 

on a sheep farm in Terengganu. The objectives of this study are to determine the 

status of nematode anthelmintic resistance towards albendazole and kelamectin, 

and to determine the genus of nematodes resistant to the anthelmintics. The faecal 

samples were collected directly from rectum of each 70 sheep. Faecal Egg Counted 

Reduction Test (FECRT) where used to determine the current status of nematodes 

resistance towards albendazole and kelamectin. Faecal Larval Culture was 

conducted to determine the genus of nematode resistant to albendazole and 

kelamectin. Results showed that Haemonchus contortus are resistant to both 

anthelmintics.

Amphibians Diversity at Sekayu Lowland Forest, Terengganu 

Murni Azima binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Amirrudin bin Ahmad 




Status of amphibians in lowland forest in Malaysia has not been widely researched, 

Sekayu lowland forest consist various species of amphibians. A study on 

amphibians diversity in lowland forests at Hutan Lipur Sekayu were conducted 

from July until November 2017 using pitfall trap and Visual Encounter Survey 

methods. The objective of this study is to examine the amphibians diversity at 

Sekayu lowland forest and to compare the number of species in three different 

habitats at Sekayu lowland forest. A total of 30 species from 6 families of 

amphibians were recorded amongst 472 individuals recovered. The most abundant 

amphibians family observed was Dicroglossidae (30%) and the most abundant 

amphibians species observed was in August. Anak Sungai Peres shows the highest 

amphibians species. Conclusion, knowledge on the amphibians population provide 

information for effective conservation management in those area. Therefore need 

more specialist training and advice from expertise for identification process.

Identification of Agaric Mushrooms in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Nabilah binti Abd Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Aqilah binti Mohammad 




Agaric mushroom is known as spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus that consists 

of cap, stalk and gills. There have been various species of Agaric mushrooms 

recorded under several papers in Malaysia, but less study on Agaric mushrooms 

especially in Terengganu. Therefore, current study was carried out to identify the 

types of Agaric mushrooms in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) and to update 

checklist of Agaric mushrooms in UMT. The study were conducted in several places 

in UMT. The Agaric mushrooms were taken for macroscopic identification and 

microscopic identification. The results revealed that 13 species from six families 

were found. The findings of agaric mushrooms in this study is an important first 

step towards producing a checklist of Agaric mushrooms in UMT. Therefore, future 

studies on diversity of Agaric mushrooms should be increased in Terengganu 

especially in UMT. As a conclusion, Agaric mushrooms was found abundance with 

several species recorded.

Insectivorous Bat Assemblages Inhabiting Two Lowland Dipterocarp 

Forests in Terengganu 

Nadhirah binti Ramlan Khaer 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Juliani Binti Shafie 

Co-Supervisor: Dr Amirrudin Ahmad 





Lowland dipterocarp forest which is very dense and complex with high species 

richness of flora and fauna. However, there is still lack of study on bat diversity in 

lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia especially in East Coast of 

Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the insectivorous bat 

assemblages that inhabit two lowland dipterocarp forest in Terengganu, Tasik 

Kenyir and Setiu. Three four-bank harp traps and three mist nets were used for 

the total of 24 nights at four sampling sites, two at Tasik Kenyir and another two 

at Setiu. As a result, eight species of insectivorous bats were caught in all sampling 

sites and cave roosting species from family Hipposideridae was dominant family. 

This study is important for the conservation of insectivorous bats in Terengganu 

and we suggest the long-term survey will be conducted in both areas.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices related to Leptospirosis among 

Visitors at Hutan Lipur Sekayu, Terengganu 

Najma Syahmin binti Abdul Halim 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Juliani binti Shafie 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Jarina bt Mohd Jani 




Leptospirosis is a global bacterial infection that can kill millions of people. Low 

awareness among high risk groups making them vulnerable to infection. This 

survey was conducted to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, practices and 

their relationship with demographic factors among 100 visitors at Hutan Lipur 

Sekayu. Visitors had moderate knowledge (69.0%), satisfactory attitude (86.0%) 

and satisfactory practices (63.0%). One-way ANOVA showed a significant 

difference between levels of practices with age, but no significant difference in 

terms of knowledge level and attitude. However, the results also showed no 

significant difference between level of knowledge, attitude and practices with 

household income and education level. Besides, results from t-test showed no 

significant difference between genders with level of knowledge and attitude but 

there was significant difference with level of practices. Results from Pearson 

Correlation showed significant correlations between knowledge towards attitude 

and attitude towards practices but they were moderate and high.

Survey on Incidence and Severity of Pest and Disease Damage on 

Melon Manis Terengganu (Cucumis Melo Var. Inodorus Cv. Melon Manis 

Terengganu) 

Natasya Amirah Binti Tahir 

(Tahir, N.A) 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wahizatul Afzan Binti Azmi 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aida Binti Hashim 




Melon Manis Terengganu (MMT) is a newly developed cultivar exclusively planted 

in Terengganu and recognised as Terengganu’s iconic fruit. Nowadays, the 

occurrence of pests and diseases is one of the major constraints in MMT 

cultivation. Thus, incidence and severity of pests and diseases damage on MMT 

were conducted to identify the pests and diseases found on it. Collection of pest 

samples and affected plant were conducted in 8 weeks following the growth stage 

of MMT. A total of 133 individuals belonging from >10 families and 6 order were 

collected throughout this study. Results revealed that red pumpkin beetle (RPB) 

was the most dominant pest found on almost stage of MMT followed by fruit fly 

and melon worm. For every growth stages there were different type of pests found 

and the type of pest increased as the plant grew. Therefore, data obtained from 

this study could be helpful for the MMT growers in construct the pests and diseases 

control strategies.

Floral Development and Breeding System of Mimusops elengi 

(Sapotaceae) at University of Malaysia Terengganu 

Nazurah binti Idin 





Studies on the breeding system of Mimusops elengi are still limited in Malaysia. A 

study was conducted in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) on this species by 

observing the flower development and by conducting pollinator exclusion 

experiments (open pollination, closed pollination, hand-cross pollination, openemasculated 

pollination, close-emasculated pollination) to determine the breeding 

system. Identification of potential pollinator was conducted by capturing the 

insects visiting the flowers. The development flower to mature fruit took 

approximately 4 weeks. During the pollination exclusion experiments, the flowers 

were left (open pollination and open emasculated) and bagged (closed pollination, 

hand-cross pollination and close-emasculated pollination) to exclude pollinating 

agents, and the total number of fruits produced were calculated, cross pollination 

treatment shows high pollination success. In this study, M. elengi is selfincompatibility 

breeding system. Xylocopa sp. and Heterotrigona itama were 

identified as potential pollinator.

GO GREEN MUSHROOM CULTIVATION WITH USED BABY DIAPER AND 

COMBINATION OF FOOD WASTE 

Ng Chia Min 





Solid waste management problem has increased at an alarming rate in Malaysia 

as it is piling up fast as the population increase. This study was conducted to 

minimize the solid waste generated by establishing a mushroom cultivation 

technique using disposable diaper and food waste. The diaper and food waste 

provide nutrient for mushroom to grow and at the same time, its cellulose, 

hemicellulose and fibers were degraded by enzyme produced from mushroom. 

Result shows impressive 3 folds yield of Pleurotus sp compared to control in T3 

formulation (with same amount for all the waste materials). The overall 

performance such as mycelium running rate, cultivation period and efficiency are 

better in T3 compared to control. Moreover, the waste reduction calculated from 

this technique is approximately up to 70%, represent a very effective method in 

solid waste reduction. It is suggested organic waste with high cellulose content 

can be utilized in the future study.

Screening of Xanthine Oxidase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitory 

Activities in R-38 Herbal Medicine 

Ng Hui Ci 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Fadzilah Adibah Abd Majid 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Thilahgavani A/P Nagappan 




Uric acid and prostaglandins are among the important factors that induce gout. 

Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme which catalyses purine bases into uric acid, while 

cyclooxygenase catalyses arachidonic acid to form prostaglandins. R-38 herbal 

medicine is made up of five different local herbs which aimed to treat gout. In 

order to investigate, the current study was carried out to determine whether 

acetone, ethanol, petroleum ether and water extracts of R-38 herbal medicine 

show inhibition activity of xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2 in vitro. The 

determination of the inhibition activity of XO and COX-2 were carried out using XO 

and COX-2 bioassays. For XO and COX-2 assays, all the four extracts of R-38 

(acetone, ethanol, petroleum ether, and water) revealed their own inhibition 

activities compare to positive control. The acetone extract of R-38 shown the 

highest inhibition level for both assays. It can be suggested that R-38 possess 

therapeutic activities against gout.

Diversity of Mangrove Snails and Microhabitats in Setiu Wetlands, 

Terengganu 

Noor Hamizah binti Mohamad Basir 

Supervisor: Dr. Nursalwa Binti Baharuddin 

Bachelor of Applied Sciences 




Setiu Wetlands is the biggest natural wetland in the East Coast region of Peninsular 

Malaysia. Gastropods are univalve mollusc which are vastly spread in marine 

ecosystem. This study were aimed to determine species diversity and its 

conservation status following International Union for Conservation of Nature 

(IUCN), and secondly, to identify its microhabitats (mangrove vegetation, height 

the snails inhabit the trees and preferences of resting place). A plot of 10 meter x 

5 meter was established at three different sites and snails were collected from four 

trees from October 2017 and January 2018. Diversity index recorded H’ = 1.798 

that indicated low in diversity. A total of 12 species from four families were found. 

Two species been categorised as Least Concern whilst 10 species were Not 

Evaluated. Results also suggested that different species of gastropods were likely 

to inhabit different type of vegetations and also differ in height and preferences of 

resting place.

Avian Diversity and Feeding Guilds at Taman Awam Bukit Besar, 


Noor Suzaimah binti Mahasan 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdulmula Abdulmagid Hamza 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Nur Juliani Bt Shafie 




Urban avian diversity is an important component of natural diversity within the city 

man-made habitats. Birds are diverse organisms and they can inhabit all 

ecosystems. Point count method and pairs of binoculars was used. A total of 25 

bird species were observed at Taman Awam Bukit Besar representing 20 families. 

The most observed bird was Asian Glossy Starling Aplonis payanensis, Eurasian 

Tree Sparrow Passer montanus and the Pink-necked Green Pigeon Treron vernans. 

Three migratory birds were found in Taman Awam Bukit Besar are Chinese Pondheron 

Ardeola bacchus, Ashy Minivet Pericrocotus igneus and Common Sandpiper 

Actitis hypoleucos. There are six types of feeding guilds of bird was identified in 

this study. The result of this study can be used by Tourism office of Terengganu 

State to raise awareness of the Taman Awam users. These results need further 

bird surveys to achieve full check list of birds at Urban Kuala Terengganu.

Aedes Mosquito Larvae Surveillance and Study of Knowledge, Attitudes 

and Practices (KAP) Among Residents in Wakaf Tembesu, Terengganu. 

Noor Syahirah binti Riffin 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aida bt Hashim 




Dengue fever is endemic in many countries. From year to year, cases that related 

with mosquito become increase. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are endemic in 

Malaysia that cause the dengue fever. Nowadays, the condition is getting worse 

because of the developing country. The aim of the study is to determine Aedes sp. 

breeding sites characteristics in residential area and to determine the knowledge, 

attitudes and practices regarding Aedes sp. and dengue among residents in Wakaf 

Tembesu. 100 houses were selected to complete the survey. Sampling was carried 

out using dipping method where once the larvae have been found, the larvae were 

taken out using pipette. The larvae were brought back to the laboratory for the 

adult emergence and identification. Along the sampling, all the container 

characteristics were recorded. The questionnaires were distributed to the 

respondents in order to know the knowledge, attitude and practices on dengue. 

Based on the survey, a total of 41 potential breeding site containers were found 

with 19 of them were positive. Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti preferred small 

plastic containers. For KAP survey, there is no correlation between knowledge, 

attitude and practices. This study indicated that Aedes sp. was capable of breeding 

in a wide range of container types.

Liverwort Flora (Marchantiophyta) of Sekayu Recreational Forest, 

Terengganu, Malaysia 

Nor Aishah binti Shafie 





Terengganu, one of the states in Malaysia, is hosting significant proportions of 

biodiversity and endemism richness of plants and animals. However, many forests 

and mountains in Terengganu remained largely understudied and under-collected 

from a hepaticological perspective. Thus far, only two species of liverworts are 

recorded for the state of Terengganu. Therefore, the current study was carried 

out to collect and identify all the liverworts occur in Sekayu Recreational Forest. 

The aim was to provide a comprehensive checklist of the liverworts known to occur 

in Terengganu. Besides, identification key to the genus and species for each taxon 

of liverworts collected in Sekayu Recreational Forest will also be prepared. Hence, 

this will provide a biodiversity baseline for Terengganu and also for future 

conservation work. The preliminary results showed that the largest family 

consisting highest number of genus is Lejeuneaceae followed by Lepidoziaceae 

and Geocalyaceae. Lejeuneaceae is particularly dominant in Sekayu Recreational 

Forest.

Bivalve Preferences as Food by Horseshoe Crab Tachypleus gigas 

in Captivity 

Nor Amyra Fazira binti Mohammad Effendy 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faridah Bt. Mohamad 





Horseshoe crab is a benthic organism where they feed almost any food including 

bivalves. However, few studies had been reported on Tachypleus gigas. Releasing 

T. gigas in Setiu Wetland may cause the competition between the horseshoe crab 

and the local people as they compete for the same food source. This study was 

conducted to determine the food preferences of T. gigas on four different bivalves 

collected from Setiu (with and without shell) which are oyster, mud clam, mussel 

and cockle. Individuals of T. gigas preferred mussel even though other types of 

bivalves were offered at the same time for both intact live bivalves and when only 

the meat of bivalves given in the same tank. It was observed that T. gigas 

preference on mussel may be due to the soft texture and also coincide with the 

mussel higher mortality that leads to easy access by the horseshoe crab.

Evaluating the quality of community-based organisation members as 

conservationist: A case study in Setiu Wetlands 

Nor Syafiqah Anis binti Badrul Zaman 

Supervisor: Dr. Jarina Mohd Jani 



School of Marine Science and Environment 

Civil societies can play an important role in conservation. Thus, a CBO should 

ideally have members that correspond to the criteria of conservationist. Sahabat 

Setiu is an active CBO in Setiu Wetlands. This study was conducted in order to 

develop an assessment tool on the quality of members of Sahabat Setiu as 

conservationist in Setiu Wetlands, to assess the quality of Sahabat Setiu members 

as conservationist and to identify factors that influence the quality as 

conservationist. An assessment tool was developed based on the literature review 

on criterias to be a conservationist. In-depth interview was conducted with the 

respondents which were members of Sahabat Setiu. Preliminary results indicated 

that 13%, 65% and 32% of respondents have low, moderate, and high quality 

respectively. Results obtained can be used to identify what kind of improvement 

Sahabat Setiu needs to do to ensure the quality of their membership.

Aedes Mosquito Larvae Surveillance and Konwledege, Attitude and 

Practices Amomg Residents in Batu 6, Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu. 

Norasfarina binti Mohd Zulkifli 

Supervisor: Dr Nur Aida Bt Hashim 



School of Marine Environmental and Sciences 

Dengue fever is water back-bone disease that cause by mosquito. There are two 

type of mosquito habitat which are open and close habitat. From year to year, 

many cases regarding dengue has been raised. This happen due to developing 

country. The aim of this survey to embark these objective which are to determine 

the most common place for Aedes mosquito to breed and to access the level of 

knowledge, attitude and practices among residents in study area. This study were 

conducted at Batu 6, Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu. 100 houses were selected 

and 1 house represent 1 respondent. Sampling was carried out by dipping using 

pipette. The breeding sources of mosquito larvae were grouped into different 

container types. The mosquito larvae has been raise up for species identification. 

Along the sampling, the respondents had been interviewed. The respondents were 

asked based on questioner that were provided. A total of 42 containers were 

identified as potential breeding site. But only 15 containers were found containing 

mosquito larvae. Aedes sp. mostly found in small and plastic container. For KAP 

survey, there is no correlation between knowledge, attitude and practices. This 

study indicated that Aedes sp. was capable of breeding in a wide range of container 

types. To control these, the elimination of containers of an iteration breeding sites 

should be taken into consideration. This study findings provide the baseline that 

can be used for future campaign. However, for future study, it recommend that to 

undertake a holistic approach which is in need of community participation and 

cooperation. It also suggest that the number of respondent should increase to 

cover the actual size of population.

Diversity of Birds in Sekayu Lowland Forest 

Norashikin binti Sudin 

Supervisor: Dr Nur Juliani Binti Shafie 

Co-Supervisor: Dr Amirrudin Bin Ahmad 




A study on bird diversity in lowland forest at Hutan Lipur Sekayu were conducted 

from September until November 2017 using mist-netting and point count methods. 

The objective of this study was to determine the bird diversity and also to identify 

the feeding guilds of birds at Hutan Lipur Sekayu. A total of 54 species from 29 

families of birds were recorded amongst 160 individuals. Columbidae the most 

abundant family observed with (11.11%). Oriental magpie robin was the 

commonly observed species while little spiderhunter was commonly caught. Point 

counts recorded higher species composition than mist nets. The diversity index 

(Shannon Index & Simpson Index) shows diversity of birds Hutan Lipur Sekayu is 

highest (p< 0.05). The highest feeding guilds of birds at Hutan Lipur Sekayu was 

insectivorous with (22.2%), followed by omnivorous with (22.2%). As a 

conclusion, knowledge on the diversity is important for effective conservation 

management in those areas.

Aedes mosquito larvae surveillance and study of knowledge, attitudes 

and practices (KAP) among residents in Maras, Kuala Nerus, 

Terengganu. 

Norhidayat binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Aida Bt Hashim 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Jarina Bt Mohd Jani 




Over the year, dengue cases keep increasing. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus 

were found closely associated with humans due to their ability to breed with 

presence of wet containers. The objectives of this study was to determine Aedes 

breeding site characteristics in residential area and to determine the level of 

knowledge, attitudes and practise (KAP) towards Aedes sp. by Maras’s residents. 

100 houses involved which 1 respondent per house was choosen. Breeding sites 

survey and KAP survey were being conducted simultaneously. Dipping method was 

used in breeding sites survey. The questionnaires consisted of two sections and 

face-to-face interview section was conducted. Eight over 42 were positive 

containers with presence of mosquitoes larvae and most of the containers were 

small in size with metal type. Moreover, there was no correlation occur between 

KAP and demographic. In conclusion, the level of KAP was high and specific 

containers can effect the mosquitoes population.

Diversity of Butterfly in Sekayu Lowland Forest, Terengganu 

Nornazihah binti Abdull Rahman 





Lowland forests are frequently used for recreational purposes and it provides 

suitable microhabitats for many butterfly species but little studies were conducted 

here. The objectives of this study are to determine and to compare the diversity 

of butterfly in different months at the Sekayu lowland forest, Terengganu between 

July and November 2017 using the sweep netting and baited traps. 129 butterfly 

species belonging to six families were recorded during the sampling. Family 

Nymphalidae (66 species) is the most common followed by Hesperidae (23 

species) and Lycaenidae (18 species). Other families recorded were Pieridae (12 

species), Papillionidae (eight species) and Riodinidae (two species). The highest 

species richness was recorded in October and the lowest in November but there 

was no significant differences found between sampling months. It is important to 

conduct the study of butterfly diversity at lowland forests so it could be a guideline 

for conservation effort.

Species Composition and Diversity of Fishes in Selected Rivers 

in Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu. 

NorSyafira Anis binti Ali 





Studies on freshwater fishes inhibiting the rivers and streams of Tasik Kenyir, 

Terengganu were lacking. This study was conducted to determine the species 

composition and diversity of fishes in selected streams and rivers of Tasik Kenyir. 

1753 individual of fishes comprising 48 species and 19 families were recorded from 

eight streams and rivers surveyed. The most dominant family was Cyprinidae (22 

spesies), followed by Mastacembelidae and Cobitidae with 3 species each. 

Mystacoleucus obtusirostris was the most abundance species followed by 

Osteochilus waandersii and Osteochilus vittatus. Sungai Siput has the highest total 

number of species (22 species), followed by Sg. Perepek and Sg. Kiang with 21 

species each. Diversity and species composition of fishes were influenced by 

several factors such as water flow, type of substrate, canopy cover and also size 

of the river. It is recommended that more study to be conducted in rivers in Tasik 

Kenyir in order to obtain a better information of fish diversity that is crucial for 

conservation purposes in the future.

Nectar Concentration of Flowers Preferred by Stingless Bee, 

Heterotrigona itama and the Association between the Flowers 

and the Bee Morphology 

Nur Adawiyah binti Abdul Mutalid 

Supervisor: Dr. Norasmah Binti Basari 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Nur Fariza Binti M. Shaipulah 




Heterotrigona itama is a species from Meliponini tribe that have specialized single 

tooth mandible. They obtain nectar, pollen, and resin, to produce honey, bee 

bread, and propolis. However, there are limited researches especially on the nectar 

preferences for this species. This study was conducted to identify the nectar 

concentration in selected flowers favoured by H. itama and the relationship 

between the bee and the flowers’ morphology. Flowers’ nectars were obtained 

from ten individuals of different flower species and the nectar concentration was 

measured using a digital refractometer. The length of flower’s tube of each species 

and the bee’s tongue were also measured. The results revealed that the flowers 

preferred by H. itama had the concentration ranging from 17%-42%. The 

preferred flower’s tube lengths were between 0.043mm-0.330mm. This study will 

benefit the beekeepers where more suitable and preferred flowering plants will be 

planted and the meliponiculture industry will be improved.

Food Consumption and Diet: Ecological Footprint among Universiti 

Malaysia Terengganu and Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Students 

Nur Anis Fatirah binti Mohd Yusoff 

Supervisor: Dr. Nursalwa binti Baharuddin 





Ecological footprint is an environmental indicator which reveal how far people are 

from sustainable state. Nowadays, food consumption contribute to environmental 

impacts due to lack awareness of ecological footprint especially among students. 

Therefore, this study was aimed to determine knowledge of ecological footprint, 

pattern of food consumption in term of diet practices, food preparation, waste 

disposal and finally to identify sustainable way in food consumption among 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) and Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) 

students. Questionnaire survey was conducted among 747 students from both 

universities. 57% of UMT and 72% of UniSZA students had low awareness about 

knowledge of ecological footprint. Chi-square test showed a significant difference 

between knowledge of ecological footprint with age and accommodation types but 

no significant difference in gender. In dietary practices, 53% of UMT and UniSZA 

students practicing light-meat eater where they included meat meal in every two 

or three days. Besides, 93% students think that it is important to practice 

sustainable lifestyle in food consumption.

The Effect of Transpiration Rate towards Phytoremediation and 

Efficiency of Gelam Tree (Melaleuca cajuputi) 

Nur Asyiqin binti Dzolfakar 





Phytoremediation is one of a method that using the plant to remove contaminants. 

This method is able to produce a clean area, low cost and safe to be used. 

However, due to the different availability of plants, there is lack of confidence 

among the researcher to use this technique. Therefore, a research was conducted 

in University Malaysia Terengganu and used Melaleuca cajuputi as 

phytoremediation agent. This research is to elucidate whether Melaleuca cajuputi 

is affected by a translocation factor (transpiration rate) on the heavy metal uptake. 

Transpiration rate was measured under a greenhouse for four weeks with different 

treatments ( Zink, Copper, and Cadmium). Concentrations of heavy metal were 

analyzed in different parts of trees (Shoot, stem, and root) by using microwave 

digestion method. The result was expected that high transpiration rate can 

increase the heavy metal uptake by plants.

Survey on Horseshoe Crabs Knowledge and Awareness among School 

Children in Setiu, Terengganu. 

Nur Atiqah binti Hasbunallah 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Faridah Binti Mohamad 




The horseshoe crabs population are experiencing a huge declining in number 

worldwide. Therefore, conservation activities is crucial especially among the 

primary as they will be the future generation who will protect the horseshoe crabs. 

Four primary schools located in Setiu (natural habitat of Carcinoscorpious 

rotundicauda and Tachypleus gigas) were chosen as the study sites. A total of 248 

respondents aged between 10 to 12 years old completed questionnaire to 

determine the knowledge on horseshoe crab and and their level of awareness. The 

level of knowledge and awareness on horseshoe crab among the student are high 

as majority of them show more than 50% in the questionnaire scoring for both 

part. Majority of this school children in Setiu has knowledge in horseshoe crab and 

willing to conserve them. This survey data can be used to plan for future 

conservation activities to manage C.rotundicauda and T.gigas in Setiu Wetlands. 

Strong engagement with this future generation of Setiu to their horseshoe crabs 

would ensure conservation success in the future.

The Checklist of Lichen in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Nur Diyana Tasha binti Aizan 

Supervisor: Dr. Thilahgavani Nagappan 




Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic algae (photobiont) and 

a fungus (mycobiont). The distributions of lichens is less understood and few 

studies carried out in Terengganu, particularly none in University Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT). Hence, this study is aimed to prepare a checklist of lichen in 

UMT and to compare its morphological features. Lichens were identified based on 

their shape, colour, thallus and ecology. Macrolichens were observed with the 

naked eye or with a x10 hand lens. A total of 16 species of lichen from nine families 

were collected in six areas in UMT. Graphina anguina, Flavoparmelia caperata and 

Phlyctis argena were found to present dominantly in all the sampling sites. 

However, the distribution of lichens in UMT is relatively low with only 16 species 

documented. Low distribution of lichens in UMT could be influenced by surrounding 

human activities.

The Feeding Capacity of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda on Different 

Types of Bivalves 

Nur Ema Ashaini Binti Asnan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Faridah Mohamad 


(Biodiversity of Conservation and Management) 



Bivalves are one of the most diets found in Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda gut. 

However, the feeding capacity for specific bivalves was rarely reported. This study 

determines the feeding capacity of C. rotundicauda toward different types of 

bivalves. C. rotundicauda were given 7-20 individuals of cockles in separate tanks 

individually (repeated for mud clams, oysters and mussels). The number of eaten 

bivalves was counted twice a day at 8am and 6pm (day and night feeding) for 14 

days. The feeding capacity for mussels was high (15 individuals) followed by mud 

clams, oysters and cockles. This feeding capacity may be influenced by the higher 

mortality rate of mussels compared to others. There is no difference in day and 

night feeding, with similar pattern shown by both male and female. Therefore, 

release of horseshoe crabs into Setiu Lagoon for conservation purpose might not 

affect catch of bivalves for sale by local communities in Setiu.

Water Quality of Sungai Anak Telipot Using BWQI Approach 

Nur Faizah Syahirah binti Mohd Faiz 

Supervisor: Dr. Nik Mohd Shibli Bin Nik Jaafar 




Sungai Anak Telipot is a small stream that receives surface runoff from its 

surrounding developments like housing area and golf course. The study used 

Biological Water Quality Index (BWQI) to measure water quality of this stream. 

Although BWQI is a common approach to measure water quality in large river but 

it is seldom used in small stream. The aims of this study are to determine the 

macrobenthos community in Sungai Anak Telipot and water quality status of this 

small stream using BWQI approach. The macrobenthos were collected in January 

2018 from four different stations which are UMT mosque, Academic building, 

PPSMS and Aquatrop. From the finding, mollusc is commonly found in this stream. 

The class of Anak Sungai Telipot maybe 3.33 (level III) which can be categorised 

as rather dirty water sewage but further study need to confirm the BWQI level of 

this small stream.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Related To Leptospirosis among 

Visitors at Lata Belatan, Terengganu 

Nur Najua Syuhada binti Masfu’at 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Juliani binti Shafie 

Co-supervisor:Dr. Jarina binti Mohd Jani 




Leptospirosis is a serious zoonotic disease by Leptospira spp. Terengganu is one 

of the states that displayed high fatalities especially in recreational areas. This 

study was conducted to determine level of knowledge, attitude and practices 

related to leptospirosis and to identify their relationship with demographic 

characteristics among visitors at Lata Belatan, Terengganu. 100 respondents were 

interviewed using questionnaire. Majority of respondents had good knowledge 

(57%), satisfactory attitude (91%) and satisfactory practice (68%) scores. Results 

of Pearson correlation showed significant correlation among attitude and practices 

and between knowledge and attitude but moderate. One-way ANOVA showed 

significant different in knowledge level based on education and age but showed 

no significant different in knowledge level, attitude and practices among visitors 

based on household income and showed no significant different between attitude 

and practices based on age and education. Result of t-test showed no significant 

different between gender in knowledge level, attitude and practices.

Cytotoxic Activity of Etlingera triorgyalis and Globba unifolia from 

Sekayu Recreational Forest, Terengganu 

Nur Qistina Iwani binti Yurasbe 





Etlingera triorgyalis and Globba unifolia are among hundreds of ginger species 

from family Zingiberaceae that grows wild in forest of Malaysia. Lately, cancer 

incidents are on rise where cervical cancer is found to affect women around the 

world. The aim of this study is to determine the cytotoxic and apoptosis activity of 

Etlingera triorgyalis and Globba unifolia extracts against HeLa cell lines (human 

cervical cancer) using MTS assay and Annexin-V staining assay to determine the 

apoptosis activity. The IC50 value of Etlingera triorgyalis and Globba unifolia extract 

against HeLa cells is 83.18 g/ml and 43.65 g/ml, respectively. The extracts also 

shown to undergo apoptosis process. Further investigation pertaining to 

phytochemicals of the extracts is required to understand more of the chemical that 

worked against the HeLa cell lines inhibition.

Knowledge and Attitude among Durian Growers toward Animals 

Visiting Their Durian Orchards in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Nur Shahida binti Khairil Anuar 


Co- Supervisor: Dr. Nor Zalipah Binti Mohamed 




Animals visit durian orchards for food source and acts as seed dispersal agents. 

Bats play a major role in seed dispersal and pollination of durian. Face-to-face 

surveys were conducted among 60 durian growers in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 

Thus, study aims to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and perception and 

also to identify relationship with socio-demographic factors of the durian growers 

towards animals that visiting their orchards. Data were analyzed using SPSS 

version 20. Result showed that most of the respondents have high level of 

knowledge about the bats, but they held negative attitudes and perception towards 

the bats. One-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between level of 

knowledge, attitude and perception with socio-demographic factors. Result from 

t-test also showed no significant difference between gender with level of 

knowledge, attitude and perception. We recommended that earlier exposure 

towards animal’s conservation should be conducted among durian growers in order 

to increase the awareness on ecological services that provides by animals that 

visiting durian orchards.

Mapping Eco-trail in Setiu Wetlands’ Boardwalk using Geographical 

Information System 

Nur Shahira binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. (Jarina Mohd Jani) 




Eco-trail was important to tourism and conservation of biodiversity field. Setiu 

Wetlands’ Boardwalk (SWB) was a famous ecotourism spots in Terengganu. 

However, the information on ecotourism features are still lacking which make the 

visitors disable to learn this unique ecosystem that would increase their 

appreciation of SWB. Local nature guide also do not have support tool to help them 

in conducting ecotourism activity. The objective of this study is to develop an 

informative trail with map featuring interesting flora and fauna in SWB and 

determine the level of knowledge on Sahabat Setiu Rangers about flora and fauna 

in SWB. The map on interesting flora and fauna was successfully developed using 

ArcMap 10.3 software. Based on interview on eight Sahabat Setiu’ Rangers, the 

level of knowledge of them on flora and fauna was significantly high. This study 

also contribute others to explore the flora and fauna in SWB through Google Map.

Emigration and Colony Splitting Behaviour of House-infesting Ant, 

Paratrechina longicornis 

Nur Syahida Wadhihah binti Kamarudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Norasmah 




House-infesting ants are easily adapted to various type of environment. Emigration 

of house-infesting ant happens when the nest become destroys and the colony 

will emigrates to find new site. They may also split to two or more colonies. Other 

than nuisance, some house-infesting ants are known to carry pathogens such as 

Salmonella. In this study, species ant Paratrechina longicornis was used as a model 

as they are easily found in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The finding of this 

study was, the colony immigrated to the new nests in just about one hour. 

Meanwhile, for the splitting behaviour, the colony with the higher number of 

workers split forming two colonies. To produce new and highly effective control 

products, it is essential to understand how fast the ant colonies emigrate and how 

they divide their colonies when being disturbed, so that we can produce new 

efficient product that can act quick before the colonies could emigrate and split 

then invade new side.

Soil Seed Bank of BRIS Soil Ecosystem of Terengganu 

Nur’Ain Amira binti Mohamad Razuan 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Jamilah binti Mohd Salim@Halim 





Soil seed bank plays important roles in vegetation regeneration in natural 

ecosystem following disturbance and restoration of degraded ecosystem. A study 

was conducted to determine soil seed bank regeneration of the coastal beach ridge 

or BRIS Soil ecosystem in Setiu and Dungun, Terengganu. At each site, 18 replicate 

of soil samples were collected and subjected to germination observation for 5-6 

weeks. The seedlings emerged from the soil then were counted and identified to 

the lowest possible taxa. Results shows that total of 348 seedlings emerged from 

the soil from those two study sites mainly consisted of Imperata cylindrica 

(Poaceae), seedlings of Cucurbiaceae and Asteracea. The similarity between 

emerging seedling and standing vegetation species is very low by only 43 seedlings 

of Poaceae that reflecting the poor regeneration of BRIS soil. The restoration effort 

should be conducted by bringing the ex situ seedlings and should not be relied on 

seed bank.

The Vertical Movement of Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N) Under 

Vegetated and Un-Vegetated Land along Sungai Anak Telipot 

Nurfatehah binti Azhar 





Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are the main component of organic content and 

important in indicating nutrient content in soil. The vertical movement of carbon 

and nitrogen are still remains poorly understood especially along the river 

ecosystem. Therefore, Sungai Anak Telipot which is narrow and near to urban area 

was chosen as a sampling site. This study was conducted to determine the vertical 

movement of carbon and nitrogen in different depth of soil layer and to investigate 

the relationship of soil carbon and nitrogen ratio under vegetated and unvegetated 

land. Two sites were conducted included vegetated and un-vegetated 

land. The soil depths in each site were divided into 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm and 60-90 

cm. The samples were analyzed for moisture, pH, texture, organic and inorganic 

matter, carbon and nitrogen content. Result shows that the carbon and nitrogen 

content were higher in vegetated land compared with un-vegetated land due to 

the distribution of vegetation.

Post-Fire Vegetation Regeneration of Bris Soil and Gelam Forests of 

Terengganu 

Nurfatin Syazwana binti Ayob 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Jamilah binti Mohd Salim@Halim 




BRIS Soil has low water retention ability making the ecosystem subjected to 

drought and exposed to wildfire. Fire creates open area and has explicit effect on 

sprouting and seedling survival. However, there is lack of study on effect of post 

fire on vegetative regeneration of plant for Gelam forests and BRIS Soil specifically 

in Dungun and Setiu, Terengganu. Therefore, the aims of this study were to 

determine vegetation composition on BRIS Soil following fire occurrence and to 

compare species composition with original vegetation. 20m²x25m² plot was 

established in site 1 and site 2 and vegetation frequency was recorded. From the 

result, 98.6% of vegetation in site 1 was composed of grasses and 66.9% of 

vegetation in site 2 was herbs. As for comparison, there were changes in 

vegetation composition as secondary succession took placed. The findings can be 

helpful in forming management plan for conservation and restoration of both 

ecosystems.

Profiling the Gut Content of Horseshoe Crabs (Tachypleus gigas) from 

Johor 

Nurhaidah binti Jamaludin 

Supervisor: 

Dr Faridah Mohamad 

Dr Nurul Huda Ahmad Ishak 




Tachypleus gigas is one of the Asian horseshoe crab that can be found at the 

coastal waters of east and west of Peninsular Malaysia. This study profiles the gut 

content of horseshoe crabs (T. gigas) from Johor. A total of 23 gut samples were 

collected and preserved for identification of gut content to the possible taxon. 

Many food items were found in the gut contents where five of them identified as 

bivalve, gastropod, shell fragments, scaphopoda and crustacean, together with a 

few unidentified biological materials. Among these biological materials, crustacean 

was found in the least sample. Sand particles were found in all samples and is 

expected to play an important role in horseshoe crab digestion. These food items 

found in gut contents of T. gigas from Johor indicates the common food eaten by 

T. gigas in Malaysia, including the ones from Setiu Wetland. For further and more 

precise identification of micro materials, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 

high-performance liquid chromatography could be implemented.

The diet composition of edible bird nest swiftlets, (Aerodramus 

fuciphagus) in three different habitats in Terengganu 

Nurhidayah binti Misnan 

Supervisor: Dr Chong Ju Lian 

Co-supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Wahizatul Afzan Azmi 




Aerodramus fuciphagus are insectivore birds which feed on small airborne insects. 

However, their dietary compositions were quantitatively different. Besides, lack of 

study conducted in Malaysia regarding diet of A. fuciphagus. Information gained 

was useful to increase bird nest production. This study was to determine the diet 

of A. fuciphagus and to determine if there are differences in the diet of A. 

fuciphagus in different habitats. The study was conducted in Terengganu which 

focused on urban, coastal and rural habitats. The guano were collected and dried 

in 70 o C oven (30 minutes) before identified under dissecting microscope. Insect 

fragments found were grouped and identified. The results showed that coleopteran 

and hymenoptera were the most dominant found in urban and coastal area while 

in rural was dipteran. Swiftlets from different habitats have different prey taken. 

It was suggested that more studies need to be conducted so that owner know 

what kind of trees to attract more swiftlet come.

The Anatomical Measurements of the Digestive Tract of Tachypleus 

gigas from Johor 

Nursyahira binti Saad 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Faridah binti Mohamad 





Tachypleus gigas is known as coastal horseshoe crab. Foregut, midgut and hindgut 

are the main part of their digestive tract. However, there were very few literatures 

on the anatomy of digestive tract of horseshoe crab. This study determines the 

size of male and female T. gigas digestive tract. Thirty four samples of digestive 

tracts were collected from Johor and UMT Hatchery and preserved in 10% 

formalin. The length and diameter of the various parts of digestive tract were 

measured. Crop has the largest diameter (12.36 ± 3.62 mm) while anus was the 

smallest (2.22 ± 1.31 mm). Stomach was the longest (9.71 ± 2.92 cm) while 

gizzard was the shortest (1.76 ± 0.58 cm). In general, females have larger size of 

digestive tracts compared to males. The finding is essential for producing perfect 

size of pellet for T. gigas feeding in captivity. Increasing the number of samples 

was recommended for future study to obtain more reliable result.

Melittopalynological Study of Domesticated Stingless Bees, 

Heterotrigona itama (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) From Unisza 

Tembila Campus Apiary, Besut 

Nursyazana Mohamad Junid 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Wahizatul Afzan Azmi 

Co. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Khamsah Mohd 





Melittopalynology is a pollen analysis that focuses on pollen collected on pollen 

basket (corbiculae) of stingless bees to determine their preferred floral resources. 

However, such studies are limited in Malaysia. The aims of this study are to identify 

the types of pollen collected from corbiculae of stingless bees, Heterotrigona itama 

and to produce a checklist of their preferred floral types at UniSZA Tembila Campus 

Apiary. Reference pollens were collected from dominant plants in the study area 

and corbiculae of ten H. itama of three colonies from September 2017 to November 

2017. Pollens collected were observed and identified under a light microscope. The 

highest percentage of pollen was collected from Acacia spp. followed by Mimosa 

sepiari and Leucaena leucocephala. This is due to the selective nature of H. itama 

that emphasize on floral rewards during foraging. Findings of this study provide 

useful information that would improve the meliponiculture industry in Malaysia.

Isolation and Identification of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (Pha) Producing 

Bacteria From Mangrove Sediment In University Malaysia Terengganu 

Nurul Aishah binti Mohd Fadzil 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr Kesaven Bhubalan 


(Biodiversity conservation and management) 

School of marine and environmental science 

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a type of biodegradable plastic which can be 

synthesized by bacteria under limited nutrient and excess carbon source. The main 

issue that hamper the commercialization and successful of PHA is high production 

cost. Thus, renewable carbon sources such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and palm 

oil were used. The objectives for this study are to isolate and identify PHA 

producing bacteria from the mangrove sediment and to determine the intracellular 

of PHA content and monomer using gas chromatography analysis. All bacteria 

isolated from mangrove sediment in University Malaysia Terengganu were 

screened to determine potential PHA-producing bacteria using Nile blue A. The 

results showed that there were no positive PHA producing bacteria. This can be 

concluded that there is no bacteria strains that capable of producing PHA in 

mangrove sediment at UMT. Lastly, I would recommend that further study should 

not been done here.

Morphological Characteristics and Optimization of DNA and 

PCR Products of Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) in Terengganu 

Nurul Asyiqin binti Md Zin 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Bayani Wan Omar 

Co-Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr Wahizatul Afzan Azmi 




Heterotrigona itama is one of the most preferred stingless bee species in 

beekeeping activity in Malaysia and mostly found in Southeast Asia. Two objectives 

of this study are to measure and compare morphological characteristics between 

2 colonies of H. Itama from Taman Pertanian Sekayu and Universiti Sultan Zainal 

Abidin (UnisZA) Tembila also to run an optimization of DNA and PCR products 

using RAPD technique. Regarding morphological study, twenty individuals from 

each colony were measured under dissecting microscope attached to Dino Lens. 

Meanwhile, another eight individuals were taken from both colonies and extracted 

using Qiagen's DNA Blood and Tissue Kit. Primers OPA-12 and OPA 16 were chosen 

for DNA amplification. As for morphological study, there were significant 

differences in thorax length, abdomen length and fore-wing width. As for the 

optimization of DNA and PCR products, low concentration of DNA were obtained 

in four extracted individuals. OPA-12 is the most optimum primer yielding a good 

PCR gel image.

The Effects of Etlingera corneri Crude Extract on Breast Cancer Cell 

Growth and Proliferations 

Nurul Athifah binti Din 


Bachelor in Applied Science 



Breast cancer is the most common cancer that effects both men and women 

worldwide. This occurs as the breast cancer cells are resistant to the current drugs. 

Etlingera corneri is a rare species and was hardly found in the wild. This study 

focused on the cytotoxicity of E. corneri crude extracts and the reactive oxygen 

species (ROS) level in the breast cancer cells (MCF-7) when treated with the crude 

extract. Cytotoxic evaluation was carried out with the plant extracts (0- 

1000µg/mL) using 24-hours MTT assay. The exposure of the extract reduced the 

cell viability of MCF-7. The ROS level was determined using dihydroethidium (DHE) 

staining and the result also shows that the ROS level in the cells reduced when 

treated with the extracts. In conclusion, the extract of E. corneri has potential in 

treating cancer. Further study should be carried out to introduce the benefit of the 

plant to the world.

Clothing Consumption: Ecological Footprint among Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu and Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Students 

Nurul Fateha binti Ghazali 

Supervisor: Dr. Nursalwa Binti Baharuddin 





Ecological footprint is a measure of the impact of human activities towards the 

environment. Clothing manufacture is the second largest polluter in the world after 

the oil and gas industry. Fast fashion trends contributed to increase of clothing 

consumption among the students since they did not realize on effect of clothing 

production that cause harm to world. This study aimed to determine knowledge 

and awareness of ecological footprint among Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and 

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin students, pattern of clothing consumption such as 

purchasing, use and maintenance behaviour, and disposal of clothing and lastly 

sustainable ways in clothing consumption. Questionnaire survey was conducted 

among 740 respondents from both institutions. Chi-square test showed a 

significant difference between institutions on their knowledge of ecological 

footprint. Results also showed 61% of respondents purchase their clothes only 

when necessary. Moreover, 93% of respondents were willing to donate their 

clothes and only 67% of respondents willing to buy second-hand clothes for 

creating sustainable ways.

Feeding Capacity of Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus gigas) 

Nurul Fatin Syafiqah binti Mohd Affendy 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Faridah Mohamad 





Tachypleus gigas (Chelicerata: Merostomata) lives in estuarine and coastal shallow 

habitat, including Setiu Lagoon. Their diet is mainly molluscs, which is abundant 

in Setiu and collected by locals as food and also sale items for income. This study 

to determine the feeding capacity of male and female T. gigas on different type of 

bivalve. The experiment was conducted by giving four different type of bivalve 

such as cockle, mud clam, oyster, and mussel with the amount of ten to both male 

and female T. gigas. Data of feeding capacity was recorded at 8 am and 7 pm for 

14 days. Results showed that feeding capacity of T. gigas are high towards mussel 

with five individuals followed by mud clam, cockle and oyster. Maximum individual 

of bivalve that can be eaten both male and female on that day was two. Thus, 

conservation efforts of T. gigas in Setiu will not affect the local people.

Liverwort Flora (Marchantiophyta) of Bukit Kesing Forest Reserve, 

Terengganu, Malaysia. 

Nurul Husna binti Mohd Radzi 





Liverwort (Marchantiophyta) is one of the groups of bryophytes where they play a 

significant role in environment and also act as ecological indicators. Based on 

previous studies, there have been intensive studies on mosses compared to the 

liverworts in Malaysia. This happened because liverwort was frequently overlooked 

and under-collected in Malaysia. Therefore, the present study aimed to collect and 

identify all the species of the liverworts occur in Bukit Kesing Forest Reserve, 

Terengganu. Besides, a detailed identification key to the genus and species known 

to occur in the area will also be prepared. The methodology involved in this study 

including samples collection, identification and construction of taxonomic key. The 

preliminary results showed that there are 17 genera in five families and one 

subfamily reported for Bukit Kesing Forest Reserve. The highest genus is Lejeunea 

and the lowest genus is Lepidolejeunea. An urgent effort to collect liverworts 

should be undertaken especially for this state in Malaysia. 

Keywords: liverwort, taxonomic key, genus, Bukit Kesing Forest Reserve

Small Mammals in Forest Understory 

Nurul Khaleeda binti Abd. Khalib 

Supervisor: Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mohd Tajuddin Bin Abdullah 




A study on small mammals in forest understory was conducted at Tasik Kenyir and 

Setiu for four sampling periods in order to determine the diversity of small 

mammals in forest understory. Four study area; 1) Air Tejun Saok, 2) Air Terjun 

Lasir, 3) Peladang Agro Setiu and 4) Setiu Wetlands were sampled for small 

mammals using cage traps. In this study, small mammals were captured using the 

cage traps baited with palm oil fruit and banana that placed along the trail with 10 

m distance within each trap that left for six consecutive night. The captured small 

mammals were anaesthetized and identified. This study had documented seven 

species of small mammals from two orders and three family. Tupaia gliss and 

Callosciurus notatus were recorded as the most abundance species with 38.10 % 

(relative abundance) for each species followed by Rattus rattus. The data later can 

be used by researcher, local agencies and policy makers for conservation 

mitigation.

Isolation and Identification of Rhamnolipid Producing Bacteria from 

Mangrove Environment 

Nurul Nasuha binti Zaidi Kobli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kesaven Bhubalan 





Surfactant have been used in our daily life such as detergent, cosmetic products 

and in industrial. Rhamnolipid is one of the biosurfactant which can be produced 

by microorganisms, have advantageous characteristic such as low toxicity, high 

biodegradability, environmental friendly compared to surfactant. It can be 

produced by various types of carbon source with a low production cost such as 

palm oil, glycerol. This aim of this study was to identify the rhamnolipid producing 

bacteria from mangrove environment and to determine the amount of rhamnolipid 

produce and its surface activity. Seven types of bacteria was isolated from 

mangrove water and palm oil and glycerol have been used as a carbon source. 

The screening techniques employed were drop collapse method and emulsification 

index. Based on emulsification index, only six of bacteria that capable to produce 

the rhamnolipid biosurfactant.The bacteria were identified and this study showed 

that mangrove have some bacteria that capable produce rhamnolipid.

The Developmental Rate of Spider Mite on Rose Leaves. 

Nurulliyana binti Naim 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Fariza binti Shaipulah 




Spider mite is an economic plant pest that is affecting ornamental plants. The aim 

for this study to examine the survival rates of spider mites, T. cinnabarinus on rose 

leaves. Survival rate of T. cinnabarinus on rose leaves was evaluated in the 

laboratory at 26 o C and 41% relative humidity. Twenty adult female spider mites 

were transferred to the leaves in the tray. The female spider mite takes three days 

to lay eggs. Female laid eggs up to 118 and the eggs took one week to hatching 

and become larva. The development time from larva to nymph took from five to 

six days. This study is useful to predict the population growth rates of spider mites 

on rose leaves, thus may contribute in improving pest management of T. 

cinnabarinus in Malaysia.

Anatomy and microscopy of leaves and roots of terrestrial and 

epiphytic orchids in BRIS ecosystem 

NurulShafiqah binti Seeni Abdul Kader 

Supervisor: Dr Rohani Binti Shahruddin 



School of Marine and Environmental science 

The aim of this study is to investigate the differences of leaves and root anatomy 

between epiphytic and terrestrial orchids in BRIS ecosystem. Eight species were 

selected for this study, which six were epiphytic while two species were terrestrial. 

Quantity of stomata and the cell number in velamen layers were the structures 

that observed in this study. Results indicated that the number of stomata and 

velamen layers differed significantly between these two orchids. The epiphytic 

have average of stomatal density 296 stomata/mm² while terrestrial 1187 

stomata/mm² on leaves. The epiphytic have highest cell number of layers which 

are six, and terrestrial shows the lowest cell number in velamen with only one 

layer. This study showed that orchids in BRIS ecosystem have their own 

adaptations to tolerate with physical changes in an environment.

Effects Of Additional Substrates On The Growth, Yield, Moisture And 

Ash Content Of Grey Oyster Mushroom 

Ong Shwen Ling 

Supervisor: Dr. Aqilah Binti Mohammad 




Mushrooms have been identified as a relatively good source of nutrients. The 

demand for mushrooms is getting increased every year due to its nutritional 

benefits. On the other hand, Malaysians have generated massive amount of food 

waste every day. Therefore, alternatives to reduce food waste by reusing the 

leftovers as additional substrates in cultivation of mushrooms. This study aims of 

using food wastes as additional substrates to determine the effects on the yield, 

growth, moisture and ash content of grey oyster mushroom. Additional substrates 

such as eggshells (treatment A), banana peel (treatment B) and bagasse 

(treatment C) were treated in mushroom bags. Each waste was prepared in 

powder form and added to the standard substrate in mushroom bag. Each 

treatment A, B, C and control had 10 replicates. Treatment C showed the highest 

average number of fruitbody (6), followed by treatment B (6), treatment A (4) and 

control (3).

Water Quality Monitoring Using Aquatic Insect Communities in 

Selected Streams of Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu. 

Pang Suk Mei 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr Wahizatul Afzan Binti Azmi 

Co Supervisor: Dr Amirrudin Bin Ahmad 




Aquatic insects are useful biomonitoring tool that provide historical insight of water 

quality of a stream. The aim of this study were to investigate the composition and 

abundance of aquatic insects in several rivers of Tasik Kenyir and to determine the 

relationship between aquatic insect assemblages and water quality based on biotic 

and ecological indices. A total number of 2739 individuals of aquatic insects 

representing 42 families from seven orders were collected at eight rivers of Tasik 

Kenyir using disturbance-removal technique. Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) was the 

most dominant and abundantly found family at all streams except Sungai Saok. 

Physico-chemical and biological data overall showed that the streams in Tasik 

Kenyir were at the range from very good to poor water condition. This study was 

urgently needed and important to show the diversity of the aquatic insects can be 

used as bioindicator for water quality monitoring in conjunction with other water 

parameters.

The Relationship between Biological Oxygen Demand with the Physical 

Parameter of Water Quality at Sungai Anak Telipot, 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 

Rabiatul Adawiyah binti Mohd Nazri 





Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is one of a parameter that has been widely used 

to measure the quality of water. BOD is the amount of oxygen that needs by a 

microorganism to decompose organic matter in water. This study is conducted at 

Sungai Anak Telipot (SAT) because there is no official report and continuous study 

has been done. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship 

between BOD and other parameters of water quality and to determine the 

difference of water quality condition along SAT. For the physical parameter, it is 

used handheld probe YSI Multi-parameters. Six parameters listed in DOE-WQI was 

measured based on standard methods: pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, 

biological oxygen demand (BOD), temperature and total suspended solids (TSS). 

These parameters were sampled at five different stations. From this study, it is 

concluded that BOD and DO has inversely correlation because when BOD is high, 

DO is low.

THE EFFECT OF NAMALYCASTIS SP. ON BREAST CANCER (MCF-7) 

MIGRATION 

Rosmah Suhaila binti Hamdan 


CO-Supervisor: Dr. Maziah Binti Mohd Ghazaly 



School Marine and Environmental Sciences 

Breast cancer is the most common cancer on rise globally and resistance toward 

drugs is preventing the inhibition of this aggressive cancer cells. Recently, marine 

organisms, which is Namalycastis sp. were assessed as a potential resource for 

drug recovery research. Based on previous studies, it has shown the regeneration 

capabilities in marine worms may work as potential inhibitor in multidrug resistant 

cancer cell. Therefore, our aim is to determine the cytotoxicity level of 

Namalycastis sp. on MCF-7 cells growth and to observe the effect of Namalycastis 

sp. crude extract on MCF-7 cell migration. In this study, MCF-7 were treated with 

Namalycastis sp. by using MTT assay and migration assay. Based on this assays, 

it was found that Namalycastis sp. could slow down the proliferation of MCF-7 cell. 

Further research on the principle active components of crude extract of 

Namalycastis sp. will leads to development of drug to treat breast cancer (MCF- 

7).

The Effect of Sucrose Concentration to the Foraging Distance of 

Heterotrigona Itama 

Samshahirurraziq bin Samion 

Supervisor: Dr. Norasmah Binti Basari 





Stingless bee are commonly used for meliponiculture especially Heterotrigona 

itama. H. itama are native to Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. It is one of the 

important pollinator because this species active throughout the year due to the 

habitat. Stingless bee will prefer food based on the distance, height and 

profitability of food source. So, this study was focused on the effect of sucrose 

concentration to the foraging distance of H. itama. Fifteen percent and 50% of 

sucrose solution were used for the experiment with the distance of 1 m and 10 m 

alternately. The result shows that the bee preferred the sucrose solution at the 

nearer distance. However, if the further sucrose solution consist of higher sucrose 

concentration the stingless bee still intend to go further sucrose solution. The study 

concluded that the stingless bee will increases their foraging distance if the food 

sources are more profitable.

Diversity of Odonata in Sekayu Recreational Park, Terengganu 

Siti Aishah binti Baharudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Amirrudin bin Ahmad 




Study on the abundance, species richness and diversity of Odonata fauna in 

Sekayu lowland forest was conducted between July and October 2017. Total of 

608 individuals of Odonata belonging to 11 families and 42 species recorded during 

study period. Libellulidae was the most dominant family with 13 species 

constituting 45% of the total recorded individuals of odonates and the most 

common species was Neurothemis fluctuans constituting 14% of total number of 

individuals. Contrarily, Stylogomphus malayanus, Dsyphea dimidiata, and 

Podolestes orientalis were recorded less abundant species during study period. 

Maximum species numbers and individuals of Odonata were recorded in October. 

This inventory served as the baseline for Odonata communities in Sekayu lowland 

forest. It is recommended increasing the education on the importance of using 

local insect species as first level indicators of environmental health which when 

improved upon can save the nation fortunes otherwise usage of chemical 

evaluation and monitoring of the environment.

Diversity and Distribution of Mammals at Hutan Lipur Sekayu, 

Terengganu 

Siti Fatimah binti Che Mohd Saufi 


Co-supervisor: Dr. Amirrudin Bin Ahmad 




Hutan Lipur Sekayu consist of lowland forest that have diversity of mammals and 

this study was conducted for four consecutive months starting August until 

November 2017. Aim of this study, to determine the diversity of mammals at Hutan 

Lipur Sekayu. Two types of sampling methods were used, Visual Encounter Survey 

(VES) and 50 units of live cage traps. A total of 132 individuals from 12 species 

were recorded using both methods. Observation method or VES recorded 95 

number of individuals, while cage trap method recorded 37 individuals. The most 

commonly found species in this study, were Tupaia glis and Macaca fascicularis. 

The result indicate that, this lowland forests has high diversity of mammals. 

Therefore, further study should be conducted in near future so that the information 

on mammal diversity could be used for conservation purposes. As a conclusion, 

knowledge on the diversity of mammals and their habitat may provide beneficial 

information towards effective conservation management in this particular area. 

Keywords: Diversity, Mammals, live cage trap, Visual Encounter Survey, Sekayu, 

Terengganu.

Diversity, Environmental Biology and Ecology of Freshwater Crab in 

Terengganu 

Siti Khadijah binti Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr Amirrudin Ahmad 




Brachyuran research in Malaysia started late in 1930s but there were still very 

limited data on the diversity, environment biology and ecology of many terrestrial 

and freshwater crab species. Aims of this study are to determine the diversity of 

freshwater crabs and to examine some aspect of the biology and ecology of 

freshwater crabs in Terengganu. This study was conducted in three sites at 

Terengganu which are Sekayu, Tasik Kenyir and Chemerong. Four species, 

Gempala bilobata, Heterothelphusa insolita, Parathelphusa maculata and Johora 

thoi of freshwater crab were identified from 231 individuals collected. A new 

distribution record was found for Johora thoi which was previously known only to 

Pulau Redang and Chemerong was the southernmost distributional limit of this 

species. Nine species of freshwater and terrestrial crabs known to Terengganu and 

three species are in endemic state. Additional surveys may produce more species 

as many habitats are yet to be explored.

Proximate Analysis of Selected Freshwater Fish Consumed by 

Indigenous Tribes at Sungai Berua, Hulu Terengganu 

Siti Khodijah Pakwanteh 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Jamilah Mohd Salim @ Halim 





Orang Asli or indigenous people depend greatly on natural resources for their livelihoods. 

Rivers nearby their settlement serve as a vital source of protein from freshwater fishes. 

However, little attention is given the analysis of nutrient content in this fishes, which 

could indicate the protein intake by the Orang Asli. A study was conducted to determine 

proximate composition of the freshwater fishes consumed by the Orang Asli in Sungai 

Berua, Hulu Terengganu using proximate analysis. Six species of fishes was selected 

based on the list of ten most consumed fish in Sungai Berua. Results show that the 

highest protein content were recorded in Neolissochilus soroides (Tengas) with (19.78 

%), followed by Channa micropeltes (Toman) (17.32 %), Channa striata (Haruan) (15.76 

%), Barbonymus shwanenfeldii (Lampam) (15.60 %), Hampala macrolepidota (Sebarau) 

(15.11 %) and the lowest is Hemibagrus capitulum (Baung) (14.94 %). In terms of fat 

content the sequence of the highest to the lowest is H. capitulum (Baung) (4.44 %), H. 

macrolepidota (Sebarau) (1.51 %), B. shwanenfeldii (Lampam) (1.46 %), N. soroides 

(Tengas) (0.81 %), C. striata (Haruan) (0.42 %) and C. micropeltes (Toman) (0.33 %). 

The results for carbohydrate content from highest to lowest is B. shwanenfeldii 

(Lampam) (4.74 %), C. micropeltes (Toman) (3.69 %), N. soroides (Tengas) (2.29 %), 

H. macrolepidota (Sebarau) (1.33 %), C. striata (Haruan) (0.43 %) and H. capitulum 

(Baung) (0.23 %). From the results, selected freshwater fishes in this study contain high 

protein content compared to fat and carbohydrate. Further analysis on the total intake 

of those fishes will be calculated based on recent survey, which will enable us to compare 

the intake with Food and Drug Association (FDA) recommendation.

Diversity of Bats At Different Habitat Types in Kenyir and Setiu, 

Terengganu 

Siti Nurfatiha Najihah binti Fakhrul Hatta 

Supervisor: Prof Dato Dr Mohd Tajuddin Bin Abdullah 


(Biodivesity Conservation and Management) 


Bats have specifics diets according to their species as some feeds on fruits which 

also known as megachiroptera and some on insects known as microchiroptera. 

Since there were lacking on study of bats and updated checklist in Terengganu, 

therefore this study was conducted to determine the diversity of bats at different 

habitat types in Kenyir and Setiu, Terengganu. Three mist nets were used to 

capture bats and another three four-bank harp trap were used mainly to capture 

insect bats. A total of 61 individuals of bats were collected and had been 

identified. All the bats captured had been compared their diversity by using 

specific statistical analysis. There were low diversity of bats in Kenyir compared 

to Setiu that influence by the area was surrounding with agricultural activities. In 

conclusion, number of bats captured for this study is still lacking based on 

comparison among most of bat species in Malaysia.

Heavy Metal Mobility in Soil before and After Phytoremediation 

Siti Suhaila binti Muhamad 




School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, 


Soil exploitation due to increasing population has led to the pollution in soil. Heavy 

metal pollution in soil causes toxic effect on human, plants and animals. 

Phytostabilisation is the use of plant root to minimize the mobility of heavy metal 

in soil. Melaleuca cajuputi has the ability to immobilize and reduce the mobility of 

heavy metal. This study was conducted to determine the influence of Melaleuca 

cajuputi on the mobility of heavy metal and to investigate the mobility of Copper, 

Cadmium and Zinc affected by phytoremediation. The study was conducted under 

greenhouse experiment whereas three heavy metals were given which were Zinc, 

Cadmium and Copper at different concentration. Heavy metal concentration was 

analysed using Tessier sequential extraction method to differentiate the heavy 

metal concentration into fraction. The soil properties in term of organic matter 

were expected to be changed due to influence of Melaleuca cajuputi and reduce 

the mobility of heavy metal.

Effect of spider mites feeding on selected plants 

Siti Syawani Yahya 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Fariza M. Shaipulah 

Co Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aida Hashim 




Spider mite has been a major pest of greenhouse crops worldwide. They are 

common pest of Solanaeae (eg. peppers and tomatoes) and ornamental cultivars 

(eg. roses). The study on effect of spider mite feeding on Malaysian crops and 

ornamental cultivars are still lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted to 

determine the effect of spider mite feeds on leaves from different plants. The 

spider mites used in this study are Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Spider mites were 

collected from roses around district of Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. The leaves were 

left for spider mite infestation for four days. The feeding effect of spider mites 

were quantified based on the silver leaf spot area in (cm²). Total damaged area 

on roses was higher than chili and eggplant and the lowest total damaged area 

was eggplants. Therefore, the infestation of spider mite on leaves was different 

between host plants. The result from this study will provide the knowledge about 

the potential of spider mites can infest on host plants.

Growth Study of Acacia sp. and Melaleuca cajuput in BRIS Ecosystem 

Stanley anak Jeffry Den 

Supervisor: Dr. Rohani bt. Shahrudin 




This study was conducted to compare the growth rate between invasive plant, 

Acacia sp., and native plant, Melaleuca cajuputi, in BRIS ecosystem. Both species 

were measured for their height, stem diameter and total leaf area monthly for 5 

months. The factors affecting the growth such as temperature, humidity and light 

intensity were also measured. From the results, the average height of Acacia sp. 

is 1.34 meter meanwhile the average height of Melaleuca cajuputi is about 0.75 

meter and the difference is about 28.23%. There is significant (p˂0.05) in height 

between Acacia sp. and M. cajuputi. As a conclusion, Acacia sp. surpassed the 

growth rate of Melaleuca cajuputi in BRIS ecosystem.

The Potential of Growing Straw Mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) Using 

Some Agro-Waste Material in Container 

Suhaiza binti Mazlan @ Mohd Zaid 

Supervisor: Dr. Shahrul bin Ismail 




Straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) are one of the edible mushroom that has 

high demand due to its nutritive value. This study was conducted to observe the 

growing of V. volvacea using some by-product materials. The experiment 

conducted of four treatment which are paddy straw, sawdust, empty fruit bunch 

of oil palm and mixture of sawdust and empty fruit bunch of oil palm in container 

with Completely Randomized Design and replicated three times. The growing of 

V. volvacea was evaluated in the green house at 31℃.The result showed that the 

paddy straw is the potential substrate for growing V. volvacea while sawdust, 

empty fruit bunch of oil palm and mixture of sawdust and empty fruit bunch of oil 

palm shows poor observation. Furthermore, the cultivation of V. volvacea has 

potential to local grower mushroom industry.

Carbon stock in root biomass of Coastal Wetland 

Syed Muhammad Firdaus bin Syed Jalaludin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamilah Mohd Salim @ Halim 




Wetland contain high productivity which plant absorb carbon dioxide in the 

atmosphere. Carbon fixation is a biological process which plant convert carbon 

dioxide to organic compound. Thus, the aim of this study to determine carbon 

stock present in root biomass of Coastal wetland which are mangrove and 

Melaleuca forest. Plus, to know the differences in the carbon content in aerial root 

and inner root. For Melaleuca the inner root were excavated and for mangrove 

all the root that are above the soil were cut. The root were weight to obtain dry 

biomass and by using carbon fraction the carbon between each plot were obtained. 

From the result, carbon content in inner root of Melaleuca is higher compared to 

carbon content present in above root of mangrove. For Melaleuca forest coarse 

root has higher carbon compared to fine root. In conclusion, carbon stock in inner 

root Melaleuca root is higher than above root mangrove.

Antifeedant Activity and Toxicity of Eugenol and Thymol Derivatives 

against Red Palm Weevils (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Olivier) Adults 

Tan Jia Xian 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wahizatul Afzan binti Azmi 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Asnuzilawati binti Asari 




The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a severe pest of palm 

species globally. In Malaysia, RPW managements are depend on synthetic 

insecticide, which caused negative effects to environment and human health. To 

solve the problem, plant essential oils with eco-friendly properties can be used as 

substitution. Eugenol and thymol derivatives that extracted from the clove and 

thyme respectively were evaluated in the laboratory for their effects on RPW 

adults. 700, 1000 and 1500ppm of these compounds were used in the toxicity test 

for nine days. The antifeedant effect were also studied using concentration at 500, 

700 and 1000ppm. Results showed that both eugenol and thymol derivatives had 

toxicity effect against RPW adults, but eugenol derivatives were more effective 

due to lower LC50 and LT50 value. However, there were no antifeedant effect 

against RPW adults. Eugenol derivatives is more suitable to against RPW and 

should considered as bio-control agent.

Diversity, Enviromental Biology and Ecology 

Of Phallostethid Fishes in Peninsular Malaysia 

Tay Yu Peng 






Phallostethid fishes are small and very unique fishes that the males have their 

penis or priapium under their chin or chest. In this study, the diversity and 

distribution of Phallostethid fishes in Peninsular Malaysia was investigated and the 

environmental biology and ecology of selected species, Phenacostethus smithi, at 

Sungai Pur, Kuala Berang, Terengganu was determined. Results of this study 

showed that Phallostethid fishes were found occur in a few states in Peninsular 

Malaysia. Phenacostethus smithi at Sg. Pur did not show dimorphic in size between 

male and female. Both adults and juverniles were collected during sampling period 

suggested that Phenacostethus smithi breed all-year round. Phenacostethus smithi 

can inhabit different type of habitats for example freshwater streams and brackish 

creeks. Further studies should be carried out to acquire more information about 

Phallostethid fishes about their distribution, biology and ecology in Peninsular 

Malaysia.

Distribution of Aedes albopictus in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

(UMT) Campus and Influence of Different Volume of Water on 

Development, Survival and Adult Sizes 

Tuan Emilia binti Tuan Mohd Noor 





Aedes albopictus plays an important role as vector of numerous arboviruses. It 

ability to utilize in various water containers near human habitation as breeding site 

increase the risk of disease-vector-human contact. The objectives for this study 

are to determine the distribution of Ae. albopictus in UMT campus and to determine 

the effect of water volume on development, survival of Ae. albopictus larvae as 

well as adult size. Ae. albopictus eggs were collected by using ovitrap method and 

immersed in different volume of water to observe their hatchability and larvae 

development. The results showed that vegetation area of UMT campus had higher 

number of Ae. albopictus population and the small volume of water (250ml) caused 

faster development for this species. An immediate action must be taken to destroy 

Aedes potential breeding sites near vegetation area particularly during intermittent 

rainfall as it will resulted in small volume of water in breeding containers which 

ideal for Aedes development.

Morphological Characteristics and Genetic Variability of Stingless bees 

(Geniotrigona thoracica) in Terengganu 

Vinailosni A/P Amirthalingam 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Bayani Bt. Wan Omar 

Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wahizatul Afzan Bt. Azmi 




In determination of the species, the morphology part plays a vital role along with 

molecular studies. Besides, genetic variability is very crucial, as it determines the 

ability of the species, to adapt to the changes of the environment. The aims of this 

study were to determine the morphological characteristics of domesticated G. 

thoracica among two different sites, Sekayu Recreation Park and Tembila, Besut 

in Terengganu and to determine the genetic variability of the domesticated G. 

thoracica using RAPD as the molecular marker. By using Dino-lite, with stereomicroscope, 

the morphormetric measurements of the stingless bee were taken and 

recorded. Then, the data analysis was conducted using multivariate analysis. From 

the data analysis, it was seen that there were significant differences between the 

two sites. The DNA of G. thoracica were extracted using DNeasy tissue kit 

(Qiagen TM ) and the PCR was run using RAPD primer, which were OPA 6, OPA 11 

and OPA 17.

Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Activity and Protein Separation in 

Meretrix Meretrix of Gills from Setiu Wetland 

Wan Farihin binti Wan Anis 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Nurtahirah binti Jaafar 




Meretrix meretrix are filter feeders that have the ability to concentrate 

contaminants from sediments and water column making them as a good bioindicator 

in this study to determine if they are facing environmental stress in Setiu 

Wetland. Oxidative stress produces reactive oxygen species and will trigger an 

imbalance of antioxidant also modify proteins and thiols. Total of forty Meretrix 

meretrix were collected from three different stations in Setiu Wetland. Level of 

glutathione S-transferase (GST) were determined and it was found that M. 

meretrix in station one is higher compared to station 2 (p

Carrying Behaviour in Ant, Oecophylla Smaragdina 

Nur Adila binti Kamaruddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Norasmah 




Oecophylla smaragdina or commonly known as ‘kerengga’ or weaver ants and they 

are social insects that live with colony. The carrying behaviour of social ant occurs 

when ant found preferred food or to a place where more attention are needed. 

However, the purpose of carrying behaviour in O. smaragdina is poorly 

understood. Thus, this research was conducted to determine the possibilities of 

different food weight to trigger carrying behaviour in Oecophylla smaragdina and 

to investigate the purpose of carrying behaviour in weaver ant. Five different trees 

occupied by O. smaragdina were presented with two different food weight which 

is light weight and heavy weight to trigger carrying behaviour in Oecophylla 

smaragdina from 0800 to 1500. Furthermore, the carrying behaviour occurs were 

recorded and observed during their foraging activities. The results showed that, 

carrying behaviour occurs in weaver ants were to help their colony foraging 

activities faster, besides more ants are needed to carry heavy food. From the 

observation, the different food weight was influenced carrying behaviour in 

Oecophylla smaragdina.

Fatty Acid Composition of Freshwater Fish Consumed by Indigenous 

Tribes at Lake Kenyir, Terengganu. 

Nurul A’silah binti Mat Jamal 

Supervisor: Associate Prof. Dr. (Jamilah binti Mohd. Salim@Halim) 




Indigenous tribes at Lake Kenyir which are Semoq Beri and Bateq has been 

practicing fishing for a long time and had considered it as one of food sources. 

The aims of this study is to determine fatty acid composition of selected freshwater 

fish and to compare the data from World Health Organization. To indicate dietary 

intake of freshwater fish consumed by indigenous tribes at Lake Kenyir, fatty acid 

composition of the fish oil was analyzed and quantified using gas chromatography 

after being converted into methyl ester derivative. Total lipids extracted from six 

selected freshwater fish were analyzed for their total fat and 37 fatty acids 

composition. The result showed most of the fish contained less than 10% lipid by 

g/100g tissue of flesh. Hemibagrus capitulum (baung) have the highest percentage 

yield of oil while Channa striata (Haruan) have the lowest percentage yield of oil 

than the others fish species.

Liverwort (Marchantiophyta) Flora of Setiu Mangrove Forest, 

Terengganu, I 

Syahirah binti Ahmad Roslan 





Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 

Liverwort (Marchantiophyta) belong to broad bryophyte group in the Plant Kingdom. 

They are small in size and prefer moist habitat with high humidity although they can 

survive under harsh conditions. Generally, many works and floristic studies on the flora 

of moss have been conducted intensively, while research on liverworts and hornworts 

are very lacking in Malaysia. Thus far, only two species of liverworts are recorded for the 

state of Terengganu. Hence the present study is the first attempt to collect and 

document all the species of liverwort in mangrove forest particulary from Setiu Wetlands. 

This study aimed to identify all the liverwort species and to prepare complete taxon 

checklist of mangrove forest. In this study, four genus were identified viz. Archilejeunea, 

Acrolejeunea, Thysananthus and Cheilolejeunea. The preliminary result showed that the 

liverwort genera were significantly different in the three different islands in Setiu 

Mangrove Forest. Acrolejeunea is the largest genus with 35.3% from the total number 

of liverwort found in Setiu Mangrove Forest. Pulau Telaga Tujuh had the highest number 

of genera. Meanwhile in Pulau Nyor, Acrolejeunea showed the highest result compared 

to Pulau Layak and Pulau Telaga Tujuh. Archilejuenea are only found at Pulau Telaga 

Tujuh. A conspectus of genera, keys to genera and species of liverworts found in three 

different islands in Setiu Mangrove Forest and the description of each taxa are presented. 

The main habitat utilised by the liverworts in Setiu Mangrove Forest is corticulous with 

four genera. 

Keywords: Liverwort, Terengganu, Setiu Mangrove Forest, taxon checklist, bryophyte

Predatory Activities of Oecophylla smaragdina in Citrus Plantation Area 

at Taman Pertanian Negeri Sekayu, Terengganu 

Nabilah bt. Zolkepli 

Supervisor: Dr. Norasmah Bt. Basari 




A field study was conducted to determine the possibility of the Oecophylla 

smaragdina (weaver ant) as biological control agent in citrus plantation area at 

Taman Pertanian Negeri Sekayu Terengganu. The weaver ant was found preyed 

on various types of insect pest in citrus and other agriculture plant during their 

foraging activity.The result showed, that 79% of pest and only 21% non-pest 

insect caught by O. smaragdina during their foraging activity. The highest number 

of insect pests is from family Hemiptera which dominated about 33.3% of pest 

insect in citrus farm area that were caught by weaver ants. The results also showed 

only 10.5% of the prey is considered as the main pest insect in citrus plant, another 

89.5% was a pest insect for other agriculture plants. This study was conducted to 

reduce an issue of the farmer, on handling the pest insect of citrus and other 

agriculture plant in citrus farm area by using the O. smaragdina.

Bachelor of Science (Marine 

Biology)

Fungal Diversity from Mangrove Sediment and Crabs 

Nur Ain Shakirah Bt Abd Rahim 

Dr Maizah Bt M. Abdullah 

Bachelor of Science (Marine Biology) 



Mangrove is a highly productive ecosystem as they provide values to environment 

and human. This study was conducted to investigate fungal diversity in the 

mangrove sediment and gut contents of mangrove crabs; Perisesarma spp. and 

Parasesarma spp. Fungi was isolated using colony formation unit (CFU) technique 

with three dilution factors and direct plating technique. Results showed that the 

greatest number of 239 colonies counted from sediment diluted from 10 -6 whereas 

a total of 224 colonies from dilution factor 10 -4 and followed by dilution factor 10 - 

2 

with 110 colonies counted. The dilution factor 10 -6 was chosen as the optimum 

concentration for CFU counting from sediment samples. Eight species were 

morphologically identified as Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., 

Rhizopus spp., Cladosporium spp and Trichoderma spp. isolated from sediment 

while Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. and Pestalotiopsis spp. isolated from crabs. 

Therefore, this study contributes insight knowledge about the health of mangrove 

ecosystem.

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES 

FROM VITEX ROTUNDIFOLIA FRUITS EXTRACT 

SITI KHODIJAH BINTI KOSIM 

Supervisor: Dr. Suvik A/L Assaw 

Co. Supervisor: Dr. Noor Wini binti Mazlan 



Marine environment provides a valuable platform for discovery of new biologically 

active compounds. In this study, coastal medicinal plant, Vitex rotundifolia was 

evaluated for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Methanolic crude extract 

from fruits of V.rotundifolia was fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography 

(VLC). The selected fractions were evaluated for antibacterial and antioxidant 

using well-diffusion and DPPH free radical scavenging assays respectively. Results 

revealed in antibacterial assays, all fractions give inhibition to Bacillus subtilis, 

meanwhile fractions 2, 7, 10, 16, 18, and 24 give inhibition on Staphylococcus 

epidermidis. No antibacterial activities were found on other bacterial tested. 

Antioxidant results demonstrated 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values for 

fraction 7, 10, 16, 18, and 24 were 0.9, 0.88, 0.625, 0.375 and 0.375 mg/mL 

respectively. However, fraction 2 and 6 were having IC50 more than 1mg/mL. As 

conclusion, V.rotundifolia fruits has antibacterial and antioxidant activities but it’s 

depend on solvent system used to fractionate the targeted compound.

ASSESSMENT OF METALLIC ELEMENT UPTAKE BY HOLOTHURIA ATRA 

(LOLLYFISH) 

Imran Luqman bin Muhammad Hatta 

Dr. Ong Meng Chuan 


School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Metallic element (MEs) pollution causes deformities of marine organisms and 

humans due to the widespread of anthropogenic applications. The sea cucumber 

Holothuria atra is used in this study because it was discovered that it has medicinal 

value. This study aims to reveal MEs concentrations and its bioindicator 

capabilities. Samples were collected from Pulau Redang, Terengganu and analysed 

using ICP-MS after a closed acid digestion with Nitric acid. The Pollution Load Index 

(PLI) and Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) were used to analyse the 

data. Biota metal accumulation showed Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. High Iron levels in 

biota indicate haemoglobin presence while low Cd levels suggests species specific 

accumulation. Organism size and metal accumulation mostly showed negative 

relationships due to older organisms’ lower metabolic activity. BSAF values indicate 

specific body compartments be used to detect certain MEs. Iron and Pb showed 

strongest positive correlation, suggesting similar origin. No overall pollution was 

seen (PLI

Screening for Microplastics Degrading Bacteria Isolated from the Gut of 

Polychaete Namalycastis sp. 

Muhammad Addin bin Abd Malik 

Supervisor: Dr. Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim 

Bachelor of Sciences (Marine Biology) 


Microplastics has become one of the globally hot topics as marine ecosystem 

pollutant. Since polychaete has a role of bio-indicators of anthropogenic impacts, 

it raises high possibility that these polychaete can easily accumulate the 

microplastic. In their gut, some bacteria carry out specific interaction activities for 

digestion, however, there is still paucity information that these bacteria can digest 

the microplastics. Therefore, the aims of this study was to screens the potential 

bacteria that are able to degrade the polyethylene. There are six isolates bacteria 

from the sample belonging Pseudomonas spp. group has the ability to degrade the 

polyethylene by colonizing on the polyethylene surface observed under Scanning 

Electron Microscope. Besides that, the formation of carbonyl group analyzed by 

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicates, they were utilized the 

polyethylene as a sole carbon source. In conclusion, there is a presence of the 

polyethylene degrading bacteria in the gut of Namalycastis sp.

EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN Meretrix meretrix USING 

NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE AS BIOMAKER 

LAW JIA LEE 

SUPERVISOR: DR. SITI NURTAHIRAH BINTI JAAFAR 

CO-SUPERVISOR: DR. SUVIK ASSAW 

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (MARINE BIOLOGY) 

SCHOOL OF MARINE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce oxidative 

stress in organisms during metabolism process and immunological reaction. NO 

production is regulated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in mechanism action of 

oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress by using NOS 

as biomarker in hard clams, M. mertrix collected from Setiu Wetlands. NOS 

activities were determined and measured by using colorimetric method 

spectrophotometrically. Oxidation of protein thiols was studied by using onedimension 

gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed significant 

interaction between the level of NO activities from Station 2 (p

Distribution and Diversity of Gelatinous Zooplankton in the South 

China Sea 

Nur Aqilah Binti Kamaruddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Huda Binti Ahmad Ishak 



Nowadays, dominant groups of gelatinous zooplankton are widely distributed in 

many ocean ecosystems. Nevertheless, they have been understudied due to their 

fragility nature, difficulties to sample or handle and a lack of expertise. This study 

gives an insight of the distribution and diversity of gelatinous species in the South 

China Sea. Species composition, distribution and abundance of gelatinous 

zooplankton were investigated along the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (ECPM) 

in August 2016. Altogether, 38 species were identified in the study area. 

Appendicularia was found to be the most dominant taxa recorded while 

scyphomedusae were the least represented group in the study. Stations that are 

near to inshore region show higher abundance of gelatinous zooplankton 

compared to offshore region. According to Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 

between four environmental variables examined (depth, temperature, salinity and 

dissolved oxygen), it showed that the distribution of gelatinous zooplankton are 

driven by depth and temperature.

Temporal Distribution of Ray and Wedgefish Species Landed at Pulau 

Kambing, Kuala Terengganu. 

Fatin Najwa Binti Mansoor 

Dr. Abdulmaula Abdulmagid Hamza 



Rays and wedgefishes are among landed chondrichthyes in most Southeast Asian 

fisheries. They are increasingly exploited for meat as protein source and skin as 

leather. A bimonthly landing port surveys in Pulau Kambing, Kuala Terengganu, 

was conducted between May 2017 and February 2018 to study temporal 

distribution and diversity of these groups. A total of 357 specimens represented 

13 ray species and one wedgefish species were identified, weighed and measured 

total length. Seven species were first records to Terengganu waters within families 

Dasyatidae, Gymnuridae and Myliobatidae. Three species were Near Threaten, 

eight were Vulnerable, and three were classified as Data Deficient according to 

IUCN RedList. Several landed specimens were juvenile sizes (Butterfly ray and 

Whipray). Bycatch in trawling nets increased species landings due to demand and 

sold for affordable prices. Efforts are needed to monitor species landings for 

management scheme implementation to prevent decline or local extinction for long 

term.

Mesozooplankton Community Structure and Oceanographic Features in 

the South China Sea 

Isyraf Haqim bin Mohd Tamizam 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Huda binti Ahmad Ishak 



A survey of mesozooplankton community structure and oceanographic features in 

East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia at South China Sea had been done during July 

2017 with a total of 11 stations within four transects in Kelantan and Terengganu 

waters. The study was done to identify the distribution of the mesozooplankton 

and relate it with the oceanographic features of the South China Sea. From the 

result, the range density of mesozooplankton were 745.4 - 5752.4 Ind.m -3 with 

inshore community were much denser than offshore community. The most 

dominant taxa were from the Copepod (Calanoida(21%), Harpacticoida(16%) and 

Cyclopoida(6%)) followed by Appendicularia(18%) and Chaetoagnatha(10%). 

From cluster analysis, five different groups of mesozooplankton community could 

be found based on their density categorized from the most common with high 

density to rarest with low density. In addition, principle component analysis 

showed most station showed utmost correlation with temperature compared to 

salinity and DO.

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ON 

CRUDE FRACTIONS FROM TWIGS OF AVICENNIA OFFICINALIS 

KHAW TYNG TYNG 

Supervisor: DR. SUVIK ASSAW 


SCHOOL OF MARINE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 

Previous studies showed that mangrove plants are endowed with various bioactive 

compounds with potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study was 

developed to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant properties on the crude 

fractions from Avicennia officinalis twigs. The selected fractions were evaluated for 

antibacterial activity using well-diffusion assay against three Gram-negative and 

positive bacteria. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity of the obtained fractions was 

evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. The six fractions exhibited 

selective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and no inhibition 

against Gram-negative bacteria. Fraction 7 and 8 showed strong antibacterial 

activity with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 0.156-2.50 mg/mL. 

Potent antioxidant activity showed by fraction 9 with 50% of inhibition 

concentration (IC50) at 0.7 mg/mL. The active fractions will be further isolated to 

target the pure metabolites that might responsible to the activity. The results 

obtained will enhance the knowledge on potential uses of our local plant sources.

Planktonic Respiration and Primary Production in Pulau Bidong, 

Terengganu 

Nur Shila binti Khairul Hisam 

Supervisor: Dr Roswati binti Md Amin 



In the present study, the variability of primary production and planktonic 

community respiratory carbon requirement were investigated in four consecutive 

months from June to October at Pantai Vietnam Jetty, Pulau Bidong. The rate of 

primary production was measured by using light and dark incubation method. The 

planktonic carbon requirement was measured on four different size fractions; 

mesoplankton (>200 µm), microplankton (

ENZYMATIC POTENTIAL OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM GREEN SEA 

TURTLE (Chelonia mydas) 

Farah Fazida Binti Md Ishak 

Supervisor: Dr. Jasnizat Bin Saidin 


School Of Marine and Environment Sciences 


Global market of industrial enzymes estimated around US$4.2 billion in 2014 and 

expected to reach nearly US$6.2 billion in 2015-2020. The vital sources of 

industrial enzymes are from microorganisms especially bacteria. Researcher are 

searching every possible environmental niche for potential enzyme-producing 

bacteria which include animal-associated. This study investigated the potential 

enzyme-producing bacteria from endangered animal which is green sea turtle 

(Chelonia mydas). Six bacteria have been isolated from cloaca mucus of sea turtle. 

All of these isolates positively produce lipase when supplemented with olive and 

corn oil while only three bacteria were able to utilize used-cooking-oil. Oppositely, 

none of the isolate shows amylase activity when starch used as substrate. As for 

protease enzyme, three bacteria showed production. Unidentified bacteria strain 

T6M was able to produced lipase with all oil substrate used and produced protease. 

This strain is a potential candidate for further investigation on it enzymes 

characteristic.

Phenotypic and Molecular Identification of Marine Sponges from Order 

Suberitida off Pulau Bidong 

Nor Rashidah Binti Hassan 

Supervisor: Dr Jasnizat Bin Saidin 



In Malaysia, the study of marine sponges’ taxonomy is still undeveloped due to 

limited numbers of experts in this field. Investigation of sponges’ diversity is 

difficult due to the simplicity and plasticity of their morphological characteristics. 

The sponges under order Suberitida was chosen due to its diversities and 

interesting bioactivities such as anticancer, antibacterial and antiatherosclerosis. 

Previously many of the sponges under this order have been identified fully based 

on its morphological characteristics and were misidentified as the other species. 

Here, in this study the molecular identification was done and the results were 

compared with morphological identification data. This study showed that sponges 

which shared almost the same morphology and set of spicules were identified as 

a different genus by using DNA barcoding. As conclusion the taxonomic validation 

of those species using DNA barcoding should be a standard procedure in this 

applied area for the research.

MONTHLY VARIATIONS IN COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF 

ZOOPLANKTON IN SETIU WETLAND 

NUR SYAMIRA AZIAN BINTI HADI 

DR ROSWATI BT MD AMIN 

BACHELOR OF SCIENCES (MARINE BIOLOGY) 

SCHOOL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL 

Setiu Wetland is known for its shallow and well mixed water column and subjected 

to major anthropogenic activities; including fish and shrimp aquaculture. These 

activities can give impact to the water quality and physicochemical properties of 

the estuary. Hence, the study was conducted to examine the zooplankton 

variations by collecting samples for 10 months starting from January until 

December 2017 at 3 different stations; Station 1 (control; no anthropogenic 

activity area), Station 2 (main anthropogenic activity area) and Station 3 (abandon 

fish cage which are 3km from the river mouth). 28 genera of zooplankton from 8 

phyla were recorded throughout study period. Copepods were found abundant in 

all stations followed by Ciliates and Mollusca. The highest average density was 

recorded in December while the lowest in January. No variations between stations 

were observed but the alteration of salinity can give major impact to zooplankton 

distribution and occurrence in Setiu Wetland.

Biodegradability of palm oil derivatives in seawater 

Puspanjali a/p Renganathan 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Kesaven Bhubalan 



The study was conducted using (RBD) palm olein and natural seawater. Bacterial 

growth and biodegradation were evaluated in shaking flasks at different 

concentrations (5g/L & 10g/L) and incubated at 28 ± ℃ with a speed of 120 rpm 

for 28 days. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand 

(BOD) in seawater were determined using standard methods. The concentration 

of fatty acid of interest which are myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic 

acid in residual oil was determined using GC-FID. The study shows COD released 

increased rapidly till day 28 and the highest level released was 668.67mg/L and 

679.50 mg/L. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was 1.24 mg O2/L and dissolved 

oxygen decreased 20% over 5 days of incubation. The marine bacterial population 

growth increased rapidly.GC-FID results show that the concentration of fatty acids 

decreased; palmitic decreased 52%, stearic acid decreased 27% and oleic acid 

decreased 36%.

Macrobenthos Assemblages Structure from Southern South China Sea 

Siti Anisah Binti Zainal Abidin 

Supervisor: Dr. Maizah Binti Mohd Abdullah 



Macrobenthos are large organisms with range size >1.0 or 0.5 mm that live in or 

on bottom of water bodies. This study focuses on macrobenthos assemblages 

structure in deeper benthic environment of South China Sea, Kelantan and 

Terengganu waters for two different months, April and July 2017. Results 

represented, Multidimensional scaling (nMDS) and dendrogram from cluster 

analysis showed 4 distinct groups at 24% similarity level. Analysis of Similarity 

(ANOSIM) showed that macrobenthos assemblages structure in April and July were 

significantly different (observed R is 0.944, p

THE EFFECTS OF SEAWATER TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS ON THE 

BLEACHING SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ACROPORA LATISTELLA 

Teoh Sue Lynn 

Supervisor: Dr. Tan Chun Hong 

Bachelor Of Science (Marine Biology) 

School Of Marine And Environmental Sciences 

The abnormal increased of seawater temperature is the major reason to trigger 

coral bleaching. Recent mass coral bleaching episodes had severely affect the coral 

population worldwide. This study examined the bleaching susceptibility of 

Acropora latistella through ex-situ temperature manipulation experiment. Coral 

colonies were collected from Pulau Bidong and underwent temperature treatments 

of 28°C (as control tank), 30°C and 32°C for 10 days. Tissue colour and 

zooxanthellae density of A. latistella colonies were recorded pre- and postexperiment 

as proxy of stress response. Colour of coral tissue decreased one scale 

in control treatment while corals of 30°C and 32°C became five times paler. 

Zooxanthellae density reduced in all treatments after the experiment. However, 

only coral colonies in 32⁰C treatment showed statistically significant (ANOVA: F= 

4.624, p = 0.047) lost in zooxanthellae. This study suggested that increase over 

2°C above average annual seawater temperature would cause severe impacts to 

the coral health.

Diversity of Invertebrates Associated with Fouling Slipper Oyster, 

Magallana bilineata (Röding, 1798) at Setiu Wetlands 

Noor Hidayah Bt Mohd Zaidi 

Supervisor: Dr. Izwandy Bin Idris 



A study was conducted to analyse the assemblages of invertebrates that live 

associated with fouling slipper oyster, Magallana bilineata with different stations 

and relates with intensity of aquaculture activities at Setiu Wetlands. A total of 

three sampling sites according to the intensity of aquaculture activities were 

selected with three replicates of oyster clumps were collected from each station. 

In total, 689 individuals from 11 families of invertebrates were found at three 

stations. Density and evenness of the associated organisms was the highest at 

Station 1. However, diversity index (H’) was highest for Station 2. Salinity and pH 

had significant differences (p< 0.05) between Stations 1 and 2, and Stations 1 and 

3 respectively. There were significant correlation between diversity of associated 

organisms with physical parameters and aquaculture activities. The study revealed 

the effects of aquaculture activity on fouling ecology in estuarine ecosystem.

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY OF PYROPIA 

VIETNAMENSIS (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA) GAMETOPHYTE AT TOK 

JEMBAL BEACH, KUALA NERUS, MALAYSIA 

Muhammad Faris Shahabudin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Siti Aishah Abdullah 



Pyropia vietnamensis was firstly discovered in Terengganu, East coast Peninsular 

Malaysia in February 2014 during Northeast monsoon season. Further investigation 

on growth and reproductive phenology of Pyropia vietnamensis was conducted in 

Northeast monsoon started on December 2016 to end of March 2015 at rock 

revetment in Tok Jembal beach, Kuala Nerus. Samples were collected weekly at 

five sites and were preserved as dried herbarium and wet form in 5% formalinseawater. 

The maximum length of blades recorded was 14.77 (±3.17) cm in site 

1 on January 31 2017 and the broadest was 2.13 (±1.29) cm in site 4 on February 

28 2017. The peak growth at all sites was in end of January 2017 and early 

February 2017. The blade became matured with presence of spermatangium and 

zygotoporangium that can be observed in early January 2017. Archeospores were 

observed in March 2017. Parameters that influence the occurrence Pyropia 

vietnamensis were wind speed, wave height and temperature.

Effects of Humidity on Digging Activity in Green Turtle Hatchlings 

Mona Mastura binti Baharudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Uzair bin Rusli 



Recent climate change is an alarming threat to all living organisms including green 

sea turtle, Chelonia mydas as a global rise in temperature may alter environmental 

parameters in nest incubation. However, to what degree this impacts has on green 

sea turtle has not been extensively studied in Malaysia. Thus, this present study 

examines the effects of humidity in relation to digging activity in green sea turtle 

hatchlings. Green sea turtle eggs were collected from Chagar Hutang, Pulau 

Redang and subjected to different treatments (wet vs dry) in an open-flow 

respirometry chamber. Result had shown that high water content during nest 

incubation has positive impacts on green sea turtle hatchlings’ morphology and 

subsequently increased their survivorship. Based on these findings, we strongly 

suggest additional scientific research on the impacts of humidity towards green 

sea turtle hatchlings where such information would be beneficial to sea turtle 

hatchery in Malaysia.

Oxidative stress on Acropora species in Pulau Redang 

Wan Aina Mardiah Binti Wan Mat Nor 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nurtahirah Binti Jaafar 



Human activities and anthropogenic pollution may induce high production of 

reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lead to oxidative stress corresponding to 

damaging the coral tissues. The catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase 

(GST) generally present in all organism to detoxify the ROS. Thus, CAT and GST 

were studied in Acropora stony species coral from three different sites in 

Pulau Redang which were Pantai Pasir Panjang (ST1), Redang Reef Resort (ST2) 

and Teluk Tigi (ST3). Stress response in Acropora species were analysed by 

determining the level of CAT and GST activities with different wavelength using 

spectrophotometer. Significant interaction was observed on GST activities 

(p

Fungal Diversity from Mangrove Leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and 

Avicennia marina 

Azwani binti Sahibu 

Supervisor: Dr. Maizah binti M. Abdullah 



Mangrove is important component in coastal ecosystems, but their survival rate is 

degrading because of fungal pathogen disease. The objectives of this study were 

to observe symptoms and determine the fungal diversity on mangrove leaves of 

Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina caused by fungi in UMT campus 

mangrove. Fungi were isolated by using direct plating technique on PDA media 

and identified morphologically under compound and scanning electron microscope. 

Results showed that Rhizophora apiculata suffered more leaf damage caused by 

fungal pathogen compared to Avicennia marina and symptoms observed were 

black leaf spot, grey leaf spot, blight, sunken blight and anthracnose. Of five 

symptoms observed, four genera of fungi were successfully isolated which were 

Pestalotiopsis spp., Colletotrichum spp., Cruvularia spp. and Rhizopus spp. thus, 

there is a concern of fungal infection consequently epidemic on mangrove 

ecosystem that need further understanding to mitigate the impact especially the 

biological processes of mangrove.

Glutathione S-Transferase and Catalase Activities in Scleractinian Coral 

as Biomarkers towards Stress Condition 

Nur Atiqah binti Maznan 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nurtahirah binti Ja’afar 


School Of Marine and Environmental Science 

Scleractinian coral experience in declining populations worldwide responding to 

multiple stressors which minimize the resilience of the coral reef. Stressors will 

cause overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and result in oxidative 

stress. Thus, the response of antioxidant enzymes; glutathione-S-transferase 

(GST) and catalase (CAT) are being evaluated as biomarkers in two species, 

Acropora robusta and Acropora florida collected from three different sites in Pulau 

Bidong. GST activities showed significant difference for all interactions (p < 0.05) 

between species and sites. However, the result contradicted for CAT activities. CAT 

indicated no statistical differences (p > 0.05) on the activity between sites and 

species. Results suggest that the highest antioxidant enzymes activities particularly 

GST’s are responding to stress condition which indicates the action of defense 

mechanism in coral tissues. This may emphasize on the resilience of the coral reef 

area in Pulau Bidong and prediction of changes later in future.

Meiobenthos assemblages structure emphasizing on Nematodes from 

southern South China Sea 

Nur Anith Nadia Binti Mohd Ali 

Supervisor: Dr. Maizah Mohd Abdullah 



Meiobenthos are a discrete group of small-sized organisms and present in a large 

number in soft-sediment marine environment. The study was done due to lack of 

information on nematode assemblages structure in the deeper waters of southern 

South China Sea. The sampling were done in April and July 2017. The samples 

were taken using Smith McIntyre Grab and sub-sampling using a modified syringe 

(internal diameter of 2.67 cm). Nematodes were dominant at all sampling stations 

with mean density of 90 ind./ 10 cm² followed by polychaetes (38 ind./ 10 cm²), 

and harpacticoids (31 ind./ 10 cm²), The R value for meiobenthos and nematodes 

assemblages between stations was 0.322 and 0.188 respectively. The assemblages 

of meiobenthos was due to salinity (p = 0144) while assemblages of nematodes 

were due to depth and oxygen saturation (p = 0.056) according to Spearmank’s 

rank correlation. Thus, environmental variables play crucial role in meiobenthos 

assemblage.

TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF SHARK SPECIES LANDED AT PULAU 

KAMBING, KUALA TERENGGANU 

NUR ALIAH AMIRA BINTI AFFANDI 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdulmaula Abdulmagid Hamza 



Sharks are under increasing pressure of being fished or bycaught in Southeast Asia, 

as it is widely exploited for their fins and meat as alternative to depleting fish stocks. 

A survey was conducted between May 2017 and February 2018 to study temporal 

distribution and species diversity of sharks at Pulau Kambing fishing port. A total of 

231 shark specimens belong to seven species were identified, weighed (kg) and 

measured for their total length (cm). Six species were Near Threatened and one was 

Endangered (Scalloped Hammerhead Shark) according to IUCN Red list. Several 

landed specimens included specimens of juvenile-sized individuals, such as Grey 

Carpet Shark Chiloscyllium punctatum, White Cheeked Shark Carcharhinus dussumieri, 

Spot-tail Shark Carcharhinus sorrah and Scalloped Hammerhead Shark Sphyrna lewini. 

Majority of landed Sharks were by-caught in trawling nets according to local 

fishermen, this coincide with a noticeable increase in customer demand for Shark 

meat. The present situation requires more regulatory monitoring to protect shark 

population from further decline and potential local extinction on the long term.

Composition of Ecto- & Endoparasites in Selar crumenophthalmus 

(Bloch,1973) from Sabah 

Innastassha Binti Ingai 

Supervisor: Dr. Melissa Beata Martin 


School of Marine and Environment Sciences 

This study reports on the parasite composition and load of bigeye scad Selar 

crumenopthalmus. Twenty six fish samples were collected from fish markets in Sabah 

and preserved in 37% formalin. The methodology used for specimen identification 

required the use of a compound microscope and image capturing using Dino eyes and 

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to help achieve the first objective. The second 

objective was to determine the prevalence and mean intensity of parasites in S. 

crumenophthalmus. The identification of the parasites identified two taxa from families 

Anisakidae and Cymothoidea. The nematode Anisakis sp. had the highest parasites 

prevalence (65.217%) and mean intensity (7.467) and mainly infected stomach as 

compared to the crustacean cymothoid Norileca indica, which had lower prevalence 

(8.70%) and mean intensity (1) and infected only gills. Cymothoids are non-zoonotic 

as compared to most nematodes, in particular Anisakis sp., but the considerably low 

infection rate makes it safe for human consumption.

Antibacterial Activity From Marine Sponges, Theonella Spp. 

Faridatul Afiqah Binti Zahari 

Supervisor: Dr. Jasnizat Bin Saidin 



Antibiotics resistance are one of major concern for the last decade. Recently, some of 

the pathogen are able to resist all or nearly all of available antibiotic. This study focus 

on the investigation of potential marine sponges, Theonella cylindrica and Theonella 

swinhoei for the antibacterial properties. Bioautography technique was used to 

evaluate the potential of Theonella spp. extract to inhibit the test bacteria which were 

Micrococcus sp., Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. Result of 

bioautography showed that both extracts exhibit no antibacterial properties. This 

might be because few factors such as the sample itself does not contain any 

antibacterial compounds. Second, this might be due to non-optimized bioautography 

method such as amount of sample applied is too small and it oxidized due to 

environmental exposure during the test. For future study it is suggested that the 

optimization of this technique to be done before test will be conducted.

Toxicity Evaluation of Antifouling compound (2-Chloro-N-Methyl- 

Maleimide) on Embryogenesis of Local Anabas testudineus 

Nabilah Binti Mustafha 

Supervisor: Dr. Suvik Assaw 



Biofouling is the most serious problems affecting marine vessels. To solve this 

problems, researchers tried to develop environmental friendly antifouling paint. The 

compound 2-chloro-N-methyl-maleimide have high potential to be developed as 

antifouling paints. To assess the risk of antifouling, fertilised Anabas testudineus eggs 

were exposed to the compound 2-chloro-N-methyl-maleimide. By using microplate 96- 

well, embryos were exposed to concentrations ranging from 0.047 to 25 nmol. At the 

highest concentration (25 nmol) embryos mortality was 100% after 2 hours post 

fertilization while at 1.5, 0.75 and 0.38 nmol showed no mortality and malformations 

detected. After 24-h, 50% median lethal concentration (LC50) showed occurrence of 

eggs’ malformations below the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values which was 

9.95 nmol. Moreover, two lowest concentrations (0.094 and 0.047 nmol) found to 

cause heart and notochord malformation. It is concluded that the compound (2-chloro- 

N-methyl-maleimide) was toxic since it affects the early development of embryos in 

climbing perch.

Nutrition retained in marine clams after varying preservation 

temperatures 

Naja Nazifa binti Nazli 

Dr. Bryan Raveen Nelson 



Bivalve species are important in Malaysian fisheries and aquaculture. Polymesoda 

expansa, Meretrix meretrix and Glauconome virens have uncertain nutritional 

composition and storage condition in case of poor sales or unable to cook immediately. 

These bivalves are collected from local vendors, then stored shucked or unshucked in 

-20, 2 and 25⁰C. Proximate value for moisture, ash and lipid were observed daily for 

three days. The initial moisture, ash and lipid of these species were benchmarked 

whereby for P. expansa it was 81.1, 12.8 and 5.8%; for M. meretrix it was 81.2, 12.6 

and 3.3% and; for G. virens it was 80.3, 15.5 and 2.8%, respectively. Study shows 

that mussels are better stored unshucked to retain moisture content. Ash can be 

retained higher in -20⁰C and lipid content varies greatly among speciesand seasonal 

by gonadal development. Fatty acid composition study is recommended along with 

thawing condition with added parameters (protein and fibre).

Taxonomic Studies on Iridiscent Copepods Sapphirinidae (Crustacea: 

Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) from the Gulf of Thailand 

Nur Fara Syakira Binti Feirulsha 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Huda Binti Ahmad Ishak 



Sapphirinid copepods are classified under order Poecilostomatoida where they are 

mainly omnivorous or carnivorous copepods. They are also known to have a symbiotic 

relationships with gelatinous zooplankton such as salps and doliolids. For instance; 

sapphirinids; which are predators of doliolids, were concurrently observed with high 

abundance of doliolids during the sampling with sapphirinids were found inside the 

doliolids. Thus, before carrying out any further studies, a study on taxonomy of the 

collected sapphirinids was conducted. The taxonomic study of sapphirinid copepods 

were carried out by using the samples collected in the Gulf of Thailand by the Higher 

Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) cruise during the inter-monsoon season in 

April 2017. A total of 4 species representing 2 genera from the family Sapphirinidae 

were identified. They were Copilia mirabilis, Copilia quadrata, Sapphirina 

nigromaculata and Sapphirina sp.

Screening and Identification of Enzyme Producing Gram-positive Bacteria 

Isolated From Mangrove Soil in Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu 

Aina Nabila binti Abdul Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Jasnizat bin Saidin 



Demands for industrial enzymes are continuously increasing due to economic 

development in term of products manufacturing. The most important source of 

producing these industrial enzymes are bacteria especially Gram-positive bacteria. 

Gram-positive bacteria are well-known as the producers of stable and high capacity 

industrial enzymes due to their vigorousness, thermostability and bulk yield. This study 

explored mangrove ecosystems as a resource of extracting Gram-positive bacteria. 

Fifteen Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from mangrove soil and tested for 

amylase, lipase and protease production. Eleven isolates exhibited at least one of the 

enzyme activity with different intensity of clearing zone around the colony. Three of 

the isolate identified as Bacillus velezensis, B. cereus and B. nakamurai were capable 

of producing all of the three enzyme tested. These bacteria species are potential 

candidates for further analysis by enzymatic assay to maximize enzyme activity and 

stimulate in larger scale of production for biotechnological and industrial applications.

Diversity of Associated Macro Organisms in Four Selected Marine Sponges 

(Class: Demospongiae) from Bidong Island 

Al-Jeria Binti Abdul 




A study was conducted to document the associated-organisms in four different species 

of marine sponges (Theonella swinhoei, Theonella cylindrica, Neopetrosia exigua and 

Stylissa carteri). Samples were collected on May and August of 2017 in three localities 

of Bidong Island (between Batuan Rusa Utara and Tukun Pengkalan Atap). 

Collectively, a total of 919 individuals were sampled belonging to 38 families. The 11 

classes recorded are Ophiuroidea, Holothuroidea, Malacostraca, Hexanauplia, 

Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Monoplacophora, Sipunculidea, Ascidicea, Polychaeta and 

Oligochaeta. Ophiactis savignyi (class Ophiuroidea) was the most dominant organisms 

present in all sponges and constituted 51% of overall species. The ecological 

interaction was driven for the requirement of food, habitat and avoid predation. The 

symbiotic association displayed by the most dominant species is simple commensalism 

where one organisms benefit while the host remains unaffected. It is concluded that 

marine sponges are vital living “hotels” that support various endo- and epibiont species 

of important ecological functions.

INGESTION OF MICROPLASTIC BY ZOOPLANKTON IN COASTAL AREA OF 

TERENGGANU 

ERQA SHAZIRA BINTI SOHAIMI 

SUPERVISOR: DR ROSWATI BINTI MD AMIN 



Microplastic that are extremely small (500 µm and

TOXICITY EVALUATION OF CADMIUM ON EMBRYOGENESIS OF 

Anabas testudineus 

FATIN LIYANA MOHAMMAD SHARIFF 

SUPERVISOR: DR. SUVIK ASSAW 

CO-SUPERVISOR: DR. ONG MENG CHUAN 



Heavy metal pollution become a serious problem due to the increase if industrialization 

and urbanization. Its created a serious threat to all kinds of life especially to aquatic 

organisms. Fish eggs toxicity is important due to its sensitivity to environmental 

changes, including toxic substances compared to juveniles and adults. The purpose of 

this study was to determine the effects of heavy metal cadmium on embryogenesis of 

Anabas testudineus. The evaluation of cadmium toxicity was conducted according to 

OECD guideline 236 where fertilized eggs were exposed to different concentration of 

cadmium ranging from 4.34 ppm to 278 ppm. Toxicity parameters that were evaluated 

includes determination of 50% lethal concentration (LC50) value, mortality and 

embryo deformities. Results revealed mortalities of the eggs and coagulation of the 

eggs occurred after exposure to all cadmium concentration tested. As conclusion, 

cadmium could cause severe effect on the embryogenesis of A. testudineus.

Bacterial Composition in Cloacal Mucus from Green Sea Turtles 

(Chelonia mydas) at Pulau Redang 

Fatin Nurain binti Norlizam 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Hafiz bin Borkhanuddin 



Sea turtles are the ancient marine reptiles that have a very important role in our 

marine environment. There are many causes of the declination of their population 

including diseases. Diseases come from three factors which are toxicological, 

physiologic and microbial etiologies. Microbial organisms have been attributed to lower 

hatching success of the juveniles, which may leads to the population decrease. The 

objectives of this study are; 1) to determine the composition of bacteria and 2) to 

identify the types of bacteria that present in the cloacal mucus of green sea turtles. 

The results obtained reveals the present of six different bacteria strains. Four of them 

were successfully identified through 16s rRNA, which are Ochrobactrum intermedium 

(Strain T1), Pseudochrobactrum lubricantis (Strain T2), Klebsiella variicola (Strain T4) 

and Shewanella upenei (Strain T6). O. intermedium shows the highest colony count 

in all samples and the least is the unidentified species, Strain T3.

PRESENCE OF PARASITES FROM FAECES OF CAPTIVATED GREEN TURTLE, 

HAWKSBILL TURTLE AND OLIVE RIDLEY TURTLE 

FILZAH BINTI MOHD NOOR HELIMI 

SUPERVISOR: DR. MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN BORKHANUDDIN 



Most of the parasites studies in sea turtles were recorded from dead carcasses. By 

examining faeces of live sea turtles, parasites can be determined without dissecting 

or harming the hosts. Faecal samples from 33 captivated sea turtles at Turtle and 

Marine Ecosystem Center (TUMEC) in Terengganu that include green turtle, Chelonia 

mydas (30 individuals), hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (1 individual) and 

olive ridley turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea (2 individuals) were examined for the 

parasites’ eggs. Most of the identified parasite eggs were belonging to trematodes 

group such as Plesiochorus sp., Pronocephalus sp., Cricocephalus sp., Pleurogonius 

sp., Desmogonius sp., Learedius sp., Rhytidodes sp., Deuterobarus sp. and 

Angiodictyum sp. Only one egg type represent nematode group were found and 

identified as Cucullanus sp. In this study, a number of eggs (~180 types) could not 

be identified due to lack of references material. Further study is suggested to 

incorporate DNA analysis to identify the eggs.

EVALUATION OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF RHAMNOLIPID AT DIFFERENT 

TEMPERATURE AND ITS OIL DISPLACEMENT PROPERTIES 

LAI KUN TING 

SUPERVISOR: ASSOC. PROF DR. KESAVEN A/L BHUBALAN 



UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU 

Rhamnolipid (RL) is biosurfactant that can reduce the surface tension of liquid. In this 

study, a marine bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa UMTKB-5 was employed to 

produce RL. Quantification of RL produced was done using orcinol assay and surface 

tension measurement were carried out with a tension meter. The purified RL at 

concentrations of 0.10, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg/mL were applied in oil displacement 

test on palm olein (PO) and crude palm oil (CPO) at room temperature, 60 0 C and 80 0 C. 

Results showed the yield of RL produced is 96 mg/L with cell biomass of 109 mg/L 

and the surface tension readings were in the range of 26.000 mN/m and 29.000 

mN/m. The largest diameter of 7.8 cm clear zone was achieved with 0.45 mg/mL of 

RL at 80°C on PO. From these results, it is concluded that RL produced by this marine 

bacteria has high surface activity even at elevated temperature.

The Potential Effect of Ocean Acidification on Acanthster planci (Crown-of- 

Thorns Starfish) Larvae in Pulau Bidong 

Loh Chuah Ju Yee 

Supervisor: Dr Tan Chun Hong 

Co-supervisor: Dr Poh Seng Chee 



Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTs), Acanthaster planci is known as one of the most 

significance threats in coral reef ecosystem. It is important to investigate the 

environmental tipping point on COTs early life history stages to understand the limits 

for normal development of this species. In this study, the effects of projected ocean 

acidification conditions (pH: 7.4 & 7.8) were tested on fertilization success and larvae 

development rate of the COTs. The results showed that lowered seawater pH has no 

significance impact on the fertilization success rate. However, larvae size in the 

lowered pH treatments were significantly smaller than the control treatment (pH: 8.1). 

Length and width of COTs in lowered pH treatments were 40%-46% and 28%-47% 

smaller than the samples in control treatment, respectively. These findings indicated 

that COTs larvae may survived ocean acidification conditions. But, larvae growth rate 

may delayed and their size reduced in the lowered pH seawater conditions.

HEAVY METAL LEVELS IN GREEN TURTLE 

HATCHLINGS FROM EAST COAST PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 

Mohamad Amin Bin Safaruddin 




Concentration of heavy metals (Zinc, Manganese,Chromium and Mercury) were 

determined in the liver of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings sampled from 

Pulau Redang, Setiu, Malaysia to investigate the degree of heavy metals ‘maternal 

transfer. Digestion of the sample is conducted by using nitric acid in 110 o C oven to 

ensure the sample is fully digested. Detection of Zinc, Manganese and Chromium 

concentration was analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 

(ICP-MS) to obtain accurate results. Meanwhile, mercury was detected by using 

Mercury Analyzer. The concentration of Zinc was highest amongst all of metals 

analyzed. Only Manganese shows a pattern of maternal transfer of heavy metals to 

the hatchlings. Further studies on the maternal transfer of heavy metals from parent 

to hatchling should be conducted as we can integrate results of tracking studies so we 

can anticipate sources of pollutants in hatchlings based on post-breeding range of the 

mother green turtles.

ACTIVITY AREAS AND DAILY MOVEMENT OF WATER MONITOR LIZARD AT 

SEA TURTLES SANCTUARY 

MOHAMAD ROHAIZAT BIN AZMAN 

SUPERVISOR: DR UZAIR BIN RUSLI 


SCHOOL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT 


2018 

V.salvator was scavengers and predator and found in South East Asian. V.salvator was 

reproducing on wet season.These research had two objective which track daily routine 

activity of monitor lizard at sea turtle sanctuary, Chagar Hutang and compare activity 

area of monitor lizard between different individual.The circular net trap was effective 

to catch monitor lizard.The higher average ± standard deviation of sand plot was 3 

(25.5 ± 7.14). The sand plot number 6 and 7 was not suitable to relocate there 

because of sediment factor.V.salvator was attacking sea turtle nesting at range 

12:00pm to 17:59pm.We could concluded that V.salvator was a top predator and need 

to control them from attacking sea turtle nesting.

Benthic Life Form and Hard Coral Communities at Pulau Geluk and Pulau 

Tengkorak, Terengganu, South China Sea 

Mohammad Faiz Bin Ahmad 

Prof. Assoc. Dr. Zainudin Bin Bachok 



Study on benthic life form and hard coral communities were done at six selected 

station in Pulau Geluk and Tengkorak, Terengganu, East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. 

The purposes of this study were to determine the benthic life form and hard coral 

communities between both islands. Coral video transect (CVT) method and Coral Point 

Count with Excel Extension (CPCE) was used to record video and identify coral to 

genus level. To identify the similarities between major group localities, analysis using 

Plymouth Routines In Multivariate Ecological Research (PRIMER 6) software was used. 

A total of 28 genera from 15 families were identified with Acropora branching was 

most dominant coral lifeform. Lowest live coral coverage was 17.51% at ST3 and 

highest was 57.50% at ST4. All the station’s conditions were ranging from ‘poor’ to 

‘good’ and both islands were in ‘fair’ condition. Total coral lifeform were highest at 

Pulau Geluk.

Sediment Preferences of Marine Tubeworms (Annelida: Polychaeta) 

Diopatra claparedii Grube, 1878 in Artificial Conditions 

Muhammad Saliheen Bin Afandi 

Supervisor: Dr. Izwandy Idris 


School of Marine & Environmental Science 

A study on the sediment preference of Diopatra claparedii was conducted by testing 

the species on five different types of sediments. The species was collected on the 

mudflat area in Morib, Selangor, and were brought back to UMT for experiment. Tube 

building capability (TBC) & the survivability of the species on the sediments were 

observed. Five individuals were tested for each types of sediments for the survivability 

observation and four individuals for the TBC observation. All individuals in the TBC 

observation managed to regenerate new tubes except for only one individuals in the 

Coarse Sand (CS) that failed to regenerate new tubes, and eventually died. Individuals 

in Very Fine Sand (VFS) showed the same survivability rate as the controlled sediment 

which is 0.8, while Fine Sand (FS) showed the lowest survivability rate of all sediment 

which is 0.2. This study could show the optimum sediment needed for the species that 

can be used in future applications.

STUDY OF MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE SPONGES Theonella cylindrica IN 

PULAU BIDONG 

Muhammad Shahmir Bin Mohamed Salim 

Supervisor: Dr. Yusof Shuaib Ibrahim 



The ingestion of microplastics (

Nematode Diversity on Nemipterus hexodon (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and 

Nemipterus nematophorus (Bleeker, 1854) from Sabah Waters 

Nik Nurul Fatihah Binti Nik Pa 




This study focuses the composition and infection rate of nematodes on Nemipterus 

hexodon and Nemipterus nematophorus from three different fish markets at Sabah. 

The length and weight of the nemipterids respectively ranged as follows: N. hexodon 

from 15.3-18.2 cm (17.14 ± 1.03) and 76.6-134.18 g (108.74 ± 21.4); N. 

nematophorus from 15.2-21.8 cm (17.53 ± 2.43) and 70.5-125.15 g (93.95 ± 20.66). 

The nematodes in N. hexodon and N. nematophorus belonged to two genera of the 

order Rhabdita: Anisakis sp. and order Rhabditida: Hysterothylacium sp. Anisakis sp. 

were found in the body cavity and stomach of N. hexodon (prevalence 44.4% and 

mean intensity 2.25); and in the body cavity, stomach and pyloric caeca for N. 

nematophorus (prevalence 60% and mean intensity 2.67). Hysterothylacium sp. were 

found only in the liver of both N. hexodon (prevalence 11.1%; mean intensity 3.0) 

and N. nematophorus (prevalence 10%; mean intensity 3.0). Though most nematodes 

can cause pathogenic effects, this study shows low count in its host and is safe for 

consumption.

PARASITE COMPOSITION OF Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 FROM 

KUALA TERENGGANU WATERS 

NOR NABIHAH BINTI MD HARUN 

Dr. Muhammad Hafiz Bin Borkhanuddin 



This study focuses on the composition of parasite on Trichiurus lepturus (Ikan Selayur) 

from Kuala Terengganu Waters. Thirteen sample of T. lepturus range from 97.24g to 

380.64g (218.57 ± 98.52) in weight, and 19.35cm to 75cm (55.99 ± 21.50) in length, 

were collected from August and September, 2017. Parasites were identified to the 

lowest taxon and analysed using prevalence and mean intensity. 72 individual 

parasites were recorded from three phyla, Phylum Nematoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes 

and Phylum Arthropoda. Prevalence and mean intensity varied among parasites group. 

Highest prevalence and mean intensity was Phylum Nematoda (Anisakis sp.) with 

69.23% prevalence and 6.22 mean intensity. Prevalence and mean intensity for the 

Phylum Platyhelminthes and Phylum Arthropoda was almost the same with the 

prevalence 7.69% and 15.38% respectively and mean intensity of 1.00. Most of the 

parasites found in this study has been documented in previous research on parasite 

composition from Trichiurus lepturus.

Pre-screening of Antibacterial and Antioxidant of Methanolic Crude Extract 

of Local Cultured Red Seaweed Gracilaria sp. 

Nur Adilah Binti Mat Azmi 

Supervisor: Dr. Suvik Assaw 



Seaweeds have been proven to possess pharmaceutical and therapeutic values, and 

also rich sources of bioactive compounds which can be developed to fight against 

bacterial infections and cells oxidation. The purpose of this study is to determine 

antibacterial and antioxidant of methanolic crude extract of local cultured Gracilaria 

sp. The crude extract was tested for antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, 

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera 

and Enterobacter cloacae using well diffusion method. Tetracycline was used as 

positive control. Antioxidant activity of the crude extract is analysed through DPPH 

free radical scavenging assay and was compared with standard Quercetin. Results 

revealed that the methanolic crude extract possessed weak antibacterial properties 

and only inhibited B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and V. cholera. Minimum Inhibitory 

Concentration (MIC) evaluated to be from 0.156-1.25 mg/mL. The crude extract 

showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50=5.6 mg/mL). Present findings suggest that 

Gracilaria sp. could be a potential natural source of antioxidant.

Composition of Zooplankton in South China Sea 

Nur Alieya Bt Ad Jeffry 

Supervisor : Dr Roswati Md Amin 



This study was aimed to observe the composition of zooplankton community in South 

China Sea. Study area located at the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Zooplankton 

sample were collected by using Bongo net with flow meter were attached and their 

community composition, abundance and density were determined by using Bogorov 

chamber method. The data collected was related with the environmental parameters. 

Their ecological functions such as support the food chains, reduce carbon dioxide 

levels in the atmosphere and produce oxygen through photosynthesis. The most 

dominant class of zooplankton that has been recorded is Copepods which composed 

of more than 50% of all class present. Their succession to survive in the marine 

environment was influenced by their biological adaptations.

Polychaetes Diversity Surrounding Pulau Besar, Sungai Terengganu 

Estuary 

Nur Amni Syasya binti Md Rizal 

Supervisor: Dr. Izwandy Idris 



Estuarine polychaetes generally have small-sized body, less mobile than other benthic 

organisms and affected by ecological factors. Therefore, a study was conducted to 

identify the diversity of polychaetes surrounding Pulau Besar, Sungai Terengganu 

estuary and its relationship with environmental parameters including salinity, 

temperature, pH, DO, total organic matter (TOM) and sediment sizes. A total of six 

sampling stations were chosen surrounding Pulau Besar. Samples were collected using 

Ponar Grab; polychaetes were sorted, TOM and sediment size were determined. Other 

parameters were measured using probes. A total of seven polychaetes species from 

two families (Nereididae and Capitellidae) were identified. Stations that are located far 

from human activity and settlement show higher diversity than other stations. 

Correlation between diversity of polychaetes with TOM and finer sediments (≤ 1.25 

mm) showed positive results. Thus, the study concluded that human activities 

influenced diversity of polychaetes at Sungai Terengganu estuary.

Benthic Life Form and Hard Coral Communities at Pulau Redang, 

Terengganu 

Nur Arbaeen Binti Mohd Johari 

Prof. Assoc. Dr. Zainudin Bin Bachok 



Study on benthic life form and hard coral communities were done at Pulau Redang, 

Terengganu, Malaysia. This study aims to determine the coral reef covers and coral 

communities at 11 selected stations, chosen based on the rates of physical 

disturbances from development activities. Coral Video Transect (CVT) technique was 

used and images were analysed using Coral Point Count with Excel extension (CPCe) 

to classify benthic life form and hard coral genus. Coral community structures 

similarities were compared among study stations using Plymouth Routines In 

Multivariate Ecological Research (PRIMER 6). The overall reef was in “fair” condition 

with mean live coral cover ranging from 7.9% - 55.4%. A total of 32 genera mainly 

dominated by Acropora, Porites and Pocillopora were discovered. Coral communities 

were divided into four groups; Acropora branching, Porites massive, Pocillopora 

braching and Heliopora columnar communities. The result shows the current status of 

coral reefs communities at Pulau Redang.

Nematode Assemblages in Priacanthus tayenus (Richardson, 1846) from 

Sabah waters 

NUR IZNIE BINTI MOHAMAD 

Dr. Melissa Beata Martin 



This study was conducted to determine the composition, abundance & prevalence of 

nematode parasites from purple-spotted bigeye Priacanthus tayenus. Fifteen P. 

tayenus samples was acquired from three different fish markets in Sabah (Sandakan, 

Kota Kinabalu and Kudat) and immediately preserved in 37% formalin. A total of 76 

nematodes that were collected in its well preserved state; with two identified genera: 

(1) Hysterothylacium sp. with 49 individual specimens, prevalence of 73% and mean 

intensity 4.5; and site infection includes the pyloric caeca, stomach, swim bladder and 

body cavity; (2) Anisakis sp. with 27 individual specimens, prevalence of 60%, mean 

intensity 3; and site infection includes the pyloric caeca, stomach, body cavity and 

liver. This is the first study to retrieve Hysterothylacium sp. and Anisakis sp. 

parasitizing preserved Priacanthus tayenus from Sabah waters. Although some 

nematodes are known to be zoonotic, this study shows the low count is safe for 

consumption

The Feeding Preference of Crown-Of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster Planci 

at Reefs of Pulau Redang. 

NUR IZZ BIN MOHD YUSRI 

Supervisor: Dr. Tan Chun Hong 



The Crown-of-Thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, is well-known corallivore. Numerous 

factor such as influence of coral symbiont organisms and nutritional contents proposed 

to influence the feeding preference of A. planci. But, there was limited understanding 

on the effects of coral defence mechanism (i.e., nematocyst cell) on feeding 

preference of A. planci. This study investigated the feeding preferences of A. planci at 

reefs of Pulau Redang and examined the nematocyst cells in different coral genera. 

Total 13 coral genera were recorded with A. planci feeding scar. Branching Acropora 

was recorded with most scars, followed by Pocillopora and Fungia. In contrast, least 

scars were found in Galaxea. Furthermore, only Galaxea contained four types of 

nematocysts: b- and p-mastigophores, robust spirocysts and gracile spirocysts 

whereas the more preferred genus (e.g., Acropora and Pocillopora) contained only 

gracile spirocysts and b-mastigophores cell. Study of toxin in nematocysts would 

require to provide more insights about specific function of the cell.

Heavy Metal Contents of Pyropia vietnamensis (Rhodophyta) from coastal 

area of Kuala Nerus, Malaysia 

Nur Nabilah binti Ahmad Ariffian 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Siti Aishah binti Abdullah 

Co-supervisor: Emeritus Prof. Dr. Noor Azhar bin Mohamed Shazili 



A species of the most expensive red seaweed used as direct human food, Pyropia 

vietnamensis was discovered for the first time in Malaysia on rock revetments along 

Kuala Nerus in 2014. In this study, heavy metals mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium 

(Cd) and lead (Pb) contents of P. vietnamensis during its entire growing season from 

November 2016 to March 2017 were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass 

Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The objectives of this study were to determine whether these 

elements changed over the growing period and whether this seaweed was safe for 

human consumption. Hg was not detected, As, Pb and Cd increased slightly with 

growing period where highest levels matched seaweed growth and biomass peaks. Cd 

was within safety limit but not for As and Pb. All As values exceeded the safety limit 

(1 mg/kg) and 58% of the sample values were more than 15 mg/kg.

Production and Purification of Chitosan from Horseshoe Crab, Tachypleus 

gigas 

Nurlyana Yasmin Binti Noor Hisham 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Shamsudin Bin Ahmad 



Chitin was extracted from carapace of Tachypleus gigas using chemical technique 

which involving two steps known as demineralization using HCl to remove CaCO3 and 

deproteinization using NaOH to remove proteins from the crude sample. Three 

different concentrations of HCl were used; 0.25 M, 1.0 M and 2.0 M for 

demineralization. Then, the product was deproteinized with 1.0 M of NaOH. The chitin 

produced was further derived into chitosan by deacetylation process to remove acetyl 

groups using 11 M NaOH. The average content of the carapace of horseshoe crab 

were calculated. Different HCl concentrations resulting different content values. 

Highest CaCO3 removed (76.65 ± 2.23%) when the sample treated using 2.0 M HCl. 

In contrast, treatment using 0.25 M HCl removed the highest amount of proteins 

(43.00 ± 6.25%).The highest chitin and chitosan yielded (21.25 ± 0.34% and 16.26 

± 0.73% respectively) from the treatment of sample using 1.0 M HCl.

PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCE FROM 

BACTERIA (Brevibacillus borstelensis) ASSOCIATED WITH HORSESHOE 

CRAB (Tachypleus gigas) 

Nursakinah binti Ngaspan 

Prof. Madya Dr. Ahmad Shamsuddin bin Ahmad 



Bacteria are often labelled as bad organisms as it causes of human and animal 

diseases. However, despite these characteristics, there are certain bacteria can bring 

good benefits to us such as the bacteria producing polysaccharides. Previous reports 

indicating the production of secondary metabolites by marine bacteria have yielded 

medical products such as novel anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antibiotic agent. 

The main aim of this study was to determine the production of polysaccharide in term 

of their sugar composition from the selected isolates of bacteria associated with 

horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas. The bacteria were identified as Brevibacillus 

borstelensis by using vitek 2 systems. The results showed that there are three type of 

sugars isolated; maltose, glucose and rhamnose in the polysaccharide produced by 

using paper chromatography (PC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 

(HPLC). This indicated that this species of bacteria has a potential to produce sugars 

for industrial needs.

Identification of cultivable palm oil-degrading bacteria in seawater 

Rachel Anne Chua Hui-Wan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Kesaven a/l Bhubalan 



Malaysia accounts for 37% of world palm oil exports respectively whereby exports are 

transported in bulk by sea. The aims of this study are to isolate and identify marine 

bacteria capable of utilizing palm oil as substrate. Biodegradation of various palm oil 

concentrations was carried out using seawater collected from Dapo Pata Uptown 

Kontena Beach, Tok Jembal. Bacteria were isolated and screened for lipolytic activity 

before identification by 16s rRNA gene sequencing. A total of five phenotypically 

different bacterial isolates were isolated and all were found to exhibit lipolytic activity. 

Bacterial isolates were identified as Pseudoalteromonas gelatinolytica, Staphylococcus 

haemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. All isolates showed slight 

differences in morphology and genetic sequence compared to other studies. 

Percentage similarity of isolates to NCBI GenBank database ranged from 94%-98%. 

This study shows that marine bacteria capable of utilizing palm oil as substrate can be 

isolated from seawater. Future studies on palm oil degradation rate and toxicity of its 

by-products are recommended.

Application of Rhamnolipid for Heavy Metal Removal in Mangrove 

Sediment 

Raveena Kumarasamy 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Kesaven Bhubalan 



Mangrove soils are able to confine and store toxic and non-biodegradable heavy 

metals that may lead to accumulation in aquatic organisms and pollute the food chain. 

Biosurfactants are microbial-derived surface-active compounds which are 

biodegradable and of low toxicity with the ability to remove heavy metals from soil 

and sediments. The main objective of this research was to test rhamnolipid, a 

glycolipid biosurfactant produced by marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

UMTKB-5 for the removal of heavy metals (lead and zinc) in mangrove sediments. The 

rhamnolipid was produced using glycerol as the carbon source and 1.80g/L of 

rhamnolipid was obtained. The removal of lead and zinc from soils was up to 76% and 

31% respectively four days after the rhamnolipid solution was added to the sediment. 

The results showed that rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa UMTKB-5 could 

be a potential biomaterial used to remediate heavy metal in mangrove sediment.

Production and Purification of Polysaccharide from Bacteria, 

Brevundimonas sp. Associated with Horseshoe Crab, Tachypleus Gigas 

Syafawani Binti Mokhtar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Ahmad Shamsuddin Bin Ahmad 



Polysaccharides are secondary metabolites that consist of many monomers link by 

glycosidic bond. It has been widely used in pharmaceutical and medical purposes. 

Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the production and purification of 

polysaccharides from bacteria, Brevundimonas sp. associated with horseshoe crab, 

Tachypleus gigas. One species of bacteria was selected from Makmal Belangkas, UMT. 

Biochemical, antibacterial, morphological and physiological test were conducted. The 

bacteria were identified by vitek2 machine. For production of polysaccharide, the 

culturing, dialysis, ethanol precipitation and hydrolysis process were done. Sugar 

composition was identified by paper chromatography (PC) and High-Performance 

Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with 1.2 ml/min flow rate. Results show, the bacteria 

is gram-negative bacteria, Brevundimonas sp. and able to produce 79.5 mg/L of 

polysaccharides. Results from both chromatography techniques show two types of 

sugar composition, identified as rhamnose and glucose indicating the potential of the 

bacteria, Brevundimonas sp. to produce some sugar.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Mangrove Sediment In Relation To 

Different Aged Forest Stand At Matang, Perak. 

Yoganathan A/L Loganathan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Behara Satyanaraya 



Physicochemical characteristic of mangrove sediment was examined in relation 

different age (2-, 7-, 15, 20- and 30-) of managed Rhizophora apiculata (Blume) 

stands and approximately 80 years old unmanaged Virgin Jungle Forest in the Matang 

Mangrove Forest Reserve, Perak. The sediment exhibit acidic nature (pH 4.7 - 6.2) 

with low variation in soil salinity (17.66 – 22.33 ppt). Sediment temperature ranged 

from 26.3 to 30.0 º C were influenced by the loss canopy cover due the 30-year 

rotation cycle for silviculture management. Significant differences in TOC 

concentrations were examined from 2-year to 30-year which indicate the TOC 

concentration of sediment in mangrove stands are influenced by the rate of 

productivity and rate of decomposition of organic matter. The sediment were sand 

dominated with lower composition of mud (silt and clay). The analysis revealed less 

variation in physicochemical characteristics of mangrove sediment in relation to 

different stand age at Matang.

Parasite Composition of Eubleekeria jonesi (James, 1971) 

from Pulau Bidong 

Yuvaniswary D/O Ramamoorthi 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Hafiz Borkhanuddin 



Parasite assemblage in Eubleekeria jonesi (Ikan kekek) collected from Pulau Bidong, 

Terengganu was studied between August and October 2017. Collected parasites were 

fixed, preserved, mount and analyzed using SEM following the standard procedures. 

Identification of parasite specimen was done until the lowest taxon level and the mean 

intensity, prevalence of the parasites were calculated. 11 out of 20 fish samples were 

infected with parasites from Phylum Acanthocephala (Plagiorhynchus sp.), Phylum 

Platyhelminthes (Metamicrocotyleda sp.) and Phylum Nematoda (Anisakis sp.). 19 

parasitic individuals were classified as endoparasite, and collected in the stomach and 

heart. One monogenean ectoparasite was collected from the gills of E. jonesi. 

Prevalence and mean intensity was recorded highest from Phylum Nematoda with 21 

individuals from 25 parasites in total, followed by Phylum Acanthocephala with three 

individuals, high prevalence but low mean intensity compared to Phylum 

Platyhelminthes with one individual parasite.

Meiobenthos Assemblage Structure Emphasizing On Harpacticoid 

(Benthic) Copepod from Southern South China Sea 

Nur Sanim Azlan 

Supervisor: Dr. Maizah Mohd Abdullah 



Ecological studies focusing on meiobenthos community structure are gathering its 

pace. Present study aims to relate the meiobenthos community with environmental 

variables and, to determine the harpacticoid copepod density at different stations in 

the Terengganu and Kelantan waters. Sampling was conducted during April and July 

2017. Meiofaunal assemblage shows correlation with salinity (+0.071) and also 

combinations of salinity and oxygen saturation; salinity and temperature (+0.070). 

PCA documents significant variability within the physical parameters with total 

variation of 99.9%. Total harpacticoid density recorded in this study were 

significantly high (726.30 ind./10cm 2 ) and was shown to correlate with two 

combinations of depth, temperature and salinity; depth, salinity and oxygen 

saturation (+0.028). Harpacticoid assemblages was explained by nMDS and 

conformed by Cluster analysis. ANOSIM analysis showed that the harpacticoid differ 

among stations (R=0.189, p-value

The Morphological Characteristics of Hemocytes and Gluthatione S- 

Transferase Activities in Meretrix meretrix 

Revati Ganasan 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nurtahirah bt Ja’afar 



Haemocytes of Asiatic Hard Clam, M. meretrix has been characterized by its 

morphology. The present study indicated that three main cell types were found in 

M.meretrix; Granular haemocytes, hyalinocytes and lymphoid cells. The study was 

carried out, both by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). 

The GST analysis was also done using the hemolymph of M.meretrix and was 

conducted using UV-vis spectrophotometer. However, GST activity tested on two sites 

showed that Site 1 was much higher compared to Site 2. The granular haemocytes 

had dense nucleus and low ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm, whereas, both hyalinocytes 

and lymphoid cells had less-dense nucleus and high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. In 

addition, SEM images of haemocytes showed an irregular structure and granulated 

surface. The mechanism of action for GST indicates the oxidative stress level in the 

clams of two sites but there was no significant difference between them as (p>0.05).

Study of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Gonad of Sea Urchin at Pulau 

Bidong 

Ahmad Safuan Bin Sallehuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nurtahirah Binti Ja’afar 



Tropical sea urchin are vulnerable to the global warming and anthropogenic activity 

which induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the organism. Level 

of ROS will induce tissues damage including gonad. Gonad obtained from sea urchins 

used to detect the oxidative stress induced by this targeted organism in marine 

ecosystem. This study was conducted to investigate the level of Gluthathione S- 

transferase (GST) and Catalase (CAT) in gonads of sea urchins from three different 

sites in Pulau Bidong. Level of CAT and GST activities were measured by using 

spectrophotometer with different wavelength of 240nm and 340nm respectively. 

Results shown the level of GST were significantly highest (p

A STUDY ON THE COMPOSITION AND FEEDING PREFERENCE OF 

POLYCHAETES IN THE CORAL REEF AREA OF PANTAI PASIR CINA, 

PULAU BIDONG 

MUHAMMAD FADZLI LUQMAN BIN AHMAD MUZAMIR 

DR. YUSOF SHUAIB IBRAHIM 



In Malaysia, the study on polychaetes are still scarce; where there are no studies done 

on their feeding preferences and compositions in the coral reef area. Thus, this study 

was conducted to determine the feeding preference using agar-lure traps and to 

identify the composition of polychaetes in the coral reef area of Pantai Pasir Cina, 

Pulau Bidong. This study used three type of lures; which are fish mill, fish waste and 

green water, buried in the coral reef area. A total of 74 polychaete samples were 

obtained; consist of family Nereididae. Fish waste trap have the highest number of 

polychaetes obtained (54) followed by green water (10) and fish mill (7). The positive 

results obtained have indicated that the use of agar-lure traps in studying the feeding 

preference is possible and might reduce the cost, time and damage done from 

conventional method in sampling polychaetes.

The Behavioral Diversity and Breeding Biology of Captive Northern Rockhopper 

Penguins (Eudyptes moseleyi) 

Mohamad Syahril Bin Syahidan 




Captive animals in zoos and aquaria are studied extensively for their behavioural 

responses and potential educational value for the visitors. Captive Penguins were 

subject to several studies, but very limited behavioural and biological investigations 

were conducted on captive Northern Rock-hopper Penguins (Eudyptes moseleyi) 

during the presence and absence of visitors. The present study was conducted at 

Langkawi Underwater World, and it found that the Penguins have high behavioural 

diversity during visitors presence compared to absence. These behaviours include 

preening, surface swimming, walking and underwater swimming. The second part of 

the study focused on analyzing 10 years of the species breeding biology. An overall of 

21.78% of eggs hatched with 58.33% fledged and 20.51% breeding success. Causes 

of egg and nestling failure were discussed. The study concluded that the species has 

high educational potential and the captive breeding program conducted had low 

success rate. Recommendations were made to mitigate such issues.

Radula Morphology of Selected Gastropods from Terengganu 

Tun Abrar Hakim bin Abdul Rahman 



Radula is an important feature that enables gastropods to get nutrition. It is used to 

collect food from the surface of their food source. Gastropod samples were collected 

from Pulau Redang, Terengganu in May, August and October 2016 in five different 

sampling sites. Pulau Lima, Pulau Kerengga Besar, Terumbu Kili, Pasir Mak Simpan 

and Chagar Hutang were the stations involved. From the samples collected, there are 

three species identified, which are Astraea rhodostoma (Lamarck, 1822), Drupella 

rugosa (Röding, 1798) and Drupella cornus (Born, 1778) and from these three species, 

two types of radula were identified, which are taenioglossate and rachiglossate. Both 

Drupella sp. are known corallivores, and A. rhodostoma is an herbivore. 

Taenioglossate radula has a general formula of 2+1+R+1+2 and Rachiglossate radula 

has a general formula of 1+R+1. The observation of the morphology of radula will 

give us a better understanding on the feeding habits of these gastropods.

HEAVY METALS IN FISH AND SHORE INVERTEBRATES IN THE VICINITY 

OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE FACTORY OUTFALL 

NURUL IZZATI BINTI MOHD MARZUKI 

Supervisor: Prof Emeritus Dr Noor Azhar Bin Mohamed Shazili 



Heavy metals (chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead and titanium) 

concentrations from the South China Sea coast off Kalong Bay, obtained from fish and 

shore invertebrates were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass 

Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in order to investigate if there are any impact of a titanium 

dioxide waste outfall into the bay. Metal concentrations were higher in the 

invertebrates collected at Rimau Bay in the vicinity of the outfall, than in fish muscle 

from fish caught in Monica Bay in the South China Sea. The metal concentrations 

measured in the fish muscle from the study area are very low and does not exceed 

the limits stipulated in the Malaysian Food Regulation of 1985. The assessment of 

metal concentration with other global maximum permissible limits of metals in food 

also shown the values were within safety levels, except for arsenic in shore 

invertebrates may be of concern and need to be monitored.

Radiographic Imaging in Investigating 

Dimension of Digging Formation by Sea Turtle Hatchlings 

Syamsyahidah Samsol 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Uzair Rusli 



Studying its dimension of digging formation able to show a possible group movement 

by sea turtle hatchlings while nest escaping. It will able to relate its potential 

advantage of dimension with energy conservation mechanism. Thus, it is crucial as 

this paper studies upon development on the dimension of nest escaping movement 

formation in sea turtle hatchlings via radiographic imaging (X-Ray). We developed our 

method of radiographic imaging from several trials regarding X-Ray exposure and 

visibility of the hatchlings within artificial chambers used. Exposure usage of 125 kV, 

40.0 mAs and 62.5 ms was finalized as it produces better images along addition of 

iron flux on chambers and hatchlings. Unfortunately, adding iron flux on hatchlings 

ended with a complication. Hence, mentioned developments are able to use as a part 

of standard method as both increase our visibility in investigating potential digging 

dimension formation while nest escaping as modeled by the hatchlings.


(Marine Science)

Comparison of Beach Gradient between Observations and Derived from 

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) 

Ady Syafiq bin Asmaddi 

Supervisor: En. Idham bin Khalil 

Bachelor of Science (Marine Science) 


Beaches in Terengganu are experiencing beach morphology changes due to the rapid 

development of its coastal zone. A detailed beach morphology monitoring is needed 

and could provide crucial data for coastal management. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 

(UAV) is now a new method for coastal surveying due to its capability in providing 

high spatial and temporal resolution data. The objective of this study is to obtain beach 

gradient by using conventional survey (total station) and from UAV. DJI Mavic Pro was 

used to acquire 310 beach photos in Pantai Batu Rakit, Terengganu. Ground Control 

Points (GCPs) were established to geo-locate the images. Orthomosaic image and 

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were produced using AgiSoft software. This study 

revealed a strong correlation between beach gradient from UAV and conventional 

method with the r 2 =0.83 and RMSE = 0.75 meters. This study shows a significant 

potential of UAV in beach morphology monitoring.

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF METALLIC ELEMENTS OF 

METALLIC ELEMENTS IN SURFICIAL SEDIMENTS FROM SUNGAI SETIU, 

TERENGGANU 

Afrina Aysira bt Sahwan 

Supervisor: Dr Ong Meng Chuan 



Contamination of the natural environment by metallic elements is an overall issue. The 

aims of this study were to estimate concentration of metallic elements in sediment 

during dry and wet season and to determine the pollution level in Sungai Setiu. The 

selected metallic elements (As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were detected by Inductively 

Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) had been used to determine the metals 

and were undergoes digestion method using Teflon bomb previously. The result in 

this study showed that the concentration of Cr is higher during dry season compared 

to wet season while As, Cu, Pb and Zn enriched. The PLI mean value for wet season 

and dry season were 0.698 and 0.882 respectively which showed that Sungai Setiu 

surficial sediment are in unpolluted condition. The outcome of this study show the 

status of Sungai Setiu which has been exposed to contaminants.

BATHYMETRY MAPPING OF VIETNAM BEACH, BIDONG ISLAND 

USING MULTIBEAM SYSTEM 

AHMAD ARSYAD BIN HUSIN 

SUPERVISOR: DR. AZIZI BIN ALI 

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (MARINE SCIENCE) 

SCHOOL OF MARINE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 

Bathymetry is study about ocean depth that relate with the sea level and study about 

the topography of underwater structure. Multibeam echosounder is sonar system that 

emit sound waves in the shape of a fan from directly beneath a ship's hull. These 

systems measure and record the time it takes for the acoustic signal to travel from 

the transmitter (transducer) to the seafloor (or object) and back to the receiver. The 

different in time taken will describe different depth of the ocean floor. Multibeam 

system 2020 are been used in field sampling and Qimera and Surfer 14 software used 

to analysis the data.This study will provide some information on basic knowledge how 

to operate and analysis multibeam data and also will provide an overview about the 

bathymetric map at Vietnam Beach, (Bidong Island) that can be used for future studies 

in this field.

Characteristics of Upwelling near Sabah Coast during Northeast Monsoon 

Ahmad Kamal bin Khairi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr.Mohd Fadzil Bin Mohd Akhir 




Study was conducted at Sabah coastal water in the South China Sea (SCS) basin to 

provide information about the characteristics of upwelling during Northeast Monsoon 

(NEM). There are two periods being observed; NEM and weak NEM. Data was collected 

from World Ocean Database (WOD), Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and 

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). For the data processing, 

Ocean Data View (ODV) and Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) were used. During weak 

NEM, station availability in WOD is higher compared to NEM. Generally, water masses 

in SCS is stratified and influenced by monsoons season. The presence of upwelling 

was detected in the temperature profile and surface current data. Meanwhile, from 

the WOD and MODIS data, the sea surface temperature (SST) presented that during 

NEM, the SST is lower than the weak NEM.

Vertical Distribution Of Sediment 

Grain Size And Total Organic Carbon In Setiu Wetland 

Aishah Nadhirah bt Shapie 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nurzalia bt Wan Saelan 



A study was carried out in the mangrove and lagoon area of Setiu wetlands to 

determine the vertical distribution of sediment grain size and total organic carbon 

content. The mean grain size value were ranged between 0.41 and 1.49 phi (ɸ), with 

the average was 1.00 ɸ for mangrove area while for the lagoon area ranged between 

0.93 and 2.19 phi (ɸ), with the average was 1.38 ɸ. The sediment in the study area 

was distributed in the coarse to fine sediments classes where the seasonal change 

plays an important factor in determine the grain size distribution. This study also 

includes the TOC analysis where the sediment in the mangrove area contain more 

TOC concentration than sediments in the lagoon area. Difference in TOC concentration 

in both mangrove and lagoon area might be due to the environment and surrounding 

of the mangrove area.

VERTICAL PROFILE AND DIVERSITY OF CALCAREOUS FORAMINIFERA IN 

KELANTAN-TERENGGANU WATERS 

Aishah Norashikin binti Abdul A’ziz 

Supervisor: Dr. Fatin Izzati binti Minhat 




2018 

Approximately 2000 benthic foraminifera specimens were picked from 10 sediment 

core subsample (30 -50 cm) which was collected from Kelantan-Terengganu waters, 

South China Sea. A total of 26 genera were identified from 21 families and five orders 

throughout the study. Calcareous foraminifera contribute 93.20% from the total 

abundance including hyaline (72.80%) and porcelaneous (20.40%) group. Common 

genera found in this study are Bolivina followed by Discorbinella, Heterolepa and 

Quinqueloculina. The cluster analysis seperates foraminifera assemblages into two 

groups. The first group (Cluster A) was dominated by Bolivina while Cluster B was 

dominated by Discorbinella. Based on diversity indices sample between depth 38 to 

40cm have the highest value of α=3.69 and sample between depth 32cm to 34cm has 

the least value of α=2.19. From the study, benthic foraminifera distribution in this 

study do not show any significant change throughout the depth.

Abundance and Biomass of Zooplankton in Muka Head waters 

Almin Norizah bt Jamaludin 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Othman Haji Ross 



This study is carried out to compare the abundance and biomass of zooplankton in 

Muka Head waters, Penang. Muka Head was located approximately at the north-west 

of Penang Island facing the Straits of Malacca. A total of 11 samples was taken during 

the sampling. The sample was taken in eleven consecutive months within 3 years. The 

sampling was done only at the surface of water using plankton net with mesh size of 

140µm. About 15 to 20 minutes of sampling duration was horizontally towed with 

flowmeter in every station. The samples obtained were then brought back to conduct 

laboratory work. Besides collecting the zooplankton sample, the sea water sample also 

were collected to calculate the chlorophyll a. There were 9 main zooplankton was 

identified. They are copepod, decapod, naplius, mysid, lucifer, polychaetes, 

poecilostomatoids, euterpina and other group. The copepods were dominant with the 

highest abundance recorded in each samples.

Heavy Metals in Feathers and Eggshells of Seabirds from Terengganu 

Alya Syakirin binti Hisham 





In recent years, pollution of heavy metals have increases due to the anthropogenic 

activities such as industry activities which includes the disposal of hazardous waste, 

mine discharges, vehicular emissions, incineration and combustion of coal. In this 

study, concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury, selenium and lead were 

examined in the feathers and eggshells of two different seabirds which are blacknaped 

tern (Sterna sumantrana) and birdled tern (Onychoprion anaethetus) from 

Pulau Redang and Pulau Tokong Burung Besar to determine the (1) heavy metal levels 

in the feathers and eggshells of the two island, (2) differences of metal levels of 

feathers and eggshells between the two islands. Feathers and eggshells were collected 

from live nestlings or birds that were catched on the ground or from the freshly dead 

birds found in the colony. Mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc 

(Zn), copper (Cu) were analysed by inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Compilation of marine invasive species in west coast of peninsular 

Malaysia 

Amirul Afiq bin Mohd Ribani 

Dr. Hing Lee Siang 



University of Malaysia Terengganu 

2018 

Invasive species are organism that causes ecological or economic harm in environment 

which not native to the environment area. Some characteristics of the invasive species 

are lack of predators to keep them in check, produce a lot of offspring and can survive 

in harsh condition. This study was conducted to collect the data of marine invasive 

species and marine species in west coast of peninsular Malaysia. The inventory were 

collected from various sources and recorded. The collected data were then analysed 

for species origin. A total of 336 marine species are collected. Most of the species are 

chordates which are mostly fishes. From the total marine species collected, a small 

percentage of total marine species collected are invasive to the other marine species 

in the study area.

Nest Site Preference of Painted Terrapins in Terengganu Coast 

Anbarrasii Vayapuri 




Painted terrapin or Callagur borneoensis is among Malaysia’s most critically 

endangered species on IUCN red list 2002. The nesting behaviour pattern was studies 

with focus its relation to beach morphology and sediment characteristics that suits 

their nesting activity. Five beaches were chosen in Terengganu coast and the findings 

shows that beach with moderate slope and small sand particle size have increasing 

number of nest than beach with steep slope and larger sand particle size. It is hoped 

that the findings will benefit terrapins’ conservation program and provide more data 

for the government and related agencies to justify the need to conserve the suitable 

areas for the nesting site of painted terrapins.

Geostatistical Interpolation for Predictive Modelling of Surficial Sediment 

Distribution in Taman Laut Labuan 

Anis Ilmi binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Khaira binti Ismail 



Surficial sediment distribution map eases interaction between scientific community 

and the public in studies concerning sediment transport and hydrodynamics, marine 

pollution and benthic habitat mapping. The data acquisition for this study; groundsampling 

and acoustic survey were conducted at Taman Laut Labuan using Ponar grab 

and multibeam echo sounder respectively. This study aims to determine surficial 

sediment distribution through grain size analysis and identify the best geostatistical 

interpolation method for predictive modelling. The grain size analysis comprises of dry 

sieving and laser diffraction analysis. As for the geostatistical interpolation method 

employed are ordinary kriging (OK) as a univariate and ordinary cokriging (OCK) as 

the multivariate. Median grain-size was utilised as the primary variable and the 

attributed bathymetry as secondary. The results of this study demonstrate that OCK 

is better than OK through cross-validation with a lower average prediction error and 

lower root-mean-square error when coupled with the Gaussian model.

Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment of 

Terengganu River 

Atikah binti Md. Yaziz 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Bakhiah binti Baharim 




15 surface sediments from different sampling stations were collected from Terengganu 

River which was located at west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. This study was 

conducted to detect the concentration of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk 

assessment for selected heavy metals which were Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn. The 

average concentration for Fe -0.0101 µg/g to 10.25052 µg/g, for Mn -0.08819 µg/g 

to 89.9366 µg/g, for Cu -0.02469 µg/g to 1.289421 µg/g, for Cd -0.00998 µg/g to 

0.0003393 µg/g, for Pb -0.0474 µg/g to 1.3926 µg/g and for Zn -0.38583 µg/g to 

3.193613 µg/g. Enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), index of 

geoaccumulation (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index 

(PERI) are the five indices which used to detect pollution of the river. The value of EF 

was not exceeding the level of moderately enrichment while based on the value of CF, 

Igeo, PLI and PERI the area was detected as uncontaminated. 

Key words: Surface sediment of river, Heavy metals, Ecological risk assessment, 

Enrichment factor, Contamination factor, Index of geoaccumulation, 

Pollution load index

Selected Metallic Elements Concentration in Raw and Cooked Loligo 

chinensis 

Cheah Wen Jie 

Supervisor: Dr. Ong Meng Chuan 




This study was to determine the concentration of selected metallic elements (Zn, Cu, 

Cd and Hg) in raw and cooked L. chinensis which collected from East and West Coast 

of Peninsular Malaysia. Teflon bomb digestion was used to digest the sample and 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the 

concentration of selected metallic elements in squid after digested. The average 

concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd and Hg in raw and cooked L. chinensis were 49.37±17.29 

µg/g, 18.01±5.17 µg/g, 0.61±0.18 µg/g and 0.17±0.06 µg/g in dry weights 

respectively. Zinc, Cu and Hg had positive correlation with increasing size (length) of 

raw and cooked squid. In this study, the raw and cooked squids that people consumed 

were lower than Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) value set by FAO/WHO. 

Consequently, based on the estimated data that obtained, L. chinensis in Peninsular 

Malaysia were safe to be consumed by human.

Vertical Profile of Selected Heavy Metals in Sediment Core from South 

China Sea, Malaysia. 

Fayhearina A/K Yusoff 

Supervisor: Dr Hasrizal Shaari 



Vertical profile of selected heavy metals (Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K,Mg, Na, Pb and Zn) was 

determined. The objectives of this study are to determine the vertical profile of 

selected heavy metals in core sediment from Kelantan waters and to assess the 

pollution status of core sediment from Kelantan waters. This study was carried out by 

using Teflon Bomb acid digestion method and analysed using ICP- OES. The 

concentration of selected heavy metals can be arranged in decreasing order as follows, 

Ba > Cr > Zn > Pb > Al > Ca > Fe > K > Na > Mg. Pearson’ correlation and elemental 

ratio suggest that metals are derived from anthropogenic sources. Enrichment factor 

shows extreme severe enrichment of Ca but PLI value indicates that the sediment is 

not polluted. This study is important as a baseline study and provide reliable 

information about pollution status in Kelantan waters.

THE OCCURRENCE OF SALPS AND DOLIOLIDS IN THE SOUTHERN SOUTH 

CHINA SEA 

FIRDAUS BIN AMER HAMZAH 

Supervisor: DR. NURUL HUDA BT. AHMAD ISHAK 

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (MARINE SCIENCE) 



This study is focused on the occurrence of salps and doliolids in the Southern South 

China Sea .Sampling was done during pre-monsoon season on July 2018 that took 5 

days at 17 stations by Research Vessels RV Discovery UMT covering Kelantan and 

Terengganu waters. The sample was collected by bongo net that was hauled vertically 

from 5 meter above the seafloor to the surface. Data physical was collected with towed 

of CTD. Four types of salps was identified which Thalia sp, Thalia rhamboides, Pagea 

sp, and Salpa maxima and there are four types of doliolids been identified which is 

Dolioletta sp. Doliolina sp. Doliolum sp. and Dolioloides sp. The highest density 

distribution of salps is Thalia rhamboides 11.385 ind/m 3 and for doliolids is Doliolina 

sp. 21.037 ind/m 3 . The distribution of salps and doliolids are both in patchy and 

random. Pinciple Component Analysis (PCA) found salps and doliolids influenced much 

by the depth and temperature with a correlation eigenvalue 2.6 for temperature and 

1.31 for depth.

The Variability of Geochemical Properties in Sediment Core from Offshore 

Area of Terengganu 

Indahayu binti Ab Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Hasrizal bin Shaari 



Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 2018 

A sediment core was collected from Terengganu’s offshore to determine vertical profile 

and concentration of major, minor and trace elements. These elements was analysed 

using X-ray Fluorescence. Significant concentration of elements can be found from 

90cm to 186cm depth. This might due to the declining in water content that reflects 

increasing of compaction of the sediment and the clay sized sediment domination. The 

major elements exist in the core are SiO2>Al2O3>CaO>Na2O>Cl>MgO>Fe2CO3>K2O. 

SiO2 (62.03%) dominated this study area indicate that Terengganu’s water is highly 

siliceous. Meanwhile for minor elements are TiO>P2O5>MnO>Zr>Sr>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu. 

TiO (0.63%) and Zr (494.27ppm) are represent highest concentration for minor 

elements. V>Ce>Rb>Ni>Sc>Ga are the trace elements that can be found in the 

sample. Concentration of V (61.3ppm) has shown increasing pattern along the core 

sample. Based on this study, geochemical properties in Terengganu’s offshore are in 

the low range of concentration compared with other studies in Malaysia.

Biomass of Zooplankton in the Water off Port Dickson 

Intan Nurqhairunnisa binti Malek 

Prof. Dr. Othman bin Haji Ross 



The biomass of zooplankton were studied using samples collected in horizontal hauls 

in the water of Port Dickson, Straits of Malacca between December 2012 until 

December 2013 with 140 µm mesh. Duplicate sub - sampling technique were used by 

using 2ml stempel pipette. The zooplankton were identified to the lowest taxonomic 

levels as possible and counted under stereo microscope. At least 200 zooplankton 

were enumerated in each sample. An average length of zooplankton samples (≤ 20 

individuals) of each taxon were collected and the length of an appropriate body portion 

were taken by using a stereo microscope with suitable magnification. The length were 

converted into carbon weight of individual zooplankton by using previously reported 

length-weight regression equations and multiply by zooplankton abundance. Biomass 

were generally higher during July 2013, November 2013 and December 2013. 

Polychaete, larvacean and chatognaths contributed the higher zooplankton biomass 

although the abundance was minor.

Drone mapping of coral reefs in Pulau Rusukan Kecil, Taman Laut Labuan, 

Malaysia 

Izyan Nurina binti Mohd Hanapiah 

Supervisor: En. Idham bin Khalil 



Drone mapping has been growing interest in marine ecosystem research. The lowcost, 

quick and manageable as well as producing precise maps are considered 

advantages of this method. This study introduces a novel technique of aerial 

photography using a drone for mapping the coral reefs in the coastal waters of Pulau 

Rusukan Kecil, Labuan, Malaysia. A total of 616 overlapped aerial images captured 

(592 were selected to use), mosaicked and geo-corrected using Agisoft Photoscan 

image processing software. Afterwards, the corrected overall photos were stitched and 

used to produce an orthophoto mosaic which undergone supervised and unsupervised 

classification. A GIS-based topological thematic map generated as output and the 

accuracy value calculated for supervised was 53.85% while 20.51% in 6 (dead coral, 

coral, rock, sand, macro algae and rubble) and 23.58% in 12 classes for unsupervised. 

This method believed as a highly possible method than the conventional method used 

for further research related to marine ecosystem monitoring.

Identification of Coral Patches from Side Scan Sonar Imagery in Labuan 

Marine Park 

Jeannie Lim 

Supervisor: Dr. Khaira Ismail 



Seafloor habitat classification is becoming a major tool in marine scientific research. 

Map revealing spatial details of the seafloor, represent an essential tool to formulate 

effective ecosystem management initiative. Despite its importance, unreliable data are 

hindering marine resource management in Labuan. Addressing this, an acoustic survey 

was conducted using side scan sonar (SSS) in Labuan Marine Park, a marine protected 

area surrounded by shallow water reef within its island covering an area of 39.7 km 2 . 

Here we show, a comprehensive coral patches coverage map generated from SSS 

imagery interpretation. It is one of the efforts to comprehend the ecosystem better 

through proper scientific collection of coral spatial distribution within the area. 

However, we found that manual delineation was only applicable to locate corals at flat 

plains while RSOBIA segmentation clusters corals with a slope attribute. We anticipate 

to our assay to be a starting point for sophisticated future ecological assessments.

Concentration of Heavy Metal in Natural Sediment from Setiu Wetland and 

Its Toxicity on Chironomus Kiiensis 

Kee Chia Soon 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurulnadia binti Mohd Yusoff 




This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of metals concentration in Setiu 

Wetland sediment on Chironomus kiiensis. The toxicity test was conducted following 

OECD no. 218 guideline with end point of the larvae emerged as midge or dead. Metals 

concentration in sediment was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass 

spectrometry. Based on this study, mortality of C. kiiensis larvae was strongly 

correlated to Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe and Al (r=0.88 to 0.99) means they were potentially 

affected by the concentration of metals. Total organic carbon and mean particle size 

of sediment were also determined and showed strong positive correlation between 

TOC (r=0.87) and mean particle size (r=0.93) with mortality of C. kiiensis. These 

suggest that both TOC and mean particle size could affect the mortality of C. kiiensis 

as well. This study justify that toxicity test using natural sediment from Setiu Wetland 

showed toxicity effects towards C. kiiensis.

MICROPLASTICS CONTAMINATION ON SEAWEED SURFACE 

AT ROCKY SHORE HABITAT IN PORT DICKSON BEACHES 

Kodesvaran A/L Yoharasah 

Dr. Yusof Ibrahim bin Shuaib 

Bachelor in Science (Marine Science) 


This study prove that microplastics do adhere on the surface of seaweed at rocky 

shore habitat. A total of 4 locations were sampled at selected Port Dickson beaches; 

Pantai Sri Purnama and Pantai Tanjung Biru (Blue Lagoon). Padina Jamaicensis which 

belongs to Rhodophyta (brown seaweed) were sampled. The sample were preserved 

with 5% formalin solution before proceed with laboratory work. The sample were 

rinsed using distilled water to remove all the contaminated substances on upper layer 

of seaweed. The rinsed water later filtered with 50µm filter paper. The filtered paper 

were observe under Olympus SZX7 Stereomicroscope for microplastics observation 

and identification. A total of 748 microplastics pieces were identified with filament 

shape and five distinguish colours (black, green, red, blue and transparent). The 

identification of functional groups in the composition of microplastics was achieved 

using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), 

Polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and Polyaramid, acompositions of plastics groups were 

identified.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF METALLIC ELEMENTS IN 

SURFICIAL SEDIMENT OF SUNGAI MERANG 

Lee Hui Wen 




Metallic elements are pollutants which able to enter aquatic environments, incorporate 

and accumulate in the bottom of sediments. The aim of this paper is to describe the 

distribution of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr, and to provide preliminary data on the 

environmental conditions in Sungai Merang. 38 sediment samples were collected by 

using Ponar grab and analyzed by ICP-MS after go through Teflon bomb digestion 

with mixed acids. The spatial distribution maps were produced based on geographical 

informatics system (GIS). The levels of pollutions and contaminations status were 

evaluated by using PLI and Igeo. Generally, the average concentration of metallic 

elements were higher in river areas and the river areas were categorized as polluted 

areas. Igeo values showed that the overall contamination level were uncontaminated. 

Yet, it can be concluded that anthropogenic activities caused higher concentrations of 

metallic elements and pollution levels in Sungai Merang.

Incidence of Erosion and Boundary Change to Balok River, 

East Peninsular Malaysia 

Mangaiyarkarasi D/O Manimuthu 

Supervisor: Dr. Bryan Raveen Nelson 




River bank erosion is one of the major and unpredictable hazards worldwide. To prove 

and determine the incidence of erosion and deposition, a field visit was carried out 

along Balok River. Sediment samples were collected from four transect at the both 

side of river during February 2018. Based on the result obtained, generally the erosion 

is occurring at the both side of the river. The sediment deposits at the river mouth, 

causes the river to elongate and gets wider due to sedimentation. The sediment 

characteristic analysis proves that this zone were dominated by finer sand and medium 

coarser sand. While, the arrangement of sediment along the river are well sorted and 

moderately well sorted. Nevertheless, possible studies should be done for rivers in 

Malaysia to identify a sustainable recovery method to protect them.

A STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENT AT SETIU 

WETLAND 

MD HASIM RABBI 

SUPERVISOR: DR. NOR BAKHIAH BAHARIM 




Particle size characterizations of lagoon and river sediments along the Setiu wetland 

was carried out in the present study. The main objective of this study is to identify the 

characteristics of sediment and how these sediments deposited to the sedimentation 

environment. Dry and wet sieving methods were used to identify the grain size of the 

sediment samples. Grain size characterists such as mean, sorting, skewness and 

kurtosis were estimated by using an updated version of GRADISTAT programme. 

These characteristics has been described more on the results part. Average sediment 

find out as coarse to fine sands with moderately sorted and skewed positively. The 

study depicts that sedimentation environment is very dynamic whereby river current 

and anthropogenic factor influenced along the study area. It can be concluded that 

grain size of the sediment regulates the sedimentation environment at Setiu wetland.

PRODUCTION OF CHITOSAN FROM TACHYPLEUS TRIDENTATUS 

Mohamad Asyraf bin Johari 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraznawati binti Ismail 




Chitosan is among the most important compound for pharmaceutical industries. 

However, the resources of the compound is still not varied among the sea food 

producers. Because of this issue, the aim of this study are to produce chitosan from 

the discarded carapace of the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus that are 

considered waste products from human consumption of the egg bearing females. The 

carapace undergoes demineralization process to remove calcium carbonate and also 

deprotenization treatment by using sodium hydroxide to remove the protein 

substance. Deacetylation of chitin produced was conducted by microwave heating with 

45% Sodium Hydroxide solution. Weight retain after the demineralization step for each 

sample shows that the weight retain after treatment decrease as the acid 

concentration increase. In order to produce 1g of chitosan will need about 10g of 

carapace powder. The production of chitosan from waste carapace of horseshoe crab 

indicating a possible economy for pharmaceutical usage.

STUDY TOWARDS COASTAL EROSION VARIABILITY AND SEDIMENT 

CHARACTERISTICS ON COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AT PANTAI TOK JEMBAL, 

KUALA TERENGGANU 

MOHAMAD NUR ZAMAN BIN ISA 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Rosnan B Yaacob 



A study towards erosion at Pantai Tok Jembal which was inside the coastal 

development. Beach profile survey was carried and the vertical data and the sediment 

samples were collected from nine transect in three different time which were during 

October 2017, December 2017 and February 2018. Result shows that erosion occurred 

in Transect 1, Transect 3, Transect 4 and Transect 8 but there still have amount of 

deposition still occurring there. This type of coastal development helps the beach to 

slow down the wave impact but at the same time, it blocked the sediment 

transportation at that beaches. Longshore transport route has been changed from its 

usual. The sediment characteristic analysis show that this study area are dominated 

by coarser sand and medium sand. The rainfall distribution, wind speed and tidal factor 

during Northeast Monsoon has been increased the rate of erosion to its peak condition.

Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity from Tumpat Lagoon on the Survival of 

Chironomus Kiiensis 

Mohamad Zahid bin Baharom 

Supervisor: Dr Nurulnadia binti Mohd Yusoff 



The toxicity of sediments from Tumpat Lagoon was evaluated using Chironomus 

kiiensis. Two toxicity test were conducted which are: (a) test 1 using 100% volume 

of natural sediment (b) test 2 using 50% volume natural sediments with 50% control 

sediments. The observed effects on C. kiiensis were the emergence rate, mortality 

and sex ratios. The significant delayed in emergence rate in both sediment toxicities 

were 16.5 ± 2.6 days post-fertilization (dpf) and 17.8 ± 6.2 dpf, respectively compared 

to control which was 13.5 ± 2.7 dpf. The mortality was recorded higher in test 1 with 

77% compared to test 2 with 37%. The sex ratios were affected as number of males 

appeared more in test 1 but became female-biased in test 2. The reduction in terms 

of emergence rate, mortality and sex ratios were influenced by dilution method. The 

data recorded will be the indicators to determine the pollution level in the areas.

Determination of Sediment Size by Using Multibeam Echo-Sounder 

Mohammad Amirul Azri bin Ishak 

Supervisor: Dr. Razak bin Zakariya 



Nowadays, the mapping of sediment distribution are crucial in research as it can be 

interpreted into other information and can be used in further study. Study on 

bathymetry mapping was conducted at the coral reef area between Pulau Bidong and 

Pulau Karah waterway by using Sound Navigation and Ranging (SONAR) technology 

which is Multibeam Echo-sounder R2Sonic. The aims of the study was to determine 

the sediment size, to obtain the backscatter image and to produce sediment 

distribution map by using multibeam technology. Grain size analysis was used to 

analyse the ground truth data. Database from multibeam were processed to retrieve 

the bathymetry map and backscatter strength by using multiples software. The grain 

size analysis results were medium sand, course sand, very course sand and granules. 

Results for multibeam, the backscatter strength were range from -67.8002 to -15.201 

and the sediment distribution map from integration of both data was obtained.

Compilation of Marine Invasive Species of 

East Coast Peninsular Malaysia 

Mohammad Shahrizan bin Md.Khairon 

Dr. Hing Lee Siang 




Invasive species refer to an exotic species whose introduction cause environmental 

and economic harm to the ecosystem. Malaysia has no information center in collecting 

marine invasive species data which can be used as a guide for other researchers. This 

project was conducted to collect marine invasive species data in the east of Peninsular 

Malaysia. Data on invasive species are derived from a variety of related studies, were 

collected and separated into proper figure based on their respective taxonomy. Each 

species obtained, has been proven their invasive status by referring into several major 

international invasive databases. The result shows more than 10 known species are 

listed in international databases. Among the highlighted species are red algae groups 

such as Alexandrium minutum which is abundance during ‘Red tides’ phenomenon. 

The result of this study shows that many invasive species listed will facilitate any 

related future studies about their arrival or effect.

Forest Inventory; A study on carbon stock, Biomass estimation, diversity 

and Species record in UMT 

Mohd Hakim bin Abdullah 

Professor Madya Dr. Siti Aishah Abdullah 



This study was located in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu with 3 sites. In this study, 

square plot was used with size of 5 by 5 meters. At the corner in the plot, sub plot 

was made with size of 1 by 1 meter in square shape. The distance between each plot 

and transect was 50m. Tree that was taken for the measurement must have DBH 5cm 

above. In the study area, few genus was found such rhizophora, lumnitzera, 

bruguiera, avicennia, nypa and hibiscus. Rhizophora was the dominant genus that can 

be found especially rhizophora apiculata in each study site. As a conclusion, the 

carbon stock, biomass estimation and species diversity for UMT’s mangrove sites was 

determined by this study.

Characterization of Remote Sensing Reflectance in Strait of Malacca (SM) 

and Southern South China Sea (SSCS). Implication for Satellite 

Chlorophyll Estimates 

Muhamad Syakir Afiq bin Muhamad Bakri 

Supervisor: Dr. Md. Suffian bin Idris 



In-situ optical properties of surface water and chlorophyll were collected between May 

2014 and January 2015 in Strait of Malacca (SM) and Southern South China Sea (SSCS) 

during cruises. This study aims to characterize the Rrs difference of both study areas 

and to study the implication of optical characteristics for satellite chlorophyll estimate. 

Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to differentiate the Rrs(λ) in study areas. 

Analysis revealed that water type can be divided into three classes, class 1 correspond 

to clear water, class 2 correspond to turbid water and class 3 correspond to very turbid 

waters. Regional algorithms produced display good performance in class 1 and class 

2 and poor in class 3. This study shows reflectance for class 1 and class 2 are dominant 

in SSCS and class 3 dominant in SM and applicability of algorithm is good for class 1 

and class 2 but not for class 3.

Production of Chitosan from horseshoe crab, 

Carcinoscorpius Rotundicauda 

Muhammad Aliff Aiman bin Mat Zain 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraznawati binti Ismail 



Chitin and chitosan are widely known polysaccharide that can be produce from marine 

shells like crabs, shrimps and horseshoe crabs. Besides being beneficial to other 

industries like pharmaceutical, production of those polysaccharide helps in reducing 

pollution made by shellfish industry. Procedure for chitin and chitosan consists of 

demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. Quality and quantity of chitin 

and chitosan produce mainly affected by production procedure and environment 

conditions. Congo-red dye has been used to confirm and verify whether the sample 

obtained really chitin and chitosan. The chitosan was produced from 2 gram of 

carapace from horseshoe crab. This indicated that horseshoe crab has a good potential 

than other resource of chitosan.

Interpolation Method and The Accuracy Of Bathymetric Seabed Models On 

Single Beam Echosounder Data 

Muhammad Amirul Faris bin Abdul Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Khaira Ismail 



Bathymetric data are taken by various geophysical survey methods such as singlebeam 

echosounders and multi-beam echosounders. However, these geophysical 

survey methods are with limitations preventing it from recording data of an entire 

sampling site. Hence, a process of estimations or known as interpolations are required 

to produce a continuous surface map. There are various interpolation techniques 

available and each technique produces different estimations. As an accurate 

bathymetric map is needed for an effective ocean management, it is important to 

determine which interpolation technique gives the most accurate estimate. In this 

research, a total of 12 different techniques are tested through a validation process to 

determine the best interpolation technique. Here, we find that a deterministic 

interpolation technique of Spline with Tension produces the best accuracy of 

estimates. Additionally, the best and worst performing technique is then used to create 

a bathymetric derivative slope map from the interpolated bathymetry map.

Benthic Life Form and Hard Coral Communities at Pulau Karah, 

Terengganu 

Muhammad Azim Firdaus bin Jafri 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Zainudin bin Bachok 



A study of current status of hard coral communities and benthic life form within coral 

reefs ecosystem at five selected area by using an optimized Coral Video Transect (CVT) 

survey method. The coral video transect survey is used to quantify the percentage 

cover of coral reefs and benthic life organisms in determining the abundance of hard 

coral communities in study area. The Coral Point Count with Excel Extension (CPCe) 

used to identify the coral structure and PRIMER software used for statistical analysis. 

A total of 34 coral genera had been identified at 5 study sites. The most dominated 

reef at the study area are Acropora, Porites and Montipora. The ANOSIM for 

significance different in coral genera (p < 0.05) with high dissimilarity among the 

transects.

Depth Dependence Distribution of Benthic Foraminifera in Pulau Bidong, 

Malaysia 

Muhammad Izzat Afiq bin Azizan 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nurzalia binti Wan Saelan 



This study is about the depth preferences of benthic foraminifera in Pulau Bidong, 

Malaysia. The purpose is to determine the depth distribution of foraminifera and 

relating it with the physical parameters. Differences ocean condition makes the 

distribution of foraminifera changes. Samples were collected in Pulau Bidong at 12 

sampling stations. Then, the sample washed, picked 300 foraminifera, sorted and 

identified. Then, 44 species of foraminifera were identified and 14 were the dominant 

ones. The results found are the depth of each foraminiferal species are differ from one 

place to other. At 15m depth, A. papillosa, Pyrgo sarsi, Q. lamarckiana and Q. 

phillipinensis. Q. rugosa, Q. neostriatula, Q. seminulum, Operculina ammonoides, 

Elphidium advenum and Texularia foliacea at 20m. Peneroplis pertusus and 

Nummulites venosus at 25m and A. lessonii at 30m. In canonical correspondence 

analysis, it can be concluded that depth, skewness and kurtosis plays an important 

role in determining the distribution.

Field Assessment on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Threadfin Bream 

(Nemipterus Peronii) From Terengganu 

Muhammad Rozaimi bin Mohd Zaki 

Supervisor: Dr. Bryan Raveen Nelson 




2018 

The scientific literature on accumulation of heavy metals in bony structure and its 

relation with lifestyle is limited. This study approach the way of catch method consist 

of net and trap catch method to relate the accumulation of heavy metals in selected 

parts which consist of bony structure and soft structure from Kuala Besut, Chendering, 

and Pulau Kambing. In this study, the soft structure (gills and muscle) of N. peronii 

possess higher concentration of metals (106.62 mg/kg) than bony structure (fins, 

scale and bones) (53.87 mg/kg) of fried weight. The concentration of heavy metals in 

trap catch method (17.04 mg/kg) was observed slightly lower than net catch method 

(19.29 mg/kg). The metals levels (copper, chromium, selenium and iron) in N. peronii 

measured and still below the permissible limits set by FAO/WHO (1984) and MFR 

(1985). There is no data provided by Malaysian standards for selenium, iron and 

chromium levels in fish samples.

Sediment Influences on Distribution of Bivalve in Mangrove Ecosystem: 

Setiu Wetland 

Muhammad Yusri bin Ya’akub 





This study was conducted in the lagoon area at mangrove ecosystem at Setiu Wetland 

Boardwalk. Sediment samples and bivalves were collected from 6 stations along the 

lagoon. A total of two species of bivalves were recorded, with Meretrix meretrix being 

the more dominant group than Clausinella chlorotica. The distribution of bivalves 

within mangrove communities is likely to be influenced by sediment types. The 

bivalves were examined from Station 1 to 6 which sediments composed of sand type 

varying from very fine sand (62.5-125 µm) to very coarse sand (1000-2000 µm), and 

gravel ( > 2000 µm). The most distributed bivalve was observed in medium and coarse 

sands at Station 6. The least distributed bivalve was observed at Station 3 in coarse 

and very coarse sands. The results suggest that the sediment that influences bivalves 

tend to be coarse sand texture compared to the other types of sand.

Distribution of Benthic Foraminifera in Sediment Core from South China 

Sea 

Nabila binti Allimi 

Supervisor: Dr Hasrizal bin Shaari 



University Malaysia Terengganu 2018 

Foraminifera preserved in sediment core act as a good indicator for assuming past 

climatic changes. A sediment core was collected from South China Sea (SCS) near 

Kelantan offshore which was located in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The 

present study aimed to understand the distribution abundance of foraminifera 

assemblages in the sediment core. From this study, the foraminifera assemblages 

showed significant changes at different depth in terms of abundance and diversity. A 

total of 22 benthic foraminifera genera was identified as their relative abundance was 

exceeding more than 2% of assemblages. The core was dominated by Ammonia spp. 

meanwhile, Elphidium spp., Heterolepa spp., Bolivina spp. and Pseudorotalia spp. 

were considered as common genera. Besides that, TOC and CaCO3 also showed 

variations down the core. There was lack of correlation between Textularia spp. with 

CaCO3 in this core. The low diversity of foraminifera could be related with an 

environmental factors and post depositional changes.

Recent Benthic Foraminifera in shallow waters of Kelantan-Terengganu 

Nazihah binti Azmi 




The South China Sea is a semi-enclosed basin that is situated on the east of peninsular 

Malaysia. The area is known to be home to large diversity of marine organisms. This 

study collects surface seven sediment samples from Kelantan-Terengganu waters, 

southwest of South China Sea. Approximately 300 benthic foraminifera specimens 

were pick from the sediment samples collected. A total of 19 benthic foraminifera 

genera were identified and the assemblages was dominated by calcareous hyaline 

(70.51%) follow by agglutinated (13.38%) and calcareous porcelaneous (16.11%). 

The common genus identified include Textularia, Amphistegina, Operculina and 

Heterolepa. Overall, the number of foraminifera taxa in Kelantan-Terengganu 

increases with depth. Meanwhile, the diversity index shows that Station 6 (56 m) has 

the highest value (α=5.496; H’=2.225). Based on this study, the changes of benthic 

foraminifera assemblages in Kelantan-Terengganu waters make them a good indicator 

of faunal-elevation correlation.

A Study of Coral Mapping From Multibeam Echo-Sounder 

Nik Madihah binti Nik Omar 




Coral mapping are crucial in today’s research as the information can be interpreted 

into other information. Studied on coral mapping was conducted at southest area of 

Pulau Bidong, focused on an area between Pulau Bidong and Pulau Karah using 

multibeam echo-sounder. For monitoring on coral reefs, a bathymetric map is useful 

as a base to locate vulnerable areas. This study uses high resolution multibeam 

bathymetry, bathymetric derivates, and in situ data in a geographic information 

system. Detailed bathymetry data from quantitative descriptors of the seabed terrain 

were obtained such as Bathymetric Position Index (BPI) and slope. Accuracy 

assessment use ground-truth were performed through Coral Video Transect (CVT) 

technique. The results introduce a new classification scheme that may suitable for 

developing maps pinpointing high biodiversity around coral reefs. Besides, the coral 

growth forms or morphology were computed from Coral Point Count with Excel 

extension (CPCe)

Biomass of Zooplankton in the waters off Muka Head, Penang. 

Noor Syazanna binti Mohd Alias 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Othman bin Haji Ross 



This study was about the long-term variation changes of zooplankton abundance and 

biomass in the waters off Muka Head between November 2012 and February 2014. The 

aim of this study were to identify zooplankton and determine zooplankton abundance and 

biomass over 6-month period by using the length-weight regressions. Zooplankton was 

collected horizontally by using 140 µm mesh plankton net and the subsampling was done 

by using Stempel pipette. Copepods were the most important constituents of the 

zooplankton in all areas. Calanoid copepod and harpacticoid copepod are observed as the 

dominance in Muka Head waters. The highest biomass was recorded in January 2013 and 

lowest in September 2013. The dominant contributor to variation in total zooplankton 

abundance was copepods but copepods was not the main contributor to total zooplankton 

biomass.

Optimization Sampling Transect of Single Beam Data Using 

Geostatistical Technique Case Study: Kuraman Island 

Noor Syaznee binti Mazlan 

Supervisor: Dr. Azizi bin Ali 




Kuraman Island (5°12´32.52´N, 115°07´10.46´E) is a small tropical island belonging to 

Malaysia in the South China Sea located off the coast of Federal Territory of Labuan. The 

interest of this study is to determine the best model and best estimation method of 

geostatistical technique for bathymetry mapping. Besides, the study also use to develop 

optimization sampling transect using the geostatistical technique and assessing the 

estimation error analyzed. This study was conducted around the Kuraman Island, 

Rusukan Besar Island and Rusukan Kecil Island using a boat that carried along the 

Echotrac MKIII which is used to calculate water depth beneath the boat. The purpose of 

this study is to optimize the sampling transect that have been reduce to achieve small 

different estimation error among four models selected in Ordinary Kriging. The lower the 

Residual Sum Square (RSS) indicates the best empirical semivariogram model. Thus, the 

lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of empirical semivariogram model will prove small 

differences that indicates optimize sampling transect.

A STUDY ON THE GENERAL LIFE CYCLE OF A MARINE GAMMARID Amphipod 

sp. UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS 

Nor Fatihah Salwa binti mohd radzi 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Mhd Ikhwanuddin 


School of Marine and Environment Science 

The life cycle of a gammarid amphipod of genus gammarus from the estuary at Tumpat, 

Kelantan has been studied for the first time under laboratory condition. Recently, 

gammarid amphipods have shown good potential as live feed for finfish and crustacean 

aquaculture. The amphipods were cultured in 500mm clear plastic containers in filtered 

7 ppt salinity water at 28° C. The life span of gammarus sp. ranged from 90 to 120 days. 

The females were iteroparous and attained sexual maturity within 13 ± 1 day. Copulation 

lasted 1-4 hours during the night. The average duration of embryonic development was 

5 days. Number of broods produced in a life span ranged from 3 to 5. Mean fecundity of 

juveniles produced was 26.5 ± 4.72. A positive correlation between female size and 

number of juveniles produced was recorded. The growth rate of gammarus sp. was 

significantly higher during the first 14 days.

The Effect of Different Substrates on the Laboratory-scale Culture of a Marine 

Gammarid Amphipod 

Nor Fatin Suraya binti Ahmad 

Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Mhd Ikhwanuddin bin Abdullah 



This study were carried out to determine the population growth and productivity of Marine 

Gammarid Amphipods cultured by using different substrates. Marine Gammarid 

Amphipods are an important aquatic crustaceans for aquaculture as alternative live feed 

organism. Gammarid Amphipods were collected from natural substrates in Pantai Sri 

Tujuh, Kelantan and transported in insulated container to the laboratory AKUATROP, 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. There are three different substrate treatments used 

which are natural substrate, artificial substrate and no substrate. The culture experiments 

were carried out for 5 weeks. A one-way ANOVA were used to show the differences in 

population growth and productivity of Gammarid Amphipods for each treatment. Average 

population growth of Amphipods of the natural, artificial and control substrate groups 

were 91, 36 and 23 respectively, suggesting natural substrate is the most suitable culture 

medium. These study would help establish practices for culturing new alternative live 

feed resource for use in aquaculture.

Estimation of Euphotic Zone Depth (Zeu) from Secchi Disc Depth and KdPAR 

in Kuala Terengganu Coastal Water 

Nor Halimah binti Jumahat 




Euphotic zone depth (Zeu) is the depth where Photosynthetic Available Radiation (PAR) 

is 1% of its surface value and has high primary productivity which important for the 

marine ecosystem. This study aims to determine the relationship between Secchi Disc 

Depth (SDD) and Zeu, also, to estimate them in satellite observation. SDD, light 

attenuation (Kd) and Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs) were collected by in-situ for 

several months then were analysed to determine the relationship between Zeu and 

SDD. It is found that there is a good relationship between Zeu and SDD. Zeu and SDD 

model then were applied to climatology monthly image of satellite data to know the 

variation of Zeu and SDD. The changes of Zeu and SDD associated with seasonal 

changes where during northeast monsoon shows low Zeu and SDD. The findings will 

provide better understanding and can be future reference as Zeu is important in the 

ocean ecosystem.

Changes of Oil Palm Plantations at Setiu River Basin from GIS and 

Remote Sensing Technology 

Norhafizah bt Abd Rahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Razak Zakariya 



The Setiu River Basin area was located at the North of Kuala Terengganu with total area 

approximately 23,000 hectares. A period of ten years has caused big differences in the 

land cover composition. This study is to create land cover map of year 2006 and year 

2015 by using remotely sensed data and to detect the qualitative and quantitative 

changes rate of land cover and oil palm plantation in ten years interval. The result shows 

a rise and reduce of land cover in the Setiu River Basin area. The largest area of land 

cover is forest that is 37.08% ha for year 2006 and 36.95% ha for year 2015. Based on 

the result, oil palm area increase from year 2006 to 2015 because of high market value 

and it affect the forest area that were degrade. These changes is influence by human 

activities among the local people and the government.

Marine Landscape Classification of Taman Laut Labuan, WP Labuan 

Nur Aina binti Mohd Azlan Jamal 




Development of acoustic survey techniques such as the multibeam echo sounder has 

provided wide-scale exploration and information on seafloor characteristics. In marine 

spatial management, it is important to classify the marine environment in an ecological 

manner for marine resources management without risking the environment. The concept 

of this study is to develop a classification scheme by using geophysical features derived 

from bathymetric data thus determining potential benthic habitats. This study proposes 

an approach to map the marine landscape in Taman Laut Labuan. Benthic terrain modeler 

in ArcGIS was utilised to obtain the classification of marine landscape. Results show a 

general pattern of terrain based on four zone and eleven structure classifications derived 

from the obtained abiotic variables. These analysed data were then validated with in-situ 

dataset: coral video transects (CVT). The end product is a generalised classification based 

on abiotic data which can also be used to emphasise terrain’s biodiversity.

Benthic Life Form and Hard Coral Communities at Pulau Bidong, Terengganu 

Nur Aliah binti Mohd Ali 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Zainudin bin Bachok 


School of Marine Environmental Science 


A study about benthic life form and hard coral communities at Pulau Bidong has been 

conducted at eight sampling stations by using Coral Video Transect (CVT) techniques. 

The underwater video is frequently being used in marine ecology studies. In order to 

quantify the percentage cover of benthic organisms, this technique (CVT) was used in 

determining the coral community structure. The highest number of coral genera were 

identified within station 1 (27 coral genera) meanwhile the least was recorded at station 

6 (8 coral genera) There were 33 coral genera identified through the entire stations. 

There are three dominated reef at entire station which are Acropora, Fungia and Porites. 

Moreover, the quality of reef around Pulau Bidong is deemed in ‘Good’ state with the 

ranging 21.45%-69.66. The CVT technique was recommended because it provides a 

permanent data. The data stored are useful for coral reef management and monitoring 

in Malaysia.

Downcore Distribution of Benthic Foraminifera from Sarawak Offshore 

Nur Aziemah binti Abdul Malek 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Rosnan bin Yaacob 



A study on downcore distribution of benthic foraminifera assemblages has been carried 

out in Sarawak offshore. The sediment core was collected with range 0 to 225 cm in order 

to relate the foraminifera assemblages with sediment texture. A total of 10 sediment 

samples with 5 cm interval for each core segment were taken for this study. As a result, 

21 genera have been identified from a total of 2096 individuals of foraminifera. The most 

dominant and abundance genera were largely dominated by 3 genera namely Operculina 

(15.17%), Pseudorotalia (11.98%) and Textularia (11.78%). The diversity indices such 

as Shannon- Weiner index, Evenness index and Fisher alpha index were calculated for 

each core segment to determine the distribution of foraminifera. The core segment has 

high proportion of silt and clay. The distribution of benthic foraminifera is controlled by 

several biotic and abiotic factors, including sediment texture.

Determination of Selected Metallic Elements in Cockles (Anadara cornea) at 

Setiu Wetland, Terengganu 

Nur Fadziera binti Che Shuhadzir 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Effendy bin Abd Wahid 



This research was carried out to observed the metallic element (MEs) concentrations of 

iron, zinc, cadmium and lead in the cockles Anadara cornea at Setiu Wetland, Terengganu 

in raw and cooked samples during monsoon (January) and after monsoon (July). MEs 

such as zinc and iron is essentials requirement in human body while cadmium and lead 

can pollute the environment. The accumulation of MEs in raw samples in July was higher 

compared to January followed by Zn> Cd> Pb> Fe. Interestingly, metals concentration 

of cooked samples were higher in January compared to July followed by Zn> Cd> Pb> 

Fe. The factors that contributed to lower concentration of MEs are heavy rainfall and 

water washed out from estuaries to open ocean. Human should avoid consuming the 

cockles in their food intake because cadmium concentration was higher than safety limit 

that not >0.05 mg/kg by Malaysia Food Act 1983 and 1.0 mg/kg Regulation 1985.

DISSOLVED INORGANIC NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION DURING INTER- 

MONSOON AND MONSOON SEASONS IN TERENGGANU RIVER ESTUARY. 

Nur Fatihah binti Mohd Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr Hing Lee Siang 



This study was carried out in Terengganu River estuary to determine the dissolved 

inorganic nitrogen (DIN) distribution and to compare their concentrations between the 

inter-monsoon (October 2017) and monsoon (December 2017) seasons. The range of 

concentrations at surface layer for NO2 - -N, NO3 - -N and NH4 + -N in both seasons were 

between 0.002-0.004 mg/L, 0.002-0.024 mg/L and 0.054-0.185 mg/L respectively. For 

the bottom layer, the concentrations of NO2 - -N, NO3 - -N and NH4 + -N in both seasons 

ranged between 0.001 - 0.009 mg/L, 0.009-0.034 mg/L, and 0.050-0.133 mg/L 

respectively. There were significant differences in NO3 - -N concentration between the 

surface and bottom layers. Except for NH4 + -N, concentrations of DIN were within the 

safety levels prescribed for mangroves estuarine and river-mouth water (Class E) by the 

Malaysia Marine Water Quality Criteria Standard. In conclusion, total DIN concentrations 

for the inter-monsoon season were between 0.003-0.102 mg/L which were higher 

compared to the range of 0.002-0.091 mg/L for the monsoon season. The higher DIN 

distributions were found at stations located at Nerus and Seberang Takir rivers.

Beach Morphology and Sediment Characteristics at Pantai Batu Rakit, Kuala 

Nerus (Malaysia) 

Nur Faziean bt Mad Isa 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Rosnan bin Yaacob 



In order to investigate the beach profile changes and sediment chacacteristics in Pantai 

Baru Rakit, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia, a study was carried out during October 2017, 

December 2017 and February 2018. The objectives of this study is to determine the 

changes of beach morphology using beach profile analysis and to determine the sediment 

characteristics. For beach profile analysis, erosion process occurred to all sampling 

stations in the month of October 2017, December 2017 but it started to recover during 

February 2018. Thus, the diffrences of beach profile and sediment characteristics at all 

sampling stations were mostly influenced by the northeast monsoon season.

A Study on the Changes of Beach Profile and Sediment Characteristics at 

Pantai Teluk Ketapang, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia 

Nur Najwa Izety binti Roshaidi 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Rosnan bin Yaakob 



A study on the changes of beach profile and sediment characteristics at Pantai Teluk 

Ketapang has been conducted three times which is in October 2017, December 2017 and 

February 2018. The main objective of this study is to determine changes of beach profile 

shape and to study the sediment characteristics that was available at area. The study 

found that the beach profile has changed continuously with time and the natural forces 

such as the action of higher wind speed, the highest amount of rainfall distribution, strong 

wave, and current became a factor for the beaches to erode. The sedimentological data 

analysis was indicated that Pantai Teluk Ketapang was dominated by medium sand and 

coarse sand. From the overall of study, it can be concluded that most of the sampling 

station have undergone an erosion during sampling from October 2017 until February 

2018 due to the monsoon season.

Tracking of Phytoplankton Size Structure in the Southern South China Sea 

(SSCS) 

Nur Salehah binti Kamaruddin 




Phytoplankton is a key component for the total primary production and contributes to 

regulating pH and CO2 of the ocean. This study focuses on the determination of 

phytoplankton size classes from ocean colour data in the Southern South China Sea. Using 

the three-component model of Brewin et al. (2010), the size fractions of micro-, nanoand 

pico-plankton were derived from the total concentration of chlorophyll. This area 

shows that chlorophyll is higher during the Southwest Monsoon (SWM) and Northeast 

Monsoon (NEM) and lower during inter-monsoon. The results also showed that microplankton 

is dominant in coastal area and the Southern South China Sea (SSCS) is 

dominated by pico-plankton throughout the year. Based on the overall findings, the 

estimation of Phytoplankton Size Class (PSC) of ocean colour could provide an important 

information about the response of phytoplankton size structure to changes in climate and 

the status of the ocean ecosystem health in the study area.

The Vertical Distribution and Diversity of Foraminifera from Kelantan- 

Terengganu Waters 

Nur Shazzuani binti Mohd Dahalan 





Foraminifera are excellent indicator of the marine environmental stress for both natural 

and anthropogenic factors. A study was conducted in Kelantan-Terengganu waters which 

located in South China Sea. A total of ten sedimentary core (10 cm-30cm) were collected 

to determine the vertical distribution and diversity of the foraminifera. Analysis shows a 

total of seventeen genera identified from the sampling location. Ten genera classified as 

common genus and the rest considered as rare genus. Primer version 6 used to perform 

cluster analysis and determination of the 

Pielou’s eveness (J), Fisher’s alpha (α) and Shannon-wiener (H’). The study shows 

vertical assemblages from Kelantan-Terengganu waters are dominated by calcareoushyaline 

(i.e Bolivina,Sigmoilinita and Discorbinella) which are generally found in shallow 

water with higher salinity and muddy sand. . Most of the sample showing average 

diversity. This can be conclude, the foraminifera assemblages on the Kelantan- 

Terengganu waters show a uniform distribution pattern from 10-30cm.

Life Position of Benthic Foraminifera in Pulau Bidong, Malaysia 

Nur Syazwani binti Hashim 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nurzalia binti Wan Saelan 



Twelve sediment samples were collected from the sampling area around Pulau Bidong. 

In situ parameters that have been taken were depth, salinity, temperature and dissolved 

oxygen. The sediment samples were analyzed in the laboratory for foraminiferal and grain 

size analyses. 300 individuals of optimally preserved foraminiferal specimens have been 

picked under the dissecting microscope, sorted and identified. The foraminiferal data was 

analyzed in PAST software version 3.19. Grain size distribution have been done by using 

mechanical sieve shaker and was analyzed by using the software Gradistat version 15. 

Overall, majority of the dominant species preferred epifaunal life position except for two 

species which showed no preferences to either infaunal or epifaunal life position; 

Peneroplis pertusus and Quinqueloculina rugosa. Environmental factors such as depth 

and grain size parameters (mean, skewness, sorting and proportion of gravel) were the 

major factors that influenced the foraminiferal distribution in Pulau Bidong.

Heavy Metal Concentration in Sediment at 

Sungai Terengganu Estuary, Kuala Terengganu 

Nurfarah Farhana bt Zainun 

Dr Hing Lee Siang 




The concentration of selected heavy metals in the sediment at Sungai Terengganu 

estuary was been investigated. Objective of this study is to determine the concentration 

of heavy metal in sediment from Sungai Terengganu estuary and to identify the level of 

pollution. The selected metal are Al, Li, Cr, Ni, Cu, Hg, Pb with average value of 8.846%, 

42.254 mg/kg, 14.711 mg/kg, 7.297 mg/kg, 6.017 mg/kg, 0.209 mg/kg and 12.794 

mg/kg respectively. Majority of the metals tested have higher concentration near the 

mouth of the estuary. The result from enrichment factor (EF) and geo accumulation index 

(Igeo) suggested that anthropogenic sources are the most significantly enriched by 

selected metals. It is possible from the boating activities and changing of the ballast water 

in the estuary area. This work is important as it can help in determining the changes as 

it can be to monitor and manage in the future.

Identification of saltwater intrusion of groundwater in Terengganu 

Nurfatin Adibah binti Kassim 

Supervisor: Dr. Norbhakiah bt Bahrin 



Groundwater is a very important component of water resources in nature. Therefore, this 

proposed study aims to investigate the saltwater intrusions and to find out the physical 

and chemical parameter of the groundwater in Terengganu. Groundwater samples were 

collected from 23 sampling sites. The result shows the physical characteristics that are 

pH and salinity. Chemical properties results with the major elements that are contain with 

Bicarbonate, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, Calcium and Magnesium. While, produce 3 

water type of groundwater with Mg-Na-HCO3, Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3. Study shows that 

saltwater intrusion occurs at station Sg.Pulau Ketam(S18), Pulau Warisan(S19), 

SMAZA(S21) which are located near to the coastal zone that got more impact than the 

main land. It is recommend, that in the future the changes happened should consider 

variety aspects such as hydrological balance, physical and chemical properties as to 

recognize the pros and cons of the processes.

Accessing of chlorophyll algorithm in Malaysian waters 

Nurhidayah binti Hamzah 

Supervisor: Dr. Md Suffian Idris 



Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) chlorophyll algorithm has 

widely been used to estimate chlorophyll concentration. This study evaluates the 

performance of standard MODIS chlorophyll algorithms in Malaysian waters and 

development of chlorophyll algorithms for Southern South China Sea (SSCS). In situ data 

of chlorophyll and reflectance, Rrs, were collected in Straits of Malacca (SoM) and SSCS. 

Comparison between in situ and satellite measurements of chlorophyll reveals that the 

global algorithm does not work well in both study areas. The global algorithm tends to 

overestimate in situ chlorophyll in SoM and underestimate in SSCS. Result also revealed 

that the tuned algorithm provide a more accurate estimation of chlorophyll in the study 

area with low percentage errors. Based on the overall findings, the application of regional 

algorithm could allow in identifying the presence of phytoplankton and the ecosystem 

health in the study area.

The Effect of El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Variability of Sea 

Surface Temperature (SST) and Primary Productivity in Southern South China 

Sea (SSCS) 

Nurhihairiah binti Abdul Rani 




The El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are influential mode of inter-annual climate 

variability due to complex air sea-interaction in Tropical Pacific. This climate variability 

not only affected air-sea condition in Tropical Pacific but also strong impact of sea surface 

temperature (SST) and primary productivity in SSCS. The aims of this study is to 

determine effect of ENSO on variability of SST and primary productivity. Monthly MODIS 

satellite image of SST and Chl from 2007 to 2017 were used to determine impact of ENSO 

on SST and Chl in this study area. Results suggest that SST and Chl changed when ENSO 

events occurred. Monthly and yearly satellite data reveal that ENSO event have strong 

impact on both parameter. During El-Nino (2010, 2016) the SST increase while Chl 

decrease, La-Nina (2007, 2008, 2011) the SST decrease while Chl increase. This study 

provide for the first time impact of ENSO on SST and Chl concentration in SSCS.

TEMPORAL CHANGES IN MANGROVE VEGETATION OF UNIVERSITI 

MALAYSIA TERENGGANU 

Nurul Alya binti Mohd Razali 

Supervisor: Assoc Dr. Siti Aishah Abdullah 



A mangrove forest species and spatial extent study had been conducted at Universiti 

Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu. Mangrove in UMT has brought significant 

benefits to the study of mangrove. Increasing development contributed to a considerable 

loss of mangrove forests. This study was meant to observe temporal changes of 

mangrove forest area between the year 2007 and 2017. Satellite images from SPOT 5 

and SPOT 7 with resolution of 1.5m and 2.5m spatial resolution used to produce 

classification map and change detection analysis were done for mapping of mangrove in 

UMT. The data were processed through four main steps: (1) data pre-processing 

including atmospheric correction and geometric correction, (2) image classification using 

supervised classification approach, (3) accuracy assessment for the classification results, 

and (4) change detection analysis. Based on these results, Mangrove in UMT can be 

continuously monitored to achieve sustainable development and maintaining the diversity 

of mangrove in campus area.

Geostatistical Interpolation of Surface Sediment Distributions in Taman Laut 

Labuan 

Nurul Fatin binti Abd Mutalib 




Geostatistical interpolation have been used to obtain detailed and precise map of median 

grain size distribution of sediments for years. Atmospheric processes together with major 

marine processes such as waves and tides had influenced the variability of grain size 

sediment. In this study, 25 sediment samples were collected in Taman Laut Labuan and 

median grain size of sediment were calculated. Kriging interpolation was used and 

ordinary kriging was compared with ordinary cokriging that makes use of secondary 

information to assist in the interpolation. Cross validation method was introduced to 

measure errors of estimation results by the two interpolation methods and discussed 

accuracy of information contained in the estimation results. Here we show that ordinary 

cokriging proved to be the best technique since the value of RMSE near to 1 when cross 

validation was performed. Our study allows for defining grain size classes that can be 

adapted for another relatable studies.

The Changes of Wetland Determination at Setiu River Basin by Using GIS and 

Remote Sensing 

Nurul Izzaty Ilmi bt Rozman 



School of marine and environmental sciences 

Wetland is a one of land cover analysis which is play important role nowadays. Land cover 

classification is one of the primary objectives in the analysis of remote sensing data. 

Wetland is changing due to natural and anthropogenic impact. However, anthropogenic 

impact on wetland rapidly increasing due to increases in human activities. The result from 

this study shows an increase and decrease of wetland cover in Setiu river basin. The 

largest area of land cover in this project is forest which is 37.08% for year 2006 and 

36.95% in year 2015. These changes is influence by human activities that growth among 

the local community also by the government. Based on the result, oil palm area increase 

from year 2006 to 2015 due to high market price and it affect the forest area which were 

degrade for these activity. Mangrove and gelam area also undergo declination due to 

cleared of these area other benefits for instance for agriculture, oil palm plantations, 

livestock farming and shrimp aquaculture ponds.

Thermohaline Characteristics in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia during the 

southwest monsoon and inter-monsoon season 

Nurul Saszuim binti Mohd Roslil Khitam 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Mohd Fadzil bin Mohd Akhir 



Data from EPSK 2017 is used to determine the thermohaline characteristics and to study 

the influence of seasonal variability on water mass properties in east coast of Peninsular 

Malaysia. The sampling was made during southwest monsoon (July 2017) and intermonsoon 

(November 2017) periods. During southwest monsoon, the temperature 

recorded is higher compared to inter-monsoon while the salinity is higher during 

November 2017. The temperature and salinity recorded followed the South China Sea 

monsoon pattern where it indicates the upwelling presence through the thermocline 

uplifting. This study showed that there is evidence of upwelling from the temperature 

and salinity distribution that has been recorded. The directions of current flows in the 

east coast of Peninsular Malaysia follow the southwest monsoon characteristics where it 

moved northward. This study managed to analyse the influences of monsoonal season 

on characteristics of thermohaline along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

SUBSTRATE DEPENDENCE DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA 

IN PULAU BIDONG, MALAYSIA. 

Nurul Syafawati binti Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nurzalia binti Wan Saelan 




2018 

A study on substrate dependence distribution of benthic foraminifera was conducted in 

Pulau Bidong, Malaysia. Twelve surface sediment samples were collected from four 

transects. There were 14 dominant species of foraminifera that have been identified 

which include Amphistegina lessonii, Operculina ammonoides, Amphistegina papillosa, 

Peneroplis pertusus, Textularia foliacea, Elphidium advenum, Pseudorotalia angusta, 

Nummulites venosus, Quinqueloculina spp. and Pyrgo sarsi. Canonical Correspondence 

Analysis (CCA) classified the substrate types into three groups which is coarse sand, very 

coarse sand and medium sand. Operculina ammonoide shows abundant distribution in 

coarse sand as proved by the highest percentage (69% of the samples), abundant species 

in very coarse sand is verified by 64% of the samples by Peneroplis pertusus and 

Textularia foliacea represent abundant distribution in medium sand with 47% of the 

samples. Environmental factors such as salinity, dissolved oxygen and temperature not a 

strong factor that affecting the distribution of benthic foraminifera in Pulau Bidong.

The Accumulation of Metallic Elements by Mercenaria mercenaria at Setiu 

Wetland, Terengganu 

Nurul Zunah Izzati binti Abd Razak 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Effendy bin Abd Wahid 



This study was carried out to determine the concentration of metallic elements (Zn, Cu, 

Pb and Cd) in raw and cooked sample of Mercenaria mercenaria (hard clam) and during 

monsoon and non-monsoon season, samples collected along Setiu River, Terengganu. 

The metals concentration value decrease in the following order for both objectives: Zn > 

Cu > Pb > Cd. For January, Cu, Zn and Pb shows higher concentration in cooked sample 

while for Cd, the concentration is higher in raw samples. For July, only Zn and Pb shows 

higher concentration of metals in cooked samples and for Cd and Cu, higher concentration 

in raw samples. During monsoon and non-monsoon season, Zn and Pb shows higher 

concentration during non-monsoon season as compared to Cu and Cd which has higher 

concentration during monsoon season.

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF 

FORAMINIFERA IN KELANTAN-TERENGGANU WATERS 

Omar Abdul Rahman bin Abdul Manaf 

Supervisor: Dr Fatin Izzati Minhat 



A study on foraminifera assemblages was conducted off Kelantan and Terengganu 

waters. A total of 7 samples were collected along a transect perpendicular to the 

Kelantan-Terangganu coast. Approximately 300 specimens of benthic formainifera were 

pick and identified from every sample. A total of 19 genus were identified with four 

common genus namely Heterolepa, Textularia, Amphistegina, and Operculina. A 

Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was done. CCA shows that both physical 

parameters; depth, pressure, oxygen saturation, salinity, temperature and grain size 

(ranging from fine to coarse sand) affect the distribution of foraminifera assemblages. 

Amphistegina and Operculina occupy shallower depth with coarser grain size while 

Heterolepa and Textularia prefer deeper depth with finer grain size.

Submarine Groundwater Discharge and Nutrients Input at Tourist Hotspots 

Island, Pulau Redang, Malaysia 

Siow Li Yin 

Supervisor: Dr. Tan Chun Hong & Dr. Poh Seng Chee 



Located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Pulau Redang is one of the 13 islands 

gazetted as Marine Park in Terengganu. Environmental evaluations are conducted 

regularly within the marine parks but the evaluation of submarine groundwater discharge 

(SGD) as an alternative nutrients enrichment pathway in coastal water have never been 

examined. In this study, a time series sampling was conducted at two potential SGD sites 

(Pasir Panjang Beach and Tigi Bay) of Pulau Redang. Water samples were collected hourly 

(12 – 14 hours) to capture a complete tidal cycle. The natural occurring of radon-222 

isotope (SGD tracer) and associated ammonia, nitrate and phosphate were measured. 

Samples from Tigi Bay shows stronger relationship between radon and nitrogen 

(r 2 =0.55), and phosphorus (r 2 =0.39) when compare to Pasir Panjang Beach. This 

suggested that the SGD maybe one of the nutrient sources contributed to the coastal 

water of Pulau Redang especially for Tigi Bay area.

HEAVY METAL INDEX AS SEDIMENT SOURCES INDICATOR IN MARINE 

ENVIRONMENT OF TERENGGANU WATERS 

Siti Norshuhada Amimi binti Azman Khan 




Both natural and anthropogenic activities are responsible for the abundant of heavy 

metals in the environment. The objectives of this study are to determine the 

concentration of heavy metal in core sediment and to assess the environment sources of 

sediment based on the establish metal indexes. The samples were analyzed by using 

Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The sediments 

were digested by using Teflon bomb acid digestion. The order of average elements 

concentration was arranged in descending order: Mg< K< Na< Fe< Al< Ca< Co< Pb< 

As< Zn< Mn. The vertical profile for most elements showed the decreasing concentration 

toward the surface except for As, Ca, Ba and Na. The elemental ratios were greatly 

showed the origin of sediment from anthropogenic and oceanic sources. This study is 

useful to provide more information in the future for heavy metal index as a sources 

indicator in marine environment.

EVALUATION OF METALS TOXICITY IN NATURAL SEDIMENT FROM SUNGAI 

SEMERAK ON Chironomus kiiensis 

Siti Rusyahira Nur Salwani binti Rusdi 

Supervisor: Dr Nurulnadia binti Mohd Yusoff 



Concentration of selected metals (Al, Mn, Fe and Hg) in the Sungai Semerak sediment 

from five stations were studied in order to understand metals contamination due to 

construction and activities. The sediment collected using Ponar Grab and transferred to 

laboratory to analyze sediment toxicity test to record endpoint of Chironomus kiiensis. 

The metal digestion analysis using ICP-MS and TOC analysis using SSM-5000A (TOC 

analyser). The laser diffraction (PSA) were undergo to state the sediment particle size. 

Normal growth of chironomid delayed due to long-term influence of metals. The strength 

of correlation(r>0.80), shows metals, mean particle size and TOC seems not correlated 

and not act as main factor but partially affect the mortality and delayed emergence rate 

of C. kiiensis. The organisms in the benthic community of soft sediments usually cover 

the lowest trophic level and has the vital role for the food web interaction thus influence 

the diversity of an ecosystem.

THE ABUNDANCE OF ZOOPLANKTON IN THE WATERS OFF 

PORT DICKSON, STRAITS OF MALACCA 

SYAZANA LYANA BINTI MOHD SOOPIE 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Othman bin Haji Ross 


School of Marine Science and Environmental Science 

Quantitative research on the abundance, composition and diversity of zooplankton at a 

fixed station in Port Dickson, Straits of Malacca for 11 consecutive months. The samples 

were collected horizontally using a conical plankton net with a mesh size of 140 µm with 

a flowmeter attached to record the volume of seawater filtered. A total of 21 zooplankton 

genera were identified, including 14 genera of copepods. The copepods were the most 

dominant taxa with the highest percentage in every month; the highest relative 

abundance was 99.2% in December 2013. The dominant genera among the copepods 

were Paracalanus, Oithona, Euterpina and Corycaeus. The zooplankton abundance during 

the Northeast monsoon is higher compared with Southwest monsoon. However, the 

diversity of zooplankton was higher during Southwest monsoon than Northeast monsoon. 

It is suggested that the abundance, composition and diversity of zooplankton in Straits 

of Malacca are affected by the presence of monsoon season.

Vulnerability Assessment of Groundwater at Pulau Perhentian 

Syazwan Aiman bin Mat Hasdi 





Groundwater is very important as freshwater source in world. The study is to identify the 

vulnerability area of groundwater at Pulau Perhentian, Terengganu at its scale. The aims 

of study are to calculate the vulnerability index of groundwater then generate as 

vulnerability map by using Geographical Information System (GIS) software. The 

vulnerability index is the value that been computed in formula as is assigned to the 

specific weightage. DRASTIC are mainly define in term of aspects in hydrogeologic 

explored as it gives significant for groundwater which is depth to groundwater, net 

recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography and impact of the vadose zone. The 

DRASTIC method been applied with aid of GIS software. The findings show the 

vulnerability index at coastal area are higher compared hill area. The map that produced 

give an overview about the vulnerability of groundwater for better planning and 

assessment in the future activity.

Accumulation of Metallic Element in Commercial Crab Collected from Johor 

Strait, Malaysia 

Tam Di Bing 





Rapid development occur in the both side of Johor Strait lead to the pollution issue, and 

rise an issue on the safety to consume the sea food the area. Since, the objective of this 

study was to determine the concentration of selected metallic elements (Cu, Zn, Cd and 

Pb) in the blue swimmer crab from the east of Johor Strait and estimate the potential 

health risk on human. The samples were digested with Teflon Bomb Digestion method 

and the concentration of selected metals in crab were detected by the Inductively Couple 

Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Based on the analysis, the concentration pattern of 

metals in crabs decrease with Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd and the all metals concentration are much 

higher than the study in 1991. According to the recommendation of PTWI, the 

consumption of the crab from study area should not exceed 0.42 kg per week to avoid 

the adverse health impact.

Metals Accumulation in the Sediment from Sungai Manjung, Perak 

Tiana Farrena binti Mazlan 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurulnadia Mohd Yusoff 



A study on 10 sediment samples from Sungai Manjung were analysed for the 

concentrations of metals (Fe, Mn, Cu and Pb). The average concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu 

and Pb is 26300 mg/kg, 453 mg/kg, 310.19 mg/kg, 4.98 mg/kg and 13.24 mg/kg 

respectively. Metals in sediments in decreasing order: Fe>Mn>Cu>Pb. In addition to 

heavy metal analysis, sediment samples were also analysed for total organic carbon and 

particle size analysis. Total organic carbon concentration the highest at station M3 and 

particle size analysis showed that Sungai Manjung dominated by sandy clay loam. 

Determination of correlation coefficient showed significant relation between metals while 

metals showed moderate relationship with total organic carbon and particle size. 

Geoaccumalation index were used to evaluate current metals studied in Sungai Manjung 

sediment showed that all metals values were between classes 0 to class 1. Thus, the 

Sungai Manjung is classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted.

Composition of Barnacles from Nesting Green Turtle (Chelonia Mydas) at 

Chagar Hutang, Pulau Redang 

Vivien Yeo Shu Jun 

Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Hafiz Borkhanuddin 




Barnacles are common epibionts found on turtles and can provide useful information 

regarding its host migratory pattern. This study aims to determine species of barnacles 

found on green turtles at Chagar Hutang, Pulau Redang and to acquire overview of the 

areas occupied by these turtles based on barnacles’ genetic composition. Barnacles were 

collected from nesting green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from July to September 2017. 

Barnacles were found attached on neck, flippers and carapace of turtles. Via 

morphological observations and molecular analysis, barnacles were identified as 

Chelonibia testudinaria, Lepas sp., and Amphibalanus sp. Due to huge genetic 

differences, Amphibalanus sp., is highly regard as new species. In additional, some 

genetic variations were found within Chelonibia testudinaria specimens. Phylogenetic 

analysis has grouped Chelonibia testudinaria from this study under the Western Pacific 

clade, suggesting that our turtle may occupied that region during foraging time after the 

nesting season.

Distribution of benthic foraminifera in Pulau Bidong, Terengganu 

Wan Amirul Hafiizhuddin b Wan Noor Jamil 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nurzalia bt Wan Saelan 


School of Science and Environmental Sciences 

The distribution of benthic foraminifera in Pulau Bidong, Terengganu was studied to relate 

the distribution of benthic foraminifera with grain size distribution. Distribution of 

foraminifera will show how many species lived in certain area which will know the diversity 

and richness of each species. Thus, it helps on applications for other research on 

foraminifera and the surroundings. Samples of sediments were obtained at 1000m 

intervals from the subtidal zone. The depth for collecting sediments was from 13m-20m 

for each transect. From study that have been done, 24 genera and 44 species have been 

found. Species diversity showing most diverse at transect 2 and station T2S3 is most 

richness of species found. Grain size distribution on cumulative curve graph also shows 

most of sediments are fine sand and very fine sand. The foraminiferal distribution in Pulau 

Bidong shows no correlation with grain size distribution.

Distribution and Diversity of foraminifera in Northwestern Sarawak waters, 

Malaysia 

Wan Nur Syarah binti Wan Muhamed Sabri 

Supervisor: Dr. Fatin Izzati Minhat 




The study was conducted at northwestern Sarawak waters with depth between 43 m to 

71 m. Seven surface samples were collected and 200 individuals of benthic foraminifera 

were picked from each sample. Eleven genera were identified from the study site. 

Heterolepa spp., Textularia spp., Quinqueloculina spp., Operculina spp. and Pseudorotalia 

spp. are common genus found in the samples. The cluster analysis form cluster (a), 

dominated by Pseudorotalia spp. and cluster (b) dominated by Heterolepa spp. The 

highest index value of diversity is 3.23 at depth 67.76 m and the lowest value is 1.53 at 

depth 45.54 m and 68.45 m. From the study, depth is not the main factor that influences 

the diversity of benthic foraminifera in northwestern Sarawak waters.

DISPERSAL AND PREDATION RATE OF TURTLE HATCHLINGS DURING EARLY 

SWIMMING EFFORT AT CHAGAR HUTANG BAY, PULAU REDANG. 

WONG KEE SIANG 





The greatest rate of mortality in sea turtles is thought to occur in early life phase; 

beginning from egg incubation, crawling down to the beach and early swimming effort. 

However, the natural mortality of incubating eggs and hatchlings on the nesting beach 

does not presumably high enough to explain the observed high fecundity. Therefore, it is 

crucial to provide empirical data on the survival rate of sea turtle hatchlings upon 

swimming leaving their natal beach. This experiment intended (i) to determine natural 

predation rate while swimming offshore, and (ii) to compare the predation rate between 

day and night time. Hatchlings were equipped with lighted float tethered with 5m fishing 

line and were followed individually by kayaker holding the GPS tracker when they leave 

the beach. We found out that most of our data shows night time predation rates were 

higher than day time. Variation in predation may associated with the phases of the moon 

is somewhat more difficult to account for in terms of known patterns of fish feeding 

behavior. The natural night time emergence of turtle hatchling never meant to eliminate 

exposure to diurnal predators, but potentially avoiding lethal daytime heat while crawling 

down on the beach.

Trace Metals Monitoring in Groundwater of Bidong Island 

Wong Yann Chyi 




Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 2018 

Groundwater is one of the major drinking water sources in Bidong Island, Terengganu. 

This study was conducted due to the insufficient information regarding on the trace 

metals content in groundwater. In total, 12 types of metals (Li, B, Na, Al, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, 

Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) were measured in groundwater samples collected from five sampling 

stations (well) in June, July, August, September and November 2017. The ICPMS was 

used to analyse trace metal concentration in groundwater samples. The trace metals 

concentration was arranged in descending order: 

Na>Ca>Al>Sr>Ba>Fe>B>Mn>Zn>Li>Ni>Pb. Sodium was the highest trace metal in 

groundwater samples due to the effect of saline water intrusion. Other than Al, all the 

trace metals were within the standard that established by WHO. Thus, it was assumed 

that the groundwater at Bidong Island is safe to be consumed.

Evaluation of Metal Toxicity in Natural Sediment from Sungai Terengganu on 

Chironomus kiiensis 

Yusanani Nasuha bt Yusri 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurulnadia Bt Mohd Yusoff 



The natural sediment from Sungai Terengganu was used in this study to evaluate metal 

toxicity testing on Chironomus kiiensis. The aims of this study were to determine the 

survival rate of Chironomus kiiensis and to calculate correlation between concentration in 

Sungai Terengganu sediment and mortality of Chironomus kiiensis. The sediment from 

five sampling points were put in glass beaker with Chironomus kiiensis. Metal 

concentration, total organic carbon and particle size were analyzed using the same 

sediment. The emergence rate and mortality rate of Chironomus kiiensis was observed 

every day during the experiment was conducted. The water parameter is being control 

to make sure that the water was not contaminate with the excessive food. Observation 

effects on Chironomus kiiensis in sediment toxicity shows different change in emergence 

rate and mortality within the station. Hence, metal concentration, total organic carbon 

and particle size analysis correlate with the mortality of Chironomus kiiensis.


(Analytical and Environmental 

Chemistry)

Secondary Metabolites from the Fruits of Coastal Plant Vitex Rotundifoila and 

Antioxidant Activity 

Akmar Faris Bin Mohd. Hisam 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Wini Binti Mazlan 

Bachelor of Science (Analytical and Environmental Chemistry) 



Vitex rotundifolia is commonly known as “beach Vitex”, a coastal plant that form floorcoverings 

grows near coastal area. The secondary metabolites from the fruits of V. 

rotundifolia possess potential biological activities. In this study, the fruits of V. rotundifolia 

were collected in Penarik coastal area, Setiu. The fruits of V. rotundifolia were extracted 

using methanol to obtain a methanolic crude extract. The methanolic crude extract was 

fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) with different solvent polarity to 

give 24 fractions. The fraction 6 was further isolated to give vitexicarpin by using 

chromatography techniques and the molecule structure was identified using 1D and 2Dnuclear 

magnetic resonance (NMR) including COSY and HMBC NMR. Seven out of 24 

fractions were evaluated for antioxidant using DPPH free radical scavenging assays. The 

fraction 18 and 24 showed potent antioxidant activity inhibition concentration at 50 % 

(IC50) value of 0.375 mg/mL.

The Study of Microplastics Presence in Drinking Water 

Muhammad Aliff bin Ali 

Supervisor: Dr. Tuan Nurul Sabiqah binti Tuan Anuar 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Yusof Shuaib bin Ibrahim 



This is the first study to investigate the presence of microplastics in sources of drinking 

water. The microplastics have diameter about less than 5 mm. In this study, 6 different 

type of sources of drinking water such as tap water, local mineral water, reverse osmosis 

(RO) drinking water, oversea mineral water, purified drinking water and river water were 

done by density separation with 5M of sodium chloride (NaCl) and then visually identified 

based on their physical characteristics such as colour, shape and size. Only tap water, RO 

drinking water and river water were detectable has microplastics. Most of the 

microplastics present were thread-like shape. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis 

of microplastics showed the presence of peaks at ʋ=2904 cm -1 (C-H str), ʋ=1668 cm -1 

(C=O str), and ʋ=1525 cm -1 (N-H bend) are related with polyamide for tap water. 

Meanwhile, for RO drinking water peaks showed at ʋ=2918 cm -1 (C-H str), ʋ=1679 cm -1 

(C=O str), and ʋ=1517 cm -1 (N-H bend) are also related with polyamide. Lastly, peaks 

related to the polyvinyl alcohol are presence at ʋ= 3342 – 3372 cm -1 (O-H str), ʋ= 2848 

- 3000 cm -1 (C-H2-C-H3) and ʋ=1724 cm-1 (C=O str) for river water.

Determination of Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions at Drainage 

Channel along a Palm Oil Plantation 

Ang Hui Tian 

Supervisor: Dr. Poh Seng Chee 




Understanding of how groundwater and surface water interact in actively managed palm 

oil plantation is essential to manage water resources properly and more effectively. Their 

interactions can affect the nutrient loading and the water quality. Radon has been used 

to quantify groundwater discharge rate and each field sites. In general, ammonia, nitrate 

and nitrite concentration in channel water ranged 0.02-0.31 NH4-N mg/L, 0.001-0.031 

NO2-N mg/L and 0.001-0.063 NO3-N mg/L, respectively. For groundwater, the 

concentration of nutrients ranged 0.02-1.46 NH4-N mg/L, 0.001-0.020 NO2-N mg/L and 

0.009-0.589 NO3-N mg/L, respectively. During wet season, higher concentration of 

ammonia was observed in G1. A positive correlation was observed between radon and 

nutrients (ammonia, nitrate and nitrite) suggested that groundwater discharge as a 

source of nutrients to the channel.

Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Bisphenol A in Beverage and Environmental 

Water using Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes-Reinforced Agarose Film 

Aow Yong Li Mei 

Supervisor: Dr. Loh Saw Hong 




Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical widely applied as the monomer in the 

manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. In this work, a micro-solid phase 

extraction (µ-SPE) technique using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-reinforced 

agarose film function as an adsorbent coupled with high performance liquid 

chromatography-fluorescence detection was developed for the analysis of BPA in 

beverage and environmental water. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method 

offered excellent linearity with correlation coefficient, r = 0.9977, in the range of 0.1 to 

100 ppb. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.02 and 0.1 

ppb, respectively. The technique demonstrated acceptable relative recoveries average 

ranging 81.0 to 98.7% using coke, 100 plus, river and sea water samples spiked at 1 and 

10 ppb. The proposed µ-SPE was proven simple, cost-effective and consuming trace 

amounts of organic solvents; thus, contributing towards green chemistry.

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles/ 

Reduced Graphene Oxide and its Application in Dopamine Determination 

Azleen Rashidah Binti Mohd Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr. Farhanini Binti Yusoff 




An electrochemical sensor to determine dopamine in human body was fabricated based 

on modified iron oxide/reduced graphene oxide/ glassy carbon electrode (Fe3O4/r- 

GO/GCE). Determination of dopamine is significance nowadays as the abnormal level may 

cause various mental health diseases. The Fe3O4/r-GO nanocomposite was synthesized 

via modified Hummer’s method and physically characterized by Fourier Transform 

Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and 

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). SEM analysis shows the bulky sponge-like structure 

attached onto an exfoliated sheets of r-GO which indicate presence of Fe3O4 onto surface 

of r-GO. FTIR analysis shows the presence of functional group of Fe-O stretch, O-H 

stretch, C=C stretch and C-O stretch while the crystalline form of the Fe3O4/r-GO was 

determined using XRD analysis. The catalytic activity of bare GCE and modified GCE 

(Fe3O4/r-GO/GCE) were observed using electrochemical characterization of cyclic 

voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance 

spectroscopy (EIS). The observed DPV response linearly depends on dopamine 

concentration in the range of 20–100 μM, with correlation coefficients of 0.995.

Evaluation on Contamination Level of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil 

Samples from Lowland Paddy Field 

Bibie Evana Osman 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik 




The research work aims to determine the contamination level of organochlorine pesticides 

present in the surface soil samples from lowland paddy field was successfully conducted. 

Soil samples were collected at five different stations, which situated in Machang district, 

Kelantan and the frequency of sampling is twice.Surface water was reported having an 

acidic characteristic, pH 5.56-6.50 and dominated by sand-soil type (59.68-77.02%). 

Analysis of pesticide residue in soil samples was conducted using soxhlet extraction 

(hexane:acetone 50:50), florosil clean-up and final determination using gas 

chromatography-electron capture detector. Finding study indicate six organochlorine 

pesticides namely DDT, α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, γ-HCH and endosulfan sulfate were 

reported present with concentrations ranged from 1.952 mg/kg to 0.032 mg/kg. Chronic 

daily intakes (CDI) for adults were calculated at mean 3.378 x 10 -9 while children at mean 

2.006 x 10 -7 .The hazard quotient showed the value < 1 defined less risk of health effect 

toward human.

Direct Transesterification of Microalgae Fresh Biomass for Fatty Acid Profiling 

Chen Mee Kee 

Supervisor: Dr. Loh Saw Hong 




Transesterification is a process of converting lipids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for 

the fatty acid profiling of microalgae. Oil extraction from microalgae prior to 

transesterification (OT) is commonly applied to determine the oil and fatty acid 

compositions. These processes are costly and time-consuming due to high energy input 

and organic solvents used. Direct transesterification (DT) of microalgae fresh biomass 

was developed for real-time monitoring of total FAME and fatty acid profile during the 

microalgae culturing. The total FAME of Chlorella vulgaris and Ankistrodemus gracilis were 

higher when DT was applied as compared to the OT. This indicated the DT was capable 

to release the fatty acids from membrane lipid and thus contributing to higher total FAME. 

The difference in fatty acid profile was observed for both species using both DT and OT 

methods. This revealed that both DT and OT can be applied depending on the 

multidisciplinary applications.

Determination of Greenhouse Gases Concentration and Nutrient 

Concentration in Wet and Dry Season at Terengganu Estuary 

Cheong Phey Yong 





In this project, 15 sites have selected for the greenhouse gases (GHGs) and nutrient 

measurement which carry out on November 2017 as wet season and March 2018 as dry 

season along the Terengganu Estuary. 45 samples which collect from 3 difference depths 

at each site were measured for nutrients and greenhouse gases concentration. The 

dissolve oxygen (DO) during dry season ranged from 5.92-7.61mg/L which is higher than 

wet season 4.29-5.19mg/L. Average nutrient concentration during dry season is lower 

than wet season, for example ammonia concentration during dry season is 0.06ppm, 

while wet season is 0.11ppm. For GHGs, average carbon dioxide concentration is higher 

during dry season (5510ppm) compare to wet season (542ppm); while average methane 

concentration during dry season (31ppm) is lower than wet season (182ppm).

Rate of Decomposition of Abdomen Fatty Flesh of a Cadaver Buried in Nami 

Series Soil of Bukit Khor 

Chong Zan Yang 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Sofo binti Ismail 




The identification of a buried cadaver become challenging when the cadaver is badly 

decomposed. Therefore, lipid can act as the bio-indicator to determine the anthropogenic 

signal from the clandestine grave, subsequently, to determine the postmortem interval. 

For this study, the rate of decomposition, pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total lipid 

extracted (TLE), lipid concentration and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) was determined 

in each decomposition stages. A control laboratory experiment was carried out to mimic 

a burial in shallow grave under tropical climate. Modified Bligh Dyer method was utilized 

to extract the lipid from the soil. The lipid was fractioned to obtain the PLFAs. GC-FID 

and GC-MS was used to determine the concentration of lipid and types of PLFAs 

respectively. It is found that different decomposition stage show different result of the 

rate of decomposition, pH, TOC, TLE, concentration of the lipid and types of the PLFAs. 

Therefore, the soil lipids is a potential forensic tool in located a clandestine grave, identify 

of the burial cadaver as well as increase the accuracy to estimate the PMI.

Fatty Acid Profiling of Namalycastis Sp. (Polychaete) from Setiu Wetland and 

Their Potential against Mcf-7 Cell 

Choong Yau Kuan 





This study was undertaken to determine the fatty acid profile of a new record of 

polychaete (Namalycastis sp.) from mangrove areas in Setiu Wetland and their potential 

against MCF-7 cell (breast cancer cell). Bligh and Dyer method was used to extract lipid 

contents from the polychaete and its profile was analyzed by using Gas Chromatography 

Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Tumor MCF-7 cell inhibition analysis was performed 

using In-vitro MTT test to determine the IC50 level using different concentration of lipids 

(1000 µg/mL to 0.2 µg/mL). The fatty acid composition in polychaete showed highest 

amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA; 65.67%), followed by monosaturated fatty acids 

(MUFA; 21.79%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 12.55%). Dietary intake is 

greatly affect the lipid composition of the polychaete. In antitumor testing, it showed that 

some MCF-7 cell viability decreases as the concentration of lipids increases. Polychaete 

are played important roles in aquaculture and prevent cancer cells due to its nutritional 

values.

Groundwater Discharge-Derived Inorganic Nutrient Loads to Oil Palm 

Plantation Channel in Setiu Wetlands 

Fatihah binti Hassan @ Ismail 





Groundwater discharge transport nutrients to the lake, river, lagoon, etc. can enhance 

the productivity of surface water. Radon mass balance model was used to calculate the 

groundwater discharge rate. Based on the radon data, the groundwater discharge hotspot 

in the channel was found in S6. The elements concentration in the channel 13.79 Ca 

mg/L, 71.85 Mg mg/L, 0.77 Fe mg/L, 0.024 Mn mg/L and 20.13 K mg/L, respectively. 

There is a strong correlation between radon and Mg suggested that the source of these 

elements in the studied channel is groundwater-based, derived probably from the sewage 

discharge from the nearby residential area and agricultural activities from the surrounding 

oil palm plantation.

MOLECULAR IMPRINTED POLYMER FOR DOMOIC ACID DETECTION 

Han Zhen Yang 

Supervisor: Dr. Hafiza binti Mohamed Zuki 




Domoic acid imprinted polymers (MIPs) were successfully synthesized by bulk 

polymerization method using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as a functional 

monomer and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker. Non-imprinted 

polymers (NIPs) were also synthesized using similar procedures but without the addition 

of template molecules (DA). The presence of DA template in MIPs and the absence of DA 

template in NIPs were proven by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. All 

MIPs analyses were done using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Binding efficiencies of MIPs 

synthesized to domoic acid were determined using batch rebinding experiments where 

the optimum mass and time obtained were 20 mg and 60 minutes respectively. 

Meanwhile, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) calculated were 

0.26 ppm and 0.43 ppm respectively.

Extraction of Oils/Fats and Analysis of Fatty Acids Content in Mud Snail 

(Cerithidea Obtusa) 

Haziqatul Munirah binti Mohd Rodzi 





The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid compositions of mud snail, 

Cerithidea obtusa. Bligh and Dyer method was used to extract oils/fats from Cerithidea 

obtusa. The lipids were extracted separately into two batches based on the weight of 

Cerithidea obtusa that are 1.12 ± 0.01 g and 20.63 ± 0.09 g. The lipid content of 

Cerithidea obtusa were 31.54 ± 2.6 % in the first batch and 17.15 ± 1.7 % in the second 

batch. The extracted oils/fats were converted into fatty acid methyl ester and its 

composition was analyzed by using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector 

(GC-FID). It was found that fatty acid compositions in Cerithidea obtusa showed highest 

amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (87.06 ± 0.17 % for first batch and 57.24 ± 0.42 

% for second batch) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (9.35 ± 0.13 % for 

first batch and 26.51 ± 0.41 % for second batch).

Secondary Metabolites from the Twigs of Mangrove Plant Avicennia 

officinalis and Antioxidant Activity 

Muhammad Isyraq Hazim Bin Mohd Amir 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Wini binti Mazlan 





Avicennia officinalis is commonly known as “Api–Api Ludat”, a medium sized mangrove 

plant growing in brackish water and widely found in sub-tropical coastal area. The main 

objective of this study was to isolate the antioxidant active metabolites from the twigs of 

A. officinalis collected from Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Selangor. The antioxidant activity 

of A. officinalis fractions using DPPH free radical scavenging assay showed potent activity 

on fraction 9 with inhibition concentration at 50 % (IC50) value of 0.7 mg/mL. The active 

fractions 7-9 of A. officinalis were further isolated using chromatographic techniques to 

give two pure metabolites, namely as avicenol C and stenocarpoquinone B. Structure 

elucidation of the isolated secondary metabolites was achieved using 1D and 2D-nuclear 

magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It can be concluded that the secondary 

metabolites isolated from the twigs of A. officinalis could be lead compounds and further 

developed for pharmaceutical agents.

Electrochemical Biosensor for Domoic Acid 

Lai Yun Ru 


Co-Supervisor: Dr. Azrilawani Ahmad @ Othman 




An electrochemical biosensor was successfully developed using modified screen-printed 

carbon electrode (SPCE). All electrode measurements were conducted using cyclic 

voltammetry (CV) in the presence of 5 mM ferricyanide in 0.1 KCl electrolyte with the 

scan rate of 50 mV/s at a potential from -0.2 V to 0.6 V. Indirect competitive enzymelinked 

immunosorbent assay (ELISA) had been applied for the immobilisation of 

biomolecules on SPCE. Influences of coating buffer and blocking buffer were studied and 

optimized. Concentration of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid 

receptor (AMPA-R), domoic acid (DA) and goat anti-mouse alkaline phosphatase (IgG- 

AP) were 1.3 ppm, 0.8 ppm and 1.7 ppm respectively. The LOD calculated for the 

electrochemical biosensor was 1.38 ppm. The low value of LOD proves the high sensitivity 

of the electrochemical biosensor developed.

Decomposition Rate of Cadaver Shoulder: A Burial in Rubber Plantation Soil 

under Tropical Climate 

Lee Xin Pei 





Existing methods to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) are known to produce less 

accurate results in cases of longer death time. Therefore, an alternative forensic tool is 

needed. This study is to investigate the potential of cadaveric lipids as burial biomarkers. 

The pig fatty flesh was allowed to decompose in soil for 150 days of burial interval. The 

associated soils were collected at different designated sampling points, corresponding to 

the decomposition stages. Fatty flesh was removed and weighed. Post-experimental pH 

was also measured. Soil lipids are extracted by using Modified Bligh-Dyer Extraction 

method and analysed using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionic Detector. The 

decomposition rate was rapid at beginning and slowed down towards the end of 

experiment. The soil pH increased from acidic to alkaline at beginning and decreased 

acidic towards the completion of experiment. The lipid components recovered from soils 

including palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1) acids, with presence of 

cholesterol. The lipid concentrations were observed and recorded. The trend of these 

lipids throughout burial period indicated the potential of cadaveric lipids as biomarkers 

which may aid in forensic investigation, particularly in estimating PMI.

Green Synthesis of Benzothiazole derivatives assisted by Cetrimonium 

Bromide 

Lim Ban Soon 

Supervisor: Dr. Chia Poh Wai 




In this research work, an efficient solvent- and metal-free catalytic system has been 

developed for the synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives via a one-pot three-component 

cyclocondensation of aromatic aldehyde derivatives 28, ethyl acetoacetate 46, and 2- 

aminobenzothiazole 14. Under this protocol, cetrimonium bromide surfactant was 

employed in the multi-component reaction for benzothiazole synthesis procedure. This 

environmental-friendly catalytic system had successfully led to the synthesis of the 

desired benzothiazole derivatives (47-51) in excellent to moderate yield under solventfree 

conditions at 100 ̊ C. In addition, benzothiazole compound 47 were efficiently 

synthesized in a more environmental-friendly and non-tedious protocol with reference to 

the simple procedure and shorter reaction time as compared to the synthetic protocol 

without employment of the cetrimonium bromide surfactant. In future work, cetrimonium 

bromide surfactant can be utilized as an efficient catalyst in the preparation of 

benzothiazole derivatives by using other reagent instead of 2-aminobenzothiazole to react 

with the aromatic aldehyde.

Decomposition Rate of a Cadaver: A Burial in Sandy Clay Loam Soil of Bukit 

Payong, Marang 

Loh Kit Yee 





Estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) with the existing methods becomes less 

accurate with longer time of death. Therefore, cadaveric lipids has potential to be 

developed as burial biomarkers. A controlled laboratory burial experiment was carried out 

to document the decomposition rate and types of cadaveric lipids that may introduced 

into underneath soil during the decomposition process. Fatty flesh of domestic pigs (Sus 

scrofa) was allowed to decompose for 150 days and exposed to ambient environment. 

The associated soils were collected at different sampling points, corresponding different 

decomposition stages. Modified Bligh-Dyer extraction method was used to extract lipid 

from the soil and analysed by using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionisation Detector (GC- 

FID). It was found that rate of decomposition increased initially and decreased towards 

end of burial period. Soil post-experimental pH was alkaline at initial stages and turned 

more acidic towards the end of experiment. The main lipid components recovered from 

the soil were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and cholesterol with variation in their 

concentrations. Findings of this study showed that the cadaveric lipids may provide useful 

information for more accurate estimation of PMI.

Characterisation of PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Primary 

School Environments in Kuala Lumpur 

Mohamad Firdaus bin Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Noorlin binti Mohamad 




Children spend time predominantly in school. Due to their fragile immune system, they 

are more vulnerable towards air pollution, which lead to school absenteeism and affect 

their learning performance. Fine particulate matter i.e. PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 

µm) can absorb chemicals e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) onto their 

surface. Although PAHs are primary pollutants, there are still limited information 

concerning indoor exposures of PAHs in Malaysia. This study aims to characterise PAHs 

bounded to PM2.5 in primary schools in Kuala Lumpur. PAHs were ultrasonically extracted 

from PM2.5 and analysed by GC-MS. Mean total PAHs (∑PAHs) concentration ranged 3.8 

ngm -3 to 10.1 ngm -3 and 1.6 ngm -3 to 8.0 ngm -3 for outdoors and indoors, respectively. 

Diagnostic ratio analysis showed that vehicular emission were the most predominant 

sources of PAHs. Based on the health risk assessment, the level of carcinogenic risk in all 

sampling points were below the guideline proposed by USEPA (10 -6 ).

Effect of Volume on Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Waste Frying 

Palm Oil and Their Catalytic Activities towards Azo Dye 

Muhammed Zaim Bin Khariri 

Supervisor: Dr. Alyza Azzura binti Abdul Rahman Azmi 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Tuan Nurul Sabiqah binti Tuan Anuar 




The synthesizing and preparation of silver nanoparticles become widely in research 

studies nowadays due to its application in many fields. This study was conducted to 

synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using fatty acids in waste frying palm oil (WFPO) 

as reducing agent by using wet chemical method. The parameter that has been studied 

in this research is volume of stock solution of WFPO which found to be directly 

proportional to yield Ag-NPs. The formation of Ag-NPs was notified by the presence of 

yellowish-brown colour of solution and supported by the obtained surface plasmon 

resonance (SPR) peak around 415 nm. The synthesized Ag-NPs were further 

characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic, 

X-Ray Powdered Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM). In addition, 

the catalytic activities of the Ag-NPs were carried out to determine the capability of Ag- 

NPs towards degradation of methyl orange that resulting in excellent degradation of 

methyl orange by NaBH4.

Effect of Different Reaction of Ph on Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 

from Waste Frying Palm Oil and Their Application in 

Catalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes 

Noor Hanani Husna Binti Ab Karim 

Supervisor: Dr. Alyza Azzura Binti Abdul Rahman Azmi 




This research aims to synthesis AgNPs from waste frying palm oil (wfpo) using pH as the 

parameter to control the size of AgNPs. It is synthesized by using pH 6, pH 8 and pH 10. 

NaOH was used as the catalyst for the reaction while HCl was added to adjust the pH 

condition. The color that shows the presence of Silver Nanoparticles is light yellow to dark 

brown. Analysis of UV-Vis shows the presence of AgNPs at peak 415-420 nm. AgNPs also 

have been characterize by using FTIR, XRD and SEM to shows the structure and 

morphology of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs have shown good performance in catalytic 

degradation of Methyl Orange that degraded within 10 minutes time interval. It act as 

the catalyst for degradation with the presence of NaBH4. AgNPs shows smallest size in 

higher pH condition while largest size in least pH value.

Decomposition Rate of Different Part of Body in Rasau Series Soils 

Noor Nadia Binti Noordin 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Sofo Binti Ismail 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Tuan Nurul Sabiqah Tuan Anuar 




Locating clandestine grave and determining post mortem interval (PMI) can be difficult 

especially for a highly decomposed body. Therefore, the cadaveric lipids that potentially 

be introduced into underneath soil were identified to be established as ‘burial biomarkers’ 

due to their high resistance towards degradation and remain longer within the soil.. 

Therefore, a simulated burial experiment was conducted to elucidate and identify the 

components of cadaveric lipids that may be introduced at five decomposition stages. The 

pig fatty flesh was buried in Rasau series soils of Taman Penyelidikan Alam Bukit Kor, 

Marang and allowed to decompose for a particular burial interval. Then, the associated 

soils were sampled at 15 different sampling points, corresponding to the different stages 

of decomposition process. The post-experimental soil pH shows the changes from acidic 

to alkaline in earlier stages but slowly decrease to acidic towards the end of burial interval. 

The rate of decomposition was high initially and slow down gradually till the end of 

decomposition stages.

Effect of Reaction Temperatures on Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 

from Waste Frying Palm Oil and Their Application 

in Catalytic Degradation of Azo Dye 

Noor Shuhada binti Mohamad Zaki 

Supervisor: Dr. Alyza Azzura binti Abdul Rahman Azmi 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Tuan Nurul Sabiqah Tuan Anuar 



Waste frying palm oil was used as reducing agent in synthesizing Sliver Nanoparticles 

(AgNPs) using wet chemical method. The reaction temperatures in the range of 40 ºC to 

100 ºC were found to be directly proportional to yield of AgNPs. The AgNPs were 

characterized using Uv-Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and SEM. The 

formation of AgNPs was notified by the presence of yellowish-brown colour and supported 

by the obtained SPR peak in the range of 400 to 420 nm. Based on FTIR spectroscopy, 

the waste frying palm oil acted as stabilizing agent. The main diffraction peaks obtained 

from XRD analysis established the crystalline nature of the AgNPs. The analysis of SEM 

showed the presence of AgNPs with spherical shape and size in the range of 1-100 nm. 

The result using Uv-Visible spectrophotometer showed absorbance intensities of Methyl 

Orange dye decreases as reaction time increases proved the catalytic activity of 

synthesized AgNPs.

Synthesis, Characterized and Antibacterial Screening of Ni(II) Complex with 

N2O2 Schiff Base Ligand 

Nor Syuhadaa binti Che Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Kamilah binti Che Soh 





A Schiff base ligand namely N,N’-bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone)propane-1,3-diamine was 

synthesized by condensation reaction of 1,3 diaminopropane and 2- 

hydroxyacetophenone. Then the corresponding metal complex was formed through the 

complexation of nickel(II) acetate with the synthesized ligand using 1:1 equivmolar ratio. 

Both synthesized compounds were spectroscopilly characterized by FT-IR, NMR, UV–Vis 

and CHN analysis. Then the compounds were screened to the antibacterial activities using 

six selected species from human pathogenic bacteria comprise of Gram-positive such as 

Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and Gramnegative 

like Vibrio cholera, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. Well-diffusion 

assay method was used to determine which synthesized compounds were the most 

effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. In addition, the antibacterial investigations showed 

that the complex was more biologically active compound compared to the parent Schiff 

base ligand against all the tested pathogenic species. It revealed that the performance 

of antibacterial activity was dependent on the molecular structure of the compound.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Studies of N2O2 Schiff Base 

Ligand and Its Copper (II) Complex Modified Screen- 

Nur Aina Binti Zainuddin 






N2O2 Schiff base ligand and its copper(II) complex can be synthesized by condensation 

reaction between primary amine, 1, 3-diaminopropane with carbonyl compound, 2- 

hydroxyl- 4- methylacetophenone using 1:2 molar ratio. The copper(II) complex was then 

obtained by complexation of copper(II) acetate with the synthesized ligand (L) to form 

corresponding copper(II) Schiff base complex (CuL). The ligand and its copper(II) 

complex were characterized by using different physiochemical studies such as CHN 

elemental analyses, FT-IR spectroscopic, 13 C and 1 H NMR spectra, as well as UV-vis 

spectra. The synthesized compounds have been subjected to antibacterial study. The 

antibacterial results indicates that the antibacterial activity of Schiff base ligand and it 

copper(II) complex were effectively against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria 

using Kirby-Bauer and twofold dilution method. Copper(II) complex showed more potent 

activities compared to free ligand due to exist of metal which giving suitable support for 

developing new antibacterial agent.

Modified Screen-Printed Gold Electrode (SPGE) To Determine Imidacloprid 

Insecticide in Soil Samples 

Nur Amira binti Jaafar 

Supervisor: Dr. Azrilawani binti Ahmad @ Othman 




A method for the determination of imidacloprid insecticide in soil sample was developed 

using Screen-Printed Gold Electrode (SPGE) and measured with cyclic voltammetry 

technique. In this study, the surface of SPGE was modified with 11-mercaptoundecanoic 

acid (11-MUA) using Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM). The surface morphology of SPGE 

were determine using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM image was 

confirmed that 11-MUA was attached on the surface of SPGE. For the determination of 

imidacloprid insecticide on real sample, analysis of soil sample, taken from GM Peladang, 

Kuala Terengganu was carried out using both electrochemical and chromatographic 

techniques. The LOD and LOQ values of imidacloprid were obtained from calibration curve 

plotted using both mentioned techniques. The comparison study was confirmed by HPLC 

using a reversed phase C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water (v:v 4:1) at 

a flow rate 1.5mL/min and UV detection at 220 nm.

Determination of Imidacloprid in Water Sample Using Modified 

Screen-Printed Gold Electrode 

Nur Anis Zafirah Binti Zainordin 

Supervisor: Dr. Azrilawani binti Ahmad @ Othman 




An electrochemical method for the determination of IMI was developed using cylic 

voltammetry (CV) on modified screen-printed gold electrode (SPGE). In this study, selfassembly 

monolayer (SAM) was performed on the surface of SPGE with 11- 

mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA). Few parameters including type of supporting 

electrolyte, scan rate and pH of supporting electrolyte were optimized. The modified SPGE 

showed a high suppressed current against the potential due to the formation of a 

monolayer on the electrode surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to 

study surface morphology of the electrode before and after modification. SEM image was 

confirmed that 11-MUA was present on the SPGE. The water sample was collected at GM 

Peladang, Kuala Terengganu and two locations at UMT for the determination of IMI in 

the real sample. The result obtained from CV was verified with the HPLC-UV. The LOD 

and LOQ values of IMI were obtained from the calibration curve plotted using both 

electrochemical and chromatographic techniques.

Determination of Submarine Groundwater Discharge (Sgd) Associated 

Nutrient in Kuala Terengganu Estuary 

Nur Hafizah Binti Mohd Shabuddin 





This study aims to determine the SGD as an alternative pathway for nutrient load in Kuala 

Terengganu estuary. SGD is determined by using continuous radon method while high 

resolutions of vertical nutrient profiles were taken during wet and dry periods. The data 

shows that radon concentration during wet period (1267bq/m 3 ) was 5 times higher 

compared to dry period (429bq/m 3 ). The average NO3, NO2 and PO4 concentration during 

wet period ranged from (0.021- 0.230 ppm), (BDL-0.009 ppm), and (BDL-0.173 ppm), 

respectively. During dry period, NO3, NO2 and PO4 nutrient ranged from (BDL-0.292 ppm), 

(0.001-0.008 ppm), and (0.001-0.022 ppm), respectively.

Preliminarily Screening on the Methanolic Crude Extracts from Bruguiera sp. 

and Antioxidant Activity 

Nur Hanim Shahira Binti Muhammad 





Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula and B. rhynchopetala were collected from Setiu. 

The objective of this study was to preliminarily screen the secondary metabolites from 

Bruguiera sp. The crude extracts obtained from each plant part of Bruguiera sp. using 

methanolic cold extraction. The methanolic crude extracts of B. rhynchopetala from the 

calyces showed the highest percentage yield (17.07%), followed by stems (5.16%) and 

for B. sexangula fruits (3.17%), leaves (6.76%) and twigs (3.83%). 3α-Ecoumaroytaraxerol 

and 2,3,4-trimethoxy-5-propylphenol were identified from the crude 

extracts of the leaves and fruits of B. gymnorrhiza. The antioxidant using DPPH 

scavenging activity of methanolic crude extracts from calyces of B. gymnorrhiza showed 

the highest inhibition concentration at 50% (IC50) value of 0.4 mg/mL compared with 

other crude extracts. The secondary metabolites from Bruguiera sp. were identified using 

1D and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) including COSY and HMBC coupled with 

multivariate analysis using SIMCA P + 14.

Microplastics Ingestion by Echinodermata: Holothuroidea sp. 

(Marine Sea Cucumber) 

Nur Sasha Fazana binti Abdul Wahab 





The distribution of microplastics in the marine environment are widespread and numerous 

studies were carried out to investigate the potential impacts, however the information on 

the presence of microplastics in Malaysia marine organisms are still scarce. Water 

columns that have the access with the sea water flowing in and out has been established 

as a medium for the spreading of microplastics to the marine animals. Microplastics are 

generated after the disintegration of larger plastic materials that entered the water 

column as a run off from land sewages. The presence of microplastics in wild and cage 

cultured Holothuroidea sp. (marine sea cucumbers) were determined. 276 pieces of 

microplastics were isolated from four Holothuroidea sp. samples and the cage cultured 

samples contained higher microplastics particles which were mostly filaments. The 

microplastic particles were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT- 

IR) and polypropylene has been validated as the dominant type of polymers found.

Determination of Hydrocarbons in Marine Core Sediments off Tioman Island 

Nur Shahirah Binti Rozmi 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Norhayati Binti Mohd Tahir 




A study was carried out on selected areas off Tioman Island to determine the distribution 

and possible sources of hydrocarbons in core sediments. TOC was determine using 

Walkey-Black method. N-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were 

extracted using ultrasonic extraction and analyzed using GC-MS. TOC values ranged 

between 0.15 - 0.99%. Distribution of n-alkanes (odd to even; C10-C33; Cmax: C16, C21, 

C31) suggested input of epicuticular higher plant waxes with Cmax predominance at C27 

to C33 in the area whilst presence of shorter to mid-range dominance C16 to C21 

indicated inputs of marine biogenic sources. The distribution of PAHs shows influences 

both pyrolytic and petrogenic contamination. Perylene found in all samples indicated the 

presence of diagenetic PAHs. Existence of UCM together with CPI and Pr/Phy ≤ 1 

indicated the presence of petrogenic contamination in coastal station. Atmospheric 

deposition is also an important source of pyrolytic PAHs in the core sediments.

Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application of Homogeneous 

Palladium(II) Schiff Base Complex for Mizoroki-Heck Reaction 

Nur Suhaila binti Abd Aziz 





A new tetradentate N2O2 Schiff base ligand was successfully synthesized via condensation 

reaction using primary amine, 1,2-diaminopropane with carbonyl compound, 2-hydroxy- 

4-methylacetophenone. The corresponding palladium(II) complex was then prepared 

using the synthesized ligand with palladium(II) acetate in 1:1 molar ratio. The synthesized 

compounds were successfully characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, 

CHN elemental analyses and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The complex obtained was subjected 

to the Mizoroki-Heck reaction of 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene with methyl acrylate in the 

presence of N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMA) as solvent. Several parameters have been 

observed such as different type of bases (sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and sodium 

bicarbonate), different temperature (100 °C and 120 °C) and different of catalyst loadings 

(0.25 mmol%, 0.50 mmol% and 1.0 mmol%) to give the optimum percentage of catalytic 

conversion.

Optimization of Micro-Solid Phase Extraction Method for Caffeine Analysis in 

Water Using Central Composite Design 

Nurul Aryani Binti Zulkipli 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mohd Afiq Bin Wan Mohd Khalik 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Loh Saw Hong 




Caffeine widely consumed in food, beverages, medicine and pharmaceutical products. 

There are many ways for caffeine to introduce into the aquatic environment including 

disposal of effluent from domestic wastewater treatment plant or industrial waste. The 

research work aims to develop the optimum condition for extraction of caffeine residue 

in water. Micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) method has been developed using C18- 

impregnated cellulose triacetate as an adsorbent film. The optimum condition suggested 

by central composite design model as follow; a number of the film (1 piece), pH water 

sample (9), stirring rate (200 rpm), and extraction time (30 minutes). Under optimum 

condition, the developed method showed excellent linearity (r 2 = 0.999), good recovery 

(92.6-94.8%) and low detection limit (0.13 ng/ml). The developed μ-SPE method is 

considered simple, environment-friendly and inexpensive. Caffeine residue in freshwater 

sample was found at low levels concentration, 6.98 and 18.23 ng/ml when extracted 

using μ-SPE method.

Effect of Acid Leaching On Production of Silica Nanoparticles from Coconut 

Leaves 

Nurul Husna Bt Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Alyza Azzura Binti Abd Rahman Azmi 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Tuan Nurul Sabiqah Binti Tuan Anuar 




Silica nanoparticles are high quality silica that is used in many industrial areas. The study 

was aimed at synthesis and characterization of silica nanoparticles from coconut leaves 

by precipitation method. The sodium silicate solution was obtained by treated with 

different concentration of acid and followed by alkaline extraction of grinded coconut 

leaves. The sample was subjected to precipitation process by added H2SO4 with 

continuous stirring for 1 hour and pH were adjusted in order to produce precipitated 

silica. The FT-IR results supported that the substance produced is silica. The results show 

major peaks which are Si-OH stretching, Si-O-Si symmetry stretching, Si-O-Si asymmetry 

stretching and Si-O-Si bending vibration. Besides, through X-ray Diffractogram result 

shows a broad peak at (2θ) in range of 23° which indicates that silica nanoparticles 

prepared is amorphous. The SEM image showed the formation of aggregates silica 

nanoparticles. As conclusion, the production of amorphous silica nanoparticles were 

successfully extracted through this study.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Nanoparticles from Coconut 

Leaves 

Nurul Nadiatul Anis Binti Mohd Sukri 

Supervisor: Dr. Alyza Azzura Binti Abd Rahman Azmi 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Tuan Nurul Sabiqah Binti Tuan Anuar 




Silica nanoparticles were produced from dry coconut leaves as they were inexpensive 

waste materials. The methods used included acid treatment followed by alkaline 

solubilization to produce sodium silicate solution. The sodium silicate was titrated with 

hydrochloric acid (HCl) until pH 7 to neutralize it. It is burned in furnace at 600 °C 

for 4 hours to form amorphous silica. Eventually, dry coconut leaves could produce 

high quality silica using environmental friendly technique. The concentration of HCl as 

precipitate agent also was considered as main parameter with the aim to investigate the 

optimum condition for formation of silica nanoparticles. The result of FTIR spectrum 

showed Si-O bending, Si-O-Si symmetric stretching, Si-O-Si asymmetric stretching bond 

vibration at range of 472, 808 and 1090 cm¹ respectively. The result of XRD pattern and 

SEM of silica nanoparticles identified a broad peak at 2θ=23° and spherical shape. The 

results revealed that amorphous silica nanoparticles successfully produced.

Optimization of Quechers Method for Octylphenol Residue in Bivalve 

Nurul Natasha Abdullah 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Marinah Mohd Ariffin 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik 




Octylphenol is from non-ionic surfactant that use in production such as in detergent. Its 

have been detected in biota, sediment and soil. Octylphenol can give effect towards 

marine life such as reduction in the marine population. In this study, the quick, easy, 

cheap, effective, rugged and save (QuEChERS) method was develop to ensure the 

efficiency on determination of octylphenol followed by analysis High Performance Liquid 

Chromatography with Fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The linearity for analysis of 

HPLC-FLD was (r 2 ≥0.9983). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) 

at 0.05 and 0.15 were obtained. The optimization of QuEChERS was using Design of 

Experimental where 30 standard orders were performed and the data was interpreted by 

minitab software. There are four parameters were observed, which are volume of 

extractant, speed of centrifuge, pH and time extraction. From the experimental the 

optimal amount of volume extractant is 2.5ml, speed of centrifuge at 4000rpm, pH sample 

at 10 and time of extraction is 12.

Development of Ninhydrin as a Sensing Reagent for Domoic Acid Detection 

Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. 

Nur Rahayu Wani binti Kassim 





In this study, ninhydrin was developed as a sensing reagent for domoic acid (DA) using 

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method since ninhydrin can detect a 

presence of DA in a complex mixture. Reaction of Anti-Mouse IgG (H&L) Alkaline 

Phosphatase (AP) conjugate enzyme with p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) substrate 

shows a positive reaction of ninhydrin with DA by producing a yellow colored product 

from a colorless solution. The changes of color obtained were detected by using 

microplate spectrophotometer. The influence of solvent used for dilution and different 

types of buffer was optimized. The optimum solvent used obtained was carbonate buffer 

solution. The optimum coating buffer and blocking buffer obtained were sodium 

carbonate buffer and a mixture of 5% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with 0.1% Tween- 

20 (T-20) in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) respectively. 1 mg/L of ninhydrin and DA 

were the optimum concentration obtained since they give the highest absorbance reading 

of 0.4825 and 0.353, respectively.

Determination of Hydrocarbons in Marine Core Sediments off Kuala Sedili, 

Johor 

Raihanah Na Ilah binti Ruzani 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Norhayati Mohd Tahir 




Marine core sediment samples collected from two locations at Kuala Sedili, Johor were 

analyzed for TOC, n-alkanes and PAHs in order to assess the distribution of hydrocarbons 

and their respective sources of input. TOC were determined using Walkley-Black titration. 

Sediments were solvent extracted using ultrasonic agitation followed by removal of acidic 

lipids, then the neutral lipids were separated into n-alkanes and PAHs fractions and 

analyzed by GC-MS. The molecular markers used in identifying n-alkanes’ sources were 

CPI, Cmax, OEP and Paq. Molecular indices used for PAHs were Ant/(Ant+Phe), 

Fla/(Fla+Pyr), BaA/(BaA+Chry) and Ind/(Ind+BghiP). The levels of n-alkanes in both 

locations were relatively low and considered uncontaminated while the level of PAHs in 

the sediments were classified as low to moderate contamination. Using known diagnostic 

ratios for identification of sources for hydrocarbons, n-alkanes are mainly derived from 

biogenic inputs while most of the PAHs are from anthropogenic source.

Characterisation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) Bound to Indoor 

PM2.5 in Primary Schools 

Noor Rasyefaziera Binti Nor Hamdan 

Supervisor: Dr. Noorlin binti Mohamad 




The indoor air of schools is considered as one of the most important factors affecting the 

health of children. The aim of this study was to characterize polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon (PAHs) bounded to PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5µm) in indoor primary 

schools environment. The samplings were carried out at seven selected primary schools 

in the Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur during August until November 2017. PAHs were 

extracted from PM2.5 by using ultrasonic extraction with DCM:Hex (1:1, v/v) as the 

extraction solvent and were analyzed by using GC-MS. The results showed that the 

average total PAHs (∑PAHs) concentration ranged from 1.1 ng/m 3 to 19.2 ng/m 3 . The 

most abundant PAHs in indoor environment consisted PAHs with 5 aromatic rings such 

as benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and 

dibenz[a,h]anthracene. Based on diagnostic ratio, the possible sources of PAHs in indoor 

environment were vehicular emissions which infiltrated from the outdoor environment.

Preliminarily Screening on the Methanolic Crude Extracts from Bruguiera sp. 

and Antioxidant Activity 

Rasyidah Binti Abdul Rashid 





Bruguiera sp. is a sub-tropical mangrove found in coastal area. The aim of this study was 

to preliminarily screen the secondary metabolites from different parts of Bruguiera 

cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza and B. hainesii which have been collected in Setiu. The 

methanolic crude extracts were obtained using methanolic cold extraction. 3a-Ecoumaroyltaraxerol 

and N,N-dinitropiperazine were identified from the crude extracts of 

the leaves of B. gymnorrhiza and B. cylindrical, respectively. The highest percentage yield 

were the crude extracts from calyx (3.89%) and stem (0.69%) of B. gymnorrhiza. The 

most potent antioxidant using DPPH scavenging activity showed that the crude extracts 

from the calyx and twigs of B. gymnorrhiza with inhibition concentration at 50% (IC50) 

value of 0.5 mg/mL, followed by the leaves (IC50 of 1.3 mg/mL). The secondary 

metabolites from Bruguiera sp. were identified by using 1D and 2D-nuclear magnetic 

resonance (NMR) coupled with multivariate analysis (SIMCA P+14).

Preliminarily Study on Methanolic Crude Extracts of Sonneratia sp. and 

Antioxidant Activity 

Sahira Afifah Binti Mohd Razipi 





The development of clean, non-toxic and eco-friendly methods are gaining importance in 

exploring the bioactive compounds from the plant extracts. The main aim of this study 

was to preliminarily screen the secondary metabolites from the leaves, fruits, stems and 

twigs of Sonneratia sp. which have been collected at Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu for its 

potential antioxidants activity. The extraction was done using cold extraction to obtain 

methanolic crude extract. The highest methanolic crude extracts were the leaves 

(18.43%) followed by the twigs (14.91%), fruits (14.72%) and stems (11.32%) from 

Sonneratia sp. The secondary metabolites were identified by using ID and 2D nuclear 

magnetic resonance (NMR) including COSY and HMBC coupled with multivariate analysis 

(SIMCA P +14). The most potent antioxidant using DPPH scavenging activity showed that 

the crude extract from the twigs of Sonneratia sp. with inhibition concentration at 50% 

(IC50) value of 0.09 mg/mL.

An Assessment of Multi Residue Organochlorine Pesticides Level in Surface 

Water from Lowland Paddy Field 

Siti Nuralizah Ganih 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik 




The research work aims to investigate the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides 

present in the surface water of lowland paddy field was successfully conducted. Sampling 

activities were performed twice where 5 stations were selected as a sampling point, 

situated in Machang, Kelantan. Surface water was reported having an acidic 

characteristic, pH 4.88-6.74. An analysis of pesticides residue was carried out using 

commercial C18 solid phase extraction and final determination by gas chromatographyelectron 

capture detector. During the period of study, nine organochlorine pesticides 

residue were detected namely alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH, alphaendosulfan, 

beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, DDE, DDT, and DDT. The highest 

concentration detected was beta-HCH with the concentration level of 9.0872 x 10 -3 ppm. 

Of nine compounds detected, risk analysis for human health indicates HCH group except 

delta HCH having hazard quotient > 1. Thus, it explicates that child having a high risk 

when water was introduced through ingestion route.

Development of Polyaniline Conducting Electrode for Metal Ion 

Electrochemical Sensor 

Siti Raihana Binti Ramli 





A conducting polymer of polyaniline (PANI) film was prepared by chemical oxidative 

polymerization method. Polyaniline was synthesized with ammonium persulphate as 

oxidant and the green dark colour of polyaniline powder yield was 84.47%. The polymer 

was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The FTIR spectrum showed 

the presence of N-H stretching at 3572.30 cm -1 and C=O stretching at 1724.48 cm -1 . 

Different methods of polyaniline immobilizations were used which are deep coating PVC 

film on glass matrices and electrodeposition coating on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). 

The surface morphology of the immobilized films were analysed using Scanning Electron 

Microscope (SEM) and their performances were tested using cyclic voltammetry 

potentiostat. All polyaniline conducting electrodes developed shows responses towards 

metal ions. This proven the polyaniline capable to be further developed as commercialized 

working electrode.

Determination of Hydrocarbons in Marine Core Sediment off Northern 

Terengganu Coast 

Nur Syafiqah Syahidah binti Abd Halak 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Norhayati binti Mohd Tahir 




Three marine core sediments from South China Sea off Northern Terengganu coast and 

Setiu Wetland were analysed for aliphatic (n-alkane) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs) 

hydrocarbons, and total organic carbon (TOC). The aim of this study is to determine the 

concentration and distribution of n-Alkane, PAHs and TOC and assess their possible 

source of inputs into the sediment. Freeze dried sediments were ultrasonic extracted and 

then fractionated using column chromatography into aliphatic and PAHs fractions. 

Determination of these fractions was carried out using GC-MS while TOC was determined 

using Walkley-Black method. The levels of hydrocarbons in sediment for all locations are 

low and TOC between 0.31 – 5.20% with terrestrial plant waxes as the main source of 

hydrocarbons input. However, the levels of TOC and hydrocarbons in the wetland 

sediment are generally higher than the coastal core sediment due to its proximity to the 

terrestrial vegetation sources.

Fatty Acid Profiling of Polychaetes and their Potential against Tumor Cell 

Thibaashiny A/P Panneer Selvom 





A new species of Namalycastis polychaete collected from mangrove area in Setiu 

Wetlands, Terengganu was analysed to extract fatty acid content using Bligh and Dyer 

method and later identified using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector. MTT 

analysis was conducted to determine inhibition level of HeLa cell using different 

concentration of polychaete lipid. It was found that fatty acid content in the worm showed 

more saturated fatty acids (SFA: 44.79%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA: 

34.55%) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA: 20.64%). This may due to type 

of food intake of the worm surrounding area. In anti-tumor analysis, the percentage of 

HeLa cell viability decreases against increasing concentrations and shows inhibition. MUFA 

and PUFA might inhibit the HeLa cell due to the oleic acid, dihomogammalinolenic acid 

(DGLA), eiocosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Overall, estuarine 

polychaete are important in nutritional value and cancer cell reduction.

Decomposition Rate of Pig Shoulder Fatty Flesh: A Burial in Hillside Soil of 

Bukit Kor under Tropical Climate 

Thnaraj A/L Ravichandran 


Co-supervisor: Dr. Tuan Nurul Sabiqah binti Tuan Anuar 




Different body parts of a cadaver disintegrate at various speeds, thus different phases of 

deterioration could be seen on a similar body at the same time which causes difficulties 

to forensic pathologist to define the degree of decomposition of cadaver using a single 

stage of decomposition. In this study, shoulder fatty flesh of a pig (Sus scrofa) was 

allowed to decompose under controlled laboratory experiment, mimicking a shallow 

grave. Lipids were extracted using Modified Bligh-Dyer Extraction Method and analyzed 

with GC-FID. Fractionation of lipids into Phospholipid Fatty Acids (PLFAs) were done to 

study soil microbial community at selected sampling points and analyzed using GC-MS. 

Lipids found were palmitic acid, stearic acid, methyl nonadecanoate and cholesterol. 

Whilst, the major components of microbial PLFAs found to be ranging from C6 to C24. The 

outcomes of this experiment provide a useful information to the forensic investigator in 

locating a clandestine grave, subsequently, in identifying the victim or criminal.

The Study of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Mangrove Forest and Paddy 

Fields in Coastal Plain of Terengganu 

Tung Yi Ting 





This study aimed to quantify and compare greenhouse gas methane (CH4), carbon dioxide 

(CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from natural forested wetland (mangrove) and 

actively managed paddy fields within the Terengganu coastal areas. Mangrove soil CH4, 

CO2 and N2O fluxes ranged from. In general, the paddy field contributed much higher soil 

CH4, CO2 and N2O emission compared to mangrove forest. CO2 has the highest emission 

rate among the three gases which ranged from 0.637367 µmol/L CO2 2.80 x10 4 cm -2 min - 

1 

to 25599 µmol/L CO2 2.63 x10 5 cm -2 min -1 . In general, the paddy field contributed much 

higher soil CH4, CO2 and N2O emission compared to mangrove forest. The tidal regime, 

salinity, soil organic matter, soil moisture content are those factors which controlled the 

soil CO2 or CH4 or N2O emissions from tidal mangrove soils. For the paddy field, soil 

organic matter, soil moisture content are those factors which controlled the emission of 

CO2 or CH4 or N2O.

Extraction of Rice Bran Oil through Soxhlet Method as the Potential Source of 

Bio-Based Polymer (Bio-Plastic) 

Yap Kha Wui 





In this study, extraction of rice bran oil has been studied and the fatty acids composition 

in rice bran oil has been determined. Experiment was conducted using Soxhlet apparatus 

and rice bran oil was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol as the solvent. 

It found that hexane was provided the highest oil yield. The results of Gas 

Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) shown that oleic (C18:1), linoleic 

(C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids are the major fatty acid constituents in extracted rice 

bran oil. All samples were further analyzed using FTIR spectrometer. The spectra revealed 

the peaks within the range of 3000cm -1 and 1710cm -1 were attributed to cis =C-H stretch 

and C=O stretch and can be used as indicative for the presence of unsaturated fatty acids 

in rice bran oil. Its applications in the chemical industry have high potential because 

chemical modification on the double bond in the unsaturated fatty acid can be explored 

to produce oleochemical products, polyols.

Determination of methane concentration in Upper Terengganu River 

Eddie Manoah 

Yu Jia Wei 





This study was conducted along the upper Terengganu River catchment to determine the 

concentration of methane in the river. Beside methane, water pH, temperature, 

conductivity and dissolved oxygen were also recorded. The methane concentration was 

determined by GC-FID. Our study showed that the different methane concentrations 

values are strongly affected by the land-use surrounding the each sampling points. The 

changing concentrations of methane also indicate that there might be mixing of tributary 

waters into the main river. The methane concentrations in upper Terengganu River 

ranged from 15-961 ppm. All the other concentrations fall between these values.

Determination of P, K, Mn, Mg and Ca in decomposition of swamp vegetation 

by using ICP-OES 

Hafishah Binti Othman 

Nuryana Qurratul Ain Bt Yahaya 





Decomposition rate of leaf influenced by the concentration of macro- and micro-nutrients 

contained in litter leaf. Therefore, this study was carried out by determine the 

concentration of P, K, Mn, Mg and Ca and the comparison with decomposition rate value 

in four species of swamp vegetation which are Melaleuca Cajaputi, Alstonia Spatulata, 

Macaranga Hypoleuca and Elaeocarpus Mastersii. The result showed that Alstonia 

Spatulata has the highest concentration of K(7631mg/kg), Mg(3494mg/kg), 

P(2311mg/kg) and Ca(11585mg/kg) while Melaleuca Cajaputi has the lowest 

concentration K(1299mg/kg), Mg(1434mg/kg), P(1202mg/kg) and Ca(3215mg/kg). The 

concentration of nutrients in each species were increased from day 0 to day 30 and then 

drastically decreased at day 60 until day 180. Based on result, the most contribute 

nutrient for decomposition rate of all four species is Ca. It can be conclude that the 

decomposition rate depend on the Ca concentration in each species.

Determination of Lignin Content in Mangrove Litter 

Khairunnisa Nasuha Bt Zulkifli 

NorSuhana Bt Rosli 





The productivity of the mangroves ecosystem is depending on the litter fall. The 

decomposition process of litter fall is divided into two phases which are rapid weight loss 

and slower decomposition. Slower decomposition occurs due to the deterioration of 

structural and refractory materials like lignin. Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers 

that form important structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and 

some algae. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the lignin content and to 

identify its effect towards the decomposition rate of mangrove litter (Rhizophora Apiculata 

sp. and Ceriops Zippeliana sp.) Klason method has been applied in this study which were 

divided into acid soluble and insoluble lignin. We expected Rhizophora Apiculata sp. 

contain high lignin content resulted in slow decomposition rate than the other species. As 

a conclusion, lignin content does affect the decomposition rate of the litter fall.

DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN CONTENT IN SWAMP VEGETATION 

NURHANISAH BT MARZUKHI 

NADIATUL HUSNA BT DOGOI @ MOHD RODZI 





In this study, lignin composition and its relationship to decomposition rate of Malaleuca 

Cajaputi and Aistonia Spatulata were determined. The lignin analysis was divided into two 

sections acid insoluble material (Klason lignin) and acid soluble material. The acid 

insoluble material include ash and protein, which determined by gravimetric analysis. 

While, the acid soluble lignin was measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The result shows 

that Malaleuca Cajaputi has slightly higher total lignin content (70.4%) compared to 

Aistonia Spatulata (68.4%). High lignin content in Malaleuca Cajaputi could attributed to 

low decomposition rate in swamp soil.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IRON CONTENT OF BROCCOLI 

(BRASSICA OLERACEA) 

NAZREEN NABILAH BINTI ERWAN DONALD 

NORNASHA MARLISA BINTI YUSOFF 

Supervisor: Dr.Poh Seng Chee 


School of Marine Science and Environmental 


Our project is on spectrophotometric determination of iron found in different parts of the 

broccoli (brassica oleracea) and the effects of different cooking temperature on the iron 

content. The amount of iron in the buds, stems and base are 0.793mg dm -3 g-1, 0.235mg 

dm 3 g-1 and 0.163 mg dm -3 g-1 respectively. Statistic results show a significantly higher 

iron content at the buds follow by stem, base. For the second objective, the amount of 

iron due to different cooking temperature room temperature, 60.0 0 C, 80.0 0 C, 100.0 0 C is 

4.508 mg dm 3 g-1, 2.074 mg dm 3 g-1, 1.134 mg dm 3 g-1, 0.196 mg dm 3 g-1 respectively 

and the percentage loss of iron content are 54%, 75%and 96% respectively. In 

statistically results showed the iron content in buds is decreasing as increase the 

temperature.

Determination of Groundwater Radon Concentration of Terengganu 

Noor Athirah Bt Othman & 

Nuramirah Syahirah Bt Abd Karim 





Radon-222 is a cancer-causing radioactive gas. This study shows the results of radon 

concentration measurements in daily water used take from household wells. The 

measurements were carried out at three sampling sites. Total of 28 samples were 

collected during peak hour and non-peak hour from wells or taps. The alpha spectrometer 

RAD7 was used to measure radon concentrations that have been collected. In general, 

radon in groundwater ranged from 226 Bq m -3 to 10741 Bq m -3 . Radon concentration 

during peak and non-peak ours ranged from 921 Bqm -3 to 9680 Bqm -3 and 1130 Bqm -3 

to 10,741 Bqm -3 , respectively. This study had showed that the radon concentrations in 

Terengganu groundwater are high. More study need to be carried to determine the radon 

baseline in this area and also radon pathway in indoor environment and their risk to 

human health.

SPATIAL PATTERN OF CHLOROPYLL IN KUALA TERENGGANU ESTUARY 

Noor Azimah Binti Arifin 

Nurazween Binti Azhari 





This research was conducted to investigate the concentration of chlorophyll-a distribution 

pattern over Terengganu Estuary which can related with the water quality of that area. 

During the water sampling, few anthropogenic activities such as construction and sand 

mining were noticed being conducted along the Terengganu River. The results indicated 

that the concentration of chlorophyll-a ranged between 1.66 until 15.30 mg/m 3 . High 

chlorophyll-a concentration was detected close to river mouth. The high phytoplankton 

biomass detected near to river mouth could be made by the runoff of excess nutrients 

from the storm water drain.

DETERMINATION TOTAL SOIL CARBON AND NITROGEN OF SOIL AT 


Nor Afiqah Bt Abd Wahab 

Nik Nor Akma Binti Mohd Salleh 





Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen are used as indexes of soil quality assessment and 

sustainable land use management. We determined the percentages of carbon and total 

nitrogen by investigate the pH, salinity and soil particle (sand, slit and clay) using CHNO 

analyzer and PSA analyzer. We compare with three different sampling sites which are 

high ground, semi-tide influence and tide-influence. High percentages of carbon and total 

nitrogen are observed at high ground area due to active carbon input through litter fall. 

Lower soil carbon and nitrogen contents were observed in semi tide and tide-influence 

areas. From the soil particle, we can explore the relation between soil particle with the 

content of carbon and total nitrogen in the soil at UMT. Any changes in land use and 

landscape will change the distribution of carbon and total nitrogen along the soil profile.

Determination of P, Mg, Mn, Ca, K in mangrove litter using ICP-OES 

Nur Aida Syazwani bt Mohd Zaidi 

Nur Alwani bt Basri 





The five essential nutrients which is Phosphorus(P), magnesium(Mg), calcium(Ca), 

potassium(K) and manganese(Mn) were assessed in Melaleuca Cajaputi, Rhizophora 

Apiculate , Ceriop Zippeliana, and Bruguiera Cylindrica. The decomposition rates of each 

species influenced by the concentration of nutrient states above. The result shows that 

the Melaleuca Cajaputi has the lowest concentration of K (1134.69 mg/kg) , Ca ( 3215.35 

mg/kg) Mg (1434.17 mg/kg) P (1202.24 mg/kg). While the highest concentration of P 

(1819.85 mg/kg) and Ca(9870.773 mg/kg) found in the Bruguira Cylindrica , Mg 

(6816.746023 mg/kg) in Ceriops Zippeliana , K(10323.50 mg/kg) Rhizophora Apiculata. 

The concentration of the nutrients was increase from day 0 until 30 and decrease start 

from day 60 to day 180.

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN COMMERCIAL 

FISH 

Nur As Asyikin Binti Hasi 

Nur Syafinaz Binti Ismady 

Supervisor: Dr.Poh Seng Chee 


School of Marine Science and Environmental 


Orechemis sp (tilapia) and Lates calcarifer (siakap) fish is the most popular commercial 

fish in Terengganu. So, it had been use to determine the heavy metals level in this 

species. Concentration of the heavy metals in copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), lead 

(Pb) and iron (Fe) were determined in the liver, gills and muscle of siakap and tilapia fish 

from the Pulau Duyong river. Total Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Fe concentration in siakap and 

tilapia fish were determined by using ICP. The samples were prepared by using wet 

digestion with nitric acid 65% and hydrogen peroxide 30%. The previous study suggest 

that various of metals were present in the fish samples at different levels of concentration 

but these were within the maximum residual levels permitted by WHO. The expected 

results show the muscle had the lowest metal concentration compared with liver and gills.

BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN FISH FROM WATER AND 

SEDIMENT IN PULAU KAMBING 

NUR ATHIRAH BT MAHMUD 

NUR SYAZWANI BT AHMAD FATHIL 





The concentration of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) 

in water, sediment and fish samples from Pulau Kambing, Kuala Terengganu were 

determined by using ICP-OES. The selected fish (Lates calcarifer) was analyzed for heavy 

metal in gills, fillets and skins. The mean concentration of As in fillet part (1.14 mg/kg) 

and skin (1.30mg/kg) were above the allowable limit values according to W.H.O 

guidelines. Copper level in fish sample was found above the permissible limit of 

(2.00mg/kg) set by World Health Organization. All metals except for Ni (0.330mg/L) and 

Pb (0.152 mg/L), were below the W.H.O recommendation guideline values.

Temporal Pattern of Chlorophyll-a in Terengganu Estuary 

NUR NABIHAH BINTI SANAB 

NUR AIMI SAFFA BINTI PAUZI 





Chlorophyll concentration is a good environmental indicator of total amount of 

phytoplankton in ecosystem. This project main objective is to monitoring the temporal 

pattern concentration of chlorophyll-a as well as to study its relationship towards salinity 

at Kuala Terengganu estuary. Based on observation, chlorophyll ranged from 0.29 mgm - 

3 

to 0.95 mgm -3 . Lower chlorophyll concentrations were observed during high tide. Linear 

regression of determination (r 2 ) towards salinity and chlorophyll is 0.46 while for DO is - 

0.009. Based on r 2 value, we can hypotheses that the salinity-dependent changes of 

chlorophyll-a concentration in Kuala Terengganu estuary control the estuarine 

phytoplankton biomass.

DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN EDIBLE SEAFOOD 

Tun Zarith Zulaikha Binti Abdul Aziz 

Nur Shafika Binti Ahmad Faniza 





This study was conducted to investigate the content of heavy metals (As, Cu, Fe, Mn 

and Zn) in Kembong fish (Rastrelliger sp.), shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus), squid 

(Teuthida sp.) and blood cockle (Anadara granosa). The samples were collected from 

Pulau Kambing jetty, Kuala Terengganu, subjected to acid digestion and analysed by ICP- 

OES. All samples have As, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn ranged below maximum allowable level 

provided by FAO and WHO guidelines. The blood cockles sample has the highest content 

of heavy metals while the shrimp sample has the lowest content of heavy metals 

embedded in their muscles. However, for kembong fish sample, the heavy metals content 

in the liver is higher compared to in the muscle.

Determination of Methane in Lower Terengganu River 

Fatin Farhana Binti Shamsuddin 

NurFatin Syahirah Binti Ismail 





This project is about to determine the concentration of methane at 14 sampling site in 

lower Terengganu River. We used headspace technique coupled with GC-FID to 

determine methane gas in water. Our result showed that the concentration of methane 

ranged between 2.32 ppm and 259 ppm. The highest two spots are L5 and L6 with 

concentration 258 and 259 ppm respectively. While the lowest spot is L14 with 

concentration 2.32 ppm. We also compared the methane concentration in each spot with 

land use.

Determination of Carbon and Nitrogen in Swamp vegetation using CHNS 

Analyzer 

Nurul Fatin Fatihah Rozi 

Nur Farhana Zainuddin 





The project was conducted to determine the carbon and nitrogen compound and to 

identify the relationship of the nutrient content with the rate of decomposition in four 

different species of swamp vegetation which are Alstoniaspatulata sp., 

Macarangahypoleuca sp., Elaeocarpusmasterii sp and Malaleuca Cajaputi. Leaf litters of 

each species were buried at field for up to 6 months in the litter bags. Then, the content 

of organic matter was determined by using CHNS analyzer for each species. The results 

on patterns of changes in nutrient concentration in leaf litter were slightly different 

between the species. Nitrogen content in Alstoniaspatulata sp.> Elaeocarpusmasterii 

sp.>Macarangahypoleuca sp.> Malaleuca Cajaputi. While the carbon content in are 

Alstoniaspatulata sp.> Malaleuca Cajaputi > Elaeocarpusmasterii sp. > 

Macarangahypoleuca sp. This showed that the Alstoniaspatulata sp. has the highest of 

nutrient concentration either carbon or nitrogen. The higher of nutrient content in the 

leaf litter will give faster rate of decomposition. Besides, the microbe activities also give 

effect to the rate of decomposition of the litter. The ratio C:N of decomposing leaves have 

decreased for every species except for Macarangahypoleuca sp.

Effect of Soil Moisture on Methane Fluxes at Paddy Field 

Nuralia Izati Binti Mokhtar 

Nurul Siti Hasanah Binti Mustamin 





The purpose of this study is to determine methane fluxes in paddy field at Batu Rakit and 

Bukit Payung. The result showed that soil moisture content and methane fluxes have 

strong correlation in a wet soil compared to the dry soil. Range that had been observed 

of methane fluxes at Batu Rakit site is from

Determination of Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Decomposition of 

Mangrove Litter Using CHNS Analyser 

Deevanesh A/L Gengatharan 

Shaarany A/P Kunasegran 





Mangrove is an essential coastal ecosystem that provides nutrients to estuarine and its 

surrounding environments through its litter decomposition. Three mangrove species, 

which are Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera Cylindrica, and Ceriops Zippeliana were 

studied for the abundance of carbon and nitrogen content using a litter bag method to 

evaluate the relationship between decomposition rate, carbon and nitrogen content. 

Decomposition rate was recorded by its percentage of weight loss against time. 

Interpretation using Pearson correlation between carbon content and k value is -0.66788 

with p value of 0.035 for Bruguiera Cylindrica. For Rhizophora apiculata, the relation 

between nitrogen content and k value is -0.71657 with p value of 0.020. Relation between 

C:N ratio and k value shows a positive relation, 0.64520 with p value of 0.044 for Ceriops 

Zippeliana .This experiment implies that degradation rate is species specific and depends 

on the initial chemical composition of leaves, particularly the carbon, nitrogen, lignin 

content and other minerals.

The Influences Pore Water Salinity Of Methane Fluxes In Mangrove Soil 

Siti Khadijah Suhara Shuhaimi 

Siti Nor Syuhada Ab Liyamin 





The influence of porewater salinity on methane fluxes in mangrove soil in Setiu Wetland 

was studied. The gas samples from mangrove soil were obtained using closed static 

chambers. The gas samples were collected at three different littoral zones that have 

different salinity level. The methane were analysed by gas chromatography in laboratory. 

Results showed that at lower littoral zones have highest methane flux compare to mid 

littoral zones and upper littoral zones in range (3.74 x 10 8 m -2 mins -1 to 1.73 x 10 8 m -2 

mins -1 ). Salinity factors show the strong relationship that influence emission of fluxes. 

This experiment proved that salinity level influence the emission of methane flux from 

mangrove into atmosphere.

Determination Of Heavy Metal In Soil And Growing Plant (Long Beans) At 

Bukit Khor, Marang Terengganu 

Siti Nur Khairunnisa Anuar 

Fatin Nabilah Majidan 





Plant and soil sample were analyse to determine the heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, and 

Ni) near the river, centre of farm and near the road. Nine soil and three plant sample 

were collected. Lead (Pb) concentration of soil from the site was found between 24.00 – 

157.67mg/kg and 24.00– 397.00mg/kg in plant sample. Copper (Cu) was found between 

4.83 -80.13mg/kg and 28.55 – 115.20mg/kg in soil and plant sample respectively. Zinc 

(Zn) range from 13.00 – 120.45mg/kg and 30.80-219.23mg/kg in plant and soil 

respectively. For Nickel (Ni), the range was 1.83 – 14.87 mg/kg and 165.00 – 11.85mg/kg 

in soil and plant sample. Then, for Cadmiun (Cd) was only detected in soil sample at 

range between 0.36 – 0.80mg/kg.

Using Radon to Measure Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) in UMT’s 

Channel 

Siti Nurul Najihah Ahmad Nazri 

Nur Atikah Othman 





Radon was used as an environmental tracer to identify the Submarine Groundwater 

Discharge (SGD) in the surface water. In this study, samples were collected from UMT 

storm water channel to determine SGD. 10 grab sample will collected along the channel 

covering from upstream to downstream. The physical parameter such as salinity, 

temperature and pH also measured in-situ. Based on radon result, we identified that SGD 

hotspot was located at Point 2 with radon concentration 0.038bq/L. For confirmation, a 

time series continuous sampling of radon was conducted at Point 2. Our result shows that 

high radon concentration (above 0.20bq/L) was detected during low tide, while lower 

radon concentration (below 0.10bq/L) was detected during high tide.

Determination Of Organic Carbon And Total Nitrogen In Paddy Field (Batu 

Rakit & Bukit Payung) Using CHNS Analyser 

Rosnani binti Shafiee 

Syeril Adiba binti Abdullah 





Improved assessment and prediction of organic carbon and total nitrogen in agricultural 

land is essential for a better management of carbon and nitrogen in cropping systems. 

The objectives of this study were to determine pH of soil, particle size analysis, and 

organic carbon and total nitrogen in Batu Rakit and Bukit Payung paddy fields using CHNS 

analyser. The pH of soils was determined in situ, showing desirable values in range of 4- 

6 for optimum growth. Crops in Batu Rakit is well-manage even though particle size 

analysis shows the composition of sand is higher than silt. However, the unmanaged Bukit 

Payung’s crop showing high percentage of silt than sand. Average CN ratios shows typical 

value 12 and 1. Data gives TN of only 0.24%, whereas TOC is 2.24%. High organic 

content encourage crops’ growth.

Determination of Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Soil 

Wan Nur Syafiqah binti Meor Adam 





Due to the continuous urbanization and industrialization in many countries of the world, 

heavy metals are continuously emitted into the terrestrial environment and pose a great 

threat on human health. A detailed study was conducted to study the current conditions 

of heavy metal contamination of six heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soil from 

residential area (RA), public parks (PP) and road dust (RD) in urban areas. Soil samples 

and associated road dust were collected from Kuala Terengganu and Perak. The expected 

results indicate the high metal concentration at RA, PP and RD is maybe derived from 

traffic emissions, especially vehicle dust and tyres debris, respectively. These high 

concentrations of heavy metal need further investigation for their ecological and health 

implications.

Surface Water and Groundwater Quality Assessment of Sungai Ular, 

Terengganu. 

Tan Bei Sin 





Sungai Ular is one of important freshwater sources for Setiu wetlands that are under 

severe pressure and degradation. Previous studies have demonstrated that Sungai Ular 

is influence by groundwater discharge. Possible research objectives include: (1) 

Determination of concentration of the nutrients and radon in the surface water and 

ground water of Sungai Ular; and (2) Effect of seasonal changes on the concentration of 

nutrients and radon. A total of 6 groundwater and 9 surface water will be sampled during 

dry, wet and intermediate season. At each sampling sites, water samples will be collected 

for radon, nutrients (NH3, NO2 - , NO3 - , and PO4 2- ), and metals (Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Fe) analysis. 

The physiochemical parameters such as water pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, 

and dissolved oxygen in both surface and ground water will be measured insitu. Finally, 

the radon mass model will be used to quantify the groundwater discharge rate in Sungai 

Ular.

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite/Reduced Graphene Oxide and 

Its Application in Uric Acid Determination 

Yee Kin Weng 

Supervisor: Dr. Farhanini Yusoff 




A modified electrode was designed based on the synergy effect of both reduced graphene 

oxide (rGO) as supportive framework and nano-magnetite (Fe3O4) particles for 

electrocatalytic activity of uric acid determination. The preparation of hybrid 

nanocomposite Fe3O4/rGO was performed via one facile in-situ formation mechanism, 

which reduction of graphene precursor and co-precipitation of magnetite nanoparticle 

occurred simultaneously. Different characterization approaches such as FT-IR, XRD, and 

SEM were examined on the resulting Fe3O4/rGO nano composite where identifiable 

growth of nano-crystalline Fe3O4 on the surface of rGO platelet was confirmed. The 

modified electrode then fabricated using drop-casting technique on the surface of GCE 

electrode resulting on Fe3O4/rGO/GCE. Electrochemical studies using cyclic voltammetry 

and differential pulse voltammetry revealed the excellent electrocatalytic performance of 

the Fe3O4/rGO/GCE toward the detection of uric acid. The Fe3O4/rGO hybrid-material 

potentially shows great promise in the development electrochemical sensing electrode 

and its availabilities in other field related applications.


School of Fisheries 

and Aquaculture 

Sciences


Bachelor of Science in 

Agrotechnology (Aquaculture)


Assessment of some water quality characteristics for the management of 

milkfish pond culture in Sungai Petani, Kedah 

Ahmad Iddham bin Ahmad Idul Sahidi 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Abol Munafi bin Ambok Bolong 

Bachelor of Science in Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 

School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences 

The Optimum fish production is totally dependent on the physical, chemical and 

biological qualities of water to most of the extent. Hence, successful pond 

management requires an understanding of water quality. Water quality is determined 

by variables like temperature, salinity, dissolve oxygen, pH, turbidity, phosphate, 

ammonia, alkalinity, and nitrite. This study aim is to assess water quality for milkfish 

culture and to compare the optimum water quality between different countries. Water 

sample was obtain in Sungai Petani, Kedah and keep in bottle sample for water quality 

check at University Malaysia Terengganu laboratory. This study found that there is no 

significant different between milkfish pond in Sungai Petani and Tanzania milkfish 

pond. The finding of this milkfish pond study at Sungai Petani are suitable for milkfish 

culture if optimum requirement water quality is achieve.


Effect of tank colour on body colour intensity and growth of yellow 

gourami Trichopodus trichopterus 

Asra Nor Izaty binti Aswadi 

Supervisor: Dr Lokman Nor Hakim bin Norazmi 



Yellow gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus) is a species native to Southeast Asia and 

are famous as ornamental species. However, hobbyist and farmers encounter 

problems where its body color easily becomes faded in captivity. Since color enhancer 

pellet are expensive, an experiment was performed to determine whether tank color 

can influence the body color intensity and growth of T. trichopterus. Four different 

tank colors (white, yellow, blue and green) with five replicates were tested where fish 

were kept under natural lighting (outdoor) conditions for two months. The result 

demonstrated that fish reared in green colored tank showed an increment in its color 

intensity while fish reared in white tanks increased its body weight. It can be concluded 

that tank color does affects the body color intensity and weight of T. trichopterus. This 

study will benefit farmers and hobbyist thus solving its color fading problem in a 

cheaper way.


Effect of Chlorella vulgaris in growth performances and survival of 

fingerling tilapia fish, Oreochromis niloticus 

Che Siti Norfaekah binti Che Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr Helena Khatoon 


School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Science 

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performances and survival of 

fingerlings Red Hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fed with different types of 

formulated feed. There were three experimental diets were prepared, 100% 

commercial diets, 100% Chlorella vulgaris diets and mix 50% commercial and Chlorella 

vulgaris diets. Then, one hundred thirty five fish with average weight 1.8 g were 

randomly distributed into 9 tanks, 3 replicates for each types of feed. The fish fed two 

times per day at rate of 10% of their body weight for a month. The data of the fish 

were recorded in every week. The results revealed for this experiment, there were not 

significantly different (P


Effect of different feed type on reproductive quality of freshwater 

angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare 

Chee Shin Wei 

Supervisor: Dr Ivan Koh Chong Chu 



This study investigates the reproductive quality of the freshwater angelfish, 

Pterophyllum scalare, when using different feed type. Three replicates are used for 

the two different feeds, pellets and bloodworm. The fish are feed for 2 weeks with a 

screen present in the aquarium to separate the male from the female and prevent 

mating. The screen is then removed to allow spawning to occur. The spawning 

frequency, fecundity, fertilization and hatching rate are used to determine 

reproductive quality. For spawning frequency only 1 of 3 for pellet while spawning 

occurred in all tanks fed with bloodworm. Bloodworm fed fish also had significantly 

higher fecundity and fertilization rate compared to pellet fed fish. However, eggs of 

bloodworm fed fish failed to hatch, while the one instance of spawning in pellet fed 

fish hatched normally. In conclusion, our study showed that we unable to conclusively 

determine if pellets or bloodworm better.


Molecular detection of Megalocytivirus in pearl gourami 

(Trichogaster leeri) 

Dineswary Balaraman 

Supervisor: Dr Sandra Catherine Zainathan 



Pearl gourami (Trichogaster leeri) is a native ornamental fish species cultured in 

Malaysia and it has contributed to Malaysian income by its exports. The occurrence of 

Megalocytivirus infection in T.leeri has been reported in the fish imported from Asian 

countries such as Singapore and Malaysia to Australia and Korea. Thus, this study was 

aimed to detect the presence or absence of Megalocytivirus in T.leeri samples from 

Johor by nested PCR method. From total of 50 samples, ISKNV was detected in 30 

samples at 60% of prevalence. All the positive samples look healthy and did not show 

any clinical signs of ISKNV. Sequence analysis of MCP gene showed that the strain 

detected is closely related to the reference ISKNV with 99% nucleotide sequence 

identity. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene revealed that virus from 

genus Megalocytivirus is the closest to the ISKNV complete genome and is classified 

into Megalocytivirus genotype 1.


Effect of chlorella vulgaris on nutritional composition of juvenile betta fish 

(Betta splendens) 

Faezah Binti Zakaria 


Bachelor in Science Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 

School of Fisheries and Aquaculture (PPSPA) 

The nutritional composition such as protein, carbohydrates and lipid of Betta 

splendens when submitted to different feeds are evaluated. The three different feeds 

were used are Chlorella vulgaris pellet, commercial pellet and mixed (50 % Chlorella 

vulgaris and 50 % commercial feed). This study tested that variables of feeds would 

have significant effects on the Betta splendens by placing the fish with 30 small 

aquariums and each 10 aquariums were feeds different feed. The water quality 

parameters such as pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were analyzed everyday 

using YSI Multiparameter. Results showed that the mixed diets were dominant feed 

which is resulted in higher nutritional composition of protein (26.09% dry weight), 

carbohydrates (29.19% dry weight) and lipid (5.095% dry weight). Betta splendens 

fed with mixed diet also showed significantly higher nutritional composition of protein 

(28.87% dry weight), carbohydrates (22.84% dry weight) and lipid (17.05% dry 

weight) compared to others. This shows that mixed diet are the best feed for Betta 

splendens compared to others.


A morphological study on monogenean parasites of Asian seabass, Lates 

calcarifer in cage culture of Setiu wetland, Terengganu 

Farah Afiqah Hanum Binti Azman 

Supervisor: Prof Emeritus Dr Faizah Binti Mohd Shaharom 



Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer is one of the most economically important species that 

is currently cultured in China, Australia and throughout Southeast Asia. Commonly this 

species is exposed to the diversity of monogenean parasites that are known to be 

pathogenic to this important aquaculture species. Barramundi is commonly infected 

by Diplectanidae. The objectives of this study is to determine the morphological 

characteristic of monogenean parasites especially attachment organs and to 

determine the genus of monogenean that infected Lates calcarifer in cage culture of 

Setiu wetland, Terengganu. In this study, 20 specimens of well mounted 

monogeneans were chosen for identification. The monogenean on each mounted slide 

was observed for morphological description and measurements made for identification 

to genus. The important part of the morphological characteristic was drawn using 

camera lucida and pictures captured by using Compound Advanced Research 

Microscope. The Table Top SEM was used to scan the surface of monogenea. The 

measurements and arrangement of attachment organs are the important part that 

differentiates one monogenean genus and species from another. The genus of 

monogenean parasites was identified by referring to expert and previous related 

journals. There are many genus of Diplectanidae that have been identified through 

their morphological characteristics in this study.


Molecular detection of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in red hybrid tilapia, 

Oreochromis sp. 

Farisha Izzaty binti Mohd Razif 




Red Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis sp. is one of the famous consumed fish for people 

around the world. However, many cases have been reported due to high mortality and 

huge losses in tilapia fish farming caused by Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV). No mortality 

cases related with Oreochromis sp. and TiLV has been recorded in Malaysia, but has 

been prevailing in other countries. The aim of this study was to detect the presence 

or absence of TiLV in Red Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis sp. from Merbok, Kedah and 

Karak, Pahang. The PCR analysis was conducted according to the method by Dong et 

al., (2017). The samples taken show the clinical signs of Tilapia Lake Virus such as 

haemorrhages, reddish body, skin lesions, erosions, open wound, ulcers, bulging and 

whitish eyes. However, all the 33 samples showed negative result for the presence of 

the Tilapia Lake Virus.


Probiotics isolation from striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus 

sauvage 1878) gut 

Fautasha binti Zakaria 

Supervisor: Dr Shumpei Iehata 



Catfish from the family Pangasiidae especially Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage 

1878) is a species for aquaculture because omnivorous feeding habits, rapid growth 

and good market. Striped catfish have immense economic important in many country 

of Southeast Asia including Malaysia. Striped catfish has been expended rapidly and 

causes the disease outbreak such as bacillary necrosis of Pangasius (BNP). Many 

farmer willing to invest in chemical such as antibiotic that have been banned for 

aquaculture used to minimize the disease. Probiotics is used to control the disease 

outbreak in aquaculture. The aim of this study is to isolate probiotics candidate from 

gut using pour method. Isolation of the probiotics candidates ware used MRS agar 

with 2% Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and chosen colony with clear zone. Isolates were 

tested in vitro antipathogenicity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus using well-diffusion 

method. Then, isolates with positive antipathogenicity were further identified by 

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. From 9 initial isolated bacteria, 4 

were show the positive results. Sequence for these isolates are now in progress.


The Effect of Cryoprotectant and Different Concentration on Malaysian 

Mahseer (Tor tambroides) sperm 

Hanim Hafiza binti Junaidi 




Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides) has high commercial value but is ecological 

threatened due to over exploitation. It is difficult for Mahseer to breed naturally in 

captive conditions. Hence, investigation for the best protocol for sperm 

cryopreservation of Mahseer sperm is needed. We investigated best composition for 

cryodiluent using three cryoprotectants (Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol 

(MeOH), dimethylacetamide (DMA)) at three concentrations (10, 15 and 20%). Sperm 

were diluted at ratio of 1:49 into cryodiluent (ASP + cryoprotectant) and cooled in 

liquid nitrogen (LN) vapour at 10 cm height from LN before immersion at -60℃. 

Toxicity was evaluated by diluting sperm in 10% DMSO and MeoH and evaluating 

motility at set intervals. The results showed no significant difference in post-thaw 

motility of all type and concentrations of cryoprotectant. Both 10% MeoH and DMSO 

were not toxic to sperm up to 1 hour. In conclusion, species-specific protocol for 

Mahseer was established.


Isolation of probiotics bacteria from Asian redtail catfish 

(Mystus nemurus) gut 

Hanis syuhaidah binti Mohamed Ashri 




Mystus nemurus is one of the most highly demand fish in Southeast Asia, but the 

growth was slow because of fungal and bacterial infections such as Aeromonas sp. 

Probiotics usage is the alternative ways to control the various infections toward the 

fishes with minimizing the uses of antibiotic substances.The aim of this study was to 

isolate possible probiotics bacteria candidates from M.nemurus gut based on 

antipathogenic activity. Probiotics bacteria candidates were isolated by using pour 

method onto MRS agar with 1.5% CaCO3 and incubated at room temperature for 3 

days.The isolates were determined whether they had growth inhibition of pathogen 

Aeromonas sp. using the well diffusion method and double layer agar method. Positive 

isolate was further identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. 

Initially, 9 isolates were found from M.nemurus gut. One of nine isolate showed 

suppression of Aeromonas hydrophila growth. The sequencing are now in progress.


Isolation and Identification of probiotics from White Shrimp, Litopenaeus 

vannamei, with Antagonistic Properties against Vibrio Species 

Hoe Yin Han 




The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial has led to the use of probiotics as an 

alternative to antibiotics. This study was conducted to isolate bacterial microflora from 

digestive tract of healthy juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei based on 

antagonistic activity against shrimp pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In this study, 

potential probiotic strains were isolated using replica plating method to screen the 

bacteria with antagonism properties. 10 samples were able to produce colonies with 

clear zone and subjected for repeated sub culturing for pure cultures. Among 10 

isolates four were Gram positive, and four of them were subsequently tested for 

antibacterial activity against pathogen using well diffusion assay. Strong antibacterial 

activity was recorded for all isolates. DNA was isolated for DNA amplification and 

identification of species. On the basis of great antibacterial activity of isolates this 

species may be considered for future challenge experiments in shrimp as a alternative 

to the use of antibiotics.


Determination of DnaK dose and its stability on shrimp pellets stored at 

different temperatures 

Lam Mun Jing 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Yeong Yik Sung 



DnaK is the bacterial heat shock protein with 70 kDa. The efficacy of DnaK in improving 

shrimp immune system has been proven in many studies. Escherichia coli strains P3 

and YS2 with and without overexpressed DnaK were coated on pellets at a 

concentration of 10 9 cells/ml and stored at different storage conditions namely room 

temperature, 4ºc and -20ºc. SDS-PAGE and western blotting were performed to 

determine the band intensity (dots per inch) of DnaK blots. Densitometry analysis has 

revealed that DnaK concentration of shrimp pellets in room temperature decreased 

from 3878 dpi to 509 dpi whereas pellets stored in 4ºc and -20ºc dropped to 303 dpi 

and 206 dpi respectively as storage time increased. The best storage condition was in 

room temperature. Bacteria inactivity and cell death perhaps were the main reasons 

of drastic decline. The outcome indicates that temperature may regulate DnaK 

expression in bacteria cells as well as on the attachment on pellets. This can be 

reviewed as a fundamental understanding to the contribution of aquaculture industry.


Effect of water salinity using limb autotomy technique on molting cycle of 

orange mud crab, Scylla olivacea (HERBST, 1796) in captivity 

Lawrencia Casey Gamburud 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Mhd Ikhwanuddin Abdullah 



Complete understanding on how molting cycle of portunid crabs can be influenced by 

environmental conditions such as water salinity is crucial in production of soft-shell 

crab. Soft shell crabs have high commercial value, however demand in Malaysia could 

not yet been fulfilled due to lack of important knowledges regarding their production. 

Previous studies reported that water salinity plays important roles in orange mud crab, 

Scylla olivacea growth, survival, distribution, ovarian maturation, mating and 

physiology, however, yet no specific study regarding molting have been done. 

Therefore, present study aimed to determine the effects of water salinity using limb 

autotomy technique on molting duration, survival and increment sizes of body weight 

(BW) and carapace width (CW) of female S. olivacea. 180 samples of immature female 

S. olivacea were obtained from Kuala Kedah, Kedah, Peninsula Malaysia (80.0-130.0 

g BW and 7.0-9.0 cm CW). Crabs were acclimatized and were introduced to limb 

autotomy and proceed with rearing in three different treatments (Treatment 1 (T1) at 

10 ppt, Treatment 2 (T2) 20 ppt and Treatment 3 (T3) at 30 ppt) respectively. Results 

show that T2 recorded the shortest molting duration with an average 22.2 days, 

followed by T3 with 22.3 days and T1 with 23 days. As for BW and CW increment, 

result shows that T3 has the heaviest BW compared to the T1 and T2, yet T1 and T3 

showed an increase in CW compared to T3 respectively. As for survivability, T1 

recorded the highest average survival percentage of S. olivacea with 96.67%, followed 

by T2 with 76.67% and T3 with 70%. The findings of the present study also suggest 

that, apart from the limb autotomy technique that helps inducing the molting process, 

water salinity do play major role in shortening the molting duration of S. olivacea. 

Therefore, the present study highly recommended that 20 ppt as the suitable water 

salinity treatment to produce soft-shell crab in captivity.


Reproductive performances of wild and cultured female giant freshwater 

prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii 

Mohamad Amirul bin Ruduan 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Mhd Ikhwanuddin Bin Abdullah 



This study was carried out to determine the reproductive performances of wild and 

cultured female Giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. This includes the 

comparison between fecundity, hatching rate, salinity stress test and larvae 

development (Larval Stage Index - LSI) between wild caught and cultured prawn. 

Three samples of wild berried female broodstock each were sampled from Manir River, 

Terengganu and commercial farm at Marang, Terengganu. Each of the broodstock 

was stocked in 20L of brackish water (12 ppt) and reared until hatching. The larvae 

produced were reared in the same condition as the broodstock. The result shows 

significant different between wild and cultured broodstock where the wild broodstock 

has higher fecundity and larvae hatching rate. LSI shows almost similar result between 

wild and cultured. The result from the stress test (15ppt) signified that the mortality 

of post larvae from cultured broodstock was higher than wild caught broodstock.


In vivo digestibility of protein ingredients by Pangasius catfish, 

Pangasianodon hypopthalmus juveniles 

Mohamad Hanif Asyraf bin Hussian 

Supervisor: Dr. Sharifah Rahmah binti Syed Muhammad 



Protein is considered the most expensive nutrient due to high demand, inconsistent 

supply and low fisheries catch, hence the need to find the alternative sources. The 

aim of the study is to determine the protein digestibility of raw ingredients which is 

casein, fishmeal, black soldier fly larvae meal, defatted black soldier fly larvae meal, 

frass meal and soybean meal by Pangasius catfish juveniles through in vivo method 

represented by 6 treatments. All fish were fed for 1 month and faeces were collected 

digestibility determination. This study indicated that digestibility for frass meal was 

similar with casein (control) and both were higher compared to other treatments. 

Digestibility for fishmeal, soybean meal and defatted black soldeir fly larvae meal were 

similar. In conclusion, frass meal was the best protein ingredient to be substituted in 

Pangasius catfish diet.


Breeding response and larval quality of the hybrid between Clarias 

gariepinus and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus using different dosage 

of ovaprim 

Mohamad Izkram bin Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Ariza binti Aripin 



This study was designed to evaluate the trait performance using different dosage of 

hormones ovaprim. Hormones ovaprim had been used to induce the final oocyte 

maturation and spawning in fish. Hybrids between Clarias gariepinus and 

Pangasianodon hypophthalmus were obtained by hormone injection of brood stock 

and artificial injection. Three different dosages (0.3 ml/kg, 0.4 ml/kg and 0.5 ml/kg) 

had been used and the concentration of the sperm of P. hypophthalmus is ranging 

from (18.4× 10 5 -21.3× 10 5 /ml. In this study, for fertilization rate, hybrid 

♀Pangasianodon hypophtalamus ×♂Clarias gariepinus (Pangapinus) is not significantly 

difference and ranging from 42%-52% (p:0.057) . Hatching rate is significantly high 

which is from 5.5%-13.9% (p:0.002). Survival rate is not significantly difference and 

ranging from 22.22%-77.51% (p:0.079). Finally, abnormal rate is not significantly 

difference and ranging from 33.33% – 83.01% (p:0.450).). Present result showed that 

treatment 3 with 0.5 ml/kg ovaprim is preferable for the crossbreeding of 

Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and Clarias gariepinus.


Lipid substitution of fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil on growth 

performance of Pangasius catfish Pangasianodan hypopthalmus juveniles 

Mohammad Sofyan bin Mohd Zain 

Supervisor: Dr Sharifah Rahmah binti Syed Muhammad 



Sustainable aquaculture production requires alternative fish oil as lipid source in fish 

feed. Therefore, this project was conducted to determine lipid substitution of fish oil 

with black soldier fly larvae oil on growth performance of Pangasius catfish 

Pangasianodon hypopthalmus juveniles. Five iso-nitrogenous (30%) and isolipidic 

(12%) experimental diets were formulated having 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% fish oil 

replacement with black soldier fly larvae oil. The results from this study showed that 

there are no significant difference of survival, feed intake, weight gain, specific growth 

rate and feed conversation ratio among treatments. It is concluded that fish oil can 

be replaced up to 100% black soldier fly larvae oil as sustainable alternatives lipid 

source for pangasius catfish without affecting its growth performance.


Effect of water temperature on ovarian maturation stages of crenate 

swimming crab, Thalamita crenata. 

Mohd Lokman bin Halim 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Mhd. Ikhwanuddin Abdullah 



The study was aimed to characterize the ovarian maturation stages and to determine 

the effect of different water temperatures on ovarian maturation stages of Crenate 

swimming crab, Thalamita crenata. Three treatments were used; Treatment 1 (T1) 

(24°C), Treatment 2 (T2) (28°C) and Treatment 3 (T3) (32°C). Three samples from 

each treatment were chosen randomly every 15 days till Day 60 to determine the 

ovarian maturations through external morphological and histological examinations. 

Result showed that T2 were most succeeded in producing Stage 4 ovarian maturation. 

The highest mean Gonadal Somatic Index at Day 60 was T2 (3.19 ± 0.11) followed 

by T3 (2.94 ± 0.36) and finally T1 (1.92 ± 0.58). Mean oocyte diameters for T2 also 

the highest at Day 60 (136.20 ± 11.85) followed by T3 (120.02 ± 15.51) and lastly 

T1 (119.86 ± 15.33). Thus, the most suitable water temperature to stimulate ovarian 

maturations of T. crenata was at 28°C.


Effects of paprika inclusion as carotenoid source on coloration of Nile 

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using image processing technique 

Mohd Shafik Shakirin bin Khalid 

Supervisor: Dr Noordiyana bt Mat Noordin 



This study was conducted to investigate the effects of paprika inclusion as 

carotenoid source on coloration of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The juvenile 

tilapia were fed with four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets at different inclusion 

level of paprika (0% (control), 4%, 8% & 12%) for 30 days. Initial and final color of 

the juvenile tilapia were analysed using image processing technique (Software: 

image J version 1.41). The results demonstrated no significant differences between 

color of tilapia at different dietary level of paprika (p>0.05). However, for fish fed 

diet that contain 4%, 8% and 12% paprika, fish color increased on day 15 and 

decreased on day 30. Fish fed control diet showed contrast results as the level of 

coloration increases. In conclusion at present experimental set up and analysis, 

paprika did not contribute to color changes of the juvenile tilapia.


Levels of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) divergence in Family Lutjanidae 

using sequences available in GenBank and BOLD Systems 

Muhamad Faizal Bin Talib 

Supervisor: Dr Tun Nurul Aimi Mat Jaafar 



DNA barcoding is a rapid growing molecular technique for species identification. This 

technique using a short DNA sequence of mitochondrial DNA. Cytochrome C Oxidase 

subunit I (COI) which is approximately 650 bp to discriminate individuals until specieslevel. 

However, accuracy of public databases such as GenBank and BOLD as public 

references for COI data and levels of CO1 devergence in family Lutjanidae are still 

unknown. Here, a total of 72 sequences from 11 species of Family Lutjanidae has been 

downloaded from public databases. The mean intraspecific K2P divergences were 

1.1% among individuals within species and mean congeneric 6.1% within the genera. 

There were two species have shown as deep intraspecific divergence of 4.3% and 3% 

have been emphasized because is too high for same species. The accuracy of public 

databases should be analysed for further study and that has been proven functional 

of COI sequences as a tool for distinguish species.


Reproductive biology and embryonic development of crenate swimmning 

crab, Thalamita crenata 

Muhammad Adam bin Ahmad Kamarudin 

Prof Dr Mhd Ikhwanuddin Bin Abdullah 

Bachelor of Agrotechnology Science (Aquaculture) 

School of Fisheries and Aquaculture 

The aim of this study was to determine the general reproductive biology and document 

the early embryonic development of crenate swimming crab, Thalamita crenata. 

Observations were made on fertilization of the eggs of this crab after mating. The 

mean number of fertilization rate by female in different size ranged is 94.58±2.66. 

Mean number of hatching rate by female in different size ranged is 92.58±3.52. The 

mean number of egg produced female in different size ranged is 34445.57. The period 

taken by the eggs to hatch was 12 days and the colour of the eggs gradually changed 

from yellow to brown, gray and dark gray. The mean diameter of the egg on the first 

day was 307.52±3.53 µm and it increased to 389.44±7.96 µm on the day before 

hatching.


Leaching of zinc amino acid in feed as reproductive enhancement in fish. 

Muhammad Amir Farhan Bin Mohd Firdaus 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Ariza Binti Aripin 



The study was conducted to determine the stability of pellet in water and the amount 

of zinc leaching from the pellet. The studied was carried out with three different types 

of binder use in a pellet which incorporated with 100ppm of zinc amino acid. Treatment 

1: CMC; Treatment 2: Carrageenan; Treatment 3: Algenate. Each type of pellets was 

analyzed its composition. The stability measurement of pellet had been done by 

immersing 5g of each pellet in 1L of tap water and the mass of pellet before and after 

immersed in water had been taken. The leaching of zinc amino acid was tested by 

taking the water sample and analyzed zinc concentration using ICP-MS and turbidity 

using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The result showed there was no significant 

difference between the pellets of each treatment for protein (p=0.376), lipid 

(p=0.063), fiber (p=0.297), moisture (p=0.943) and ash (p=0.111) composition. For 

stability measurement, there was significantly high in Treatment 3 (p=0.0001) after 

45 minutes. There was no significant difference between each treatment for zinc 

turbidity (p=0.087) and zinc concentration (p=0.646) in water samples after 45 

minutes. The present study shows that alginate is the most stable binder in water for 

zinc amino acid incorporated feed.


The breed between plakat and crowntail fighting fish: case study. 

Muhammad Amirul Fitri Bin Saman 

Supervisor: Dr Shahreza Bin Md Sheriff 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Aquaculture) 


This study was conducted in freshwater hatchery, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

using two spesies of fighting fish with plakat and crowntail fighting fish. The objective 

of this experiment is breeding attempt to crossbreed between crowntail and plakat 

fighting fish: case study. For this attempt I had purchase six male plakat, six male 

crowntail, six female plakat and six female crowtail. The fish was purchase from local 

breeder in kemaman. The broodstock was conditioning for a week in freshwater 

hatchery. Moina and pellet were gave to the fish. For the experiment the behavior of 

the fish and the water quality was checked. There were three female plakat, three 

female crowntail, four male plakat and three male crowntail were died after breeding. 

The study show that the broodstock were ready to breed and the several attempt of 

breeding had be done and the producing the seed not successfully.


Effect of paprika inclusion as carotenoid source to total carotenoids 

content in muscle and skin of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 

Muhammad Azharudin Bin Md. Zuki 

Supervisor: Dr Noordiyana Bt. Mat Noordin 



Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has become one of the most important aquaculture 

species. A 30-day feeding trial were conducted to determine the effect of paprika 

inclusion as carotenoids source to total carotenoids content (TCC) in muscle and skin 

of juvenile tilapia. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 

0% (control), 4%, 8% and 12% of paprika (diet dry weight). At the end of the feeding 

trial, no significant differences were found between TCC level in muscle and skin 

although the level was lower than the initial samples. In muscle and skin, control diet 

shows reduce level of TCC at 69.77% ± 13.83 and 24.91% ± 5.84 respectively. At 

higher level of paprika, the result demonstrates lower reduction of TCC in both muscle 

and skin. In summary, the different dietary level of paprika dies not increase or 

retained TCC in muscle and skin. Further study needed to elucidate the effect of 

paprika as carotenoids source in juvenile Nile tilapia.


Lipid substitution of fish oil with black soldier fly larvae oil on energy 

mobilization of pangasius catfish, Pangasionodon hypophthalmus juvenile 

Muhammad Azrul Khafis Bin Aziz 

Supervisor: Dr Sharifah Rahmah Binti Syed Muhammad 

Bachelor in Science of Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 

School of Fisheries Science & Aquaculture 

Energy is one of the most important constituents of diet in fish. This study was 

conducted to determine the effects of substituting different levels of fish oil (FO) with 

black soldier fly larvae oil (BSFLO) (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) on the energy content of 

protein, lipid and glycogen in the muscle of juvenile Pangasius catfish. Biochemical 

analysis of protein, lipid and glycogen contents on fish muscle determined after 30 

days of cultivation. From this study, diet with 0% BSFLO showed lower protein, lipid 

and glycogen in the muscle. As the percentage of BSFLO increased, protein content 

increased. Protein contents were similar for 25, 50, 75 and 100% BSFLO substitution. 

Lipid and glycogen contents were similar with increasing value from 0 to 50% inclusion 

but decreased again to 100% BFSLO. It can be concluded that diet with 50% inclusion 

level showed higher energy reserve in the fish muscle.


Genetic variation in Pangasius nasutus broodstock from two different 

populations using internal transcribed spacer (its) marker 

Muhammad Faiz Bin Ali 

Supervisor: Dr Shahreza Bin Md. Sheriff 



This study was conducted to determine the genetic variation in Pangasius nasutus 

broodstock taken from two different populations, Maran and Temerloh, Pahang 

respectively using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) marker. A total of 20 

broodstock were collected and subjected to DNA extraction. Universal ITS primer 

were used for the PCR amplification and the fragments were sequenced. ITS gene 

sequence with 550bp were obtained from each sample and being examined. The 

samples are sending to FirstBase Company. The data was analysed by using MEGA 

V7.0 software. The ITS gene have been successfully amplified. The purpose of this 

project is to find genetic variation of a species in two different populations. There 

should be a variation in the species between two different populations. This project 

will discuss the result get from the company.


The effect of dietary vitamin C on growth performance and haematological 

parameters of red tilapia, Oreochromis sp. 

Muhammad Nurdaienal Aiman Bin Akmal @ Mazlan 




The study was conducted to determine the effects of different dietary levels of vitamin 

C on growth and some haematological parameter on 90 fingerlings of Red tilapia 

(Oreochromis sp.) that were distributed into 3 equal groups (each of three 

replicates)for a period of 90 days. The Vitamin C treatment for Oreochromis sp. are 

control (0mg/kg), treatment 2 (50mg/kg) and treatment 3 (500mg/kg). The growth 

performance and haematological parameter were evaluated. Weight and blood 

samples were collected from the experimental tilapia to measure weight gain (WG), 

standard growth rate (SGR), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and 

haematocrit (Hct). The result showed that there were significantly difference (p


The effect of streptomycin supplementation on the quality of cold stored 

malaysian mahseer (Tor tambroides) sperm 

Muhammad Nursyahidin Bin Ampandi 



School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Aquaculture) 

This study aims to determine the effect of different concentration of streptomycin 

on the motility of cold stored Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides) sperm. Sperm 

was collected from mature males (n=4) and diluted with Artificial Seminal plasma 

(ASP) in 1.5ml tubes. Antibiotic was added into samples at different concentrations 

(0, 1000, 2000, 3000 ug/ml) and stored at 2-4˚C. The sperm quality parameters 

of percentage motility and duration of motility were then measured at 0, 6, 12, 24, 

48, 72 hours after storage until no motility was detected. The addition of antibiotics 

significantly increased, duration of sperm motility compared to control. The results 

showed that sperm motility was significantly higher with antibiotic dosages of 1000 

to 3000 ug/ml, with motility till 120h. In conclusion, the results show that 

streptomycin with concentration of 1000-3000 ug/ml improves the quality of 

Malaysian Mahseer sperm during cold storage.


The effect of egg custard on growth and survival rate of Clarias gariepinus 

juvenile 

Munirah Binti Nawang 

Supervisor: Prof Dato’ Dr Anuar Bin Hassan 

Bachelor of Science Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


This study was conducted to determine the effects of egg custard, mixed diet (egg 

custard and pellet) and pellet (control) on the growth and survival rate of juvenile of 

Clarias gariepinus. The study was conducted for 30 days. Each treatment were done 

in three replicates with 30 juveniles in each aquarium. Based on the result, juveniles 

which fed on pellet gave the highest mean wet weight and mean total length (3.54 ± 

0.3087 a ), (7.91 ± 0.0833 a ) followed by mixed diet (3.26 ± 0.1894 a ), (7.25 ± 0.3838 a ) 

and egg custard (2.55 ± 0.3498 b ), (6.610 ± 0.3402 b ). From the result showed, the 

growth of juvenile which gave these three diets showed significant difference 

(p0.05). This study showed that pellet and 

mixed diet are suitable for Clarias gariepinus juvenile for purpose of enhancing faster 

growth performance and survival.


Effects of water salinity on ovarian maturation stages of crenate 

swimming crab, Thalamita crenata (Latreille, 1829) in captivity 

Noor Aina Mardhiah bt. Abu Bakar 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Mhd. Ikhwanuddin bin Abdullah 



Crenata swimming crab, Thalamita crenata are considered as potential food resources 

for human and also play important role in capture fishery industry. The present study 

is to characterized the ovarian maturation stages and determine the effect of water 

salinity on ovarian maturation stages of T. crenata in captivity. This present study 

consists of three treatments: Treatment 1 (T1) (10 ppt), Treatment 2 (T2) (20 ppt) 

and Treatment 3 (T3) (30 ppt). The ovarian maturation stages were determined 

through external morphological and histological examination. Only T3 with 30 ppt 

managed to produced ovarian maturation Stage 4 and have highest Gonadal Somatic 

Index at Day 60 (3.19±0.10%) followed by T2 (2.88±0.54%) and lastly T1 

(2.21±0.77%). Mean oocyte diameters for T3 also the highest at Day 60 

(136.20±11.85%) followed by T2 (122.01±18.33%) and lastly T1 (111.86±18.51%). 

This present study shows that water salinity does affect the ovarian maturation of T. 

crenata in captivity.


Reproductive biology and identification of mud crab species sampled from 

the aquaculture reservoir pond. 

Nor Aizatul Akmar binti Jauhari 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Abol Munafi bin Ambok Bolong 

Bachelor in Science Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


The mud crabs species were sampled in aquaculture reservoir pond in order to conduct 

the study of diversity of species, gonad maturation and the relationship between the 

Carapace width (CW) – body weight (BW). 30 samples of mud crabs were collected 

using ‘bintuh’. The study showed that the Scylla olivacea were dominated the area 

(100%) at aquaculture reservoir pond compare to Setiu Wetland. Study shown that S. 

olivacea undergoes four stages of ovarian maturation as stage I have whitish ovary 

colour, stage II have light yellow ovary colour, stage III has orange ovary colour and 

stage IV have reddish orange ovary colour. The maturity size of the mud crabs in 

aquaculture reservoir pond has no significant different between the mud crabs in Setiu 

Wetland.


Prevalence and mean intensity of monogenea and nematode on 

Barbonymus schwanenfeldi in Kenyir Lake, Terengganu 

Nor Aslessa binti Mohd Noraza 

Supervisor: Prof Emeritus Dr Faizah binti Shaharoum 



This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and mean intensity of 

monogenea and nematode on Barbonymus schwanenfeldii in Kenyir Lake, 

Terengganu. A total of 35 Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Lampam Sungai) were caught 

and examined for the presence of monogenea and nematodes. The prevalence and 

mean intensity of these parasites were determined according to the group size of the 

fish host (small, medium and large). Out of 35 fish examined, 22 fish were found to 

be infected by monogenea and 29 fish were infected by nematode. The highest 

prevalence (100%) and mean intensity of monogenea (2) and nematode (4) were 

found on the largest fish which is more than 21cm. From this study, it shows that 

prevalence and mean intensity was highest in the large size than the small size of the 

fish host.


Detection of fish disease for grouper using image processing techniques 

Nor Azma Azlina Binti Mohd Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr Ezmahamrul Afreen Bin Awalludin 



Disease is one of the real reasons for fish mortality. It is hard to monitor the fish 

infections manually. It requires a large scope of worker, and requires more preparation 

time to get results. Hence, image processing is used to detect the fish diseases in this 

study. There are several techniques; image acquisition, image pre-processing, image 

segmentation and blob processing. The MATLAB software is used as the graphical user 

interface (GUI) to detect the status area of fish disease whether its health or unhealth. 

Total number of 20 samples dataset was used to estimate distribution of the fish 

disease area. In the study, the t-test statistics based on paired-samples was used to 

measure the health and unhealthy area on grouper bodies. Based on the output 

results, there was a significant difference in the scores for health (M=18.22, SD=4.96) 

and unhealthy (M=2.04, SD=1.34) conditions; t(2)=13.88, p=0.05. The proposed 

method is promising to estimate the fish body area with more reliable and more 

efficient with less time consuming.


Fish freshness segmentation for largescaled terapon, Terapon theraps 

using image processing techniques 

Nor Fatini Binti Juhari 

Supervisor: Dr Ezmahamrul Afreen Bin Awalludin 



This study was focuses on the non-destructive image processing technique to segment 

the fish eyes and gills of Largescale terapon, Terapon theraps to obtain the mean and 

standard deviation value by using the proposed system. The proposed method is 

developed based on combination of image processing methods to determine the 

freshness of the fish sample. In this study, the RGB color model was used to segment 

the fish eye and gill. The fish freshness was evaluated through color changes of fish 

eyes and gills by referring its mean value (M) and standard deviation value (Std). 

Based on the output results, there was a significant difference in the scores at day 1 

(fish eyes : fish gills = M=2.89, Std=16.91 : M=7.32, Std=23.43) and at day 5 (fish 

eyes : fish gills = M=1.10, Std=10.39 : M=4.02, Std=17.59). The proposed method 

is promising to determine the freshness of fish using image processing technique with 

less human intervention and effectively.


Effect of temperature and irradiance on growth of Chlorella sp using 

aquaculture wastewater 

Norfazilah Binti Salim 

Supervisor: Dr Emienour Muzalina binti Mustafa 



Microalgae have ability to grow in aquaculture wastewater (AWW) by removing the 

excess nutrient in the wastewater and the variation of temperature and irradiance can 

influenced the growth of microalgae. The objective of this study is to monitor the 

growth of Chorella sp. in AWW under different temperature and irradiance. In this 

study, Chlorella sp were cultured in different concentration of AWW (0,50% &100% 

AWW) under different temperature and irradiance conditions (indoor & outdoor) for 

12 days. The growth of Chorella sp. were measured based on optical density at 620nm 

(OD620nm), chlorophyll a, carotenoid, algae cell count & dry weight content on day 

0, 2, 4,6,8,10 & 12. The water quality parameter (ammonia & phosphate) were 

measured on day 0 & 12. Results shows that the Chlorophyll a (305.2161 mg/l Chl a) 

and carotenoid (3.5062 ug/ml carotenoid) were highest in cultures grown in 50% 

AWW on day 8 while the dry weight (217.33 mg/l) & OD620nm (0.614) obtained were 

highest on day 12. The nutrient content in cultures grown in AWW reduced up to 

77.72% (50% AWW) for ammonia & 60.30% (100%AWW) for phosphate. In 

conclusion, we found that Chorella sp. can grow well in 50% AWW > 100% AWW > 

BBM Medium (control) under indoor condition (low temperature & irradiance).


Effect of temperature on proximate composition of Anabas testudinues 

Norhayati Binti Haron 

Supervisor: Dr Roslizawati Binti Ab Lah 



Fish is an important source of proteins, vitamins and minerals. However, rising of 

temperature could result in nutritional content in fish body. To evaluate this, we used 

ambient and near future elevated temperature to assess impacts on proximate 

compositions of the flesh of climbing perch, Anabas.testudinues. A total of 80 samples 

were collected from the local supplier and subjected to three different water 

temperatures (28, 30 and 32°C) for three days. Moisture, ash and protein contents 

were highest at 30°C; 21.27±4.1, 9.73±2.51, 91.48±2.16 respectively. However, 

temperature does not significantly influences the percentages of moisture, ash, lipid 

and protein; (P>0.05). This study suggested that A.testudinues has a good source of 

protein for commercial freshwater species.


Treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using immobilized 

Chlorococcum sp in alginate 

Nur Ain Wardatul Ardan Binti Mohd Khalid Najhan 

Supervisor: Dr Emienour Muzalina binti Mustafa 

Bachelors’ Science of Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


The immobilization of microalgae techniques is one of the alternative methods to treat 

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). The objectives of this study were to assess the growth 

of Chlorococcum sp immobilised in alginate & Chlorococcum sp in suspension in 

different concentration of POME & to assess the reduction of pollution parameter in 

the POME after the treatment, under laboratory conditions. In this study, the 

Chlorococcum immobilised in 1% alginate & Chlorococcum suspension were grown in 

different concentration of POME (0%, 12.5% & 25% POME) for 12 days. The growth 

based on chlorophyll a, dry weight & carotenoid content were measured on day 0, 2, 

4, 6, 8, 10 &12. The pollution parameter (Ammonia, nitrite & phosphate) were 

measured on day 0 & 12. The result showed that in Chlorococcum immobilised in 

alginate (12.5% POME on day 12) have the highest Chl a content (1.32 mg/L) in 

comparison to Chlorococcum suspension (0.30 mg/L Chl a) at 25% POME on day 12. 

The highest reduction of pollution parameter obtained in immobilised cultures grown 

in 12.5% POME are 86.36% (ammonia), 53.34% (nitrite) & (79.71%) for phosphate. 

In conclusion, we found that Chlorococcum immobilised in alginate can treat POME 

better than cultures grown in cell suspension.


Histopathological changes in cultured shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei 

infected by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei sp. 

(Microsporidia: Enterocytozoonidae) 

Nur Hidayah Binti Md Nor 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Marina Binti Hassan 



The microsporidian, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an intracellular parasite 

that has become a critical threat to the shrimp farming, Litopenaeus vannamei in 

Southeast Asia. This parasite replicate in the hepatopancrease and midgut, and 

infected shrimp exhibit reduce feeding and severely retarded growth with variation of 

size. In this study, hepatopancrease sample from 30 individual of shrimp L. vannamei 

from Terengganu area that suspected infected with EHP disease were analyzed by 

using histology technique. The results showed that all the shrimp examined were 

infected with EHP. Infected shrimp showing basophilic inclusions in hepatopancrease 

tubule epithelial cells. Midgut epithelial cells were also infected. All the samples 

showed the presence of microsporidian spores in cytoplasm of hepatopancreatic 

tubule epithelial cells.


Does pre exposure in warming condition can detect trace element in 

Anabas testudinues? 

Nur Najihah Bt Nazli 

Supervisor: Dr Roslizawati Bt Ab Lah 



The objective of this study was to determine the elemental composition in the flesh of 

climbing perch after exposure to different temperatures by using induced coupled 

plasma spectrometry (ICP/MS). A total of 80 samples of Anabas testudinues were 

collected from the local supplier and acclimatized in controlled flow tank for a week. 

Samples were then exposed to three different levels of temperature; 28°C, 30°C and 

32°C for three days. Result indicated that there were no significant differences 

between elemental concentrations and temperature levels (P=0.98).Overall, Calcium, 

followed by Zinc from micro element and Chromium from toxic element were the 

dominant elements detected in the fish flesh. Although there were a variation in trends 

of the elements concentration of the flesh in each temperature levels, the elements 

were below permissible limits for human consumption based on World Human 

Organization (WHO) and daily intake based on Malaysia Food Act (MFA).


Population genetics of longtail tuna, Thunnus tonggol from Malaysian 

waters using mtDNA ND5 gene 

Nur Shafini Binti Mohd Shaari 

Supervisor: Dr Tan Min Pau 

Bachelor Science of Agrotechnology in Aquaculture 

School of fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences 

Population genetics is the science of how genetic variation is distributed among 

species, populations and individuals, and fundamentally, it is concerned with how the 

evolutionary forces of mutation, selection, random genetic drift and migration affect 

the distribution of genetic variability. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of 

longtail tuna in Malaysia was examined using highly mutative mitochondrial DNA 

(mtDNA) of ND5 among three populations with 53 individual samples. The salt 

extraction method was used in lowered the cost of the research. There were 47 

haplotypes obtained from the analysis. The finding was showing there were high 

haplotype diversity at 0.991 and low nucleotide diversity at 0.009 among the three 

populations, there were also no population structure among the populations. So, the 

action of conserving this Thunnus tonggol should be taken by the country and required 

all collaborations among the nearest countries to ensure its sustainable use.


Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on nutrition composition of fingerling tilapia 

(Oreochromis niloticus) 

Nur Syakira Bt Azhar 




Nutrition in fish production was important to produce a healthy and high quality fish. 

In fish feeding, nutrient represent 40-50% of production cost. This study was 

conducted to determine the nutrition composition of Tilapia using different type of 

diet. Three different types of feed were used such as commercial diet, 100% Chlorella 

vulgaris diet and mix diet (50% commercial diet + 50% Chlorella vulgaris). This study 

was conducted for 21 days in 40 L unchlorinated water with 15 fingerling of Tilapia in 

each tank. Results indicated that commercial diet has the highest composition of 

carbohydrate. While, protein and lipid content in Chlorella vulgaris diet had highest 

composition than other diet. For Tilapia, lipid and carbohydrate composition content 

were highest when fed with commercial diet while protein was highest in mix diet. In 

conclusion, commercial diet is more preferable for Tilapia diet because contained high 

nutrition for Tilapia as its diet.


Population genetics of stargazer, Uranoscopus cognatus from Kelantan 

waters using CO1 Gene. 

Nuramira Binti Ramlan 




In this study, 28 individuals of Two-spined yellow-tail stargazer, Uranoscopus 

cognatus which were benthic marine fish had been collected from three different 

populations in Kelantan waters. 537 bps long sequence from the cytochrome oxidase 

subunit 1 (CO1) gene from 28 individuals sampled from three different populations in 

Kelantan waters were been analyzed. A total of 28 sequences of CO1 fragment of 

stargazers, 11 haplotypes were obtained from the analysis. The results obtained shows 

that the population structure of the stargazer in Kelantan waters were not structured. 

This is because there were all three different populations of stargazers present in one 

haplotype. The results also show the haplotype (gene) diversity of the populations 

was 0.796 which is quite high. Large population sizes were thought to be responsible 

for high haplotype diversity. Meanwhile, the nucleotide diversity was 0.00251 which 

was quite low compared to other fish species.


Treatment of textile dye wastewater using immobilised Chlorococcum sp. 

in Alginate 

Nurfarhin Binti Rozeman 

Supervisor: Dr Emienour Muzalina Binti Mustapha 



The immobilization of microalgae is one of the techniques to treat textile dyes 

wastewater. The objectives of the study were to assess the growth of Chlorococcum 

sp. immobilised in alginate & Chlorococcum sp. in suspension in different 

concentration of textile dye and to assess the reduction of pollution parameter of the 

textile dye after treatment under laboratory conditions. In this study, Chlorococcum 

immobilised in 1% alginate and Chloroccocum suspension were grow in different 

concentration of textile dye wastewater (0, 10 & 50 mg/L) for 12 days. The growth 

(chlorophyll a, carotenoid, dry weight) were measured on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 & 12. 

The pollution parameter (ammonia, nitrite, phosphate & colour) were measured on 

day 0 & 12. The results showed that in Chlorococcum immobilised in alginate (50 mg/L 

textile dye on day 12) have highest Chlorophyll a (1.48 mg/L) in comparison to 

Chlorococcum suspension (0.14 mg/L Chl a). The highest reduction of pollution 

parameter obtained in immobilised cultures grown in 50mg/L are 85.84% 

(phosphate), 83.70% (nitrite), 91.25% (ammonia) & 93.28% (colour). In conclusion, 

we found that Chlorococcum immobilised in alginate can treat textile dye better than 

growth in cell suspension.


Effects of paprika as carotenoid source on total feed intake and growth 

performances of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. 

Nurshahirah Bt Mohd Zamili 

Supervisor: Dr Noordiyana Bt Mat Noordin 



A 30-days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of paprika inclusions as 

carotenoid source on total feed intake and growth performances of juvenile 

Oreochromis niloticus. Four isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0%, 4%, 

8% and 12% of paprika (diet dry weight). Fish were fed with designated diets at 

apparent satiation twice per day in three replicates. Comparatively, fish showed 

highest and significant level of increases in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate 

(SGR) and total feed intake when they were fed with 8% dietary paprika compare to 

those fed with a control, 4% dietary paprika and 12% dietary paprika (p


The silver angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare): Effect of different 

temperature control on reproductive and growth performances. 

Nurul Hajar Binti Abdul Basir 


Bachelor in Science of Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


The suitable temperature for breeding angelfish is essential as a commercial 

ornamental fish. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of temperature 

on reproductive performances and the growth rate of angelfish. 9 adult pairs (2.2-3.7 

g) of angelfish was grown for 30 days on three treatments, temperature 28°C, 31°C 

and 34°C. The reproductive Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), Hepatosomatic Index (HSI), 

fecundity, sperm concentration and egg diameter were measured. The data were 

analyzed by one way ANOVA and followed by Duncan post hoc test. Treatment 2 

(31°C) has better sperm concentration than treatment 1 (28°C) and 3 (34°C) (41- 

59%,p: 0.001). For male, there is no significant of three treatment for Weight Gained 

(WG) ranging from 15-16% (p: 0.955) and the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (12-14%,p: 

0.718). The GSI of female on treatment 2 (31°C) and 3 (34°C) was better than 

treatment 1 (28°C) (0.01-0.03%,p: 0.049). Meanwhile, there is no significant on the 

HSI of female angelfish (0.01-0.02%,p: 0.207). As for fecundity, temperature 31°C 

and 34°C was better than 28°C (93-487%,p: 0.001). The egg diameter of temperature 

of 31°C is significant compared to 28°C and 34°C (p: 0.001.). For female, there is no 

significantly different for Weight Gained (WG) ranging from 11-14% (p: 0.837) and 

the Specific Growth Rate (SGR) ranging from 9-13% (p: 0.851). As compared to the 

value, the 31°C are the best temperature for the reproduction and growth rate of 

angelfish.


Levels of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) divergence in Family Lethrinidae 

using sequences available in GenBank and BOLD Systems 

Nurul Hidayatul Adha Binti Tajri 

Supervisor: Dr Tun Nurul Aimi Mat Jaafar 



DNA barcoding is useful in solving taxonomic ambiguities by using cytochrome oxidase 

I (COI) gene. The levels of COI divergence of family Lethrinidae and the accuracy of 

COI sequences available in public databases were analysed. A total of 200 sequences 

of 20 species from family Lethrinidae has been downloaded from these public 

databases. Two COI sequences showed ambiguous sites and therefore were excluded 

for further analysis. A total of 27 sequences has been detected as potential 

misidentification as these sequences did not group with their own taxa. The mean 

intraspecific K2P divergences were 7.82% among individuals within species and 

49.63% within genera. There were 11 species that had shown deep divergences 

among individuals with maximum intraspecific divergence of 19.2%, 18.7%, 18.3%, 

18.2%, 14.8%, 12.2%, 11.5%, 10.7%, 9.6%, 9.3% and 4.5% respectively. The public 

databases is important as reliable references and COI has been proved can 

discriminate species efficiently.


Effect of mono and binary diets on growth and reproduction of cyclopoid 

copepod (Apocyclops ramkhamhaengi) 

Nurul Hidayu Binti Suhaimi 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nurul Nadiah Binti Wan Rasdi 



This study compared the efficiency of different diets on the growth, survival and 

reproduction of the cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops ramkhamhaengi, as a potential live 

food species for fish larvae and crustaceans in aquaculture. The experimental diets for 

copepod consisted of four mono diets (Chicken manure, Palm Kernel Cake (PKC), 

Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis sp. (control)) and two binary diets (Chicken 

manure + PKC and Tetraselmis sp. + Nannochloropsis sp.). The experiment was 

carried out for 15 days and the population growth, specific population growth rate, 

survival and reproductive performance (hatching time, hatching rate, generation time, 

life spawning times, daily offspring production, lifespan and sex ratio) were used to 

assess the responses of A. ramkhamhaengi to different food types. The diets were 

given at the concentration of 500 mg L -1 . Population growth (10.18±1.84 ind/ml; 

P=0.245) and survival (126.16±23.27%; P=0.370) of copepods were not significantly 

affected (P=0.245, P=0.370; P>0.05) by the mono and binary diets. However, 

reproductive performance of the copepods were significantly affected by the diets 

used (P < 0.05). Among all the diets used, mono diets, Tetraselmi sp. produce the 

highest population growth (10.59±1.93 ind/ml), survival (130.35±25.77%) and 

reproduction (e.g. hatching rate, 84.01±6.02%) compared with other mono and 

binary diets. The present study indicates that organic fertilizer used neither as mono 

diets nor binary diets, both have the possible to use as an enrichment product for the 

sustainable production of live feed in aquaculture industry although microalgae 

produce high production. Both types of these diets are applicable to substitute 

microalgae as an enrichment and the improvement of these mono and binary diets 

combinations can enable the future use of A. ramkhamhaengi as live food for marine 

larvae production in hatcheries.


Data mining and phylogenetic analysis on cytochrome b mitochondrial 

gene of seahorse (Hippocampus kuda) 

Nurul Liana Binti Azeman 

Supervisor: Dr Nur Asma Binti Ariffin 



Hippocampus kuda have been listed as an endangered species due to recent record 

shows declining in all over the world. It may due to target catch , incident capture and 

habitat degradation. Genetic distance of Hippocampus kuda on cytochrome b were 

being determine to choose the best for conservation. There are 26 sequences being 

downloaded from GenBank and compile in a file. The sequences undergoes alignment 

and used for construct phylogenetic tree. For Maximum Likelihood tree , there are two 

distinct group of Hippocampus kuda samples.For Neighbor-Joining tree of cytochrome 

b shows all sequences are in one lineage. Maximum parsimony tree, the consistency 

index is 0.9184894 , retention index is 0.828571 and composite index is 0.758055. 

This result shows genetic distance between the Hippocampus kuda . Further study on 

breeding of the best Hippocampus kuda should be done to prove and strengthen this 

experiment data.


The impacts of feeding algae and canola oil on the growth, survival and 

reproduction of the Moina sp. 

Nurul Nazira binti Mohd Naseer 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nurul Nadiah binti Wan Rasdi 

Bachelor of Science In Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


The increasing demands of fish larvae in aquaculture industries lead to high demands 

of live feeds. More developed culture techniques were important to lower down the 

production technique cost as well as to maximize the production of natural food for 

larval rearing. Moina macrocopa is a potential freshwater live feed that can be utilized 

in replacing Artemia, since the Artemia orginated from saline environment. This study 

aimed to quantify the growth, survival, reproduction and overall life table parameters 

of Moina sp. by using different diets of Chlorella sp., canola oil and mixed diet 

(Chlorella sp. mix with canola oil). Moina sp. were cultured and enriched with the 

concentration of 2000 mg L -1 in triplicates for each dietary treatment. This study found 

that there were no difference on the specific growth rate of M. macrocopa (P=0.05) 

when fed with different diets. The survival rate of M. macrocopa fed on mixed diet 

(109.97 ± 32.85%) were significantly higher (P


Effect of tank colour to body colour intensity and growth of siamese 

fighting fish Betta splenden. 

Nurul Syuhadah Binti Abdull Samad 

Supervisor: Dr Lokman Nor Hakim Bin Norazmi 



Color fading or darkening is a common problem in ornamental fish species. Color 

enhancer pellet can be expensive and sometimes might not work. Therefore an 

alternative cheaper method to enhance ornamental fish body coloration needs to be 

developed. Thus, this study was done to investigate the effect of rearing tank 

coloration on the colour intensity of the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splenden. Four 

different tank colours (white, blue, yellow and green) with five replicates were used 

and fish were kept under natural lighting for two months. The fish were fed ad libitum 

with commercial micropellet without addition of food colour enhancer. Result shows 

that fish reared in blue coloured tank showed an increment in its colour intensity and 

green coloured tank shows rapid growth. The findings of this study benefits the 

industry where it introduced an alternative and cheaper way to enhance ornamental 

fish body coloration.


Molecular detection of Megalocytivirus in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) 

Ponnarasi Krishna Moorthy 




Malaysia is one of the important freshwater ornamental fish exporters among the Asian 

countries. The ornamental fish industry has been recorded as the fastest growing 

industry in the agricultural sector and is developing in many of the Asian countries due 

to its high demand in the domestic and international markets. Guppy (Poecilia 

reticulata) is a native ornamental fish species in Malaysia and is one of the popular 

fish traded in fish industry due to their hardy characteristic. Mortality cases involving 

Poecilia reticulata has not been recorded in culture farms of Malaysia, but has been 

prevailing at export locations. Thus, the aim of this project was to detect the 

presence/absence of Megalocytivirus in Poecilia sphenops from Johor. Nested PCR 

analysis was utilized to detect the presence of Megalocytivirus in Guppy (Poecilia 

reticulata) from Senai, Johor. From a total of 25 P.reticulata samples, ISKNV was 

detected in a pool of sample (n = 5) from internal organs at 20% of prevalence. All 

the positive samples appeared to look healthy and did not show any clinical signs of 

ISKNV. Sequence analysis of MCP gene showed 95% query cover and 97% similarities 

respectively with Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Moreover, 

phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene revealed that viruses from genus Megalocytivirus 

is the closest to the ISKNV complete genome and can be classified into Megalocytivirus 

genotype I.


Data Mining and Phylogenetic Analysis of Pangasius nasutus from based 

on 16s rRNA gene sequences 

Rabiatul Dzurifah bt Ali 

Supervisor: Dr Nurasma bt Ariffin 

Bachelor of Science Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


Pangasius nasutus or referred as Pangasiid catfish locally known as ‘Patin Buah’ is river 

catfish natively endemic in Pahang River in Malaysia. It is listed as one of the species 

threatened to extinction based on the IUCN Red List where numbers of catch of this 

fish have been declining. A study was conducted to determine the phylogenetic 

relationships of Pangasius nasutus based on 16s rRNA gene sequences. 20 sequences 

were collected from previous study and 6 sequences were downloaded from The 

National Center for Biotechnology Information. Phylogenetic trees were constructed 

using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor-joining method on 

MEGA7 software. The results shows the first group comprise haplotype among the 20 

samples of Pangasiid Catfish Maran and Temerloh while the second group include 

haplotype from Thailand. Current data can be used as data sources for the future to 

increase the production of the Pangasius nasutus through breeding as well.


Effect of cooling rates and immersion temperature on cryopreserved 

sperm motility of Malaysian mahseer (Tor tambroides) 

Rahimah Binti Razali 




Malaysian Mahseer (Tor tambroides) is a highly valued species with decreasing wild 

populations due to over-exploitation. Sperm cryopreservation will help to establish the 

seed production of Malaysian Mahseer. The aim of this study is to investigate the 

effect of cooling rates and immersion temperature on the sperm cryopreservation of 

the Malaysian Mahseer. Cooling rates were investigated by cooling straws at 5 

different heights from liquid nitrogen (LN) surface (2.5cm, 5.0cm, 7.5cm, and 12.5cm) 

while straws were immersed in LN at 5 different temperatures (-30°C to -70°C) to 

determine optimun immersion temperature. The results show that optimum cooling 

rates for Malaysia Mahseer ranged from 4.05-9.60°C min -1 which corresponds to 

heights of 10-12.5cm. The optimum immersion temperature was -60°C with highest 

post-thaw motility at 31.33±16.17%. In conclusion, we had optimized the cooling 

rates and immersion temperature of Malaysian Mahseer.


Effect of pH on growth performance and survival rate of red hybrid 

tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) 

Raslinda Binti Malik 

Supervisor: Prof Dato’. Dr Anuar Bin Hassan 



This study was conducted to determine the effect of different pH level toward Red 

Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings based on growth performances and 

survival rate. This experiment was conducted within 30 days. There are five different 

pH used in this study which is pH 2, 4, 7, 9, 11. In each treatment, there were three 

replicate conducted and each replicates contained 20 fingerlings. The observation of 

fingerlings were done in 5 days once and 5 sample of fingerlings were taken to 

measure the Total Length (TL) and Body Weight (BW). Survival measurement was 

collect at the day-30 of research. Result showed that fingerlings that were stocked in 

pH 7 and pH 9 level showed the highest specific growth rate with average 1.41% and 

1.43% meanwhile pH 7 showed the highest survival rate with average 42.22%. 

Growth performance was not significantly (P≥0.05) decreased at pH 2, pH4, while the 

differences between pH 7, pH 9 and pH 11 was significantly (P≤0.05). No mortality 

occurred during the whole experiment. The study showed that the fingerling of 

Oreochromis niloticus is suitable and obtain normal growth and for survival rate at 

range pH 7-9.


Data mining and phylogenetic analysis on mitochondrial control region of 

seahorse (Hippocampus kuda) 

Ruzihayanti Binti Che Ahmad 




Hippocampus kuda is one of the economically important species in Traditional Chinese 

Medicines. However, its population suspected to decline at least 30% every year due 

to habitat destruction and overexploitation. Hence, a study conducted to determine 

the phylogenetic relationship of Hippocampus kuda in South Asian based on 

mitochondrial control region. For data mining, 23 sequence and data were collected 

from The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Then, phylogenetic 

analyses were conducted using MEGA7 software to study the relationship among 

populations. The haplotype were segregate into two groups. First group comprise 

haplotype from Malaysia, India and Indonesia while the second group include 

haplotype from Thailand and Philippines which is closely related to each other. The 

sample clustered based on their similarities and characteristic. The geographical 

factors effect on the genetic population of seahorse. The result obtain from this study 

can be used in implementation of conservation and stock enhancement.


Effect of different water salinity on survival rate and proximate 

composition of Nile tilapia juvenile (Oreochromis niloticus) 

Siti Atikah Binti Kasawani @ Kazuwani 

Supervisor: Dr Roslizawati Bt Ab Lah 



The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different level of salinities 

on survival rate and proximate composition of juvenile Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis 

niloticus. A total of 99 individual of tilapia juveniles with an average weight of 14g to 

17g were acclimatized in controlled flow-through tank for fourteen days. Tilapia 

juveniles were then subjected to three different levels of salinities 0, 5 and 15ppt for 

one week exposure. Proximate composition consists of moisture, ash, protein and 

lipids were determined using the edible flesh of tilapia. Results indicate that there 

was no significance difference detected on survival rate of tilapia (p=0.8185). Survival 

rate in the lowest salinity (control tank) shows the highest survival rate (96.97%) as 

compared to other treatments in experiment. For the proximate analysis, samples 

from control tank contains significantly higher in protein content, 88.12±1.6% 

(p


Studies on the yolk absorption, mouth development and start of feeding of 

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 

Siti Najihah Binti Mustafa 

Supervisor: Prof Dato Dr Anuar Bin Hassan 



This study were carried out to determine the relationship between yolk absorption, 

mouth development and also the relationship between the first feeding of larvae of 

Nile tilapia. Six hundred eggs were incubated in 15 liter aquarium with 3 replication 

and observation were done using the profile projector. The showed that the newly 

hatched larvae had 4.173± 0.59 mm in total length and had yolk sac 9.07±0.89 mm 

in volume. The yolk completely absorbed within 7 day 11 hours at the water 

temperature of 26°C– 28 °C. All the larvae had started to feed the Artemia as their 

food when the yolk were fully absorbed. Mouth started to open after 1 day of hatching 

at the mouth size of 0.39±0.12 mm. For the start of feeding, the average of Artemia 

of 16.7 individual/larval were found in the digestive tract. From this experiment, it 

showed that there is a relationship between of yolk absorption and mouth 

development to the first feeding of larvae.


The study on effect of paprika inclusion as carotenoid based on body 

composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 

Siti Nur Shafiqah Binti Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr Noordiyana Binti Mat Noordin 

Bachelor of Sciences in Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of paprika inclusion as 

carotenoid source on body composition, of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). 

Four diets were formulated to contain different level of paprika at 0% (control), 4%, 

8% and 12% (diet dry weight) and fed to the fish for 30 days. From analysis, the 

highest percentage of moisture, ash, lipid, fibre and protein contents were obtained 

from fish, fed with 8% paprika inclusion while the lowest percentage was obtained by 

fish that were fed with control diet although the differences were not significant 

(p>0.05). Similarly, there is no significant differences between hepatosomatic index 

(HI) and visceral somatic index (VI) between each treatment. In conclusions, this 

study showed that 8% of paprika inclusion is the most effective dietary percentage 

for O. niloticus juvenile tilapia to stimulate the body nutrient content meanwhile HI 

and VI were not influenced by dietary paprika.


Nutrient removal from industrial wastewater by immobilized Chlorella 

vulgaris 

Siti Quaratuaini Binti Rusdi 




High concentration of toxic compound in palm kernel wastewater will lead to harmful 

effect to consumer when the wastewater discharged into water sources. Immobilized 

microalgae have been introduced as alternative in removing nutrient from wastewater. 

Hence, this experiment conducted using immobilized Chlorella vulgaris to remove toxic 

compounds from palm kernel wastewater. In this experiment there were 5 treatments 

which are blank beads (without microalgae), 1.0 beads/mL, 1.5 beads/mL, 2.0 

beads/mL and control (no beads) were tested in 600ml of palm kernel wastewater. 

Results showed that the toxic compound concentration decreased within 48 hours. 

Removal percentages of TAN and NO2-N concentration were up to 97.61% and 

31.98% using 1.0 beads/ml treatment. On the other hand SRP concentration reduced 

up to 50.79% using 2.0 beads/ml compared to other treatments. This shows that 

immobilized Chlorella vulgaris is an effective method in removing nutrients from palm 

kernel wastewater.


Effect of paprika inclusion as carotenoid source on coloration of red 

tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus based on chroma meter reading 

Sugiana Binti Sudirman 

Supervisor: Dr Noordiyana binti Mat Noordin 

Bachelor of Science in Argotechnology (Aquaculture) 


The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of paprika inclusion as carotenoid 

source on coloration of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus based on chroma meter reading 

(CMR). In this study, 80 juvenile tilapia were fed with iso-nitrogenous diet at different 

level of paprika (0, 4, 8, and 12%) for 30 days. At 15 days interval, three fish from 

each treatment were randomly sampled for CMR at head, pectoral fin, anal fin, and 

tail area. The CMR showed higher level of lightness when the fish were fed with 12% 

of paprika and the lowest level of lightness was obtained when the fish were fed with 

control diet (0%). However, in contrast, in tail and pectoral fin, the red and yellow 

color respectively were dominated by fish that were fed with 8% of paprika and control 

diet although the differences were not significant (p>0.05). In summary, this study 

indicates that paprika can be used to enhance coloration of Oreochromis niloticus.


The effect of temperature on larval development and survival of giant 

freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii 

Tuan Norshahiza Failani Binti Tuan Sulaiman 




Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting the growth and 

survival of aquatic organisms, including giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium 

rosenbergii. The study was carried out to observe the optimum range and effect of 

temperature (27 o C, 29 o C, 31 o C) on larval development and survival rate of M. 

rosenbergii. Each treatment was divided into 3 tank where each tank was stocked with 

2500 larvae/50L. The larval development and survival rate were observed during the 

temperature treatment. The larvae showed a survival rate (32.23 – 18.12; p: 0.025). 

The development of larvae to reach postlarvae stage (30 – 35 days; p: 0.196). The 

result showed that 29 o C temperature is preferable for the faster larval development 

and maximum survivability of larvae M. rosenbergii.


The effect of different feeding types on the growth, survival and 

reproduction of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis 

Umar Ashaari Bin Yusri 




This study compared the effects of giving three different types of feed (Yeast, palm 

kernel cake, chicken manure) with different levels of concentrations (0.004g/L, 

0.008g/L and 0.012g/L) on the growth survival and reproductive performance 

(offspring production, life span, pre oviposition, oviposition, post ovipostion, egg 

produced per female and production time of egg) of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Each 

feeding treatment were tested on triplicates and was carried out for 10 days, the 

growth, survival and reproduction performance (e.g offspring production) were 

evaluated to assess the responses of Brachionus plicatilis to different types of feed 

with different levels of concentrations. Rotifer had shown highest growth and survival 

when fed with 0.0012g/L yeast (126.45 ± 84.53 ind mL-1) and (5.99 ± 7.053 ind mL- 

1) were not significantly affected by diet used (P > 0.05). While highest offspring 

production recorded when fed with 0.008g/L chicken manure (1.844 ± 0.01 

egg/female) showed significantly different among all the treatment (P < 0.05). Rotifer 

had produced comparable growth, survival and reproduction when fed with yeast, 

palm kernel cake and chicken manure as single diet with different level of 

concentrations. This indicates that, different types of feed and manipulations of 

concentration is effective strategy to replace microalgae in rotifer culture.


The effect of photoperiod on the growth and survival rate of African 

catfish, Clarias gariepinus juvenile 

Ummi Syafizah Binti Mohd Radzi 

Supervisor: Prof Dato’ Dr Anuar Bin Hassan 



The study was conducted to determine the effects of different photoperiods on the 

growth and survival rate of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Thirty 

juveniles, were reared in triplicate under four different photoperiods: 24 hour total 

darkness (24D: 0L); 24 hour total light (24L: 0D); 16 hour darkness: 8 hour light (16D: 

8L) and 12 hour darkness: 12 hour light (12D:12L) as control. The result showed that 

there were significant (P < 0.05) increased in body weight, total length, specific 

growth rate and survival rate in juveniles cultured under (24D: 0L) followed by (12L: 

12D) and followed by (16L: 8D). While for (24L: 0D) showed the least growth 

increased. (24D: 0L) showed the highest growth rate (20.728 ± 0.799 a , body weight 

gain, 0.619 ± 0.079 a , total length gain) while (24L: 0D) (5.276 ± 0.228 c , body weight 

gain, 0.241 ± 0.044 c , total length gain) showed the lowest growth rate. For (24D: 0L) 

showed the highest survival rate 72.222 ± 10.184 a , while (24L: 0D) showed the 

lowest survival rate 25.556 ± 15.031 c .


Substrate colour preference in tiger barb Puntigrus tetrazona 

Wan Ahmad Rasul Bin Radwan 

Supervisor: Dr Lokman Nor Hakim Bin Norazmi 



Tiger Barb is one of the most socialised fish in the world but known among ornamental 

fish for its’ own aggressiveness. 8 males and 16 females Tiger Barbs were carefully 

chose and placed in 4 tanks with 4 divided section that contain a breeding mop in 

each section to observe and identify the fishes’ colour preferences on breeding mop 

as alternative to the real aquatic plant. The schooling site and section preferred by 

the Tiger Barb were observed every day at 10.00 o’clock in the morning for 21 days. 

The water quality such as potential of Hydrogen, temperature and Total Dissolved 

Solids were also recorded alongside the main method. The results showed that the 

most preferable colour of breeding mop was dark green. The potential of Hydrogen 

range (pH6.67-7.10) could drop to pH6.34 without aeration, temperature range (27.8- 

28.9 celcius) and Total Dissolved Solids range (15-21 ppm). Dark green colour of 

breeding mop was suitable to use for Tiger Barb breed in this water condition.


Study of morphology, prevalence and mean intensity of monogenea 

infections in pond reared Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (striped catfish) 

in Besut, Terengganu 

Wan Nor Sarah Salehah Binti Wan Sulaiman 

Supervisor: Prof. Emeritus Dr. Faizah binti Shahrom 

Bachelor of Science I Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


This study was conducted to determine the morphology, prevalence and mean 

intensity of monogenea on gills of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Thirty fish was 

sampled from an earthen pond in Kuala Besut, Terengganu from January to February 

2018. The monogenea parasites were removed from the gills and counted. For 

morphological study, the extracted monogenea were mounted on a slide by using drop 

of ammonium picrate-glycerin (APG) and were observed under Compound Advanced 

Research Microscope. The drawing was done with the aid of lucida camera. The 

monogenea parasite was identified as Thaparocleidus sp. The prevalence and mean 

intensity levels were 100% and 106.07 parasites per fish, respectively. The 

monogenean parasites discovered throughout this examination were recorded and the 

data attained were summarized in the results.


The Effects of Different Dietary Sources on the Mass Culture of Cyclopoid 

Copepod (Apocyclops Ramkhamhaengi) 

Wan Nur Amirah Binti Wan Yuslan 




Apocyclops ramkhamhaengi is a cyclopoid copepod with high potential live feed to 

improve survival and growth of fish larvae. However, its usage remains limited at an 

industrial scale. Therefore, the need of large quantities of copepod produce in 

aquaculture will be fulfilled if there are varieties of dietary sources with cost effective 

production being conditional on successful culture at high density. This study 

compared the efficacy of different dietary sources and concentration on the growth 

and reproduction of A. ramkhamhaengi. The experimental diets for the copepod 

consisted of three diets (chicken manure, palm kernel cake (PKC) and yeast) with 

three concentrations (0.02 g/L, 0.08 g/L and 0.14 g/L). The experiment was carried 

out for 15 days and the population growth, survival and reproductive performance 

(generation time, hatching rate, hatching time, life spawning times, daily offspring 

production, lifespan and sex ratio) were used to evaluate the responses of A. 

ramkhamhaengi to different food types and concentration. Population growth 

(P=0.028; P


The Effect of Cryodiluent Type And Dilution Ratios On Post-Thaw Motility 

Of Giant Grouper (Epinephelus Lanceolatus) Sperm 

Wan Nurizzati binti W Idris 



School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (Aquaculture) 

Sperm cryopreservation helps to preserve valuable strains of male broodstocks which 

is important for seed production of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). In this 

study, we investigated the effects of various cryodiluents [10-20%; Dimethyl 

sulphoxide (DMSO), Propylene Glycol, Methanol], dilution ratios (1:1, 1:19 and 1:49) 

and toxicity (till 30 minutes) on sperm cryopreservation of giant grouper. 

Cryopreservation was done by cooling the sperm samples at 7.5 cm height above 

liquid nitrogen (LN) vapor before immersion in LN after 3 minutes. Toxicity was 

determined by observing samples at set intervals after dilution in 10% DMSO. Our 

results show that 15% DMSO was the best cryoprotectant and there was no 

significance differences in post-thaw motility at all dilution ratios. Also, 10% DMSO 

was not toxic to sperm up to 30 minutes. In conclusion, we have developed a speciesspecific 

cryopreservation protocol for giant grouper sperm that will be useful for giant 

grouper seed production.


Dietary Black Soldier Fly Larvae Oil on Reproductive Performance of 

Fighting Fish Betta Splendens 

Kang Q Nying 

Supervisor: Dr Sharifah Rahmah Bt Syed Muhammad 

Bachelor of Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


Fish oil is an expensive and limit source for aquaculture, it is necessary to search 

alternative potential oil for replacement. This study investigates the effect of Black 

Soldier Fly (BFS) larvae oil on the reproductive performances of fighting fish Betta 

splendens at 0%, 50% and 100% replacement. Result showed that 100% replacement 

BSF oil significantly improved reproductive performances with higher reproductive 

efficiency and total eggs produced compared to 0% and 50% replacement. Broodstock 

that fed with 0% and 50% BSF oil replacement constructed smaller bubble nest 

surface area with thinness and unequal bubble sizes, whilst, fish that fed with 100% 

BFS replacement produced more equal bubble size and covered large surface area 

with higher bubble nest thickness were found. Thus, contributes to better embryo 

hatching and larvae survival rates. Overall, BSF oil have a positive effect in improving 

reproductive performances and 100% replacement is recommended for Betta 

splendens.


Levels Of Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1 (CO1) Divergence of Family 

Nemipteridae in Malaysia 

Liew You En 

Supervisor: Dr Tun Nurul Aimi Binti Mat Jaafar 



DNA Barcoding, primarily focusing on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene has 

been appraised as an effective tool for species identification. Nonetheless, species 

identification based on molecular approach are comparatively few accessible in 

Malaysia. In this study, we focus on the marine fish Family Nemipteridae, one of the 

commercially important species distributed within the surrounding seas of Malaysia. A 

652bp region of COI was sequenced for 108 individuals from nine putative species. 

The average Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) nucleotide divergence were 0.34% among 

individuals within species and 6.97% within genera. All putative species formed 

monophyletic clades in both the Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree and Maximum-likelihood 

(ML) tree. However, there was a potential misidentification in specimen identified as 

Nemipterus tambuloides, as the specimen did not group with their own taxa. It is 

genetically grouped in Nemipterus thosaporni clade. This study had support the 

effectiveness of COI gene in species discrimination.


Salinity Tolerance toward Juvenile Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp.) 

Afiq Affifuddin bin Rahmat 

Prof. Dato’ Dr Anuar Bin Hassan 

Bachelor of Science Agro technology (Aquaculture) 


Red Hybrid Tilapia, the genus Oreochromis, are widely distributed in the wild and 

cultivated in fish farms owing to their hardy nature, rapid growth rates and tolerance 

of varied environment. Many species are adaptable to a wide range of saline conditions 

while others are restricted to fresh- or low-salinity water. The salinity tolerance 

experiment was conducted according to the method by Chervinski, J. a. b.(1961) 

Chervinski, J. and Yashouv, A. (1971). Out of 5 differences salinity, tested to 15 

sample/s of each salinity to get the optimum level of salinity for prefect growth and 

survival rates. All the test was showing that the salinity in between 0-2 ppt has shown 

was not significance (P≥0.5) in term of growth rate, 12 ppt was significance (P≤0.5) 

growth rate, all fish survive at that salinity, with minimal death. Unfortunately, salinity 

of 22-32 ppt has shown that low survival of samples. This experiment was conducted 

to know the best level of salinity that effect growth and survival rate of samples.


Sperm Activation and Motility of Molly, Poecilia Sphenops 

Muhammad Azzim Bin Omar 

Supervisor: Dr Lokman Norhakim Bin Norazmi 



Poecilia sphenops is live-bearing species. This species undergoes internal fertilization 

instead of laying eggs. The objectives of this study are to investigate the sperm 

activation and motility of molly, P. sphenops on different solutions. The solution that 

used in this study are fresh water (H2O), saline water at 9ppt and Hanks’ balanced 

salt solution (HBSS) at 300 mOsmol/kg. The molly was dissect and removed the testis. 

The testis was place on slide glass and put the solution with ratio 1:100. Then the 

slide glass was observe under compound microscope. The estimation of sperm 

activation and motility was record. The saline water at 9ppt causing the most 

activation and motility of sperm P.sphenops than freshwater and Hanks’ balanced salt 

solution (HBSS). It is because the saline water at 9ppt will promote the reproduction 

hormone to activation and motility of sperm molly P.sphenops. So, the breeder will 

know the best solution to make theirs production became higher.


The Effect of Salinity on Elemental Composition of Two Different Tissue of 

Nile Tilapia Ooreochromis Niloticus) 

Mohd Sufian Bin Hanafi 

Supervisor: Dr Roslizawati Binti Ab.Lah 



Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) is one of the world’s most popular fresh water 

species that contains high protein and.essential elements. A number of 100 samples 

of Oreochromis niloticus were collected from the local supplier and acclimatized for 1 

week in a flow through tank. Samples were exposed to three different water 

salinities;0 ppt, 5 ppt, and 15 ppt for 2 weeks. Flesh and gills were taken from each 

samples and analysis for elemental composition by using inductively coupled plasma 

mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results indicated that there were no significant 

differences between salinities changes and elements composition for each tissue (p = 

2.73).


Reproductive and physiological responses of gourami towards different 

water pH 

Loong Cha Kang 

Supervisor: Dr Liew Hon Jung 



Gourami is a labyrinth fish which can breathe atmospherically when dissolved oxygen 

in water depleted. Gourami can be found naturally in Southeast Asia and contributing 

to economy and ecology. With current environmental quality changing, gourami 

experience fluctuation of water pH that threatening their life. Therefore, this study 

was conducted to investigate the effect of water pH on physiological responses and 

reproductive performances of gourami. Gourami were subjected to three different 

water pH at acidic (5.0-5.5), neutral (7.0-8.5) and alkaline (9.0-9.5) for 5 weeks. 

Respirometry assay was applied to evaluate physiological responses. Water pH 

fluctuation either acidic or alkaline significantly increased feed intake, thus induced 

high MO2 to support basal metabolic needs. Under acidic and alkaline conditions 

significantly depleted spawning performance of gourami. As a remark, water pH 

fluctuation had a negative impact to the growth and survival of gourami. Gourami is 

more sensitive to acidic then alkaline and neutral pH.


Effect of Lemongrass Extraction Oil as Treatment Tilapia, 

Oreochromis Niloticus. 

Muhammad Nazrul Izwan Bin Saroni 

Supervisor: Dr Sharifah Noor Emilia Binti Syed Jamil Fadaak 



The study was conducted to determine the effect of the lemongrass extraction oil to 

the infected fish, the best concentration of crude extract from lemongrass extraction 

oil that helps treat the infected fish and the survival rate of Tilapia, Oreochromis 

niloticus. The studied was carried out with three different type of feed tested and 

control. Treatment 1: 25% of lemongrass extraction oil. Treatment 2: 50% of 

lemongrass extraction oil. Treatment 3: 100% of lemongrass extraction oil. The 

method used for lemongrass oil’s extraction is steam-distillation. The Tilapia was 

infected by Aeromonas hydrophila by using immersion method (10 7 CFU mL -1 ). Each 

treatment and control has three replicate. In day 6, the mortality for the treatment is 

6 fish dead for control, 2 fish was dead for treatment 1, 1 fish dead for treatment 2 

and 2 fish dead for treatment 3. The clinical signs for the dead fish is pale gills, skin 

ulceration and bloating stomach.


Assessment Of Protein Content And Test Feeding Of Microalgae 

Contaminated With Copper To Artemia sp. 

Nurul Nabihah Binti Abdul Kadir 

Supervisor: Dr Emienour Muzalina Binti Mustafa 



Artemia sp. is extremely important live feed to the aquaculture world. The protein 

content in microalgae is important to produce a high quality Artemia sp. The objective 

of this study were to assess the effect of copper exposure on growth and protein 

content in Nannochloropsis sp. and in Artemia sp. after being feed with microalgae 

contaminated with Cu. In this experiment, Nannochloropsis sp. were exposed to 

different concentration of Cu (0, 0.0l, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l) for 8 days. Growth of 

microalgae (chlorophyll a, carotenoid & dry weight) and protein content was measured 

based on Day 0, 2, 4, 6 & 8. Based on the highest concentration of Cu that give effect 

on growth of microalgae, the Artemia sp. were feed with microalgae contaminated 

with 10mg/L Cu for 7 days. The growth of Artemia sp. was measured based on 

mortality, cell size and protein content. Result showed that Chlorophyll a (1.925 mg/L 

Chl a), carotenoid (0.610 ug/ml) & protein content (1.37%) in microalgae were highest 

at 0.01 mg/L Cu (Day 8). Based on this study, 10mg/L Cu give an adverse effect on 

the growth & protein content of Nannochloropsis sp. and also affected the growth of 

Artemia sp.


The Usage of Brasicca Alacacea Var.Italia (Brocolli) On Tilapia as Healing 

Agent 

Nor Khalif Syafi Bin Nor Azmal 

Supervisor: Dr Sharifah Emilia Binti Syed Jamil Fadaak 



This purpose of this research is to identified whether Brocolli (Brasicca var.Italia) can 

be used as a treatment to cure aeromonas hydrophilla infection to tilapia as alternative 

way. The materials used are: broccoli seed, hexane solution, distilled water, 

Aeromonas hydrophilla bacteria and fish pellet. The procedure created to undergo this 

research were by extracting the broccoli seed using distillation method where water 

vapour produced and then separated oil and water by filteration techniques using 

hexane solution. The oil extracted plays an important role in recovering on 120 

infected tilapia due the nutrition absorbed by pellet using spray technique with 

different concentration, control, 25%,50% and 100%. Consist 3 replicate each 

treatment that feed for ten days and observed for clinical sign and mortality. Monitored 

frequently the water quality and surrounding to avoid fish mortality due to other 

causes. Result shown that mortality and clinical sign less occured on 100% treatment. 

Undergraduate Research Day UMT 2018


Effect of azolla (Azolla microphylla) as fish feed for red tilapia 

(Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles growth rate 

Muhammad Syazwan Bin Hamzah 

Supervisor: Prof Dato Dr Anuar Bin Hassan 



This study was conducted to determine the effects of Azolla as fish feed on the growth 

rate of Red Hybrid Tilapia juvenile (Oreochromis niloticus). This experiment was 

conducted for 30 days. There were two different feeding trials conducted in this study: 

(Control - fish feed alone, Trial I - fish feed + Azolla and Trial II- Azolla alone). Each 

treatment was done in three replicates and each replicate contain 20 juveniles. The 

sampling for the growth of the fingerlings were recorded in every 5 days. Growth 

measured revealed positive trend with Trial I (fish feed with Azolla). The other two 

feeding schedules (Control - fish feed alone) and (Trial II- Azolla alone) did not reveal 

statistically significant result. No mortality occurred during the whole experiment. It 

was conclude that Trial I (fish feed + Azolla) is the best feed for fish growth rate.


The effect of carbon enrichment growth of Chlorococcum sp. 

Muhamad Zuraidi Bin Zainon 

Supervisor: Dr Eminour Muzalina Binti Mustafa 



Chlorococcum sp. is one of the freshwater species that have high value of carotenoid 

(astaxanthin) that usually used as feed in aquaculture industry. The objective of this 

study is to assess the growth of Chlorococcum sp. in Bold’s Basal Medium(BBM) and 

aquaculture wastewater enriched with different types of Carbon source (Glucose and 

Acetate) for 12 days under autotrophic, heterotrophic & mixotrophic conditions. In 

this study, there are 2 set of experiments were conducted. The Chlorococcum sp. were 

grown in different types of medium which are BBM and aquaculture wastewater 

enriched with glucose & acetate individually for 12 days under autotrophic, 

heterotrophic & mixotrophic conditions. The growth of Chlorococcum sp. cultures were 

measured based on chlorophyll a, carotenoid, optical density (OD620nm), and dry 

weight content. The result showed that cultures grown in heterotrophic-BBM 

containing glucose in dark condition have the highest Chl a content (1.560 mg/L Chl 

a) and carotenoid content (672.4978 µg/mL carotenoid) was the highest in the 

cultures grown in heterotrophic-BBM containing glucose in dark condition on day 8 .In 

this study, we found that cultures grown in heterotrophic (BBM containing glucose) > 

mixotrophic (BBM containing acetate) > mixotrophic (BBM containing glucose) > 

heterotrophic (BBM containing acetate) > heterotrophic (BBM) > autotrophic (BBM).


Analysis of Vibrio Abundance in Initial Feed Tank 

Muhammad Zuhairi Zafri Bin Muhamad Zailan 




Vibrio spp. are the most common and serious pathogen in both initial feed and 

aquaculture products such as fish and shellfish. The growth of Vibrio spp. in 

aquaculture initial feed is one of cause of disease outbreaks and can affect the 

aquaculture products since initial feed become carrier of microbes including 

pathogenic bacteria. The objectives of this study is to enumerate the Vibrio spp. in 

aquaculture initial feed tank (artemia, rotifer and copepod). Aquaculture initial feed 

sample was collected the marine water sample at Hatchery Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu, enumarated on Zobell agar and TCBS agar by drop method, and 

incubated for 2 days at room temperature. After incubation, bacterial colony growth 

on Zobell agar for heterotrophic bacterial number and TCBS agar for culturable Vibrio 

number will be count. In conclusion, this study will help the aquaculture field to detect 

abundance of Vibrio spp. in aquaculture production including initial feed and gives 

information how pathogenic bacteria is carried by initial feed.


The Effects of Turmeric Curcuma Longa on the Vibrio Load in Adult Brine 

Shrimp Artemia 

Krishnnappriyaa A/P Gopi 

Assoc. Prof Dr Yeong Yik Sung 



The brine shrimp Artemia are the most widely used life food organisms in aquaculture. 

All life stages of Artemia can be used as feed, namely decapsulated cysts, nauplii, 

juvenile and adult. Adult Artemia are superior food for ornamental fish, seahorse and 

the Penaeid shrimp. But they are often contaminated by various pathogens such as 

Vibrios. Methods to produce Vibrio-free Artemia include the application of ozone gas 

and antibiotics but they are costly. In this study, the aqueous extract of turmeric, a 

medicinal plant known to possess anti-microbial and antioxidant properties, was tested 

for its efficacy to reduce vibrio load in adult Artemia. Incubation in 10g/L resulted in 

mortality, indicating that turmeric was toxic to Artemia at this concentration and 

beyond. Several bacteria other than Vibrio grew on TCBS agar. The number of 

bacterial growth (CFU/ml), isolated both from Artemia and the rearing water, did not 

reduce upon tumeric exposure, indicating that turmeric was ineffective in attenuating 

Vibrio growth during Artemia culture.


Population Genetics of Stargazer Uranoscopus Cognatus from Pahang 

Water Using CO1 Gene 

Yap Tung Yik 




Stargazer Uranoscopus cognatus is demersal fish found under 20m of the sea. Three 

populations were randomly selected from Pahang trawl station. The research carried 

out to study the population genetics and genetic structure of the fish using 

Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1(CO1), helps in fisheries management and for 

conservation purposes. In 42 specimens (419 Bp), a total of 11 haplotypes were 

detected. Data on the 3 populations shows that the haplotype diversity (h=0.459; 

Pi=0.00159) is low, a total of 31 specimens in haplotype one showing that the 

specimen in Pahang water is not structured, while the total number of mutations and 

segregating site is 12.


Effect of Different Salinity on Survival and Growth Rate of Asian Seabass 

(Lates Calcarifer) Juvenile 

Tan Kim Seng 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Nadirah binti Musa 



The current study aims to determine the survival and growth rates of Asian seabass 

juveniles subjected to different range of water salinities i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 

30ppt. Seven units of aquariums were prepared in replicates, kept with 5 fish each. 

After 48 hours, no mortality was observed in all treatments. There were no significant 

differences in growth performance parameters, such as total length gain (TLG), total 

weight gain (TWG) and specific growth rate (SGR). Asian seabass juveniles reared at 

25ppt salinity for 15 days attained better results of growth performance compared to 

others. This study suggests that Asian Seabass juveniles can tolerate a wide range of 

salinity without altering its growth performance.


The Comparison between the Effect of Ginger and Garlic Extracts towards 

the Behavioural Changes of Cichlidogyrus Sp. In Hybrid Tilapia 

(Oreochromis sp.) 

Khor Kock Xian 

Supervisor: Prof Emeritus Dr Faizah Binti Mohd Sharoum 



Monogenean infections in aquaculture are responsible for significant economic losses. 

Ginger and garlic are the well-known herb which possess anti-parasitical properties. 

The current study focuses on the in vitro treatment with ginger and garlic extractions 

towards the behavioural changes of Cichlidogyrus sp. at various concentrations and 

also their effectiveness. In vitro trials revealed the clear anti-parasitic effects of herbs. 

Herbal extracts, prepared from oven-dried herbs, were tested. After specific time of 

exposure, the behavioural changes of monogeneans were recorded, which involved: 

Straight and Elongated; Irregular and Elongated; Straight and Shortened; and Coiled 

and Shortened. Besides, increased extract concentration was associated with reduced 

time to parasite cessation, with garlic extract being more efficient; at 100 and 400 

ppm ginger and garlic extracts, monogeneans died at 75.1±0.6 and 36.3±0.2 min; 

31.0±0.3 and 5.2±0.1 min, respectively. These findings show that immersion in herbal 

extract provide an effective result for monogenean in vitro treatment.


Isolation of Photosynthetic Bacteria from Aquaculture Pond 

Azri Bin Samad 




The photosynthetic bacteria are characterized by their ability to grow in the absence 

of air when exposed to light. Unlike the algae and higher plants, they do not produce 

oxygen and require an external supply of an oxidizable substrate whose nature varies 

with the species. Photosynthetic bacteria also can be used as food additive and can 

control water quality in aquaculture pond. The objective of the study was to attempt 

to isolate and identify photosynthetic bacteria from three different aquaculture pond 

which is iSHARP (Integrated Shrimp Aquaculture Park), Akuatrop Setiu, and UMT pond 

using enrichment culture technique. All experiments were conduct in autoclaved screw 

cap test tube containing culture medium which was neutralized to pH 6.7 with NaOH. 

Culture purity was examined microscopically and by streaking the culture on agar 

plate. In vitro amplification of extracted 16S rDNA was done with universal primers 

8F. The 16S rDNA partial sequences were blasted in GenBank. The isolate were 

Comamonas aquatica, Acinetobacter gyllenbergii, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, 

Pannonibacter phragmitetus, Pseudomonas mendocina, and Cloacibacterium 

normanense and all species were Gram-negative bacterium. All the bacteria were not 

photosynthetic bacteria but they may be helpful to aquaculture. 

\


Molecular Detection of Megalocytivitus in Ram Cichlid (Apistogramma 

Ramirezi) 

Logajothiswaran S/O Ambalvananan 




Ram cichlid, Apistogramma ramirezi is one of the famous ornamental fish being traded 

in the global market. However, many cases have been reported due to the high 

mortality and huge losses in ornamental trading business caused by Megalocytivirus 

infections. No mortality cases has been recorded in Ram cichlid, Apistogramma 

ramirezi from Malaysia but number of positive samples has been prevailing in other 

countries. The aim of this study was to detect the presence or absence of 

Megalocytivirus in Apistogramma Ramirezi from Johor. The PCR analysis was 

conducted according to the method by Nolan et al. (2015). Out of 50 samples, the 

PCR analysis demonstrated 5 positive pooled samples (n=25) for the presence of 

Megalocytivirus. All the samples did not show any clinical signs. Sequence analysis of 

MCP gene showed 96% and 99% similarities for primary sample 3 and 89% and 99% 

for nested sample 10 respectively with Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus 

(ISKNV) and Megalocytivirus Sabah. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene 

revealed that viruses from genus Megalocytivirus is the closest to ISKNV complete 

genome and can be classified into Megalocytivirus genotype 1.


Sperm Activation and Motality of Guppy, Poecilia Reticulata 

Mohd Aizal Afiq Bin Azman 

Supervisor: Dr Lokman Norhakim bin Norazmi 



Guppy is a live bearing species and the most ornamental fish. Among the methods 

used to test the activation and motility of guppy’s sperm by using the appropriate 

solution. Among the solutions used are water (H2O), saline water (9 ppt), Hanks' 

balanced salt solution. based on the experiments performed, there are some results 

obtained. Saline water (9 ppt) shows the most effective effect on activation and 

motility of sperm. H2O shows the least effective effect. As a conclusion, sperm of 

guppy give more reaction on saline water (9 ppt) because guppy need to active their 

sperm at a saline water (9ppt) that can active their hormone and sperm activation and 

motility.


Genetic Diversity of Tumpnose Travelly, Carangoides Hedlandensis in 

Malaysia Using Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome C Oxidation Subunit 1 

(CO1) 

Sangary Ravindran 

Supervisor: Dr Tun Nurul Aimi Bt. Mat Jaafar 



Fisheries resources have limited data on the genetic basis of stock structure. 

Carangoides hedlandensis is one of the species that has limited data due to higher 

possibility of misidentification. Thirty nine samples of C.hedlandensis were collected 

from 10 different locations in Malaysia. DNA was extracted from all the samples and 

cytochrome c oxidation subunit 1 (CO1) gene for the DNA undergoes PCR amplification 

process. All the sequences were analysed to determine genetic diversity and 

population structure of C.hedlandensis. Results showed that average haplotype 

(h=0.9973) and nucleotide (ᴨ=0.01964) diversities were indicated the genetic 

diversity of C.hedlandensis is higher in Malaysia. The Fst value of this population was 

0.23823 revealed that moderate genetic structure. The structure of neighbour – 

joining phylogenetic tree of C.hedlandensis formed eight small monophyletic cluster 

and two paraphyletic groups. Lack of genetic structuring among the samples was 

depicted by AMOVA analysis. In conclusion, it’s refer all sample in one population.


Molecular Detection of Megalocytivirus in Common Platy (Xiphophorus 

Maculatus) 

Surrin Kumar Palakrishnan 




In Malaysia, ornamental fish culture is very popular. With the rapid development of 

ornamental fish culture, outbreaks of viral disease occurred frequently in common 

platy, Xiphophorus maculatus in culture farms. Thus, the aim of this project was to 

detect the presence or absence of Megalocytivrus in common platy collected from 

Senai, Johor. The nested PCR analysis was conducted according to modified method 

of Rimmer et al. (2012) and Zainathan et al. (2017). Out of 50 samples, nested PCR 

analysis demonstrated 6 positive pooled samples (n=30) for the presence of 

Megalocytivirus. Only darkened body colour was observed with no internal clinical 

signs in the samples. Sequence analysis of MCP gene showed 91% query cover and 

98% similarities respectively with Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). 

Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene revealed that the viruses from genus 

Megalocytivirus is the closest to the ISKNV complete genome and can be classified 

into Megolocytivirus genoype I.


Data Mining and Phylogenetic Analysis of Pangasius Nasutus Based On 

Cythochrome C Oxidase 1 (CO1) DNA Sequences 

Nur Izzah Binti Mohamad Yadzir 


Bachelor of Sciences in Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


Pangasiidae is known as a large family of tropical freshwater catfishes that can be 

found throughout South and Southeast Asia. Catfish species of this family has a good 

potential for aquaculture and high values as flesh food at market in Malaysia. The 

molecular phylogenetic trees of 20 representative sequences of Pangasius nasutus 

using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were constructed. The objective of this 

study is to study the phylogenetic analysis of Pangasius nasutus based on COI DNA 

sequences. The sequences COI available in National Centre Biology Information 

(NCBI) for Pangasius nasutus have been compiled. Then the sequences were aligned 

and tree were constucted in Mega software. The results clearly showed that COI gene 

can be used to give a clear picture of the phylogenetic relationships among different 

species of family Pangasiidae. The method developed in the present study is less timeconsuming 

and easy to execute. The technique also provide valuable information for 

breeding and conservation programme.


Genetic variation of Malabar Trevally, Carangoides malabaricus in 

Malaysia using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) 

Tee Say May 

Supervisor: Dr Tun Nurul Aimi Binti Mat Jaafar 



Carangoides malabaricus is one of the most commercialized trevally species in 

Malaysia. Nevertheless, their genetic status is still remained unknown along with 

constant fear of over-exploitation. Consequently, this study aims to identify their 

genetic variation and population structure in Malaysia using cytochrome c oxidase 

subunit I (COI) gene. The 652bp of COI gene from 67 specimens were amplified and 

the finding reveals 39 haplotypes with haplotype 2 emerged as the most shared 

haplotype within 22 specimens. The average haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide 

diversity (π) were 0.89000 and 0.01091 respectively with Sibu showed the lowest 

among all localities. The Neighbour Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) trees 

showed 2 clusters with COI nucleotide divergence of 1.4%. Additionally, the FST= 

0.10366, FCT= 0.12197 and FSC= -0.02086 values were proven to be low which indicate 

low genetic divergence of C. malabaricus in Malaysia due to high gene flow of these 

migratory species.


Therapeutic Substances in Kaffir Lime Leaves toward Cyprinus Carpio to 

Bacterial Infection 

Muhammad Taqiyuddin Norazman 

Supervisor: Dr Sharifah Noor Emilia Syed Jamil Fadaak 



The Kaffir lime leaves extract that has been sprayed into commercials feed with certain 

concentration can fight the disease onto Cyprinus carpio caused by the Aeromonas 

hydrophila. This experiment was conducted to study the effect of Kaffir lime leaves 

extract towards Cyprinus carpio against bacterial infection and the best concentration 

used to fight them. A. hydrophila was cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth for 24 h at 30°c in 

incubator shaker for 4 day straight to obtain concentration of 10^7CFU/ml. Infect the 

C. carpio with A. hydrophila and randomly divided into group of 10 fish each tank, 

conducted in triplicate. Fed C. carpio with commercials feed that has been sprayed 

with essential oil with different concentrations. Fed them twice a day, started in the 

morning at 0800 and evening at 1700 respectively. Mortality rates in the control tank 

was the highest and show the clinical signs caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. As a 

conclusion, Kaffir lime leaves extract had the potential as a probiotic that can fight 

disease caused by the Aeromonas hydrophila.


Healing Effects of Aloe Vera Extraction towards Tilapia, Orechromis 

Niloticus 

Muhammad Najib Bin Shamsuddin 

Supervisor: Dr Sharifah Noor Emilia binti Syed Jamil Fadaak 



Aeromonas hydrophila is the most common bacteria that causes mortality among fish. 

But the antibiotics used to treat the fish is limited, expensive and have bad side effects 

to fish. In this experiment, Aloe vera extract was used to substitute antibiotics. The 

objective of this experiment is to investigate the healing effect of Aloe vera extract to 

heal the infected fish and to know the best concentration of extraction from Aloe vera 

that helps heal the infected fish. The experiment was conducted by using 120 tilapia 

fish immersed in 10 7 CFU/ml Aeromonas hydrophila. A diet was prepared with different 

concentration of Aloe vera gel extract which is 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%. In the 

present experiment, it shows that the best concentration to heal the fish is 100% 

concentration as the least number of dead fish recorded. The best concentration in 

descending order are 100%, 25%, 50% and 0%.


Data Mining and Phylogenetic Analysis of Pangasius Nasutus Based On 

Cytochrome B Gene 

Wan Nor Ain Binti Wan Anjaib 


Bachelor Science of Agrotechnology (Aquaculture) 


In this study, Pangasiidae is a large family of tropical freshwater catfishes found 

throughout South and Southeast Asia. Pangasius nasutus is an excellent food fish with 

sweet flesh, but it is still quite difficult to find in the market because the availability is 

still dependent on catches from the wild and the number of Pangasius nasutus has 

declined in the local river. Thus, the objective of this study was to study the genetics 

relationship of Pangasius nasutus using the phylogenetic analysis based on 

cytochrome b gene. The method used to summarize the phylogeny of this species 

were Neighbour Joining (NJ), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) 

using MEGA7 software. The results from phylogenetic analysis showed that the 

topology of Pangasius nasutus based on cytochrome b gene. Therefore, the current 

study can be used as data sources and can be conserve the species for the future 

studies of phylogenetic analysis.


Breeding Attempt to Breed Dumbo Betta and Halfmoon Betta to Observe 

the Development of Pectoral Fins: Case Study 

Muhamad Amir Bin Mohd Asri 

Supervisor: Dr Shahreza Bin Md Sheriff 



The purpose of this project is to crossbreed Dumbo Betta and determine its genetic 

background to produce new variety of Betta splendens. The location for the breeding 

process is at the freshwater hatchery in UMT. 3 pair of Dumbo Betta have been bought 

by local breeder and 3 pair of Halfmoon Betta have been bought from local fish store. 

Before the breeding process started, the water quality and parameters was taken at 

the hatchery to provide the best condition for the fish. After a week of conditioning, 

the breeding process started. After several trials, the fish became weak and did not 

spawn. Some of them spawned but the male was not guarding the eggs. They became 

weak and do not want to accept food such as live feed and pellet. The fish were then 

undergo treatment and put into water that has Terminalia Catappa leaf in it. A week 

later, all the fish died and the breeding attempt was unsuccessful.


The Therapeutic Effect of Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis in Protecting Fish against 

Important Ecological Diseases 

Muhammad Azhar Bin Muing 

Supervisor: Dr Sharifah Noor Emilia Binti Syed Jamil Fadaak 



This study was investigated to examine the therapeutic effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

in protecting fish against important ecological disease. Disease resistance to 

experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila was also assessed. The fish that 

were used is juvenile Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The fish were feed 

commercially with artificial diet twice a day that supplemented with 3 treatment. There 

was 3 replicates each treatment. Each diet was had 3 different concentration of 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis crude extract in commercial food, which is 0% for control, 25%, 

50% and 100%, will be use and each concentration are used to feed triplicate groups 

of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile for 10 days. The present result indicated 

that supplementation with 50% and 100% of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis crude extract 

shows less mortality rate while supplementation with 25% of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

crude extract shows the highest mortality rates with 10 fish died recorded in 5 days. 

Based on the present performances, the results of the current study indicated that the 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis crude extract were effective against important ecological 

disease that caused by Aeromonas hydrophila


Effects Different Salinity Level on Elemental Composition of Juvenile Nile 

Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus 

Siti Noor Marisha Binti Mohd Shariff 

Supervisor: Dr Roslizawati Binti Ab Lah 


School of Fisheries and Science Aquaculture 

The effects of different salinity level on elemental composition of juvenile Nile tilapia, 

Oreochromis niloticus were studied using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass 

Spectrometry. A total of 99 samples were collected from the local supplier in December 

2017. All samples was acclimatized in a controlled flow tank for two week. All fishes 

subjected to three different levels of salinities 0ppt, 5ppt, and 15ppt for duration of 7 

days. Thirteen types of elemental composition sodium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, 

chromium, manganese, iron, cadmium, cobalt, mercury, sodium, magnesium and 

calcium were determined in the edible muscle of Nile tilapia. The result indicate that, 

salinity does not affected the level of elemental composition in the edible muscle of 

tilapia (P=0.98). However, certain levels of elements were considerably increases at 

the elevated salinities; Pb, Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Na, and Ca. Nevertheless, all the element 

were not exceeded the permissible levels provided by World Human Organization 

(WHO) and daily intake based on Malaysia Food Act (MFA). Therefore Nile tilapia can 

be considered as a good essential element source for human consumption regardless 

of salinity changes.


Pre-Screening Of Carrageenan from Red Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) 

As Potential Antibacterial 

Masni Binti Kuraga 

Supervisor: Dr Azman Kassan 



Kappaphycus alvarezii one of the red seaweed species that rapidly demanded for its 

kappa-carrageenan. The industrial culture had been establish in many country but 

popular in Southeast asia country. In Malaysia, K.alvarezii is one of the high 

commercial seaweed production and had a big contribution for economy, particularly 

in export and import sector. One region that produce high amount of K.alvarezii is 

from Sabah. The seaweed production mainly for the industrial purpose but lacking in 

exploration for research. With the rapid antibacterial resistance among the 

aquaculture industry lead to his study that was conducted to prescreen the potential 

of antibacterial from the kappa-carrageenan extraction. The process of prescreening 

was according disk-diffusion method by (Kirby-bauer, 1966). There are two type of 

bacteria used in this study include E.coli and V.parahaemolyticus. The carrageenan 

extract by semi-refine carrageenan method which diluted for three concentration 1, 5 

and 20 (mg/ml) for these test where penicillin used as positive control. The high area 

zone of inhibition observed was 5mg/ml.


Molecular Detection on Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) In Black Tilapia 

(Oreochromis Niloticus) 

Vickran Pillai S/O Mohan 




This study was conducted to detect the presence or absence of Tilapia Lake Virus 

(TiLV) in black tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). About fifty samples was collected for 

this study from Pusat Pembangunan Akuakultur, Jitra. This study was conducted as 

Malaysia is among the high-risk country listed to be affected by TiLV. One step RT- 

PCR method and Nested RT-PCR method was used for detection of TiLV in this study. 

The average weight of all tilapia samples was 3.13g and average length of all tilapia 

samples was 4.87cm. There were seven tilapia samples that showed growth 

abnormality of caudal fin and wound on body, which is sample S1, S10, S12, S16, S24, 

S25 and S48. These clinical signs is not related to infection of TiLV. The one step RT- 

PCR and nested RT-PCR results showed that all the samples generated negative results 

for the presence of TiLV. The absence of TiLV-specific band showed that the fish were 

free from TiLV infections, which may indicate that the fish were in good condition. In 

conclusion, TiLV were absent in the tilapia samples.



(Fisheries)


Isolation of Freshwater Microalgae from Tasik Banding, Perak 

Ahmad Afif Haikal bin Salim 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Azman Kasan 

Bachelor of Applied Science (Fisheries) 


Microalgae is considered to be one of the most important renewable energy sources 

potentially available for industrial production. The identification of microalgae is 

importance to provide a data to avoid the unfavourable conditions in aquatic 

environment as it bring benefits to water quality and the seafood safety to human 

consumptions. This study of freshwater microalgae isolation in Tasik Banding was 

carried out in September 2017 before monsoon season. In this study, the samples 

were taken from different five sampling stations from Sungai Kenarong, Sungai Koi, 

Sungai Ruok, Sungai Sara and Pulau Tujuh. From the results, a few species was 

identified based on morphology and molecular identification. Chlorella vulgaris species 

was identified in Sungai Kenarong station as it was spherical in shape about 2 to 10 

μm in diameter. Next, Pulau Tujuh station, Scenedesmus quadricauda was found 

based on cell shape and patterns certain forms which have cells with pointed ends. At 

Sungai Ruok station, the result showed that the species of Scenedesmus obliquus as 

it have flat colonies of 4 cells arranged in row. In conclusion, cultures of microalgae 

were important especially when discussing additional food sources and energy sources 

for the future.


Effect of Salinity and Feeding Rate on Growth Performance of Red Hybrid 

Tilapia 

Aida Izzni binti Rostam 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Nadirah binti Musa 



Trials were conducted to evaluate the effects feeding rate and salinity levels on growth 

performance of red hybrid tilapia fingerlings. During the first trial, a total of 21 fish 

with individual body weight (BW) averaging 1.0±0.1 g (mean±SD) were fed a 

commercial diet for 2 weeks at 3%, 5% and 7% body weight at 28 o C and determined 

their growth performance. Based on the results of the first trial, another experiment 

was carried out (n=21) for another 14 days at different salinity levels i.e. 0, 7, 14 ppt. 

Weight gains of fish at 7% feeding rate were significantly higher (p0.05). For salinity 

experiment, the results showed that BWG and SGR were higher at 0 ppt which 

corresponding to the lowest feed convention rate. This study indicates that fingerlings 

of red hybrid tilapia may acquires feeding rate given at 7% body when cultured at 0 

ppt.


By-Catch Composition of Groupers from Three Different Types of Trap 

Opening In Tok Jembal Beach 

Athirah binti Mohd Bakri 

Supervisor: Dr. Fazrul Hisam bin Abd. Aziz 



In 2016, traps contributed (0.72 %) total landing in Malaysia. However, there is lacking 

of study published on study of by catch from trap in Malaysia. The main objectives of 

this study are to determine efficiency of three different trap openings towards target 

species. The sampling was done at Tok Jembal shore at the depth of 15-20 m. The 

data was classified according to three different trap openings which were control(C) 

opening, roughly-knitted (RK) opening and neatly-knitted (NK) opening. A total 

number of 32 bycatch were found in this study respectively. Three main dominant 

bycatch found were fish species (39 %), crustaceans (36%) and gastropods (21%) 

respectively. Trap openings C and RK, C and NK, NK and RK indicate no significant 

between trap opening and bycatch composition (p = 0.733), (p = 0.349) and (p = 

0.656) respectively. As a conclusion, all types of trap opening will give the average 

number of bycatch.


Effect of Different Diet of Artemia on Growth of Seahorse, Hippocampus 

Barbouri 

Che Khairun Aisyah binti Che Khazahari 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Effendy bin Abd. Wahid 

Bachelor of Applied Sciences (Fisheries) 


Nine adult seahorses at the age of 8 month old were divided into three groups; Group 

A feed with Artemia that fed with yeast treatment, Group B feed with Artemia that fed 

with rice bran with mixed formula and Group C feed with both feed. All seahorses was 

feed with 1.23g of Artemia for three weeks. Results showed that after 7 days, Group 

A increased their body weight to 0.63g, whereas Group B and Group C showed 

increments of 0.27g and 0.20g respectively. After 14 days, Group B showed the most 

increment in weight of 0.2g while Group A showed declination of 0.1g. At the end of 

21 days Group A had increments of 0.2g while Group B and C shown weight declination 

of 0.2g and 0.3g, respectively. The FCR for each group were 35.1, 96.7 and 773.2 

respectively. Different diet by Artemia affect the growth rate of seahorse.


Microbiological Quality and Nutritional Compositions in cryopreserved 

Moina sp. 

Chiang Chuang Qian 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Ulfah binti Karim 



Moina sp. is commonly used as live feed source for larviculture and ornamental fish 

industry. This research attempted to determine total bacterial count (TBC) and 

proximate compositions of Moina sp. which cryopreserved with dimethyl sulfoxide 

(DMSO), ethylene glycol and glycerol at concentration of 5, 10 and 20%. Live 

preserved samples (LPS) had the lowest TBC among all treatments. In addition, TBC 

of DMSO was found the lowest among other cryopreserved treatments. Besides, Moina 

sp. with glycerol had the lowest (p0.05) 

to other samples. This similar result was found in protein content. Lastly, lipid content 

in glycerol was significantly (p


Optimization of Biofloc Volume in Improving Water Quality on Mud Crab 

(Scylla Paramamosain) Larvae 

Chin Sze Yee 




A series of biofloc treatments using 500 L tanks were carried out to achieve optimal 

biofloc volume in improving water quality for mud crab, Scylla paramamosain larvae. 

A trial of four different biofloc volumes (0, 2, 4 and 6 mL/L) on larvae stage were 

conducted for 20 days. From the observation in the T1, T2, and T3 tanks, ammonium 

concentration was ranged between 0.120 and 0.598 mg L -1 , while nitrite was ranged 

between 0.035 and 0.154 mg L -1 . There were significant different (p < 0.05) among 

treatments show in the parameters of pH, DO, salinity and ammonium. The recorded 

survival rate of larvae in control tank is higher than biofloc treatments. This may due 

to the low catchability and passive predator characteristic of larvae. This concludes 

that biofloc can effectively remove nitrogenous wasted in treatment tanks and 

maintained water quality in optimal level for mud crab.


Effect of Water Temperature on the Survival Rate and Growth 

Performance of Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) 

Choo Wei Jiet 




Red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) is a commercial freshwater fish species which has 

high demand worldwide. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of 

different water temperatures (28°C, 31°C and 34°C) on survival rate after 48 hours 

and growth performance after 16 days. The survival rate of red hybrid tilapia was not 

affected in 3 different levels of water temperatures. No significant (p< 0.05) 

differences were also observed on the effect of water temperatures in their growth 

performance. However, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as 

well as total length gain (TLG) and body weight gain (BWG) were better at 28°C of 

water temperature compared with 31°C and 34°C. Therefore, this study suggests that 

higher water temperature can possibly alter the growth performance of red hybrid 

tilapia.


Effects of Different Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles on 

Haematological Parameters of African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus 

Fadhliyatud Diniyyah binti Mohd Cholil Rahman 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Najiah Musa 



This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different concentrations of 

silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus. Fish 

were fed with commercial pellet mixed with AgNPs for treatment groups T1 (10 mg/ 

kg), T2 (5 mg/ kg), T3 (2.5 mg//kg), T4 (1.25 mg/ kg) and T5 (0.625 mg/kg) and 

control group (0 mg/kg) for 21 days. The white blood cell (WBC) count was 

significantly higher (p0.05) in red blood cell (RBC) count and packed cell 

volume (PCV) between the control and treatment groups. Increases in WBC indicate 

immunity reaction to high concentration of AgNPs. Our results showed that AgNPs can 

induce significant immunity changes in African catfish.


The Distribution and Abundance of Macrobenthos in Estuaries of Merang 

Jetty and Kuala Ibai 

Hafizura binti Mat Jaiz 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Mohd Rauhan bin Wan Hussin 



A study on the distribution and abundance of the macrobenthos was conducted at 

estuaries of Merang Jetty and Kuala Ibai. The samples were collected by using 0.1 m² 

Ponar grab and sieved through 0.5 mm mesh sieve. The collected organisms were 

fixed in 10% formalin before been brought to the laboratory. Specimens were 

identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. The total abundance of the 

macrobenthos collected was 111 at Merang Jetty and 97 at Kuala Ibai from 7 family 

group. The highest abundance of the macrobenthos was from the class gastropoda 

while the lowest abundance was from the class polychaeta at both locations. Family 

Potamididae of Gastropoda was most dominant of macrobenthos in both Merang and 

Kuala Ibai. The average of highest total organic matter was from S1 in both of 

locations. This highlight that, distribution and abundance of macrobenthos was 

influenced by the factors of depth, sediment texture and organic contents.


Inhibition Of Histamine Producing Bacteria, Acinetobacter Iwoffii By Using 

Stingless Bee Honey, Tetragonula Zucci, Tetragonula Fuscobalteata And 

Heterotrigona Itama 

Haliza Hani binti Kamiruddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Ulfah Karim 



This study emphasize on isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and inhibition of 

histamine producing bacteria (HPB) in Indian mackerel by using stingless bee honey 

with concentrations of 50, 80 and 100%. The isolation of LAB from stingless bee honey 

conducted using MRS agar with 0.8% CaCO3 while isolation of HPB were isolated from 

Indian mackerel using Niven agar. All LAB and HPB colonies were purified with a 

streaking method followed by morphological and biochemical test. All isolates were 

further characterized phenotypically using BBL Crystal kit. Stingless bee honey at 

concentrations of 50, 80 and 100% were tested for antibacterial activities, using disc 

diffusion assay against HPB, Acinetobacter iwoffii. As the result, stingless bee honey 

(at 50, 80 and 100% concentration) is resistant to Acinetobacter iwoffii. The LAB from 

this study was unable to be isolated. The antibacterial properties of stingless bee 

honeys containing hydrogen peroxide need to be validated.


Effect of Water Temperatures and Feeding Rates on Growth Performance 

of Red Hybrid Tilapia Fingerlings 

Haw Qian Yu 




The optimal feeding rate and water temperature for red hybrid tilapia fingerlings were 

examined in this study. A feeding trial was conducted at different feeding rates 

(3,5,7%) with feed contained 43% crude protein whereas the second set of 

experiment was performed at different water temperature (i.e.28˚C, 30˚C, 32˚C ). 

Both experiments were conducted for 10 days. The results for the first experiment 

revealed that there were significant differences in 4 out of 6 growth performance 

parameters of weight gain, specific growth rate, daily weight gain and final body 

weight (P˂0.05) while no significant difference in feed conversion ratio and 

percentage weight gain (P˃0.05). The best growth performance was recorded with 

feeding rate of 7%. The results for the second experiment showed that there were no 

significant differences in all growth performance parameters and feed utilization 

(P˃0.05). These findings suggest that feeding rate of 7% within the temperature 

range of 28˚C to 32˚C can be utilized for optimal growth performance during red 

hybrid tilapia fingerlings rearing.


Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Physiological Parameters of African 

Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus 

Korliviya Angkui 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Najiah Musa 

Bachelor Science in Applied Science (Fisheries) 


The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been rapidly growing because its 

antimicrobial activities. In this study, African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were exposed 

to different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) T1 (10 mg/kg), T2 (5 

mg/kg), T3 (2.5 mg/kg), T4 (1.25 mg/kg), T5 (0.625 mg/kg) and control (0 mg/kg) 

for a 21-day period. Fish that were fed with T5 showed higher percentage of body 

weight gain (65.38%) compared to control (40.48%). Glucose level of fish fed with 

T1 were significantly higher (p


Detection Area of Disease on Hybrid Grouper Fish Body Using Image 

Processing Techniques 

Ku Norsyaziema Ku Harith 

Supervisor: Dr. Ezmahamrul Afreen bin Awalludin 



Fish disease is one of the important parts in fisheries study to determine status of fish 

health. In the manual approach, to detect fish disease on its body is challenging task 

and labor-intensive as well as time consuming. Therefore, an image processing 

technique based on edge detection and blob processing is proposed to segment the 

disease area on fish body automatically. This proposed method is an alternative 

approach solution to the manual approach system specifically to determine disease 

area on hybrid grouper. The total number of 20 samples dataset has been collected 

from Pusat Pembenihan dan Asuhan Ikan Marin. Based on the experimental results, 

there was a significant difference in the scores for health area (M=25.11, SD=8.59) 

and unhealthy area (M=4.55, SD=2.14) conditions; t(2)=10.382, p=0.05. The 

proposed method is capable to estimate the fish disease area with less labor intensive 

and less time consuming.


Species Identification and Morphological Characteristic of Croakers from 

Bintulu, Sarawak 

Leong Kai Wen 

Supervisor: Dr. Seah Ying Giat 



This study aims to distinguish and differentiate the croaker species from Bintulu, 

Sarawak based on its morphometric and meristic characteristics. Fifteen (15) species 

of croakers were caught in this sampling. Species identification were based on reliable 

journals and references. All the 28 morphometric measurements and meristic counts 

were recorded; and comparisons were done to show the difference between the 

species. All species were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and 

results showed that body depth (PC3, 0.440) and maxillary length (PC4, 0.521) were 

the good parameter to differ the 15 species. However, there were slightly overlapped 

among the group of (1) Johnius carouna, Johnius heterolepis and Johnius 

macrorhynus; and (2) Panna microdon and Otolithes ruber. But these two group 

members were easily to differentiate through external morphology. Nevertheless, 

further PCA analysis only focusing on these group members, both suggested the snout 

to first anal fin ray length and prepectoral length were significant to separate them.


Shrimp Larvae Counting For (Penaeus Vannamei) Using Image Processing 

Methods 

Mas Yuhalissa binti Mat Yaziz 




Larvae counting in the context of biology research is largely a manual and a labor 

intensive task. In this study, we introduce a semi-automated system based on image 

processing methods of edge detection and blob processing specifically for white 

shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) larvae counting. The total number of 90 samples of the 

shrimp larvae has been collected from Seaworld Farm Centre, Dungun, Terengganu. 

The first objective in this project is to study the effectiveness of the semi-automated 

and the manual approach counting for Penaeus vannamei. Secondly, to test the 

performance of the proposed method system with three different of samples dataset 

such as small (30), medium (30) and large (30). Based on the output results 

observation, the proposed method achieved 100%, 96.75% and 98.38% accuracy for 

small, medium and large, respectively. The proposed method is an alternative solution 

to the manual approach to count larvae of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) with 

more effective, high accuracy and fast time estimation.


The Fishermen Income Based on Fishing Gear Used In Marang 

Miza Nursyazwin binti Shuamai 

Supervisor: Dr. Alfian Zein 



This study was carried out at Marang, Terengganu to know the type of fishing gear 

used by fishermen and their income. Slovin’s formula had been used to calculate the 

total population of fishermen in Marang and data was collected by survey on 50 

respondents which consist of Malay fishermen. The result of the study revealed that 

the dominant type of fishing gear used there were hook and line, gillnet and purse 

seine. The average income of fishermen was RM1150 for hook and line, RM1350 for 

gillnet and RM2622 for purse seine which showed that purse seine generated the 

highest income for fishermen. Generally, the income was not fixed as it depend on the 

number of catch for each fisherman’s trip, which also affected by season.


Assessment of Toxic Elements on Polychaete at Setiu and Tanjung Lumpur 

Mohamad Azizul bin Abd Talib 

Supervisor: Dr. Mok Wen Jye 



Polychaete is segment worm of the Phylum Annelida are the best represented in the 

marine habitat. Polychaete sample are collected from wild to compare the heavy metal 

concentration between Setiu and Tanjung Lumpur. This sample were analyse using 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and mercury analyser to 

examine the sample collected from Setiu and Tanung Lumpur. The hypothesis is the 

sample from Tanjung Lumpur have relatively higher heavy metal concentration due to 

near the town. The result show that Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), Iron (Fe), 

Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), and Thallium (Tl) is 

higher in Tanjung Lumpur sample compare to the sample from Setiu. The mercury 

result from Setiu and Tanjung Lumpur are arrange in low level. Concentration heavy 

metal and mercury can consume that Tanjung Lumpur is more pollutant than Setiu.


Efficiency of Chlorella Vulgaris Beads in Improving Water Quality and 

Growth of Juvenile Siamese fighting fish (Betta Splendens) Fry 

Mok Yoke Leng 

Supervisor: Dr. Helena Khatoon 



Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris is utilized to filter chemical substances such as ammonia, 

nitrite and orthophosphate to maintain optimum water quality and growth of juvenile 

Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). By immobilizing the microalgae, the efficiency 

in maintaining water quality to remove the chemical substances mentioned were 

better compare to free floating microalgae. The cell concentration of microalgae was 

1x10 6 cells/ml where a total of 4 treatments which are control (blank beads), low (4- 

5 beads/mL), medium (10-12 beads/mL) and high (15-16 beads/mL) concentration of 

microalgae beads and were tested with 2 fishes/tank/500mL of water with duplicates. 

Results showed that there is a significant difference among treatments which were 

control with medium concentration of microalgae beads in maintaining 

orthophosphate and specific growth rate (SGR). This shows that the medium 

concentration of microalgae beads produces a significant result in maintaining water 

quality and growth.


Extraction and Characterization of Calcium (Ca 2+ ) From Catfish Bones 

(Clarias Gariepinus) 

Mu’ammar Mukhtar bin Mat Darus 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Fazliyana Mohtar 



This study was conducted to estimate the yield percentage of calcium (Ca 2+ ) in catfish 

(Clarias gariepinus) bones. They were treated by alkaline treatment. The treated fish 

bones were milled for easy handling. The fish bone powder is small particle size, grey 

colour with a little fish odour. The bones were analyzed for proximate composition 

according to AOAC method. The samples also was analyzed by using Atomic 

Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) to determine the calcium content. Calcium 

bioavailability of fish bone powder was compared with other calcium sources. Catfish 

bones extract powder could be a good alternative of calcium fortificant and also could 

improve the amount of calcium intake among people and in particular for those who 

has lactose indigestion and intolerance.


Survival Rate and Water Quality of Giant Freshwater Prawn Culture 

Muhamad Faeez bin Abdul Murad 




Giant freshwater prawn are high in demand in Malaysia and this prawn could be 

farmed in ponds or tanks. This study was conducted as to study the survival rate and 

water quality of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in ponds. There were five ponds consist 

of post larvae prawns in Bukit Keluang, Besut Terengganu were used in this project. 

All of the ponds cultured in conventional system same as another giant freshwater 

prawn culture. Water quality of the ponds were sampled every two weeks where the 

parameters that have been checked were temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, 

total dissolved solid, ammonia, nitrite and phosphate. According to the study that have 

been held, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite and phosphate shown no 

significant in their parameters. Then, TDS, salinity and pH parameters shown 

significant different between the ponds.


The Extraction of Gelatin from Head and Skin of Catfish 

(Clarias Gariepinus) 

Muhamad Haazim bin Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Fazliyana 



Gelatin is widely used food and non-food industries such as pharmaceutical 

application. Generally, gelatin is obtained from mammals. The fish gelatin represents 

one of the important types of gelatin from other sources other than mammalian gelatin 

and it may thus be considered as an alternative to mammalian gelatin for use in 

various food and pharmaceutical applications. The main objective of the study is to 

extract the gelatin from head and skin of catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Gelatin extracted 

by alkaline and acid pre-treatments and confirmed by FTIR analysis and Scanning 

Electron Microscopy. The physicochemical properties were studied. The skin of catfish 

yielded higher amount of gelatin than the head which is 14.56% and 6.25% 

respectively. The proximate analysis were conducted to study the ash and moisture 

content in extracted gelatin. The result shows higher content of moisture (5.67%) in 

skin while ash content (0.52%) in head.


Energy Production Based On Wave Movement from the Fish Locomotion 

Muhamad Yussairi bin Mohamad 

Supervisor: Dr. Nik Aziz bin Nik Ali 



This study focused on the energy production based on wave movement from the fish 

locomotion. Locomotion of fish can be classified into two categories like Body Caudal 

Fin (BCF) and Median Paired Fin (MPF). In this experiment MPF are chosen because it 

can make bigger wave and easy to generate energy. Oreochromis sp. one of the 

species MPF categories and it were used in this study. Solenoids motor was created 

to generated energy form fish locomotion and power bank is used to collect the output 

data. The result shown that, when the quantity of fish increase the energy also 

increase. Besides, the energy also can effected by period of time, when period of time 

increase, the percentage of output (energy) also increase.


Distribution and Abundance of Macrobenthos at Setiu Wetland and 

Kuala Ibai 

Muhammad Arman Faiz bin Khalid 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Mohd Rauhan bin Wan Hussin 



A study on the distribution and abundance of the macrobenthos was conducted at 

estuaries of Setiu Wetland and Kuala Ibai. Each location has 3 substations plotted with 

3 replicates collected. The macrobenthos samples were collected using 0.1m Ponar 

grab and were sieved using 0.5 mm mesh sieve. The remaining sample were preserved 

in 10% formalin before the organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic 

level. The sample collected at Setiu Wetland recorded with 112 organisms while Kuala 

Ibai only 43 organisms which come from 8 Families. Setiu Wetland-S1 recorded the 

highest abundance of macrobenthos with 55 organisms while the Kuala Ibai-S1 

recorded the lowest with only 8 organisms. The dominant family obtained is 

Potamididae. For organic matter, the highest percentages were recorded in Setiu 

Wetland station 1 which is 2.17% while for Kuala Ibai station 2 is 1.67%. In general, 

Setiu Wetland is more abundant than Kuala Ibai.


The Morphology and Morphometric of Polymesoda Expansa from Sungai 

Semerak, Kelantan and Setiu Wetland, Terengganu 

Muhammad Atif bin Awang 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mohd Hanafi Idris 



Polymesoda expansa from family Corbiculidae can be found inhabiting the mangrove 

areas in Southeast Asia. Morphology and morphometric studies on Polymesoda 

expansa were conducted from November 2017 until May 2018 at Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu. A total of 36 Individual Polymesoda expansions were taken in two 

different places, Semerak River, Kelantan and Setiu Wetland, Terengganu. Based on 

the morphological identified, this species can be distinguished by colour, shell shape, 

shell valves and position of umbo. The range of total length and weight from Sungai 

Semerak was 47.35-62.54 mm and 27.54-69.81 g and Setiu Wetland was 65.57-75.34 

mm and 70.32-126.32 g. 15 morphometric characteristics has been choosen as to 

identified the species. Based on the One-way ANOVA analysis, all variable are not 

significant (P>0.05) except for SW/SL, LCT/SL, AAAM/SL and PAPM/SL are significant 

(P


Extraction and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from Fringescale 

Sardinella (Sardinella Fimbriata) Bones 

Muhammad Bakri Jamaludin 

Supervisor: Dr Nor Fazliyana Mohtar 



Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is known as a material for biological application due to its 

similarity physical-chemical characteristic with human bone and tissue. Advancement 

in the fish food processing has resulted to a large amount of waste. Fish bone, enlarge 

part of the waste, contains Hydroxyapatite (HAp) that can be used as bone 

repairement. In this study the Hydroxyapatite powder extracted from fringescale 

sardinella (Sardinella fimbriata) bones. The raw bone will undergo to calcination and 

crushing process to form in powder size. Calcination process temperature are between 

600⁰C to 1000⁰C. The sample powder then will be analyzed by using X-Ray Diffraction 

(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) 

to determine the mineralogy, structures of the molecules and microstructure of the 

powder. The crystalline HAp composition, microstructure and chemical reaction at 

900⁰C are similar with commercial HAp compare to other temperature.


Determination of Microbial Composition in Different Volume of Biofloc 

Muhammad Fadhli bin Mat Sobri 




The increases demands on aquaculture industries leading to increase uses of biofloc 

technology. With the introduction of new inventions of rapid biofloc, the effectiveness 

of biofloc increases due to decrease in time to produce matured biofloc. This study 

aimed to determine the bacterial composition in different biofloc volume. This 

experiment started after the biofloc in the tank are matured with difference biofloc 

volume, i.e. 2, 4, and 6 ml/L, and the control are 0ml/L. The sample was taken every 

week for 1 month in each tank for bacteria counting. The bacteria numbers found on 

every biofloc tank were from 200 CFU/15 ml to 800000 CFU/ 15 ml. The study found 

out that the number of harmful bacteria will decrease if the good bacteria thrived 

based on 4 ml biofloc volume tank. The best biofloc volume for fish and shrimp culture 

is 4 ml which has the lowest harmful bacteria.


The Distribution and Abundance of Macrobenthos in Estuaries of Setiu 

Wetland and Kampung Mangkuk 

Muhammad Fahmie bin Sulong @ Razali 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mohd Rauhan bin Wan Hussin 



This study was carried out to determine the distribution and abundance of 

macrobenthos in estuaries of Setiu Wetland and Kampung Mangkuk. At each area, 3 

stations were sampled. The sediment samples were collected using 0.1m 2 Ponar Grab 

and were sieved using 0.5mm mesh sieve. Then, the collected organisms were fixed 

in 10% formalin before been brought to the laboratory for further identification to the 

lowest possible taxonomic level and namely family. There were 9 families of 

macrobenthos at all station. In kamoung Mangkuk, station 3 showed the highest 

number of macrobenthos and totally 98 individuals of macrobenthos. The dominant 

family of macrobenthos that were founded is potamididae. The highest percentages 

of organic content is 2.75% that was in station 3 at kampong mangkuk and 2.32% at 

station 1 in Setiu Wetland. In conclusion, human activity did not give an impact to 

macrobenthos community. This is because there was no significant difference of 

organic content between Setiu Wetland and Kampung Mangkuk.


Quality of Giant Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium Rosenbergii After 

Coated In Soursop Annona Muricata Leaves Extract 

Muhammad Fathul A’dnin bin Zulpakar 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Ulfah Karim 



Quality changes of giant freshwater prawn (GFP) Macrobrachium rossenbergii coated 

with 1.25% BHT, 0.25% and 0.50% Annona muricata (AME) leaves extract was 

monitored during storage at 4 ºC for 15 days. AME extract was prepared using distilled 

water and dried to syrup concentration using rotavap followed by freeze drying at - 

80°C. Changes in bacterial load of each treatment were compared from the day 0 until 

day 15. TBC on each treatment showed an increasing trend as the period of chilled 

storage prolonged. At the end of chilled storage, TBC in GFP soaked with 0.25% and 

0.50% AME were recorded at 6.105 ± 0.046 and 5.061 ± 0.076 log10 cfuml -1 

respectively. This are the range of fresh seafood by International Commission on 

Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF). In conclusion, AME have an economic 

potential to become effective agent to lower the microbial growth and act as edible 

antimicrobial preservative.


Morphology and Morphometric of Mangrove oyster from Setiu Wetlands 

Muhammad Firdaus bin Mohammad Nasir 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Hanafi Idris 



The mangrove oyster is bottom-dwelling bivalves commonly inhabiting mud, mudsand, 

sand or rocky subtidal zones. Samples has been collected from Setiu Wetlands 

(5°41'12.1"N 102°42'27.2"E), Terengganu. A total 50 specimen have been collected 

in February 2018. Based on morphological examined, the species was identified as 

Pinctada maxima by their unique characteristics which is the flat body and fan-like 

shape. Their body are dorso-ventrally depressed with dark-brown colour. Total length 

was ranged between 75.47-106.50 mm and weight 50.00-112.00 g. Twelve 

morphometric characteristics including weight has been choosen to identify the 

species respectively. Statistical analysis was calculated and analyzed to compare the 

morphometrics characteristics. Mangrove oyster has become high economic value in 

fisheries industry.


A Study of the Otolith of Clupeidae in Malaysia 

Muhammad Murshid bin Abdul Rahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Rumeaida binti Mat Piah 



Otolith is a calcium carbonate structure in the inner ear of fish that can be used for 

population parameter of fish. The study aims are to illustrate the morphology of 

Clupeidae and relationship between dimension and weight of the otolith with the fish 

size. The otolith extracted by using 4 extraction method. The shape of otolith for 

species Sardinella albella was sagitta and it is ovate, the otolith size is small, and the 

otolith was not thick. This study found that the strong coefficient determination 

between otolith length with otolith width for species Anodontostoma chacunda while 

it strong coefficient determination were between total weight with weight of otolith 

for species Sardinella albella. This finding for future study on fish stock assessment 

involving the use of otolith analysis.


The Distribution of Parasite on Dasyatiade’s Gills in Terengganu 

Muhammad Nabil bin Ghazali 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Marina Binti Hassan 



Stingrays (Dasyatidae) is a marine creatures which full with mystery. It has a unique 

respiratory organ compared to the other types of fish. Even though it has a unique 

gills, it could not prevent from getting invaded by the pathogens; The Parasite. 

Generally gills is a target side of infection for the parasite. Based on the previous 

study, there is no data recorded for parasite which present on the gills of the stingray. 

Therefore, the purposes of this study are to discover the types of parasite and their 

morphologies that could be found in the gills. This study is expected to find the 

Monogenea and Isopod parasite on the gills. The result of the study shown that 

crustacean parasite, Copepod and Caligus were found. This was happened because 

maybe due to the feeding behaviour and the wild habitat of the stingrays. The data 

of the study was significance because it will provide new data for the upcoming 

studies.


Genetic Variation of Hedgehog Seahorse, Hippocampus Spinosissimus 

Broodstock from Johor Population Using Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome B 

(cyt b) 

Muhammad Syafiq Aiman bin Mohd Nasir 

Supervisor: Dr Shahreza bin Md Sheriff 



The Hedgehog Seahorse, Hippocampus spinosissimus is one of the seahorses listed 

as endangered species in the IUCN Red List due to several factors such as 

overexploitation, habitat loss, and bycatch. Genetic study is a suitable method to 

assess the genetic variation among the individual species of the seahorse. A total of 

22 H. spinosissimus were collected from Sungai Pulai and genetic analysis is carried 

out using the mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome B and the partial Cytochrome B gene 

was successfully amplified using PCR. The variation is determined by phylogenetic, 

haplotype and nucleotide studies. The finding shows a variation between individual in 

the population and this paper discuss the variation that occurred among the H. 

spinosissimus population. The finding from the study could be used to assist the 

propagation of the species in the future.


Extraction and Characterization of Chitin from Lutjanus sp. Scales 

Muhammad Taufiq Saifulhak 

Supervisor: Dr Nor Fazliyana Mohtar 



Chitin is one of the natural polysaccharide, which are found useful in various field such 

as industrial, environment and medical field. In this study, scales from Red snapper. 

(Lutjanus sp) is used to extract chitin. The widely consumption on this fish has 

generated some amount of scales waste, leaving impact on the environment. By 

extracting chitin and characterizing chitin from the fish scales it somehow provide and 

alternative sources of chitin and can reduce the impact from it waste on environment. 

The chitin were extracted following the three steps of chemical treatment which is 

demineralization, deproteinisation and depigmentation. Yield percentage calculated 

were 27.04%. The crude chitin produced were characterized using Scanning Electron 

Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction Analysis. 

Proximate analysis showed that moisture and ash content were 3.53% and 2.4% 

respectively. By studying the chemical properties of red snapper scales, it will provides 

alternative source for chitin.


Study of Effect on Hooking Location and Injuries to the Survival of Giant 

Snakehead (Channa Micropeltes) Using Treble Hook in 

Recreational Fishing 

Mun Chan Chong 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Fazrul Hisam Abd. Aziz 



In recreational fishing, catch and release has been broadly implemented among 

recreational anglers. However, information regarding post-release survival of giant 

snakehead (Channa micropeltes) using artificial bait with treble hook is lacking. The 

purpose of this study is to evaluate relationship between hooking position, hooking 

injuries and post-released survival of fish. The study was conducted at Kenyir lake 

with 4 sampling stations nearby Kiang river. Giant snakeheads were kept in cages for 

24 hours for post- released survival evaluation based on hooking injuries represent by 

bleeding level and hooking positions after angling. The survival rate of fish was 94% 

(32 out of 34 fish). Survival of fish were significantly influenced by hooking injuries (p 

= 0.031). Smaller fish (


Fisherman Income and Household Expenditure 

Nabilah Munirah binti Boyborwin 




The objective of this study was to determine fisherman income and household 

expenditure in Rhu Sepuluh, Setiu, Terengganu. In this study, total sampling had been 

done through 30 respondents in Rhu Sepuluh. The result of this study showed that 

total average fishermen income in Rhu Sepuluh was RM1780.8. Furthermore the total 

average of household expenditure for food was RM144.70, for utilities was RM 81.70, 

for communication was RM 27.70, for transportation was RM109.9 and for cigarette 

was RM 110.70.So that the fishermen family in Rhu Sepuluh have surplus RM 474.7 

per month from their income. In order to increase fisherman income, this study would 

be useful to manage their expenditure.


Study about Fish Marketing In Pulau Kambing Landing Port, 


Nik Nur Hidayah binti Nik Mohd Samri 




This study was conducted on fish marketing at LKIM Pulau Kambing landing port. 71 

of respondents were interviewed at the market center. The data has been collected 

by used Slovin formula and analyzed of data have been used by profit analyzed 

method and descriptive analysis. The result of study founded that three types of 

marketing channels which is the first channel from producer to the wholesalers to the 

consumers, the second channel from producer to the consumer by passing through 

the wholesalers and retailers, and the third channel from producer to the agents to 

the wholesalers to the retailers to the consumers. The marketing margin were 

analyzed by average total margin from the shortest to the longest marketing channel 

with the outcome 22.97% from first channel, 31.29% from second channel and 

33.80% from third channel. This means the longer marketing channel get a higher 

profit margin.


Occurrence of Histamine Producing Bacteria in Thunnus Tongol Treated 

With Garcinia Atroviridis 

Nor Ashikin binti Mohd Radzi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Muhd Danish Daniel bin Abdullah 



Histamine poisoning is the highest food safety concern from fish consumption. Longtail 

tuna were purchased from Tok Jembal area, Malaysia to determine the occurrence of 

histamine producing bacteria in Thunnus tonggol by using Garcinia atroviridis leaves 

extract. The leaves extract was used in this study as it is a natural remedy that does 

not contain side effect of its using for seven days. The results at the initial showed 

that the high concentration of extracts indicated reduction of bacteria count for both 

PCA (Log CFU ⁄ g = 6.02) and Niven Agar (Log CFU ⁄ g 0.88). Then, the count turn for 

both PCA to increase at Day 1 which are 6.12, 1.62 and 1.58 while for Niven Agar are 

1.36, 0.57 and 0.31. The same pattern can be seen at other days. The histamine 

producing bacteria was identified by using Vitek system. The outcomes of the result 

were Morganella morganii with the probability of 93% and 96%.


Potential of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Prepupae Larvae as an 

Alternative Protein Source for Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium 

Rosenbergii) Feed 

Nor Nazlia Fitrah binti Azmy 

Supervisor: Dr. Rasina Rasid @ Awang 



Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (BSF) prepupae larvae shows potential as an 

alternative protein sources for giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) 

diet. The protein content is high of up to 60%. In this study, the prawns were fed for 

21 days with different levels of fishmeal replacement of 0, 50 and 75% to BSF to 

investigate the effects on growth performance and survival rate. Three hundred and 

sixty post-larvae prawns (0.08 ± 0.01g of mean initial body weight) were randomly 

divided into three treatment (3 tanks/treatments, 40 fish/tank). Specific growth rate 

(SGR) response in this experiment was not significantly different (P0.05) by the BSF meal in the diet. The results obtained from this trial showed that 

up to 50% BSF meal replacement could improve growth performances. However, 

further investigations on BSF meal inclusion in the formulations are needed to improve 

the negative impact on the survival rate.


The Population of Macrobenthos at Different Tides in Merang, Kuala 

Terengganu 

Nor Saila binti Alias 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mohd Rauhan Bin Wan Hussin 



The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution and abundance of 

macrobenthos at different tides and to observe the effect of tides on certain species 

at Merang, Kuala Terengganu. Sampling was conducted for two days continuously on 

22 th and 23 th of January, 2018. Study sites were divided into two stations with three 

replications at each station during both tides. There were a total of 190 individuals 

were collected from this study. The most abundant of macrobenthos for both tides 

was at Station 2. The population of macrobenthos at high tide is higher than low tide. 

The higher percentages of organic matter were recorded at Station 1 for high tide 

which is 1.68% and for low tide was at the Station 2 which is 0.73%. Station 2 for 

high tide recorded higher number individuals collected compared to low tide, however 

the difference was not significant.


Microbiological Quality of Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium 

Rosenbergii) After Soaked In Papaya (Carica Papaya) Leaves Extract 

Norazhana binti Azman 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Ulfah Binti Karim 



GFP (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is perishable product which need quick storage to 

prevent the quality loss during ststuorage. Aqueous papaya leave extract (PLE) were 

prepared at 0.25% and 0.50% concentrations. BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) also 

were prepared at 1.25% concentration. Raw GFP samples were coated in the 

treatment solutions for 20 minutes and stored at 4℃ for 15 days. Then, the samples 

were taken for determination of total bacteria count (TBC). 0.5% PLE coated in GFP 

shows significant (p


Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Propolis of Stingless Bee, 

Tetragonula Zucchi and Heterotrigona Itama, Extract Against Histamine 

Producing Bacteria, Acinetobacter Iwoffii 

Norhafizah binti Ali 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Ulfah Binti Karim 



Propolis had been showed as an antibacterial activity due to high concentration 

flavonoid. The objectives of this experiment are to determine the antioxidant 

properties in the propolis of Tetragonula zucchi and Heterotrigona itama and 

antibacterial activity against the A. iwoffii. The antioxidant was determined by using 

the aluminium chloride colometric method. Meanwhile antibacterial activity was 

determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion. Propolis was aqueous and ethanol extracted. 

Total flavonoid content (TFC) in all propolis extracts were significantly different 

(p


Target Strength Measurements of Oreochromis Niloticus in Aspect of 

Stress by Using Echo Sounder 

Norsyafikah binti Abdul Hamid 




The identification of target strength (TS) of Oreochromis niloticus in fiber glass tank 

has been conducted by using SIMRAD EK15 with 200 kHz frequency. Two type 

conditions were chosen which are starvation and salinity exposure. The experiment 

has been implemented in separate tanks to observe the relationship of TS value with 

stress and normal condition. The size of fish used is in the range 12.9 cm to 15.5 cm. 

The collecting data of TS by using SIMRAD EK15 has been divided on morning and 

evening in a day. Result showed that, TS value of fish in starvation has no significant 

different between the controls fish with p-value > 0.05, while fish were exposed in 

saline water displayed p-value < 0.05 that has significant different among the TS 

value. Thus, this study found that fish in saline water has been affected on swim 

bladder sizes that resulting distinctness on TS value.


Species Identification and Morphological Characteristics of Sciaenids Form 

Kuching, Sarawak 

Nor Syamimi binti Suhaimi 




This study was conducted to identify sciaenid species collected from Sarawak 

specifically surrounding Kuching city. Throughout this study, 18 species from 9 genera 

of scaienids were identified which are Pennahia, Panna, Protonibea, Nibea, Chrysochir, 

Sonorulux, Otolithoides, Otolithes and Johnius. There were 28 parameters of 

morphometric measurement and meristic count were used to get the data of the 

species. From this study, there were two unidentified species namely Johnius sp. and 

Johnius cf carouna. For Johnius sp., it was placed with Johnius cf. carouna through 

PCA analyses involving all species PCI, 0.718 and PCII, 0.394 although its look 

difference morphologically. Subsequently, PCA analyses only consisted Johnius sp., 

Johnius cf. carouna and Johnius carouna suggested that second anal spine PCI, 0.686 

and first ray length PCII, 0.379 were the good characteristics to differentiate among 

them. Johnius cf. carouna differs with Johnius carouna by shorter second anal spine 

and first anal fin ray lengths; while Johnius sp. have shorter second anal spine 

compare with Johnius carouna and longer first anal fin ray length compare with 

Johnius cf. carouna.


Study of Species Composition Catch from Trap Based On Different Baits at 

Pantai Tok Jembal, Terengganu 

Nur Arina Hayati binti Mohidin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Fazrul Hisam bin Abd Aziz 



Traps, one of the main artisanal fishing gear in Malaysia. There are only a few studies 

done highlighting fish and bycatch composition from trap and even fewer done in 

Malaysia. Sampling was done three times in March 2018, with sardine, squid and 

mackerel as the main baits. All the traps were set up for 48 hours at water depth of 

15-20 meters. A total of 13 fish species and 21 bycatch compositions were caught in 

traps, respectively. The most dominant fish species composition was Arothron stellatus 

(17.6%) followed by Nemipterus furcosus (14.7%), while for bycatch compositions 

was Sepia pharaonis (23.5%), respectively. The species composition was affected by 

types of bait (p0.05). In conclusion, squid is the best bait to increase catching in fish 

traps.


Species Identification and Morphological Characteristics of Family 

Sciaenidae from Bako, Sarawak 

Nur Azreen binti Mohamed Jajali 




This study was carried out to identify the species and morphological characteristics of 

family Sciaenidae in Bako, Sarawak. Sixteen (16) species from this area were identified 

whereas 8 species were from genus Johnius, 2 species from genus Nibea, 2 species 

from genus Panna, and 1 species from genus Bahaba, Chrysochir, Pennahia and 

Protonibea respectively. There were 28 parameters measured (morphometric) and 

counted (meristic). The results were then analysed by using Principle Component 

Analysis (PCA) in order to obtain the most significant parameter to distinguish all the 

species. There were two pairs of species that were hard to distinguish, which were 

Nibea soldado and Nibea cf. soldado; Johnius carouna and Johnius cf. carouna. The 

most significant parameters to distinguish the first pair were second anal spine length 

(0.876) and eye diameter (0.501) while the most significant parameter for the latter 

pair were preanal length (0.508) and second base dorsal fin (0.460).


Species Identification and Morphological Characteristics of Croakers from 

Miri, Sarawak 

Nur Farhana Binti Zakaria 




This study was conducted to identify the croaker species and examined the 

morphological characteristics. Samples were collected from Miri, Sarawak; and 12 

species from eight genera of Pennahia, Nibea, Dendrophysa, Chrysochir, Otolithes, 

Panna, Protonibea and Johnius were identified. Morphometric measurements and 

meristic counts involving 28 parameters were used to examine the differences among 

the species. The data were analysed by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 

which can reduce the dimensionality of multivariate data sets and searching the 

covariation patterns among the original variables. Overall, the PCA suggested that 

second anal spine length (PCI, 0.550) and lower jaw length (PCII, 0.427) were good 

parameters to differentiate the 12 species respectively. However, there were two 

overlapped species detected which are Johnius cf. carouna and Johnius sp. But, both 

species can be differentiated though preanal length (PCI, 0.457) and first anal fin ray 

length (PCII, 0.649).


Degree of Injuries and Species Composition from Angling between Day 

and Night in Batu Rakit Waters, Kuala Terengganu 

Nur Fatin Nabilah binti Yasir 

Supervisor: Dr Mohd Fazrul Hisam bin Abd. Aziz 



Angling techniques are very popular, but study on angling related to species 

composition at daytime and night time is still in vague. This study emphasize on 

species composition and degree of injury between daytime and night time by angling 

at Batu Rakit’s water. The definition of daytime are (0700-1100) and night time are 

(0800-0000). The highest number of fish hooked were 52.5% (n=21) at daytime and 

47.5% (n=19) at night time, respectively. Three dominant species caught were Nibea 

soldado (n=14), Eubleekeria jonesi (n=6) and Pomadasys argentus (n=4), 

respectively. The study found that at daytime, there are lesser deep hooking incidence 

compared to night time (n=12; n=14), respectively. Survival rate were found higher 

at daytime (19.05) than night time (15.79), respectively. Study proven that there are 

no differences in mortality rate and degree of injury between daytime and night time 

based on Chi-square. As conclusion, daylight is better timing for angling fishing to 

reduce fish injury and increase catching.


Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Quarantine Tanks 

of Hippocampus spp. 

Nur Haniza binti Misbah 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Mohd. Effendy Bin Abd. Wahid 

Bachelor of Applied Sciences (Fisheries) 


The death of seahorses in quarantine tank at Akuatrop Hatchery has led to the 

isolation and identification of pathogen from the remaining alive seahorses. The 

isolation was done employing Marine Nutrient Agar (MNA) and pure culture was 

obtained to identify the bacteria by VITEK® 2 Systems located at Institute of Marine 

Biotechnology (IMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Samples were collected from 

tail, dorsal, pouch and stomach from unhealthy and dead seahorses. Results showed 

that (88%) of the pathogen isolated are Vibrio spp., (3%) are from Aeromonas 

salmonicida, (3%) of Myroides spp., (3%) of Serratia ficaria and (3%) of 

Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Further identification on Vibrio spp. were used by 

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS) agars .Vibrio parahaemolyticus produced 

light bluish colonies and Vibrio alginolyticus produced large and yellow colonies on the 

TCBS agar. The study of the role of pathogenic bacteria in disease development of 

seahorses play important role to manage seahorses cultivation and development in 

hatchery.


Larvae Counting System of (Oreochromis Niloticus) Using Image 


Nur Shamira binti Ahmad 




Counting fish larvae is one of the important part in fisheries field. In this study, the 

fish larvae counting based on Oreochromis niloticus samples are presented using 

image processing techniques based on edge detection and blob processing. Total 

number of 60 samples was collected from Pusat Pengembangan Akuakultur, Machang 

Kelantan (PPA). In this research, the first objective is to study the manual approach 

counting techniques and the semi-automated counting techniques for Oreochromis 

niloticus larvae counting. Secondly, to test the performance of the proposed method 

using three different samples dataset such as small (20), medium (20) and large (20), 

respectively. Based on the results observation, the proposed method achieved highest 

accuracy for three sample datasets which is small (100%), medium (97.52%) and 

large (98.47%), respectively. The proposed system is promising to use as an 

alternative solution to the manual approach on the fish larvae counting system with 

less time processing and less labor-intensive.


Bioluminescent Bacteria as Potential Biosensor for the Detection of 

Nitrogen and Phosphorous Pollution 

Nur Suzana binti Mohd Zain 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhd Danish Daniel bin Abdullah 



Bioluminescent bacteria are organism that have unique characteristics. Currently, 

bioluminescent bacteria have been used widely as biosensor in the detection of the 

pollution. In this study, bioluminescent bacteria isolated from squids were used as 

biosensor for the detection of nutrient pollution that are commonly associated with 

aquaculture environment such as NaNO3, NaNO2, KH2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4. This study 

also aims to observe the response of the bioluminescent bacteria towards the 

pollutants at different concentrations. The bacteria were isolated from the body 

surface of squid and identified as Photobacterium damselae (93% similarity). Light 

intensity shows consistent decrease with increased toxicity of NaNO3 and NaNO2, 

consistent increase with increased toxicity of KH2PO4 and does not consistent decrease 

with increasing concentration of (NH4)2SO4. The bioluminescent bacteria are 

potentially useful as pollutant biosensor especially for NaNO3 and NaNO2 but not for 

KH2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4. Further study is needed in the future especially involving field 

testing.


Histology of Digestive Tract of Juvenile Seahorse (Hippocampus Comes) 

Nur Syakirah binti Abdul Latif 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Effendy Abd. Wahid 



This study evaluated the histology and absent of digestive tract of juvenile seahorses 

from tanks in hatchery aquaculture of University Malaysia Terengganu. The live 

artemia nauplii collected as conventional live food is use for rearing juveniles of the 

Tiger tail seahorse Hippocampus comes for 1 to 3 days and 13 to 15 days. There are 

some documented facts that only focused on external and internal morphology of 

seahorse but very limited information about specific details on how seahorse feed on 

their food without the present of digestive tract such as Tiger tail seahorse. In addition, 

based on most of all documented facts about seahorses say that seahorse has no 

digestive tract since they suck their prey through snout by expansion of the buccal 

cavity which is called as suction feeding. Thus, because of the lack facts about the 

species now it is seem to be necessary to study the knowledge about the digestive 

tract of juvenile seahorses. It is interesting to find out how the structure of digestive 

tract of the species is functioning by histology techniques.


Comparative Analysis of Various Commercial Formulated Feed Used In 

Grow-Out Phase of Macrobrachium Rosenbergii Farms in Malaysia 

Nur Syazwani binti Mohd Naziar 

Supervisor: Dr. Rasina Rasid @ Awang 



Macrobrachium rosenbergii is becoming an increasingly key value species, as it is 

considered to have the potential to raise the incomes among farmers. Thus, the 

objective of this study is to compare and assess the nutritional composition of various 

commercial pellets used in grow-out farming and to identify the optimal culture model 

for Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Malaysia. Various commercial pellets were collected 

from the local market supplier and farmers from Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang, 

Perak, Kedah and Johor. These pellets were analysed to identify and compare their 

proximate analysis composition in moisture, ash, lipid and protein. The water stability 

of the pellets were also analysed. Each pellets test run consisted of 2 g of pellets that 

were dried at 105ºC for 30 minutes, followed by three interval of drying at 65°C (10, 

20, and 30 min). In addition, a survey was conducted where a total of three 

questionnaires were distributed to farmers of grow out ponds of giant freshwater 

prawn at Terengganu, Kedah and Johor. Pellets from KED showed the best water 

stability. Significant diffrences of moisture, ash, lipid and protein content were 

observed in the various commercial pellets collected and there were differences in 

harvesting size due to the cultured period and method applied. The lowest feed 

conversion ratio (FCR) were found to be from farmers from JHR. By referring to the 

data obtained, the optimal commercial pellet and culture model for better efficiency 

and management can be adopted to reduce feed cost and at the same time increase 

productivity.


Population Genetics of Two-Spined Yellow-Tail Stargazer (Uranoscopus 

Cognatus) From Malaysian Waters and Thailand Waters Using 

Mitochondrial DNA COI Gene 

Nuralif Fakhrullah bin Mohd Nur 

Supervisor: Dr. Tan Min Pau 



This study investigates the genetic diversity and population structure of the Twospined 

Yellow-tail Stargazer (Uranoscopus cognatus) using mitochondrial DNA. Three 

populations from Malaysian waters and Thailand waters consisting 53 samples were 

examined based on cyctochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). A 506 base pair (bp) 

fragment of mitochondrial DNA COI gene was analyzed and a total of 17 polymorphic 

sites obtained resulting in 16 haplotypes. Molecular diversity indices revealed high 

level of haplotype diversity (h = 0.745) and low level of nucleotide diversity (π = 

0.003). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and pairwise F ST values show 

significant genetic structure among the populations with limited occurrence of gene 

flow. Results obtained provide crucial background information for further studies and 

proper management of the U. cognatus populations.


Bioluminescent Bacteria as a Potential Biosensor for the Detection of 

Heavy Metal Contamination 

Nurfatin Afiqah binti Sidek 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhd Danish Daniel bin Abdullah 


School of Aquaculture and Fisheries Sciences 

Bioluminescent bacteria (BLB) are one of biosensors that could be used as an indicator 

to environmental pollutants. This scientific study determined the responses of BLB 

isolated from squids towards some heavy metals that are commonly found in the 

aquatic environment (Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe)). Identification 

using VITEK shows that, 93% probabilities of the bacteria were Photobacterium 

damselae. The BLB were applied in assessing the toxicity of those heavy metals in 

different concentration ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 ppm. As a result, the BLB light intensity 

showed a declination once they were introduced to the toxicant. Thus, it concludes 

that, the light intensity emitted by the BLB is inversely proportional to toxicant 

concentration. The results also suggested that Photobacterium isolated in this study 

can be used as biosensor for the detection of heavy metals contamination. Further 

study should be carried out in the future involving field experiments.


Energy Production from Fish Waste 

Nursyirwan bin Abdul Rahman 




This study is focus on the energy production from the fish Waste of Oreochromis 

niloticus in two different parameters which are different time period and quantity of 

fish. Energy is one of the important element for global especially to development an 

economy sector, residential, transport, and agriculture. Element in organic fish waste 

have high mix organic compound that produced renewable energy and give value for 

product. A multimeter is used to collect the energy output and the experiment was 

conducted in the hatchery at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The energy production 

was measured with difference quantity of fish (n = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50) for 1 week and 

lastly with quantity of fish (n=30) for different time period. The result shows that, the 

energy produced is dependent with the time period and the fish quantity, when 

quantity of fish and time period is increase, the energy (volt) is increase.


Counting System of Trichopodus Trichopterus Juvenile Using Image 


Nurul Ai’n Najwa binti Abu Hasan 

Supervisor: Dr. Ezmahamrul Afreen bin Awalluddin 



The juvenile counting system is commonly used by researchers based on the manual 

approach. However, the manual counting system has several drawbacks such as timeconsuming, 

labour-intensive and human intervention. Thus, the proposed method is 

developed as an alternative solution to the manual approach. In this study, several 

techniques were used in the proposed method such as thresholding, segmentation, 

edge segmentation and blob processing. Based on the experimental result, an analysis 

of variance (ANOVA) shown that the effect of the proposed method on three samples 

of datasets; small, medium and large was significant different, F(4, 10) = 37.58, p = 

1.44E-06 .The proposed method was achieved about 100%, 97.42% and 98.13% 

accuracy for small, medium and large sample datasets, respectively. The proposed 

method is promising to count the fish juvenile from different sample datasets with less 

time processing and effectively.


Effect of Different Water Temperatures on Survival and Growth Rate of 

Juvenile Asian Seabass 

Nurul Aiza binti Zukefli 




Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is one of the favorable marine fish species worldwide. 

This study was carried out to determine the effect of upper thermal limits (31, 34°C) 

on the survival and growth performance (total length gain (TLG), total weight gain 

(TWG), specific growth rate (SGR)) of juvenile Asian seabass (body weight of 9.0 g to 

12.0 g). Hundred percent of juveniles Asian seabass were able to survive at selected 

upper thermal limits for 48 hours. In growth experiment, the best results were 

obtained at 28°C yet no significant differences were found for TLG, TWG and SGR 

after 15 days. This study suggests that juvenile Asian seabass are able to survive at 

higher temperatures without altering their growth performance.


Morphology and Morphometric of Portunus Pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

(Decapoda, Brachyura) Pulau Kambing Jetty 

Nurul Aqilah binti Pausi 




Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) locally known as ‘ketam bunga’ or ‘ketam 

renjong’, commonly inhabiting sandy and sand-muddy. Sample has been collected 

from fish landed at Pulau Kambing Jetty, Terengganu. A total 32 samples has been 

used for morphology and morphometrics study at fisheries science laboratory at 

University Malaysia Terengganu. Based on morphological examined, the species was 

identified as Portunus pelagicus, belong to family Portunidae that can usually be 

recognised by their flat, discshaped hind legs and by the nine spikes, called horns, 

along their carapace, either side of their eyes. Twelve morphometric characteristics 

including weight has been chosen to identify the species where was measured. The 

One Way ANOVA, based on male and female of the species was calculated and 

observed which are five characters were significant while the others were not 

significant.


The Role of Women in Fishermen Household Economy in Seberang Takir, 


Nurul Ashikin binti Azizan 




The objectives of this study is to study the social economy status of women in 

fishermen household and to study the percentage of women contribution in fishermen 

household income. The study was conducted in early 2018 to the 51 respondents of 

women in fisheries industry at Seberang Takir, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. Analysis 

were performed by using descriptive and qualitative analysis. The results of this study 

indicated that women (wife of fishermen) in artisanal fisheries spent most of their time 

for about 17.82 hours per day to rest. The contribution that they give to fishermen 

household income in total is 301.55%. There are several factors that affect women 

contribution in term of income such as the exposure of fisheries activities that they 

could join and the skills. In order to increase women contribution in fisheries sector, 

exposure from government are needed.


Morphology of Cestode That Are Infecting the Freshwater Fish, 

Channa Micropeltes at Kenyir Lake 

Nurul Haziqah binti Jamal 

Supervisor: Prof. Emeritus Dr. Faizah binti Sharoum 



This study is to determine the prevalence, mean intensity and morphology of the 

cestode found in the freshwater fish Channa micropeltes. Six Channa micropeltes were 

collected at Kenyir Lake in December 2017. The gastrointestinal track of the fish were 

opened and removed out to examine the cestode. Live cestode was collected for 

further studied. The morphology were studied using Compound Advanced Research 

Microscope and Table Top Scanning Electron Microscope. One hundred percent of C. 

micropeltes were infected by helminth cestode. Senga species were distinguished by 

the presence of hooks that were arranged on the apical disc, scolex types with bothria, 

proglottid with long chains of strobila and other feature. The cestode parasite was 

identified as Senga parva.


The Potential Use of Fish Bone Meal as an Alternative Protein Source for 

Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii 

Nurulain binti Mustaffar 

Supervisor: Dr. Rasina Rasid@Awang 



Fish bone meal (FBM) from keropok lekor industry has high potential as an alternative 

replacement for fish meal (FM) in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii 

diets. Nutritional composition analysis of FBM showed that it contains high level of 

protein and lipid. Three diets were formulated; consisting 0, 10, and 20% of FBM. The 

experimental diets were fed to post larvae M. rosenbergii (average 0.10 0.00 g of 

body weight) for 28 days trial to investigate the effects of FBM on growth 

performances and survival rate. There is no significant differences (P>0.05) in 

survival, final weight (g), specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (g) among all 

treatments. This indicates that post larvae M. rosenbergii could utilize FBM as protein 

source in the diets without compromising the growth performances and survival, 

subsequently reducing cost while optimizing their culture productivity. Based on the 

present experimental condition, it is concluded that up to 10% of FBM could possibly 

replace FM in the diets fed to M. rosenbergii.


Family Identification and Composition of Fish Larvae in Bidong Island, 

Terengganu 

Ooi Jing Kai 




Fish larvae study is important to understand the early life history and crucial for 

fisheries management nowadays. However, fish larvae data remain absent in Bidong 

Island. Hence, a study was conducted to identify and compare family composition in 

Bidong Island. Two sites: (1) the coral reef area in front of UMT Research Centre and 

(2) a kilometer away from coral reef area were selected to conduct sampling activity 

using Bongo net. Identification works were carried out by larva illustrations and 

literature references. A total of 57 samples were sampled and 8 families were identified 

which are Atherinidae, Clupeidae, Gobiidae, Mullidae, Mugilidae, Leiognathidae, 

Priacanthidae and Blenniidae. The coral reef area in Bidong Island showed a higher 

family diversity than nearshore area. The most abundant family observed in Bidong 

Island is Atherinidae. Atherinidae was also the most abundant in coral reef area while 

the most abundant family in nearshore area was Clupeidae.


Assessment of Mercury Concentration and Food Composition in 

Carangidae fish from landing port, Pulau Kambing in Kuala Terengganu 

Puteri Noor Aziera binti Ariffin 

Supervisor: Dr Mok Wen Jye 



Four different species from family Carangidae which is Selar boops, Selar 

crumenopthalmus, Seriolina nigrofasciata and Selaroides leptolepis was taken from 

landing port Pulau Kambing Kuala Terengganu. Each species have 10 sample to 

compare their (Hg) mercury concentration in the muscle and their food content. The 

objective was to determine the food composition and mercury level in fish muscle. 

And also want to determine the length of the fish will affect the mercury concentration. 

Direct mercury analyzer (MA3000) was used to analysis the value of Hg concentration 

in the present muscle and food composition at range 10-20 mg in parts per million 

(ppm). Overall the mercury concentration in muscle and food composition for each 

species is low. The permitted level of Malaysia and JECFA guideline value at 0.5mg/kg 

methylmercury in fish was achieved and the fish from family Carangidae is safe to 

consume.


The Distribution And Abundance Of Annelida In Estuaries Of Merang Jetty 

And Kuala Ibai, Terengganu 

Rahmad bin Idris 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mohd Rauhan bin Wan Hussin 



A study on the distribution and abundance of annelida was conducted at estuaries of 

Merang jetty and Kuala Ibai, Terengganu. A total number of 6 substations had been 

plotted in this estuaries area. The annelida samples were collected using 0.1 m 2 . Ponar 

grab and sieved by through 0.5 mm mesh sieve. Then, the collected organisms were 

preserved in 10% of formalin before been brought to laboratory for further analysis. 

The highest percentages of organic content were recorded in sub-station. The highest 

annelida abundance was at station M1 with 16 organisms and lowest was at station 

K2 with 1 organisms. The total abundance of annelida collected was about 35 at 

Merang Jetty and 10 at Kuala ibai and the highest abundance belong to family 

Capitellidae. In conclusion, concentrated human activity give impact to annelida 

community. It can be defined that annelida in Merang Jetty have highest abundance 

compared to Kuala Ibai which host low human activity.


Assessment of Mercury Concentration and Food Composition in Family 

Serranidae at Fish Landing Port, Pulau Kambing 

Ras Idayu binti Yunoh 




Four different species from family Serranidae, E.heniochus, E.sexfasciatus, E.areolatus 

and C.sonnerati were sampled from fish landing port at Pulau kambing, Terengganu. 

Each species had 10 samples to be identified and compared with their mercury (Hg) 

concentration in the muscle and food composition. Provisional Weekly Tolerance 

Intake (PWTI) and length-mercury relationship are also determined between the 

species. Direct mercury analyser (MA-3000) was used to examine the value of Hg 

concentration that present while TrophLab2K software is used to check their trophic 

level. For data analysis, One-way anova is used to check significant differences 

between the mean of each species. The result showed E.heniochus had highest 

mercury concentration in the muscle which exceeded the permission value of mercury 

intake (1.6 µg/kg body weight) based on JECFA than other species. Excesses intake 

may be at risk from methyl mercury exposure and could give bad effect to human 

health.


Assessment of Toxic Elements in Fish Pellets and Trash Fish 

Rozila binti Muhamad Zaini 




It is important to identify toxic elements in fish feeds to ensure the feed fish would 

pose no health hazards to the fish. The objectives for this study were to assess and 

compare the toxic elements in fish feeds which were fish pellets and trash fish. Toxic 

element contents in the fish feeds were determined using inductively coupled-plasma 

mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and direct mercury analyzer (DMA). Standard Reference 

Material (SRM) 2976 was used in trace element recovery and method validations. Oneway 

ANOVA indicated significant differences in Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, 

Pb, and Hg (P < 0.05). The range for the toxic elements in all the fish feeds were low, 

hence it was safe to feed the fish with the fish feeds.


Evaluation of the Effects of Probiotic in Controlling Vibrio Alginolyticus of 

Crab Scylla Tranquebarica 

Sabirah binti Shaharom 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Najiah binti Musa 



The aim of this study was to determine the culture performance of Scylla 

tranquebarica larvae with the use of probiotic, Bacillus licheniformis. The probiotic 

effect of Bacillus licheniformis was tested on crab larvae with concentration of (10 5 

CFU/ml ) for 7 days before an immersion challenge with pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus 

at LC5010 3 CFU/ mL for 24 h. After 7 days of probiotic treatment, the results shows 

that survival rate of crab larvae in probiotic treatment was significantly higher 

(p


Study of gill-net with different mesh sizes efficiency in Kenyir Lake, 

Terengganu 

Siti Noor Hafida binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Md Fazrul Hisam bin Abd Aziz 



Mesh size study are very crucial for maintaining sustainable fisheries in the wild stock. 

However, study on gill net efficiency in Kenyir Lake, Terengganu is still lacking. The 

purposes of this study are to determine the most efficient mesh sizes to be used in 

Kiang River, Kenyir Lake, Terengganu. A gill net was combined together with three 

different mesh sizes which were 5.08cm, 7.62cm and 11.43cm. Sampling was 

conducted monthly started from January 2018 to March 2018 in one station. A total 

number of 15 fishes from 3 families were caught and three abundant species caught 

were Channa micropeltes (Giant Snakehead)(33.33%), Pristolepis fasciatus (Malayan 

Leaffish)(33.33%) and Osteochilus hasseltii(Barb)(26.67%), respectively. The highest 

number of fish entangled to a mesh size 5.08cm was 15 fishes. It also was supported 

by Jesen Selection Model graph that the most efficient mesh sizes at Kiang River, 

Kenyir Lake, Terengganu is 5.08cm. As the conclusion, the most efficient gill net mesh 

sizes can be implemented in Kiang River, Kenyir Lake was 5.08cm.


Distribution and Abundance of Annelida in Estuaries of Setiu Wetland and 

Kampung Mangkuk 

Siti Rahayu binti Mohamad Razali 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Mohd Rauhan bin Wan Husin 



This study was carried out to determine the distribution, abundance and the dominant 

species of Annelida in estuaries of Setiu Wetland and Kampung Mangkuk. Family 

Capitellidae is dominant species at Station 1 in Setiu Wetland while family Nephtyidae 

at Station 2 in Kampung Mangkuk. The sediment samples were collected using 0.1 

m² Ponar grab and were sieved using 0.5 mm mesh sieve. Then, the collected 

organisms were fixed in 10 % formalin before been brought to the laboratory for 

further identification to the lowest possible taxonomic level. A total of 87 individual of 

annelids were counted at all stations and the highest abundance of annelids belong to 

Capitellidae family which has 40 individual. The highest percentages of organic content 

were recorded in Station 2 for both area which is 2.17 % for Setiu Wetland and 2.67 

% for Kampung Mangkuk. Overall, depth, type of sediment texture and organic 

content become the factors that influence the distribution and abundance of annelida.


Assessment of Mercury and Food Composition in Scombridae Fish from 

Pulau Kambing Landing Port in Kuala Terengganu 

Siti Suria Eryna binti Jaafar 

Supervisor: Dr Mok Wen Jye 



This study was conducted to determine the food composition and mercury 

concentrations in four species of Scombridae family which are Thunnus tonggol, 

Rastrelliger kanagurta, Euthynnus affinis and Scomberomorus guttatus collected from 

Pulau Kambing landing port at Kuala Terengganu. The mercury (Hg) concentrations 

in muscles and stomach content samples were determined by Mercury Analyzer (MA- 

3000). The result showed that Thunnus tonggol are mainly consumed small fish, 

Rastrelliger kanagurta consumed small fish and worms, Euthynnus affinis mostly 

consumed shrimp, small fish, mollusks and worm while Scomberomorus guttatus 

consumed fish and squid. Overall, the Hg levels in dorsal muscle and separated 

stomach content for each species (n=40) does not exceed the permitted levels of 

Malaysian and JECFA guideline values at 0.5 mg/kg methylmercury in fish.


Species Identification and Morphological Characteristics of Croakers from 

Sibu 

Siti Zaidatul Afifah binti Mohd Zaidon 




This study was conducted to determine croaker species from Sibu, Sarawak waters by 

its morphological characters. Fifteen (15) species were identified throughout this 

study. 28 parameters from morphometric measurements and meristic counts were 

used as the species data to differentiate the croakers. The data was analysed by using 

PCA under Past 3 application to obtain the significance parameters for species 

divergence. As a result, second anal spine length parameter denoted as PC I and first 

anal ray length as PC II with 34.30% and 26.78% of variance’s shape among the 

croakers respectively. However, species complex between Pennahia pawak and 

Pennahia macrocephalus were found since their scatter plot overlapped each other for 

overall species analysis. PCA analysis is repeated by focusing on both species to gain 

significance parameters that able to distinguish the species. Result shows that 

parameter second anal spine length (PC I) and pelvic fin tip to vent (PC II) is the 

distinguishable character among the Pennahia.


Assessment of Mercury and Food Composition in Family of Nemipteridae 

at Landing Port, Pulau Kambing, Kuala Terengganu 

Siti Zuraida binti Zulkipli 




Four species of fishes from the family of Nemipteridae, Scolopsis taenioptera, 

Nemipterus furcosus, Nemipterus hexodon and Nemipterus nemurus were obtained 

from the landing port at Pulau Kambing for the assessment of the mercury and the 

food composition. Each species had 10 samples (n=10), for mercury concentration in 

the muscle and their food composition to be determined and compared. Provisional 

Weekly Tolerance Intake (PWTI) and length-mercury relationship between species 

were determined. The mercury was measured by using the Mercury Analyser (MA- 

300), where 15-20 mg of muscle and food items from four species used to find the 

concentration of mercury. TrophyLab2K was used to check the trophic level of fish. 

The result shown that Scolopsis taenioptera had highest mercury concentration in 

muscle than other species and exceeded the tolerable value intake of mercury which 

is 1.6µg/kg body weight based on JECFA. As the conclusion, carnivorous fish have 

high content of mercury.


Effect of Different Salinity on Growth, Survival and Reproduction of 

Moina sp. 

Syarifah Khairulnajuwa binti Syed Omar 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nurul Nadiah binti Wan Rasdi 



Climate change, sea water rises and human activities are predicted to result in increase 

of salt concentration on freshwater habitat. Moina macrocopa that originally from 

freshwater cladoceran only can tolerate certain ranges of salinity. This study compared 

the effect of different ranges salinity on growth, survival and reproduction of the M. 

macrocopa. The salinity used in this study consisted of six different ranges (0ppt, 4ppt, 

6ppt, 8ppt, 12ppt, and 15ppt) which were tested to the M. macrocopa. The experiment 

was carried out for 15 days and the survival, growth and reproduction (average initial 

age of reproduction, average longevity, net reproduction rate, gross reproduction rate, 

generation time, intrinsic rate of population) were used to examine the toleration of 

M. macrocopa towards different ranges of salinity. Survival and reproduction of M. 

macrocopa were significantly affected by the different ranges of salinity (P


Extraction and Characterisation of Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from Shortfin 

Scad (Decapterus Macrosoma) Bones 

Tay Chai Sing 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Fazliyana Mohtar 



Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a calcium phosphate-based mineral that 

acts as bio-ceramic material and widely applied in several industries. In present study, 

HAp was extracted from shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma) bones due to its 

abundance from the processing industries. HAp from shortfin scad bones is preferred 

as it helps to reduce the abundance of bio-waste. This study was aimed to examine 

optimum condition for the extraction of HAp from shortfin scad bones and to 

characterise their physico-chemical properties. The cleaned bones were heated at 

temperatures ranged from 600°C to 1000°C. The highest yield for optimum 

temperature was found at 50.75%. The synthesized HAp has been characterized by 

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and 

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Findings showed that synthesized HAp exhibited 

similar characteristics compared to commercial HAp. Overall findings suggested that 

HAp can be potentially commercialized from the shortfin scad bones.


Effects of Different Level of Salinity on Survival Rate and Growth 

Performance of Red Hybrid Tilapia 

Tengku Noorfarahana binti T. Arsad 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nadirah Binti Musa 



Survival and growth performance of red hybrid tilapia fingerlings were evaluated in 

different salinities (i.e. 0‰, 7‰, 14‰, 21‰). In the first experiment designed to 

demonstrate the effects of instantaneous changes in salinity, tilapia fingerlings were 

able to resist abrupt changes from fresh water up to 14‰ salinity without mortality, 

while 57.14% mortality incurred at 21‰, when the fish were exposed for 48hs. In 

the second experiment of growth performance trial conducted for 15 days, no 

significant differences were observed for all the parameters although the highest TLG 

was observed at 7‰. This study demonstrates that tilapia can live within a broad 

range of salinity particularly in the range of 0‰ to 14‰ without compromising their 

survival and growth performance.


A Study on the Otolith of Nemipteridae 

Wan Amiruddin bin Wan Omar 




In fisheries science, otolith is important instrument used in determining age and size, 

classification, migration and palaeontology studies. This study aims to describe the 

morphology of otolith and relationship between fish size and weight and otolith size 

and weight among three species from the family Nemipteridae. Nemipterus furcosus, 

Scolopsis taenioptera and Pentapodus setosus were sampled from Pulau Kambing fish 

landing port. Otolith morphology were described by using scanning electron 

microscope and stereomicroscope. The otolith shape of Nemipterus furcosus is 

rhomboidal, Scolopsis taenioptera is rectangular and Pentapodus setosus is fusiform. 

Relationship between fish size and weight and otolith size and weight were described 

by using regression model. High correlation was shown for all relationship between 

the otolith and the highest is between fish length and otolith length. This study shows 

that otolith can be a useful tool for studies in fish classification, growth and finally 

fisheries management.


Identification of Pangasiid Catfish (Pangasius Nasutus) from Maran and 

Temerloh using PCR-RFLP on Cytochrome B Gene 

Wan Fazlina binti Wan Zahari 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Asma binti Ariffin 



Morphologically, family Pangasiidae is recognized by a laterally compressed body, 

having two pairs of barbels, a short dorsal fin with two spines, a developed adipose 

fin, a long anal fin, and a strong pectoral spine (Gustiano, 2009). Catfishes are known 

to occupy habitats ranging from upload streams to large river channels and to seasonal 

floodplain lagoons (Winemiller and Kelso-Winemiller, 1996). Therefore, it is not a 

surprise that P. nasutus was known to occur in the Pahang River where the richness 

of the biodiversity is at its best among the rivers in Malaysia. (Haslawati et al, 2004). 

DNA barcoding is a useful technique for the molecular identification of organisms. 

Species identification of Pangasiid catfish or known as Pangasius sp. using PCR-RFLP 

method on cytochrome b gene. In this study, the determination prospective molecular 

markers for detecting Pangasius species including Pangasius nasutus had been done. 

Some of the sequences were taken from NCBI website for Pangasius species. The 

restriction enzyme had been used to digest the sequences. PCR-RFLP markers have 

been used with success in detecting frauds in the fishery trade (Espiñeira et al., 2009). 

The PCR- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism had been used in this study to 

distinguish between Pangasius nasutus species and Pangasius nasutus with other 

Pangasius species. Data analysis was done by using Restriction Mapper software. The 

suitable marker for differentiating Pangasius nasutus from other Pangasius species 

consist of cytochrome b gene and digestion by NcoⅠ and StyⅠ restriction enzyme. 

The uses of RFLP method is very simple as it is inexpensive and less time consuming 

and also, one of the promising technique.


Profit Analysis and Feasibility Study of Seabass Culture in Pulau Kundur, 

Kelantan 

Wan Nur Umizah binti Aluwi 

Supervisor: Dr. Afian Zein 



The objectives of this study were to identify and analysed the profit and feasibility 

study of seabass culture activities in Pulau Kundur, Kelantan. A case study of seabass 

(Lates calcarifer) framing was conducted in Cluster Mohd Zain Laguna Pantai Kundur, 

Kelantan between January to April 2018 by using interviewing method. Analysis data 

has been used to calculate the financial were Net Present Value, Gross B/C, Internal 

Rate of Return, and Payback Period. Results were shown that positive net present 

value which is RM 2712292 for 10 years. Gross B/C is 2.30. The internal rate of return 

is 0.4347 or 43.47% showing that the company will able to offset the interest being 

charged on the loan. The project can be repaid over 2.19 year. Therefore, this seabass 

culture project was economically feasible (GO) and can be run for other individuals.


A Study on the Otolith of Scombridae in Malaysia 

Wan Nurul Atiqah binti Wan Azman 




The information on otolith characteristics is important for future otolith based study 

such as age determination and growth parameters estimation. This study aims to 

describe the of otolith morphology for Scombridae and to determine the relationship 

between otolith size and fish size. Otoliths were extracted using “open the hatch 

method”. Illustration of the otolith was observed under Scanning Electron Microscope 

(SEM), stereomicroscope and dissecting microscope aided camera lucida. The shapes 

of otolith for species in Scombridae were approximately rectangular and also 

rectangular to oblong. Relationships between fish standard length and otolith weight, 

width and length were described by linear regression models and high correlation was 

shown for all relationships. This study found that the correlation between fish size and 

otolith size for Rastrelliger kanagurta, Thunnus tonggol and Euthynnus affinis are low. 

The finding from this study can be helpful for future otolith-based assessment 

research.


Study on Fish Marketing Channel and Marketing Margin at Endau Landing 

Port, Johor 

Ziana binti Zainal 




The objectives of this study were to investigate the marketing channel and to identify 

the marketing efficiency by the size of marketing margin of fresh fish marketing. The 

study area was in Endau landing port, Johor. The data collection carried out from 

December 2017 until February 2018. The data has been collect by used Slovin’s 

formula. Analysis of marketing channel and marketing margin has been used by 

descriptive analysis. All of the respondents aged from 19 until 65 years old. There 

were about six marketing channel that have been identified involved 

fisherman/producer, agents, wholesaler, retailer and consumer. The marketing 

margins have been calculated for each channel. From the calculation, the value of 

marketing margin for the short channel is 15.50% while the value for the long channel 

is 95.04%. From the value, it showed that the marketing more efficient when the 

marketing margin is lower.


A Study on the Otolith of Freshwater Fishes in Malaysia 

Mohamad Firdaus Bin Shamsuri 

Supervisor: Dr Rumeaida binti Mat Piah 



The otolith morphological characteristics and otolith relationship with fish size of 

Anabas testudineus, Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus were describe in this 

study by using image analysis technique which is scanning electron microscope (SEM), 

stereomicroscope and drawing using dissecting microscope aided camera Lucida. The 

main descriptor of otolith morphology that was examined is shape, dorsal and ventral 

margin, sulcus, ostium, colliculum, crista superior and inferior, neck, rostrum and 

exicura. The otolith relationship of Anabas testudineus, Oreochromis niloticus and 

Clarias gariepinus were examined by using linear regression analysis. Among the 

variables, the relationship between otolith weight and total length of right otolith of 

Oreochromis niloticus recorded the highest correlation, while the lowest correlation 

was the relationship between otolith width and total length of left otolith of Clarias 

gariepinus. Therefore, this study could create a foundation for further analysis of 

otolith morphology characteristics and otolith relationship for future references.


A Study on the Otolith of Carangidae 

Mohd Basid Jaafar 

Supervisor: Dr Rumeaida binti Mat Piah 



Carangidae is one of the important commercial fish in Malaysia. However, the 

information on their population characteristic in Malaysia is scarce. In this study, the 

characteristic of the otolith of carangidae was described. A total of 147 Carangidae 

which is Atule mate, Megalaspis cordyla,and Decapterus maruadsi collected from Pulau 

Kambing fish landing port in Terengganu during December 2017- March 2018 and was 

analyzed for their shape and the relationship between fish size and otolith dimension. 

The otolith shape for this species was fusiform. The highest correlation for each 

species was determine which is Decapterus maruadsi was between total length and 

otolith weight, Atule mate between fish weight and Otolith width and Megalaspis 

cordyla between fish weight and Otolith thickness. The results from this study so can 

be a useful tool to evaluate the growth of fish and to the researcher for future otolithbased 

study in Malaysia.


Effect of Biofloc on the Survival Rate of Mud Crab (Scylla Paramamosain) 

Larvae 

Mohd Fadzlini bin Ghani 




The sustainable larvae productions incorporating biofloc technology might be one of 

the best solution for development of mud crab industry. The research was conducted 

on effects of biofloc on the production of Scylla paramamosain larvae. Biofloc 

inoculums were added into treatment tanks to induce rapid formation of biofloc. The 

duration of project were established for 30 days. Two replicates were prepared for 

each experiment respectively. The mud crab larvae in control tanks were fed with 

Artemia, while combinations of Artemia and biofloc were fed in treatment tanks. The 

results showed S. paramamosain larvae fed with biofloc and Artemia have lower 

survival rate compared to larvae fed with only Artemia. Larval Stage Index (LSI) was 

used to determine the growth rate and transformation of larvae fed with Artemia and 

biofloc into megalopa stage occurred earlier (day 27) compare to larvae fed with 

Artemia only (day 28). Findings show that treatment experiment of 2 ml/L could be a 

candidate for S.paramamosain larvae culture.


Abundance of Phytoplankton in Seagrass Bed of Setiu Wetland, 

Terengganu 

Nurul Farahain binti Zulkhair 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mohd Danish Daniel bin Abdullah 



Phytoplankton and seagrass play important role in aquatic system. The abundance of 

phytoplankton is influence by the characteristic of seagrass. A study on abundance of 

phytoplankton in sea grass bed was carried out in the coastal water of Setiu Wetland, 

Terengganu. Nine sample of seawater were collected from three stations on February 

2018. This study was aimed to determine the abundance, richness and diversity of 

phytoplankton. Parameter such as salinity, DO, temperature, pH, TSS and chlorophyll 

a was measured at each of the station. A total 11 genus composed by 15 species of 

diatoms and 1 species of cyanobacteria were found at the stations. The highest cell 

density was 152 500 cell/ml at station 2 and the lowest cell density was 60 000 cell/ml 

at station 1. Chaetoceros sp.1 was the dominant species with 64% of total abundance 

followed by Skeletonema sp. with 13% and Letocylindru sp. with 3.67%. According 

to PCA (Principle Components Analysis), factors that influence the abundance of 

phytoplankton is suspended solid.


Occurrences of Vibrio spp. in Seagrass Bed of Setiu Wetland, Terengganu. 

Siti Zuriani binti Mat Isa 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Muhd Danish Daniel Bin Abdullah 



The occurrence of Vibrios spp., which have been related with several infections in both 

humans and animals are known to be influenced by a high environmental temperature 

and high salinity of water. In this study, samples of water, seagrasses and sediments 

were taken from three different stations that consist of seagrasses bed from the 

species of Halodule pinifolia which is placed in Setiu Wetland Terengganu for detecting 

the presence of Vibrio spp. and to observe the trend of occurrences of Vibrio spp. in 

three of the studied stations. Among the three samples tested (water, sediments and 

seagrasses), the highest amount of the bacteria count is obtain from sediments which 

is 5.038CFU/g compared to water (2.752CFU/ml) and seagrasses (3.113CFU/g) 

respectively. While the detection and identification of Vibrio spp. was done by using 

Vitek 2 System (bioMérieux, Inc.). The results obtained were Photobacterium 

damselae with 99% probability, Aeromonas salominicida (93%) and Esherichia coli 

(86%) probability. Nevertheless, Vitek 2 has problems to identify and determine 

susceptibilities of some Vibrio species.


Fungal Isolation from Water Resource of Cultivition Tank of Seahorses 

(Hippocampus Comes) Before and After Filteration 

Muhammad Nazirul Asyraf bin Jaafar 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Effendy bin Abd. Wahid 



Seahorse nursery has been formed in the hatchery aquatrop, but there are many 

death of seahorses in the hatchery caused by pathogens. So a study has been 

conducted to isolate and identified this microbe from water in the reservoir before the 

filtration process and water that supply to the tank containing seahorses after filtration 

process. The both water sample were serially diluted by tenfold and four organisms 

has been identified. The result for water sample before filtration is only on 10 −1 plate 

where the fungus grow filamentous form while the result for water sample after 

filtration is on three plate which are 10 −2 , 10 −4 , and 10 −8 . The fungus grow circular 

form on 10 −2 plate while on the 10 −4 plate, the fungus grow irregular form and on 

the 10 −8 plate the fungus grow filamentous form but it black in colour. So from the 

result, we can say the filtration system is not effective enough to prevent further 

fungus infection but the suggestion is to sterilize the water from reservoir before it 

enter the first filtration system. So by doing that probably the water quality will be 

better and can prevent further infection by pathogen fungus.


Morphology And Morphometric of Silver Mantis Shrimp; Harpiosquilla 

Harpax (de Haan, 1844) Pulau Kambing Landing Port 

Muhammad Akhmal Ashraf bin Razali 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mohd Hanafi Idris 



The silver mantis shrimp lived in the shallow waters of tropical and subtropical areas. 

A total of 68 specimens has been collected from Pulau Kambing fish landing port, 

Kuala Terengganu for morphological and morphometrics study. Based on the 

morphological examined, two species has been identified known as Harpiosquilla 

harpax. This species can be distinguished by the number of spine on the back of their 

telson. The range of total length and weight was 111.98-177.76 mm and 16.00-62.00 

g respectively. 13 morphometrics characteristics has been chosen to measure. Based 

on the One-Way ANOVA analysis, the eye length was reported significant while the 

others characterises were not significant. This study will be able to provide information 

on silver mantis shrimp and contribute as material and sources for a research in the 

future.


A Study on the Otolith of Lutjanidae in Malaysia 

Muhammad Lukman bin Muhammad Zahari 

Supervisor: Dr. Rumeaida Binti Mat Piah 



The information of otolith characteristics is important for future otolith-based study 

such as age determination. This study aims to describe the otolith morphology of 

snapper which has high commercial value in Malaysia. The otolith (sagitta) 

measurements and morphological illustration of three species from Lutjanidae family 

- Lutjanus russellii, L. lutjanus and L. malabaricus were retrieved by extraction of 

samples collected from Peninsular Malaysia. Four otolith extraction techniques were 

practiced according to manual provided by Secor et al., (1991). The otolith 

morphology were compared for significant differences within the same family. This 

study found the morphology of Lutjanids has oblong shape with large rostrum; 

elongated cauda; deep notch and wide excisura. Meanwhile up-through-the-gills 

method is the best way for otolith extraction due to low risk on damaging the otolith 

and require minimal time period. The finding from this study can be used to distinguish 

species through otolith information and morphological data.


The Morphology and Morphometric of Crassostrea Gasar from Setiu 

Wetland 

Mohamad Firdaus bin Ab Azid 




Crassostrea gasar inhibit mangrove ecosystem and it is usually found attached on prop 

root of mangrove tree. Oyster is filter feeder and can act as bio-indicator. Crassostrea 

gasar from Setiu Wetland was choosen for morphology and morphometric analysis. 

This study was conducted at Fisheries Science Lab, UMT. A total of 38 samples has 

been collected in February 2018. Crassostrea gasar has variety of shell shape and 

brownish colour on the external and white and shiny on the inner side. Nine 

parameters have been used for measurement. The total length and weight was in 

range of 25.22-56.10 mm and 9g-61g respectively. Analysis on proportional ratio 

based on total length has been observed and the different in size of this species might 

be due to environment condition.


Bacteria Isolation from Water Sample of Seahorse Cultivation Tank Before 

and After Filtration 

Muhammad Luqman bin Puaadi 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd. Effendy 



A study on water microbiology quality was conducted at seahorse nursery of Aquatrop 

Hatchery. Samples from the water supply before the filtration system at the reservoir 

and after the filtration system prior to the displacement into the tanks. Isolation was 

done using sterile transport swab which was then inoculated onto the MNA and EMB 

agar using the serial dilution and MPN method. Pure culture was made to identify the 

bacteria. Results showed that formation of metallic colonies on EMB agar from the 

sample of water before the filtration system. Pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli was 

identified. The filtration system is successful in filtering pathogenic bacteria, but 

improvements can be made for a better microbial water quality.


Genetic Relatedness of Different Seahorse Species Inferred By 

Cytochrome Oxidase 1 Gene 

Mariatul Afiqah binti Mohd Al-Hatta 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Effendy Abd. Wahid 



A study of genetic relatedness and identification of four different seahorse species 

kept at Akuatrop’s hatchery was conducted on Hippocampus barbouri, H. comes, H. 

kuda and H. spinosissimus using partial mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Ӏ (COӀ) 

gene marker. All 20 samples of seahorse were collected from Malaysia and Indonesia. 

These seahorses were successfully identified via molecular method. BLAST analysis 

done after PCR amplification and sequencing had confirmed the partial fragment of 

CO1 in each sample. Hence, a phylogenetic analysis had resulted in the distribution of 

each species into 4 different clusters. A calculated average of pairwise distance found 

that H. kuda is more closely related to H. spinosissimus with similarity of 1% while H. 

barbouri and H. comes is more closely related to each other with similarity less than 

1%. The comparison between the pairwise distances showed is assumed to have 

diverged. Therefore, findings had successfully determined the variations between 

those seahorse species which can aid in conservation purposes.


Population Structure Revealed by Mitochondrial Control Region and 16S 

rRNA of Penaeus Monodon (Fabricius, 1798) Broodstocks in the Indo- 

Pacific Region 

Amir Asyraf Bin Zainudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Li Lian Wong 



The Asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) is the most economically 

important group of shrimps, which is widely cultured in the world. Genetic variation is 

a critical factor when selecting superior stocks for aquaculture breeding programs. 

Current study focuses on determining the genetic diversity, population structure and 

phylogeographic relationships of different Penaeus monodon populations from the 

Indo-Pacific region. Based on the concatenated sequences between 16s rRNA and 

mitochondrial control region gene, 12 haplotypes are recognised from 73 samples 

collected from Malaysia (n=7), Madagascar (n=28), Thailand (n=18), Hawaii (n=11) 

and Japan (n=9). Analysis showed low/high haplotypes diversity (0.766) and 

nucleotide diversity (0.25490). The Fst scores (-0.03251 to 0.74404) indicated high 

genetic structure of P. monodon populations.


Morphology and Morphometric of Cherax Quadricarinatus 

Muhammad Syahir bin Hamid 




The Red-Claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus is locally known as freshwater lobster 

due to its lobster-like appearance and habitat. The aim of this study was to identified 

the C. quadricarinatus for morphological and morphometrics characteristics study. A 

total of 30 individuals has been analysing in the fisheries science laboratory of 

Unversity Malaysia Terengganu for future analysis. Based on morphological examined, 

the species can be distinguished from other crayfish by size, colour and the presence 

of four distinct anterior ridges (carinae) of the carapace. For morphometrics 

measurement, nine characters including weight has been chosen to be measured. The 

One Way ANOVA, based on male and female of the species was calculated the 

proportional ratio between the characters with total length. The carapace length, 

abdominal width, chela width and chela length were significant meanwhile carapace 

width, antennal length, abdominal length and telson length were not significant with 

each other.


School of Food Science 

and Technology 

1



Agrotechnology (Postharvest 

Technology) 

2


Evaluation of Host Range and Colletotrichum Species Isolated from Chili 

(Capsicum annuum) Causing Anthracnose Disease 

‘Ain Suraya Binti Sa’ad 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nordahliawate Binti Mohamed Sidique 

Bachelor of Science Agrotechnology (Postharvest Technology) 

School of Food Science and Technology 

The Colletotrichum species is widely known as an important plant pathogen causing 

anthracnose disease. Therefore, this study was to determine the severity of C. 

gloesporioides isolated from chili on other hosts (host range study). Furthermore, to 

evaluate postharvest quality on different types of host inoculated with C. 

gloesporioides. Three types of produce were selected; tomato, okra and banana. All 

samples were inoculated with C. gloesporioides and control without any pathogen. 

Result showed there was a significant difference (p


The Heat and Cold Treatment of Stingless Bee Honey to Improve the 

Quality and Shelf Life 

Ahmad Sahal Bin Midin 




Stingless bee rearing or meliponiculture has becomes a growing industry in Malaysia. 

It can generate incomes to the beekeeper. As a rapidly growing sector, a competitive 

aspect can be seen in the industry and most of beekeeper cannot sell all the products 

immediately after harvest. Proper storage method is needed to keep all the produces 

in fresh states and in the same time increases the shelf life of the honey. This study 

was conducted to increase the shelf life of stingless bee honey by applying different 

conditions (temperature) to the honey. Honey used in this study was from 

Heterotrigona itama species. When the heat was applied, it can reduce gases produce 

in the honey during storage. Honey can be stored for a longer time at low temperature. 

Storing honey under room temperature was the common practice among beekeeper. 

4


The Effect of Edible Gum Arabic Coating on Maintaining Postharvest 

Quality of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) 

Amirah Izzati Binti Mohamad 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Zawiah Binti Wan Abdullah 



Coating of cucumber has been created to increase the shelf-life of the cucumber due 

to its short shelf-life and perishable fresh produce which may lead to loss of 

postharvest quality. They are coated with different concentration of gum arabic which 

is 10%, 20% and 30%. The coating of cucumber can preserve the postharvest quality 

and its shelf life. The parameters that have been used are weight, wrinkle score, 

percentage of decay, colour, firmness, total soluble solid and sensory evaluation test. 

There were significant difference in term of weight, total soluble solid, firmness, colour 

and sensory evaluation of the cucumber between the treatments (p


Effects of Feed Supplemented with Different Concentrations of Roselle 

(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Waste on the Postharvest Quality of Broiler 

Chicken (Gallus gallus sp.) 

Amrina Rashyda binti Mohamed Aslam 

Supervisor: Dr. Fauziah binti Tufail Ahmad 



The effect of feeding roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) waste as supplements on broiler 

chickens at dietary levels up to 15% were studied over 5 weeks period. Day old 

unsexed commercial broiler chicks were used for this experiment. Four experimental 

diets containing dried roselle waste at different levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) mixed 

with commercial feed were formulated for 3 weeks. Chicks were randomly distributed 

into 6 chicks per group. 0% level shown significant difference from other levels for 

weight gain, weight of carcasses and colour. 10% level shown significant difference 

for texture, total phenolic content and total volatile protein. Thus, it is recommended 

to feed the broiler chicken to increase their quality. 

6


Effects of Different Exposure Time of Fennel Oil on Postharvest Quality of 

Vacuum-Packaged Wax Apple (Syzygium Samarangenese (Blume) Merril 

and L.M. Perry) At Low Temperature 

Ang Yee Sheuan 

Supervisor: Dr. Ng Lee Chuen 



The compositions of nutritional value in honey are various as for it originating from 

different species. Unfortunately, a well-conducted guideline for stingless bee honey 

(SBH) is not yet developed. The aim of this study is to determine the microbiological 

properties in relation to physicochemical properties of SBH after thermal treatment. 

SBH were heat treated at 45°C for different time period (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 

minutes). Results indicated that the total microbial activity based on Fluorescein 

diacetate analysis (FDA) was significantly reduced to 63.755 and 62.434 respectively 

of thermal treatment for 90 and 120 min compared to control (67.127 µg FDA . g -1 

SBH . hr -1 of incubation). However, the moisture content in all thermal treatments 

duration were not significantly different at p


Effects of Different Forms of Palm Kernel Shell Charcoal in Reducing 

Ethylene Production and Maintaining Postharvest Quality of Berangan 

Banana (Musa sp. AAA Berangan Banana) 

Ang Yew Ching 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Zaliha Wan Sembok 



Banana is a climacteric fruit that produces enough ethylene to change its physicochemical 

characteristics such as colour, texture, aroma, chemical composition, 

respiration rate and senescence. Ethylene, a colourless gas, is the main regulator of 

ripening in climacteric fruits which leads to the short marketable life and increase 

postharvest losses. These losses can be reduced by adopting non-commercial charcoal 

from agricultural wastes that capable to absorb ethylene gas from banana such as 

palm kernel shell (PKS) at varying sizes (0.5 mm, 1.5 mm and 0.3 mm PKS charcoal). 

No apparent effect of various sizes of PKS charcoal on ethylene production and also 

other postharvest quality parameters were observed. Moreover, irrespective of sizes, 

PKS charcoal had the ability to prolong the shelf life of banana by maintaining the skin 

greenness and reducing SPI score In conclusion, PKS charcoal without regard to sizes 

can delay ripening and maintain postharvest quality of berangan banana. 

8


The Comparison between Salting and Smoking Method towards Beef Meat 

Quality 

Arman Syafiq Bin Aripuddin 




This study were carried out to compare two treatment which is salting and smoking 

to determine which treatment is the best to maintain the beef meat’s quality during 

storage. The beef meat was smoked by referring the traditional hot smoking method 

while the salted meat were prepared by pouring table salt on the surface of the beef. 

Then, the beef meat was placed in a 5ºC chiller room for 16 days. Each four days of 

interval, the parameter of weight loss, tenderness, microbial analysis and sensory 

evaluation were conducted. From the result obtained, the smoking method shows a 

significant different with salting treatment by the value of P˂0.05 after ran the 1 way 

anova T-test. It can be conclude smoking treatment is the best to be applied for 

controlling the post-harvest quality. 

9


The Effect of Various Packaging Method on the Quality of Beef Meat 

Azlan bin Ab Majid 

Supervisor: Dr. Khadijah binti Saad 



This study aimed to investigate the effect of different method of packaging on the 

quality of beef meat. The beef were packaged using High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 

plastic and packaged by fourth different methods, Overwrapping, Vacuum Packaging, 

Modified Atmosphere Packaging (30% O2: 20%CO2: 50%N2) and Modified 

Atmosphere Packaging (70%O2: 20%CO2: 10%N2) and each of them stored at chiller 

5°C for 8 days. The colour, firmness, pH, drip loss and microbial assessment were 

conducted. Each two days interval, colour, firmness, pH, drip loss were conducted 

while microbial assessment only done at 0 day and final day. Modified Atmosphere 

Packaging 70% O2: 20% CO2: 10% N2) showed significant value, (P>0.05) when run 

in oneway ANNOVA and showed positive colour test results, maintaining the 

firmness, drip loss, pH and decreasing the microorganisms count in agar plate. 

10


The Effects of Hot Water Treatment and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) on 

Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) 

Belinda Anak Kerol 

Supervisor: Dr. Iffah Hazirah Binti Mohd Nawi 



Cherry tomato is rich in Vitamin C. It is on demand and can be eaten straight away. 

However, improper postharvest handling affected their quality and shelf life. This 

study identified the effect of hot water and calcium chloride dipping on postharvest 

quality of cherry tomato. The fruits were treated at 45°C, 55°C with and without CaCl2 

dipping. Meanwhile for control A, the fruits were dipped with only 1% CaCl2 and control 

B is without any treatment. Tomato treated at 55°C with 1% CaCl2 dipping has a 

potential in control the weight loss and could maintain the firmness of cherry tomato. 

CaCl2 help in reducing respiration, physiological disorders and can delay softening of 

fruits. This study provided information regarding the potential postharvest treatment 

of cherry tomato and further study can be conducted by manipulates the time length 

for hot water treatment and dipping processes. 

11


The Effect of Different Concentration of Pitaya Peels Extract on 

Postharvest Quality of Banana (Musa acuminata) 

Bunyamin Bin Abdul Manap 

Supervisor: Dr Aidilla binti Mubarak 



The fingers of Lakatan banana (Musa acuminata) was treated with pitaya peel extract 

at two different concentrations (0.25% and 0.5%) and stored at room temperature. 

They were compared to distilled water-dipped banana as the control. The 

effectiveness of pitaya peel was tested through assessment of several physical and 

biochemical quality parameters of the banana. Pitaya peel extracts at both 

concentration reduced the rate of weight loss and appearance of pathological 

properties in banana when compared to control (p


Effects of Different Concentration of Chitosan Coating on Post-Harvest 

Quality of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) 

Ellia Natasha Binti Amzah 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Idzwana Binti Mohd Idris 



Chitosan is soluble in acid and edible coating substance that applied in the preservation 

of fresh fruit, vegetable or other fresh-cut material. The main objective of this study 

was to extend the shelf life of cauliflower using different concentration of chitosan 

ranging from 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.04% and control with no chitosan coating. 

The effect of chitosan coating was investigated in aspect of weight loss, color, 

firmness, black spot disease and ascorbic acid. There was no significant different on 

colour, firmness and weight loss across all treatments for chitosan coating on 

cauliflower. However, cauliflower coated with 0.02% of chitosan significantly reduce 

the appearance of black spot at day 4 and lower the ascorbic acid at day 3. As a 

conclusion chitosan coating could not prolong the shelf life of fresh cut cauliflower, 

hence this study could not be applied for postharvest storage technique. 

13


Effect of Different Types of Packaging Material by Using Vacuum Method 

on Postharvest Quality of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) 

Farizah Binti Kamarulbahrin 

Supervisor: Dr. Norhidayah Binti Che Soh 


School Of Food Science and Technology 

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is one of the most sensitive vegetable when 

cultivated and contribute to the increasing of postharvest losses in the world market. 

It is highly perishable and start deteriorating immediately within a day after harvest. 

Packaging materials and vacuum method can help in maintaining the quality storage 

of fresh produce especially oyster mushroom before being consume. A study was 

conducted to determine the effect of different types of packaging material and also to 

determine the best type of packaging method for retaining on postharvest quality of 

oyster mushroom during storage. There are six types of treatment and one control 

involved which is Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) with vacuum and non-vacuum 

method, High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) with vacuum and non-vacuum method, 

Polypropylene (PP) with vacuum and non-vacuum method and also mushroom placed 

on polystyrene tray with clear wrapping as a control for this study and stored at the 

same 5°C storage temperature. However, the method did not affect degree of effect 

on postharvest losses of oyster mushroom. Meanwhile, the results indicated that HDPE 

plastic was found to be the best packaging material on retaining the losses of colour 

and browning of the oyster mushroom until 12 days. 

14


Optimization of Drying Period by Using Oven and Microwave Drying on 

Antioxidant Properties and Quality of Pink Coral Vine (Antigonon 

leptopus) Leaves Tea 

Fatimah Binti Faizel Amri 

Supervisor: Dr. Husni Hayati Binti Mohd Rafdi 



This study is the first study conducted on drying effects of pink Antigonon leptopus 

(A. leptopus) leaves for herbal tea making. An optimization experiment was conducted 

using oven 60ºC for 4, 8, 12 and 24 h, and microwave 800W for 10, 12, 14 and 16 

min.Analyses involved were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content 

(TFC), DPPH, Frap assay, colour changes, water activity (Aw), and sensory analysis 

using Hedonic. Antioxidant content and activity in control is the highest as compared 

to both drying methods. Results from the study suggested that microwave drying at 

800W for 12 min is the optimum drying method for A. leptopus leaves tea because it 

contents the highest TPC and TFC, and most preferable in sensory test compared to 

other treatments. It also resulted in lowest water activity and slightly lower TPC and 

TFC (3.3% and 14%) if compared to control. 

15


Effects of Salicylic Acid and Sucrose on Vase Life of Cut Antigonon 

leptopus Inflorescence 

Haidar Hariri Bin Abu Seman 




Pink Antigonon leptopus (A. leptopus) has potential to be commercialized as cut flower 

for flower arrangement. In order to understand the cut inflorescence vase life, vase 

solution treatments containing Artificial Tap Water as control, salicyclic acid (SA) at 

100, 200, 300 mg/L and combination of 100, 200, 300 mg/L SA with 2% sucrose were 

conducted. Parameter observed were vase life, relative fresh weight (RFW), vase 

solution uptake (VSU), flower drops (FD), flower colour, relative water content (RWC) 

and pH. Results showed cut inflorescence in vase treatments containing 200 mg/L SA 

+ 2% sucrose and 300 mg/L + 2% sucrose have 1.6 fold longer vase life than the 

control by promoted high water uptake and reduce flower drop by 28%. 

16


The Effects of Different Concentration of Soybean Oil on Quail (Coturnix 

japonica) Growth and Quality 

Hayad bin Abu Bakar 


Co-supervisor: Dr. Mohd Azrul Bin Lokman 



The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of different concentrations of 

soybean oil on 36 samples quail (Coturnic japonica) over a period of 28 days. A 

completely randomized design with three treatment levels of soybean oil (5, 10, and 

15%) as a supplement diet and three replicates of three quails were used. A total of 

36 quails were used for analysis like color, live weight, carcass weight, texture and 

driploss. For parameter driploss, samples were stored at -10⁰c in one day for analysis. 

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with non-repeated measurements and Tukey’s test were 

used. There were significant effects (p


Aloe Vera Edible Film with Cinnamon Oil for Extending Shelf Life of Wax 

Apple 

Hazwani Husna Binti Mohd Anuar 

Supervisor: Dr. Aidilla Binti Mubarak 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Razifah Binti Mohd Razali 



Wax apple is highly perishable and is reported for a high postharvest loss due to its 

skin that is easily cracked and bruised. In this study, we tested the application of aloe 

vera edible film with and without cinnamon oil on extending the postharvest quality 

of wax apple stored at 10°C. The effectiveness of the edible film was tested on physical 

and chemical changes of the fruit. Application of both edible films significantly reduced 

the total soluble solid reduction when compared to control (P


Effect of Different Concentrations of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on The 

Postharvest Quality of Chicken Flesh of Broiler (Gallus gallusdomesticus) 

KhairiahNur Ain binti Mohammed Hassan 




Efficiency of turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder (TP) as feed additives for broilers had 

been studied for years but mainly on pre-harvest quality of poultry and not the 

postharvest quality. Main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of different 

concentrations of turmeric on the pre-harvest and postharvest quality of broilers. 24 

broilers were assigned into four treatment groups (C: 0% TP, T1: 0.5% TP, T2: 1.0%, 

T3: 1.5%). Weight gain was analysed for pre-harvest analysis. Broilers feed was 

analysed for total phenolic content (TPC). The analytical tests on flesh were colour, 

texture, crude protein and TPC. Results indicated that only yellowness and TPC of 

flesh for broiler fed with 1.5% of turmeric powder showed significant different 

compared to others treatments. As conclusion, high concentration of turmeric powder 

contribute to the yellowness and antioxidant of the broilers flesh. 

19


Effect of Silver Thiosulfate, Sucrose, and HQS Pulsing on Cut Rose Vase 

Life 

Lee Shir Nie 

Supervisor: Dr. Husni Hayati binti Mohd Rafdi 



Roses is categorised as an important ornamental plants but its vase life is relatively 

short. In this study, cut roses were first pulsed in 0.2mM STS for 2 h followed by 

pulsing with 200mg/L HQS and in combination with either 100, 120, or 140 g/L of 

sucrose for 10 h. Then, the pulsed cut stems were put in vase containing artificial tap 

water (ATW) as vase solution treatment for quality observations. The analyses 

conducted were vase life, relative fresh weight (RFW), vase solution uptake (VSU), 

bud diameter, and petal colour. Observation on xylem blockage was also conducted 

using light microscope. Sucrose pulsing at all concentrations were significantly 

promoted bud opening and maintained the RFW but there was significantly fading of 

petal colour (P


Effects of Different Exposure Times of LED Lights on Postharvest 

Performances of Fresh Cut Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. cv. Josapine) 

Leong Jia Qi 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Zaliha Wan Sembok 



Pineapple is popular fruits served in fresh cut form that fully match to current urban 

lifestyle, ready to eat food. However, fresh cut pineapple induce the activity of phenolic 

compounds to trigger brown pigments due to minimal process. Browning incidence 

(BI) is directly influence consumer’s acceptability and marketability. In line with that, 

different exposure times and types of LED lights (5mins, 10mins, 15mins and 20mins 

with white, red and blue, respectively) were applied on fresh cut pineapple stored at 

5 o C storage for twelve days to reduce BI. A significant interaction between two factors 

was recorded in lightness coefficient, Chroma, total phenolic content and ascorbic acid 

(AA). Regardless of exposure times, types of LED lights mainly blue light resulted in 

delaying BI on fresh cut pineapples. In conclusion, blue light had a tendency to delay 

the browning incidence and maintain postharvest quality of fresh cut pineapple. 

21


Effects of Different Exposure Time of Fennel Oil on Postharvest Quality of 

Vacuum-packaged Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangenese (Blume) Merril 

and L.M. Perry) at Low Temperature 

Lim You Xuan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Chuah Tse Seng 



Wax apple (WA) is highly susceptible to weight loss which leads to surface wrinkle and 

postharvest disease. Studies showed that fennel oil (FO) has antimicrobial properties. 

This study was conducted to determine FO fumigation on postharvest quality of WA 

and examine the best exposure time for extending WA shelf life. WA was exposed to 

FO fumigant for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes, vacuum-packed and stored for 20 days at 

18°C. The postharvest assessments of the WA quality include weight loss, firmness, 

total soluble solid, colour, disease evaluation, wrinkle index, flavour and juiciness of 

WA. Exposure of FO to WA for 5 minutes was the best treatment in reducing the 

postharvest disease of the fruits without affecting other quality attributes except for 

the fruit flavour. This finding suggests that fumigation of WA with FO for 5 minutes 

have potential to extend the shelf life of wax apple when stored under 18°C. 

22


Post-harvest Handling Knowledge and Practices on Vegetables among 

Farmers in Kuala Terengganu Terengganu 

Madihah Binti Mohamed Razelan 




A good postharvest handling is crucial to ensure the freshness of the vegetables 

are retained from farm to consumer. Most cases reported that postharvest losses 

occur due to poor handling in the farm. Therefore, the objectives of this study was 

to determine postharvest handling knowledge and practices on vegetables and also 

to identify their correlation. 40 farmers around Kuala Terengganu were randomly 

selected to answer a set of question consists of three sections on their demographic 

profiles (Section A), postharvest handling knowledge (Section B) and postharvest 

handling practices (Section C). The result revealed that the correlation between 

the 13 questions in each section of B and C are significant to each other. The 

findings also show that 85% of respondents attend courses related to postharvest 

handling. In the view of findings, farmers have the knowledge and understand the 

practices of postharvest handling on vegetables however it is vital to improve 

educational knowledge and skills to reduce postharvest losses. 

23


Coffee Husk as Fertilizer for Optimizing Growth and Postharvest Quality of 

Kangkung Darat (Ipomea reptans. Poir) 

Maizatul Najjuwa Binti Mohd Safalisam 


Co- Supervisor: Dr. Ramisah Binti Mohd Shah 



This study looked at the effect of coffee husk (CH) incorporated into chemical fertilizer 

for optimizing growth and postharvest quality of kangkung darat grown in polybag. 

The study tested different ratio of CH with NPK fertilizer (100% NPK, 50% NPK+ 50% 

CH, 20% NPK+80% CH and 100% CH). The application of 50% NPK + 50% CH was 

found to significantly improve the plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, 

weight of plant and the greenness of leaves (p


The Effects of Red Spinach (Amaranthus gangenticus) Decoction on Meat 

Quality 

Muhammad Syukri Bin Md Hafez 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Azrul Bin Lokman 



The aim of this study was to examine the effect of red spinach (Amaranthus 

gangenticus) decoction on fresh meat quality. Fresh meats were dipped in red spinach 

decoction with different dipping times; 30 and 60 minutes and stored at 5°C chiller for 

15 days. Fresh meats for each treatment and control were weighted at 60 g at the 

initial of the experiment. For every 3 days interval, the post-harvest parameters; drip 

loss, colour, tenderness, texture and microbial analysis were conducted. One-way 

analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of data collected. 

From the results, dipping time for 30 minutes showed significant difference compared 

to 60 minute dipping time (P


Effect of Pumpkin Peel on Postharvest Quality of Japanese Quail (Coturnix 

japonica) Flesh 

Munirah binti Azman 




Pumpkin peel is commonly discards even believed to have beneficial content in it. The 

objective of this study is to determine the effect of different concentrations of pumpkin 

peel powder (PPP) on the pre-harvest and post-harvest quality of Japanese quail. The 

parameters that have been analysed were feed analysis, colour, texture, carotenoid 

content and drip loss. Feed analysis and quail meat were analysed with carotenoid 

content using spectrophotometer to see the influence of high carotenoid feed into the 

flesh. The results indicated carotenoid content only difference in quail fed with the 

highest concentration (6%) of PPP. There were significant differences on weight gain 

for all treatments. However, there was no significant different on the lightness, 

redness, drip loss and texture of the quail meat. 

26


Effect of Sucrose and 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate on the Vase Life of Coral 

Vine (Antigonon leptopus) Inflorescence 

Najihah Binti A Rahman 




The vase life research of cut flowers is important to determine the vase life and to 

identify the best postharvest treatments for extending the vase life of cut flowers. This 

study investigated the effects of different concentrations of sucrose with combination 

of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) on the postharvest life of cut inflorescence of 

Antigonon leptopus (A. leptopus). These treatments were: Artificial Tap Water (ATW) 

as control; 8-HQC (100 mg/L); and combination of 1, 3, 5, 7 or 10% sucrose with 100 

mg/L 8-HQC. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated based on the relative 

fresh weight (RFW), vase solution uptake (VSU), pH, flower drop, vase life, colour and 

relative water content (RWC). Sucrose at 7% plus 8-HQC was significantly (P


The Effects of Calcium Chloride and Cinnamaldehyde Dipping on the 

Quality of Fresh Cut Honeydew Melon 

Nashratul Amira binti Saad 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Zawiah binti Wan Abdullah 



Firmness loss in fresh-cut honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L.) are the main problems 

associated with quality loss of fresh cut honeydew even under cold storage. The 

objectives of this experiment is to examine the effect of calcium chloride and 

cinnamaldehyde dipping on the postharvest quality (weight loss, firmness, colour, 

titratable acidity and total soluble solid) of fresh cut melons at 5°C for 12 days 

.Honeydew melon are dipped in four treatment (control, 0.1% cinnamaldehyde, 

0.75% calcium chloride and combination of 0.1% cinnamaldehyde and 0.75% calcium 

chloride). A sensory evaluation was performed using 30 untrained panelist by using 

the seven point of hedonic scale. The weight loss, colour and firmness show significant 

different (p>0.05) between treatments. All the three treatments delayed weight loss, 

improved firmness and delayed colour changes. The result shows that the combination 

treatment is the most effective treatment to maintain the quality of fresh cut 

honeydew. 

28


Effect of LED Light Exposure in Delaying Browning Incidence and 

Maintaining Postharvest Quality of Fresh-Cut Pineapple (Ananas Comosus 

L.) Stored at Two Storage Temperatures 

Ng Wan Jing 




Fresh-cut pineapple characterized by shorter shelf life due to enzymatic browning 

which catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Browning incidence (BI) affects the 

postharvest quality and also limits the shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple. In present 

study, the effects of LED lights (white, blue, red) on fresh cut pineapple were 

evaluated under two storage temperatures (5˚C and 10˚C) for 18 days. The 

parameters being evaluated were browning index, color, percentage weight loss, 

firmness, soluble solids concentration, total phenolic content and ascorbic acid. 

Interestingly, LED light (470nm) at 5˚C had significant effect (p≤0.05) in reducing BI 

of fresh cut pineapple. In conclusion, fresh cut pineapples treated with blue LED light 

and further stored at 5˚C has a tendency in delaying BI without adversely affecting 

other quality attributes. 

29


Effect of Chitosan-Lemon Essential Oil Coatings to Prolong the Quality of 

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) 

Noor Shuhada Omar Arbain 

Supervisor: Dr. Ramisah Mohd Shah 



This study was designed to determine the effect of chitosan-lemon oil coatings on 

postharvest quality of cucumber. Four different combination of chitosan and lemon 

essential oil solution were tested (0.5% chitosan + 0.5% essential oil, 0.5% chitosan 

+ 1.0% essential oil, 1.0% chitosan + 0.5% essential oil, 1.0% chitosan + 1.0% 

essential oil). The treated cucumbers were stored at ambient temperature for 14 

days. The effectiveness of the treatment in prolonging the quality was evaluated by 

determining weight loss, color, firmness, total soluble solids, pH value and titratable 

acidity. Chitosan-lemon essential oil coatings did not show a significant effect 

(p>0.05) in terms of weight loss, total soluble solids, pH and acidity of the cucumber. 

However, chitosan and essential oil coatings maintained higher hardness and delaying 

color changes of the coated cucumbers. This study suggests that chitosan-lemon oil 

coating have potential to preserve the physical characteristics of cucumber at ambient 

temperature. 

30


Repellency and Attractancy of Several Plant Extracts against Rice Weevil, 

Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Cucurlionidae) 

Noorashikin binti Isahak 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aida Binti Hashim 



Lantana camara, Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, Cyperus rotundus, 

Eleusin Indica and Mikania micrantha are several plants that reported to have 

insecticidal properties against Sitophilus oryzae. Bioassay test to determine repellency 

was conducted using each plant methanolic and aqueous extracts. Filter papers were 

cut into half and the plant extract was applied to one half. After 24h of drying the 

treated and control half-disks were both place in the petri-dish. Twenty S. oryzae were 

release at the centre of each filter paper. The numbers of S. oryzae were counted 

after 1, 3 and 24 h of exposure. All six plant methanol extract after 24 hours exposure 

of S. oryzae showed repellent effect while using aqueous extract there is several plant 

extract as repellent or attractant. These result suggested that several plant extract 

can be used as insect pest repellent in stored rice grain. 

31


Severity of Colletotrichum Species Isolated From Pepper Plant on 

Different Hosts 

Nor Azean binti Mat Akhir 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nordahliawate binti Mohamed Sidique 



The pepper plant growing in Kuala Terengganu has shown anthracnose disease. It 

was before cultivated with pitaya and was severely infected with anthracnose caused 

by Colletotrichum species. Therefore, this study was to confirm Colletotrichum species 

isolated from pepper plant that may give similar severity on different hosts. We also 

had applied sodium hypochlorite solution (250 ppm) for 1 or 3 minutes (dipping 

technique) as an alternative treatment in controlling anthracnose. Identified 

Colletotrichum gloesporioides was inoculated on pitaya stems and banana fruits (soft 

fruit as pitaya). Result showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) for 

all sodium hypochlorite treatment on bananas including postharvest parameters 

(disease severity, colour, total soluble solid, pH, titratable acidity). However, 

inoculated pitaya stems showed symptom of anthracnose where confirmed that 

inoculum of previous pitaya plantation may affect the pepper plants. Therefore, control 

measurement is important to reduce inoculum of Colletotrichum especially removing 

any debris of pitaya. 

32


Disease Severity of Agriculture Produce Associated with Fungal Infection 

Nora Asyikin binti Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Faziha binti Ibrahim 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Suhaizan binti Lob 



Pitaya plant is easily infected by fungal pathogens that will limit the fruits production, 

shorter the shelf life and increase management cost. Therefore, this study was aimed 

to evaluate the potential of silicon solution to inhibit the development of pathogenic 

fungal isolates. For in vitro study, pathogenic fungal isolates were subculture onto PDA 

mixed with silicon in plates. For in vivo study, the preventive method was performed 

by inoculating the pathogenic fungal isolates on detached stems and fruits dipped with 

0.15%, 0.25% and 0.5% silicon concentrations. The results showed that 0.15% silicon 

has significantly higher percentage of inhibition as compared to 0.25% and 0.5% 

silicon. Lowest average disease severity was observed on stem (24.4%) and fruits 

(40%) dipped with 0.15% silicon. As a result, postharvest quality such as, colour, TSS, 

TA can be maintained in longer period in fruits dipped with 0.15% silicon. So, was 

important mechanism of control disease. 

33


Effect of Different Level of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Seed on the 

Tenderness of Quail Birds Meat 

Norfadilah Binti Md Yusof 


Co-Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Azrul Bin Lokman 



Roselle seed contains 20% of protein and 18% of fats. It is both source of energy and 

protein. The main objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of Roselle 

seed on the post-harvest quality of quail meat. Thirty-six quail birds were bought and 

divided into three each per cage. One group were received the basal diet (control). 

The other group was with inclusion of Roselle seed (5, 10 and 15) in common 

commercial food. Result for live weight gain and carcass weight were significantly 

different between treatments (P 0.05). Data for firmness, feed consumption ratio and drip loss also 

were significantly different between treatments. This result shows that feeding quails 

with 15% of Roselle seed give better carcass characteristic and gave satisfactory 

result. 

34


Effect of Perforated Packaging in Prolong Shelf Life of Oyster Mushroom 

(Pleurotus sajorcaju) 

Norsakila Binti Ariffin 




The proper storage packaging and temperature can help in preserve the quality of 

fresh produced.The previous studies stated that the shelf life of mushroom stored in 

perforation packages can be enhanced up to 6 days compared to 1–2 days under 

normal conditions. The grey oyster mushroom have high respiration rate and need to 

be handle very carefully. A study was conducted to determine the effect of perforated 

plastic packaging in prolong the shelf life of grey oyster mushroom which is Low- 

Density Polyethylene (LDPE). Four treatment have been testified which Treatment 1= 

0 hole, Treatment 2= 4 holes, Treatment 3= 6 holes and Treatment 4= 8 holes and 

were left for 10 days in 5°C temperature. The results showed the parameters of color, 

firmness, percentage of weight loss, and total soluble solid have significance values, 

however the method did not effective in maintaining the shelf-life of the grey oyster 

mushrooms. 

35


Effect of Oregano Oil Fumigation on Postharvest Quality of Wax Apple 

Fruit 

(Syzygium samarangense) 

Norsyakirin Bt Mohd Nadzri 

Supervisor: Dr. Dr. Ramisah Binti Mohd Shah 



This study aimed to determine the effect of oregano essential oil fumigation to 

maintain postquality and reduce fungal infection of wax apple fruit. Wax apples were 

treated with different concentration of oregano oil (0.2 %, 0.3 %, 0.4 %) w/v for 18 

hours. The fruits stored in chilled temperature (10 ̊ C) and the experiment was carried 

out for 21 days. Fumigation of oregano oil at 0.4 % significantly (p > 0.05) reduced 

and delayed the fungal growth as compared to untreated wax apples. Wax apples that 

treated with the 0.04 % w/v oregano oil also showed potential to retain 

physicochemical properties of the fruits such as firmness and total soluble solid. These 

results suggest that wax apple fumigated with oregano oil at 0.4 % w/v concentration 

was effective to prevent fungal infection and prolong shelf life of wax apple fruits. 

36


Extending the Shelf Life of Strawberry Using Aloe Vera Coating 

Norsyamimi Binti Zainon 




Strawberry is a non-climacteric fruit that highly perishable and the short shelf life make 

it hard to store. Common traits of bad strawberries are mushy, soft texture, some 

discoloration, and mold. This study was carry out to study the effect of aloe vera 

coating on the shelf life of strawberry and to determine the best concentration of aloe 

vera gel (5%, 10% and 15%) in extending the shelf life of strawberry. Aloe vera was 

obtained from nursery and the strawberries were from Cameron Highland. The aloe 

vera gel was diluted with distilled water for 5%, 10%, and 15% (v/v) treatments. 

Then immersed for 2 minutes. The parameters were firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), 

disease severity, weight loss, and colour. TSS result obtained was significant but not 

for colour’s and others result. Based on all result obtained, strawberries that treat with 

15% of aloe vera shows the best performance among all. 

37


The Effect of Stingless Bee Propolis (Heterotrigonaitama) Extraction as a 

Coating on Reducing Anthracnose and Maintaining the Post-Harvest 

Quality of Tomato (Solanumlypersicum) 

Nur Alia Wahida Ridzuan 




Stingless bee propolis (Heterotrigonaitama) is often disregard by beekeeper when it 

may have valuable antifungal properties in it. The objective of this study is to test the 

antifungal effect of stingless bee propolisaqueous extraction as a fruit coating on 

reducing anthracnose while maintaining the postharvest quality of tomato. There are 

six treatments including positive control and negative control were assessed in this 

experiment.There was no significant difference incolour, pH level, total soluble solid, 

citric acid level and weight loss except for lycopene content which highest in treatment 

5 (8%). In the firmness analysis, treatment 6 (10%) is higher than the rest of the 

treatment with the value of 0.402 (p>0.05). Treatment 6 (10%) shows the least 

disease severity according to the disease severity index. Therefore, based on the 

analysis, coating contained 10 % of stingless bee propoliscan maintained the postharvest 

quality of tomato. 

38


Effect of Different Ultrasonic Amplitudes of Thermosonication in Browning 

of Fresh Cut Pineapple (Ananascomosus) Variation MD2 

Nur Aryani Binti Amran 




Fresh cut pineapple (Ananas comosus) treated with simultaneous application of heat 

(80°C) and different ultrasonic amplitudes (thermosonication) at 50% and 75% were 

studied. This study aims to evaluate effect of thermosonication on post harvest quality 

of the fruit. Sample were soaked in agitated water bath for 2 minutes in 

thermosonicator. Results indicated browning score shows increasing value to all 

sample and no presence of mould during experiment but with pungent smell in control 

sample on day 12. Treatment at 50 and 75% showed changes of greenness value at 

higher rate, compared to control sample. No significant difference (p>0.05) in white 

(L*) and yellow colour (b*) between all sample. There were significant differences of 

polyphenol oxidase between control and treated samples. There were significant 

differences of pH, acidity and total soluble solid content between samples until day 4. 

Present finding shows treated samples have utmost difference retaining its post 

harvest quality. 

39


The Effect of Hot Water Treatment and Chitosan Coating on The 

Postharvest Quality of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) 

Nur Atikah Binti Md Nor 




Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a highly perishable fruit and can easily loss its quality 

after harvest take place which decrease the nutritive value unless appropriate 

postharvest measure are taken. This study is to determine the effect of hot water 

treatment and chitosan coating on the postharvest quality of guava. The fruit were 

treated with hot water treatment (HWT) at 46.1±2˚C for 10 minutes and coated with 

1.5, 2.0, 2.5% chitosan coatings, respectively, and then stored at 10˚C in 12 days. 

From the experiment, it shows a significant difference (p


Anatomy Structure and Postharvest Quality of Pitaya Plant Treated with 

Different Silicon Concentrations 

Nur Darwishah Bt Mohd Amin 

Supervisor: Dr Nurul Faziha Bt Ibrahim 



Pitaya plant is very susceptible to fungal infection. Occurrence of fungal infection 

during storage will reduce its shelf life thus reduce marketing value. This study was 

conducted to evaluate the potential of silicon in retarding the fungal activity on the 

stem and fruit. For this purpose, healthy pitaya stems and fruits were dipped in silicon 

concentrations (0.15% and 0.25%) before inoculated with fungal isolates 

morphologically identified as Fusarium species. Postharvest quality was determined 

on the fruits while anatomical structure were only determined in pitaya stem. From 

this study, pitaya fruits dipped with 0.15% silicon showed reduction in diseases 

severity as compared to 0.25% silicon and control. Although all the postharvest quality 

were reduced from over days interval, fruits dipped with 0.25% showed a slow 

reduction. This result showed that application of silicon on stems and fruits can help 

in reducing fungal activity thus increase the shelf life of pitaya fruit. 

41


Effects of Different Amounts of Walit Bird Waste Charcoal and Sugarcane 

Bagasse Charcoal on Pre- and Postharvest Quality of Lowland Cherry 

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum var Cerasiform) Under Soilless Culture 

System. 

Nur Dini Syamimie Bt Azmi 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Zaliha Binti Wan Sembok 



A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the responses of different 

amounts of biochar derived from bird and agricultural wastes on pre- and postharvest 

prformances of lowland cherry tomato under soilless culture system. Two factors were 

involved, types of biochar (bird and sugarcane baggasse) amounts of biochar (0%, 

5%,10%,15% of normal practice media) with four replicates. Thirty-two of threeweek-old 

cherry tomato seedlings were transferred into polybags filled with 3 kg 

different soilless growing media and arranged in randomized complete block design. 

Parameters being evaluated were stem diameter, yield, fruit colour, firmness, soluble 

solids concentration and titratable acidity. Various substrates of biochar at varying 

amounts had a comparable growth performance and postharvest quality without 

causing adverse effect. In conclusion, all of the substrates can be developed into 

commercial growing media specifically for cherry tomato. The best biochar substrate 

could not be revealed as all the substrates had promising effect. 

42


Effect of Different Types of Packaging on Post-Harvest Quality of Wax 

Apple (Syzygium samarangense) 

Nur Fadzira Syafiqa binti Fadzaleh 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Zawiah binti Wan Abdullah 



Wax apple is very perishable and non-climacteric produce that exposed to rapid post 

harvest physiological deterioration after harvesting process. In this study, the main 

idea is to prolong the shelf life of the wax apple fruit for at least 2 weeks under chilled 

temperature by using different plastic packaging. Different packaging type was used 

which is High-Density Polyethylene, Low-Density Polyethylene and Polypropylene and 

the wax apple was stored at 15℃ for at least 2 weeks. From this study, Polypropylene 

packaging enabled wax apple to be stored at chilled temperature without the 

appearance of injury symptoms for the first two weeks. Polypropylene significantly 

(p< 0.05) maintain the quality in the aspect of weight loss and fruit color. The studies 

shows Polypropylene plastic packaging managed to maintain the post harvest quality 

and prolong the shelf life of the wax apple. 

43


Effect of Methanolic Kelampayan (Neolamarckia cadamba) Leaf Extract on 

Selected Postharvest Pathogen and its effect on maintaining postharvest 

quality of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) 

Nur Farhana Binti Mohamed 


Co-supervisor: Dr. Siti Nordahliawate Mohamed Sidique 



This study explored the effect of methanolic kelampayan leaf extract at different 

concentration on selected postharvest pathogen (Fusarium solani and Aspergillus 

niger) and its effect on maintaining postharvest quality of cherry tomato. The extracts 

showed an effective dose-dependent inhibition on the mycelial growth of F. solani 

through in-vitro testing. A. niger inhibition of mycelial growth was most effective at 

the concentration of 1%. We found that the extract contained high antioxidant activity, 

total phenolic content and detected the presence of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and 

quercetin. Weight loss of cherry tomatoes treated with 2.5% extract had a delayed 

increase in weight loss when compared to control (p


The Effect of Stingless Bee Propolis (Heterotrigona Itama) Extraction as a 

Coating on Reducing Anthracnose and Maintaining the Post-Harvest 

Quality of Tomato (Solanum Lypersicum) 

Nur Farihah Ain binti Abd Rahim 




Stingless bee propolis (Heterotrigona itama) is often disregard by beekeeper when it 

may have valuable antifungal properties in it. The objective of this study is to test the 

antifungal effect of stingless bee propolis aqueous extraction as a fruit coating on 

reducing anthracnose while maintaining the postharvest quality of tomato. There are 

six treatments including positive control and negative control were assessed in this 

experiment. There was no significant difference in colour, pH level, total soluble solid, 

citric acid level and weight loss except for lycopene content which highest in treatment 

5 (8%). In the firmness analysis, treatment 6 (10%) is higher than the rest of the 

treatment with the value of 0.402 (p>0.05). Treatment 6 (10%) shows the least 

disease severity according to the disease severity index. Therefore, based on the 

analysis, coating contained 10 % of stingless bee propolis can maintained the postharvest 

quality of tomato. 

45


The Effect of Aloe Vera Gel and Corn Zein Coating in Prolonging The Shelf 

Life of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) 

Nur Faseha binti Mohd Razali 

Supervisor: Dr. Aidilla Mubarak 



Edible coating is an inexpensive method for extending post-harvest life of fruits and 

vegetables. In this study, cucumber samples were coated with either aloe vera gel or 

corn zein to explore the possibility for retaining its post-harvest shelf life. The 

cucumbers were stored at 10ºC for 21 days. The parameters measured included 

weight loss, colour, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, pH, firmness and total 

phenolic content. We observed a lower rate of weight loss in cucumber coated with 

corn zein compared to control (p


The Effect of Different Concentrations of Edible Coating (Aloe Vera) on the 

Post-Harvest Quality of Fresh Cut Guava (Psidium guajava) 

Nur Hazwani Binti Azhan 




Minimally processed guava are highly perishable due to the disruption of tissue and 

cell integrity, with a concomitant increase in the enzymatic and respiratory which 

reduce the shelf-life of these products. In order to address this problem, 4 

concentrations of Aloe vera solutions (0, 30, 35 and 45%) were tested on fresh-cut 

guava at 5°C to determine the postharvest quality of fresh-cut guava (Psidium 

guajava). Data were recorded on weight loss, firmness, colour, titratable acidity, total 

soluble solid, browning score, and sensory acceptance. The results showed that 45% 

Aloe vera concentrations significantly increased the shelf life evidenced by reducing 

the weight loss and total soluble solid. There were no significant differences in 

firmness, colour, and titratable acidity of the samples. Finding of this study 

demonstrate the potential of 45% Aloe vera concentration to prolong the shelf life and 

maintain characteristics of the fruit for a longer time. 

47


The Effect of Aloe Vera Coating and Honey Solution on Post-Harvest 

Quality of Fresh Cut Guava (Psidium guajava) 

Nur Sahira binti Raihan 




Processing of fruits always lead to the disruption of tissues that cause increase in 

respiration rate, ethylene synthesis, enzymatic browning and development of 

physiological disorders. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of Aloe vera and 

honey solution in maintaining the quality of fresh cut guava at 5 o C. Fresh cut guavas 

were treated with 17% of aloe vera gel, 20% of kelulut honey solution, and 

combination of 17% of aloe vera gel and 20% of kelulut honey. Post-harvest quality 

analysis such as colour, weight loss, total soluble solid, titratable acidity and firmness 

were determined and the fresh cut guavas were subjected to sensory evaluation after 

12 days of storage using 30 untrained panelists. The weight loss, colour lightness and 

firmness show significant different (p < 0.05) between treatments. The result shows 

that combination of 17% of aloe vera and 20% of kelulut honey solution is the best 

treatment to maintain the quality of fresh cut guava over 12 day of storage. 

48


Effect of Different Silicon Concentration on Postharvest Quality of Pitaya 

Plant 

Nur Salsabiila Binti Azmi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Faziha Binti Ibrahim 



Silicon is a beneficial micronutrient that have major benefit to many plant. Application 

of silicon can enhance the yield and improve its tolerance toward biotic and abiotic 

stresses. In this study, potential of silicon dioxide (SiO2) was evaluated in extending 

the shelf life of pitaya fruits. For this purpose, pitaya fruits and stems were dipped 

with 0.25% and 0.5% SiO2 before inoculated with pathogenic fungi isolate. Then, 

postharvest quality were only determined on fruits at 3 days interval. Representative 

of stem tissues treated with different silicon concentration were selected to observe 

under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the result, fruits treated with 0.25% 

SiO2 showed slow reduction in post-harvest quality such as colour, total soluble solid, 

titratable acidity and firmness as compared to 0.5% silicon and control. Deposition of 

crystallize structure and smaller stomata were suggested to prolong the shelf life of 

pitaya fruit treated with silicon. 

49


Insect Population Density and Post-harvest Quality of Rice 

Nur Syafiqah Binti Abd Razak 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Faziha Binti Ibrahim 



Deposition of rice weevil’s egg inside the grain kernel will tend to substantial losses 

of local white rice during storage. Due to this infection, the duration of storage time 

was decrease which lead to fungal contamination. In this study, the effects of insect 

population density on post-harvest quality of rice were determined. For these 

purposes, 50g of local white rice was incubated with 5 pairs of rice weevils and 

reduction of post-harvest quality were determined. Based on this study, 

carbohydrates content, protein content and pH were decrease over incubation time. 

Moisture content, weight loss, brittleness and appearance were increase over 

incubation time. Starch content did not show any changes. Average of Colony 

Forming Unit (CFU) obtained in this study was 2.03X10⁸ CFU/ml at week 8. Therefore, 

proper handling and processing of local white rice during harvesting is very important 

to prevent development of rice weevil in the storage grain. 

50


Effect of Mutagenesis on Growth Rate of Schizophyllum Commune 

Nurin Farwizah Binti Ahmad Rusdi 

Supervisor: Dr. Andrew A. Ngadin 



Schizophyllum commune is an edible mushroom and has potential to be improved by 

mutagenesis using physical mutagen. Four treated strains were exposed to UV light 

to determine the effect of mycelial growth and their fruiting body. In-vitro study of 

pre harvest evaluation were conducted within 14 days on their mycelial formation on 

PDA. Five parameters of post-harvest were recorded in sawdust substrate within 14 

weeks. The mycelium formation of four treatments and control were showed different 

growth rates. Treatment within 15 minutes following 20 minutes showed faster growth 

rather than 5 minutes. However, exposure at 10 minutes and control showed similar 

growth. On sawdust, the yield and efficiency of SCM15 were better than control. The 

significant findings obtained in this study confirmed that S. commune can be grown 

successfully under mutated condition. Further study needs to be carried out to confirm 

the sequences of the mutants for future application. 

51


Role of Prohexadione Calcium at Varying Concentrations and Frequencies 

in Reducing the Lodging in Roselle Plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and 

Maintaining Its Fruits Quality 

Nurshuhaily binti Zainisiam 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Zaliha Binti Wan Sembok 



Roselle’s lodging is a bending of the upper shoot due to heavy crops load which leads 

to reduction in yield. This study aimed to determine the best concentration and 

frequency of ProCa spray in reducing lodging and maintaining its fruit quality. Eight 

treatments (2 sprays with 0 mgL -1 , 2 sprays with 25 mgL -1 , 2 sprays with 50 mgL -1 , 2 

sprays with 75 mgL -1 , 4 sprays with 0 mgL -1 , 4 sprays with 25 mgL -1 , 4 sprays with 50 

mgL -1 , and 4 sprays with 75 mgL -1 ) were sprayed on roselle plants. No significant 

interaction was recorded between concentrations and frequencies of ProCa on the preand 

postharvest parameters. Although, no apparent effects were observed, all 

treatments include control resulted in shorter roselle branches. This may be attributed 

to the spray drift effect during applications. In conclusion, ProCa application at varying 

concentrations and spray numbers reduced lodging without affecting other fruit quality 

attributes. 

52


Effect of Aloe Vera Coating and Hot Water Treatment on Post-Harvest 

Quality of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) 

Nurul Fatihah binti Abdul Jamal 




Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is normally suffer high moisture losses, rotting and 

their appearance decreases after harvest. In this study, the effect of Aloe vera gel 

edible coating and hot water treatment on quality and shelf life of cucumber during 

storage at ambient temperature 25 o C for 24 days was investigated. Treatments 

consisted of dipping fruits in Aloe vera gel (50% and 70% concentration) and hot 

water (42 o C). Physical quality and sensory parameter (weight loss, firmness, skin 

colour, total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and sensory evaluation of the 

fruits were assessed during storage. Weight loss, firmness and colour, texture, flavour 

as well as the overall acceptability of stored cucumber changed significantly (p


Effect of Combination Hot Water Treatment and Chitosan Coating on 

Postharvest Disease Development on Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas sp.) 

Nurul Hashimah Binti Mohd Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr. Suhaizan Binti Lob 



The development of postharvest disease of sweet potato during storage is one of the 

major problem in Malaysia. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 

combination of two common postharvest treatment, chitosan coating (1% and 2%) 

and hot water treatment (50°C and 55°C for 10 minutes) on postharvest disease 

development on sweet potato. Several fungal species found to cause postharvest 

disease but pathogenicity test showed that Aspergillus niger was the most pathogenic 

and was selected for in vivo study. The treated sweet potatoes were inoculated with 

the mycelium plug and incubated at room temperature for 18 days. Assessment of 

disease development and postharvest quality were conducted every 3 days. 

Combination of postharvest treatments did not showed any significant effect on sweet 

potato. However, this study has demonstrated the potential of 2% chitosan coating in 

reducing the postharvest disease development without affecting other postharvest 

quality of sweet potato. 

54


The Changes of Microbiological and Physico-chemical Properties of 

Stingless Bee Honey at Different Storage Temperature 

Phu Joon Wan 




No well-conducted studies of stingless bee honey (SBH) had been conducted. The 

objective of this study was to determine and correlate the microbiological changes of 

SBH sample from Trigona itama kept at ambient temperature (27 ± 2°C) and cool 

temperature (5°C) in associated to other physico-chemical properties for a duration of 

four weeks. Results showed that total microbial activity based on fluorescein diacetate 

(FDA) hydrolysis, electrical conductivity, and degree of yellowness and greenness 

(colour in a* and b*) of SBH were significantly (p


Effect of Different Concentrations of Roselle Waste on Post-Harvest 

Quality of Japanese Quail’s (Coturnix japonica) Eggs 

Prevena A/P Sinniah 




Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is well-known for antioxidant properties and being 

utilised worldwide in the production of many processed products. However, there is 

an alarming issue where the waste generated from the processing have bio-active 

compounds that can be utilised in agricultural and food production sectors. Hence, 

this study aims to determine the effect of different concentrations of roselle waste on 

postharvest quality of Japanese quail’s eggs. Japanese quails were fed with roselle 

waste to determine the effectiveness of the dietary treatments on the egg’s quality. 

Parameters conducted including number and weight of eggs, colour, pH, haugh unit, 

ascorbic acid analysis, total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, carotenoid content 

and DPPH assay. There were significant differences between treatments for the 

parameters such as albumen redness, albumen yellowness, pH, Haugh unit and 

ascorbic acid. In conclusion, the roselle waste has tendency to provide antioxidant 

properties in Japanese quail’s eggs. 

56


The Effect of Different types of Plant Growth Regulators in Producing 

Parthenocarpic Melon Manis Terengganu (Cucumis melo var Inoduros cv. 

Manis Terengganu 1) 

Siti Aishah Binti Yusoff 




Today lifestyle, consumer prefers fruit without seeds as removing it is time consuming 

and troublesome. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the development of seedless 

Melon Manis Terengganu (MMT) through applying different types of synthetic plant 

growth regulators (PGRs) such as auxin and gibberellin (GA3). Seven treatments 

(control (without PGRs), IAA, IBA, NAA, IAA+GA3, IBA+GA3, NAA+GA3) were arranged 

in a complete randomized block design with four replicates. All PGRs were sprayed on 

full bloomed female flower at 25 and 30 days after transplanting (DAT). Among PGRs 

treatments, fruit-treated with combination of IAA+GA3 resulted in seedless MMT as 

shown by the small number of seeds. Besides that, various types of PGRs did not 

significantly affect the postharvest attributes of MMT. In conclusion, the combination 

of IAA+GA3 had the ability to produce seedless MMT fruit without significant reduction 

in other quality parameters. 

57


The Effect of Hot Water Treatment and Chitosan Coating on Broccoli 

(Brassica oleracea L.) Florets 

Siti Balqis Binti Bahron Bahar 




Broccoli have excellent nutritional values but have a short of shelf life within 3 to 5 

days. In this study will examine which treatment is the best to prolong the shelf life 

of broccoli. There are four treatment that treat with broccoli (treatment 1=control, 

treatment 2= dipped in hot water 47°C, treatment 3=chitosan coating 0.02% and 

treatment 4=hot water treatment plus chitosan). The result for the 5 parameter are 

significant. Broccoli that treated with hot water treatment reduce loss of green colour 

compared to control that faster turn to yellow. The broccoli that are treated with 

0.02% of chitosan show the high percentage of weight loss compared to other 

treatment. The chitosan coating is a kind of treatment that can extend the shelf life 

and inhibit the growth of bacteria. Hot water treatment also can extend the shelf life 

by delayed the yellowing and deterioration of broccoli. 

58


Spent Coffee Ground as Fertilizer in Promoting Growth and Nutritional 

Composition of Kangkung Darat (Ipomea reptans) 

Siti Sarah binti Mohd Fadlee Lee 

Supervisor: Dr. Aidilla binti Mubarak 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Ramisah Mohd Shah 



The study investigates the effect of spent coffee (SCG) ground incorporated into 

chemical fertilizer in promoting the growth and postharvest quality of kangkung darat 

(Ipomea reptans poir). The study tested different ratio of SCG with NPK fertilizer 

(100% NPK, 50% SCG + 50 % NPK, 80% SCG + 20% NPK and 100% SCG). The 

application of 50% NPK + 50% SCG was found to significantly improved plant height, 

number of leaves, stem diameter, plant texture, chlorophyll content and the radical 

scavenging activity of the plant (p


Confirmation and Control of Anthracnose Disease caused by 

Colletotrichum spp. on Chili (Capsicum annum L.) 

Tan Ching Ling 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nordahliawate Bt Mohamed Sidique 



In Malaysia, most of chili plants severely affected by anthracnose disease caused by 

Colletotrichum species consequently, we import more chillies from Thailand, Vietnam 

and China. Therefore, our objectives were; (i) to confirm different Colletotrichum spp. 

of anthracnose from Kuala Terengganu, Sarikei, Kuala Pilah and Jempol samples and 

(ii) to determine effect of sodium hypochlorite treatments (postharvest quality). Chilies 

were washed with 200ppm sodium hypochlorite (1, 2 and 3 minutes) and were 

inoculated with identified pathogens. Results showed that C. gleosporioides was 

isolated from Sarikei and Kuala Pilah samples whereas C. capsici from Jempol samples 

and unidentified Colletotrichum spp. from Kuala Terengganu samples. There were 

significant differences (p0.05) for disease when all chilies severely infected on 

day 10. In conclusion, sodium hypochlorite could delay the disease in a week but need 

more understanding to a proper post-harvest treatment. 

60


Effect of UV-C Light Treatment on Postharvest Quality of Dragon Fruit 

(Hylocereus polyrhizus) 

Tan Jack Sink 




Dragon fruit is the host for fruit fly and also susceptible to postharvest diseases. The 

objectives of this study were to determine the best UV-C light treatment dosage and 

the effect of UV-C light in reducing the postharvest decay and prolonging the shelf life 

of dragon fruit. Dragon fruits were treated with different UV-C light dosage (0, 0.25, 

0.5, 0.75, 1.0 kJ/m 2 ). Results indicated that 1.0 kJ/m 2 UV-C dosage was significant to 

reduce the fruit rot (scale 1.25) as compared with the control (scale 2.67). 1.0 kJ/m 2 

UV-C has also significant effect in maintaining total soluble solids, pH, firmness, and 

preserving the bract appearance. However, no significant differences were detected 

in titratable acidity and surface colour of the fruit at different UV-C light dosage. In 

conclusion, UV-C light dosage at 1.0 kJ/m 2 has the potential to be used as commercial 

method to reduce postharvest decay and prolong the shelf life of dragon fruit. 

61


Effect of Intermittent Storage Temperature on Quality of Frozen Beef 

Tee Sin Yee 

Supervisor: Dr. Khadijah Saad 



In this study, the effects of intermittent storage temperature on physicochemical 

properties and microbial population of local frozen beef were investigated. The 

striploin beef samples were divided into 3 groups (C:-20°C, T1: 5°C, and T2: 10°C) 

and were packed in commercial air permeable film. All the samples were stored at - 

20°C for the first two days and then transferred to 5°C and 10°C respectively. The 

samples were kept for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days for analyses. Results showed that as 

the storage temperature was interrupted, the quality of frozen beef changed and the 

population of total aerobic and Pseudomonas sp. increased (p


Optimization by Using Oven and Microwave Drying in Different Time on 

Antioxidant Compounds and Quality of Pink Coral Vine (Antigonon 

leptopus) Flower Tea. 

Umi Eliana Binti Anuai 


Co Supervisor: Dr. Fauziah Binti Tufail Ahmad 



The flowers of Antigonon leptopus (A. leptopus) can be consumed as tea. The quality 

of herbal tea depends on the technique of drying to maintain the active compound. 

This study was conducted to optimize the drying time of the flower for tea making 

that can preserve the antioxidant properties and quality of the tea using oven 60 ̊ C 

for 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours and microwave 800W for 4, 6, 8 and 10 minutes. Parameters 

observed were Total Phenolic Compound (TPC), Total Flavanoid Compound (TFC), 

DDPH, Ferric reducing power (FRAP) analysis,colour changes, water activity (Aw) and 

sensory test using Hedonic. The antioxidant obtained were compared to fresh flowers 

as control. Results from this study suggested that flower tea dried using microwave 

for 6 min and oven drying for 4 h produced the highest amount of TPC (19.81±0.50 

and 18.66±1.20 mg GAE/g DW) and maintain the quality. 

63


Effect of Beeswax Edible Coatings Containing Coconut Oil and Sunflower 

Oil for Improving Postharvest Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 

Wan Nur Salihah Huda Binti W. Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Ramisah Binti Mohd Shah 



The study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of beeswax containing 

coconut oil and sunflower oil as coating to maintain postharvest quality of tomato. 

Tomato fruits were coated with three different amounts of beeswax (5, 15 and 25 g) 

and stored at 10 °C for 30 days. The results showed that uncoated fruits showed 

higher percentage of weight loss, L* and b* values of fruit skin, total soluble solids 

(TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and pH than coated fruits during storage. Coating 

treatments could delay declining firmness, TSS and TA percent, a* value of fruit skin, 

as well as bioactive compounds such as lycopene content. The coated fruits with 25 g 

beeswax showed significantly lower percentage of weight loss than other treatments. 

The results suggested that postharvest application of beeswax containing coconut oil 

and sunflower oil have a potential to extend storage life of tomato fruits by maintaining 

fruit quality. 

64


Effect of Hot Water Treatment and Calcium Dips on Tomato (Solanum 

Lycopersicum) 

Wong Jing Hao 

Supervisor: Dr. Iffah Hazirah Mohd. Nawi 



Tomato is fruit vegetables sustaining valuable benefits in economy and nutrition. To 

improve the storage quality of tomato, effect of hot water treatment and calcium dips 

on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was studied. Tomato fruits were dipped in two 

fruits were stored in 10℃ ± 2 cold room at relative humidity of 80-95%. Changes in 

colour, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, pH, titratable 

acidity were recorded on 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 days of storage. Combined treatment 

of 50℃ + 2% CaCl2 was an optimum treatment as it had longest shelf life, lowest TSS, 

highest firmness, highest ascorbic acid and better colour appearance. This treatment 

prone to extend shelf life, delay ripening and retained the postharvest quality of 

tomato. 

65


Effect of Water Gel on the Vase Life of Cut Rose (Rosa sp.) 

Yam Ming Hui 

Supervisor: Dr Husni Hayati Binti Rafdi 



The effect of water gel as an alternative vase solution medium (VS) for convenience 

in cut flowers handling was investigated in this study. This study involved six 

treatments, which were 100% artificial tap water (ATW) solution (control), 200mgL -1 

8-hydroxyl quinoline and 5% sucrose (HQS+Suc), 100% ATW water gel, 100% 

HQS+Suc water gel, ATW water gel combined with 30mL ATW, HQS+Suc water gel 

combined with 30mL HQS+Suc. The parameters evaluated were vase life (VL), relative 

fresh weight, vase solution uptake (VSU), bud diameter, colour and xylem occlusion 

observation. Among the water gel treatments, only 30mL HQS+Suc+ HQS+Suc water 

gel treatment display 1.1fold VL longer than control that has VL of 9.2±0.98 days. The 

ATW water gel treatment has only 2.6±0.24 days of VL, and display significantly lower 

VSU if compared to control. Hence water gel per se may not be suggested for VS 

treatment for cut roses as it shorten the VL. 

66


Effect of Oregano Oil Edible Coating on Quality Preservation of Fresh Cut 

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) 

Yasmeen binti Shahidan 




The effect of oregano essential oil as a coating on the quality of fresh-cut guava fruits 

(Psidium guajava L.) were studied. Guava slices were coated with different 

concentration of oregano essential oil at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 % w/v. The treated freshcuts 

were kept at 5 °C for 15 days. The results showed that the coated fruit at all 

concentrations statistically significant between treatments in reducing weight loss, 

firmness and maintain L* value (lightness) on surface of guava during storage. 

However, there was no significant effect on total soluble solid (TSS) of fresh cut guava 

among all treatments. Sensory evaluation showed that 0.2 % coated guava was the 

most acceptable sample. These results demonstrated that oregano essential oil has 

an ability to prolong the shelf life and maintain characteristics of the fresh-cut guava 

fruit. 

67


Effects of Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide Gas Fumigation on Browning 

Incidence and Postharvest Quality of Minimally Processed Carambola 

(Averrhoa carambola L.) 

Azuarizam Alang 




Minimally processed (MP) carambola has a high demand in food market due to many 

advantages. In present study, the effects of different volumes of nitrogen (N2), carbon 

dioxide (CO2) and its combination (0mL, 15mLN2, CO2, 25mLN2, CO2, 

15mLN2+15mLCO2, 25mLN2+25mLCO2, 15mLN2+25mLCO2 and 25mLN2+15mLCO2) 

on MP carambola were evaluated under storage of 5°C. Fruit colour, browning score, 

weight loss, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids concentration, ascorbic 

acid concentration, and total phenolic content were determined for twelve days’ 

period. N2 and CO2 gas fumigation at varying volumes and combinations resulted in a 

significant difference (p≤0.05) in reducing browning incidence, titratable acidity and 

ascorbic acid concentrations of MP carambola, however, others quality parameters 

were not affected. In conclusion, 25mLN2+15mLCO2 gas fumigation had the ability in 

reducing the browning incidence and maintaining other quality attributes of MP 

carambola stored at 5°C for 12 days. 

68


Effect of Different Types of Ice with Salt Treatment on Quality of Chub 

Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) 

Abdul Hakim Bin Mohd Kahar 




Different type of ices have different cooling capacity and melting rate. By increasing 

the concentration of salt by 3.3% on ice, it may increases the cooling capacity. The 

effect of combination of ice and salt was evaluated as a new iced storage method for 

whole Chub Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta). The effect of different type of ice with 

addition of 3.3% salt concentration on chub mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) was 

studied during storage at room temperature using six different ices which are tube, 

cube, flake (control), tube with 3.3% salt, cube with 3.3% salt and flake with 3.3% 

salt. Parameters such as weight loss, color, texture, pH, TVB-N, microbe, and salt 

determination were analyzed. There were significance differences (p < 0.05) in 

weight, color, texture, pH, microbial count, TVB-N and salt in all salted ices. It can be 

concluded, flake ice with 3.3% salt concentration can reduce loss of quality 

mechanisms on fish. 

69


Effect of Combination of Hot Water Treatment and Carnauba Wax on 

Storage Life of Sweet Potato 

Ahmad Arieff Bin Ahmad Azriff 

Supervisor: Dr. Suhaizan Lob 



Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) has been widely cultivated in Malaysia. However, the 

adequate supply of sweet potato is still limited due to postharvest disease infection. 

This study has been designed to determine the effect of combination of postharvest 

treatment; carnabau wax (10%) and hot water treatment (45°C and 55°C) in 15 min 

and 25 min dipping on post harvest quality and disease development on sweet 

potato.The healthy tuber were treated as described and incubated at room 

temperature and assessed every 6 days interval until 30 days. Result showed that 

there was no effect of postharvest treatment on brix, firmess and weight loss. 

Nevertheless, combination of 10% carnauba wax and 45°C in 15 minutes hot water 

treatment showed lower disease incidence compared to other treatments. This study 

had demonstrated the potential of the combination between coating and hot water 

treatment in reducing the disease development on sweet potato. 

70


Community Perspective on Stored Products Insects in Selected Areas of 

Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 

Muhamad Hazzim Bin Ab. Nasir 

Supervisor: Dr Nur Aida Binti Hashim 



To evaluate knowledge and perceptions of pest infestation on stored products among 

households in selected area of Kuala Nerus. Interviews using standardize 

questionnaire was conducted among residents and households of selected area of 

Kuala Nerus. A total of 150 respondents were involved in this study. Mean age of the 

participants was 30.00 ± 13.02 years. A majority of 123 (82%), identified what is 

stored product and a majority of 139 (92.6%), identified what is stored product pest. 

Besides that, 147 (98%) respondents think stored product pests can cause serious 

harm to health. It was found that all respondents determined the condition of the 

stored products whether it is infested or not infested by pest and the expiry date 

before purchase. This study demonstrated that of educational programs for 

households belonging to various age groups can be conducted to increase awareness 

on stored products and its pests. 

71


The Effect of Ultraviolet Light Treatment in Extend Shelf Life and Preserve 

the Quality of Strawberry 

Khor Sen Chou 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Idzwana Mohd Idris 



Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is a highly perishable product and rarely to keep for 

7 days. Ultraviolet light treatment proved to be effective in inhibit microbial loads and 

delay ripening process of fruit products where short wavelength (254 nm) ultraviolet- 

C was proved in keeping the freshness of fruits. The experiment is conducted to 

determine the effect of UV-C irradiation on extending shelf life and postharvest quality 

of strawberry. 399 of strawberries in maturity stage of 85-90% were exposed to 

different doses (0, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1.0 kJ/m 2 ) of ultraviolet-C radiation. 

Treated strawberries randomly stored in the dark chilling room at -5Cº for 9 days. UV- 

C treated strawberries with the highest doses (1.0 kJ/mº) are significantly firmer 

(0.557N), higher total soluble solids content (7.5 ºBrix) and ascorbic acid 

concentration (0.518mg/ml) on day 9 (p


Kelampayan (Neolamarckia cadamba) Leaf Extraction in Inhibiting 

Pathogen Causing Anthracnose Disease of Tomato (Solanum 

Lycopersicum) 

Nur Fazlina Binti Ahmad Fadzil 

Supervisor: Dr. Aidilla Mubarak 

Co-supervisor: Dr. Siti Nordahliawate Mohamed Sidique 



Anthracnose is a common disease of tomato that causes post-harvest losses usually 

during storage and ripening. This study was carried to observe the effect of different 

concentration of kelampayan leaf extract (T1 0.5%, T2 1.25% and T3 2.5%) on the 

growth of Colletotrichum gloesporioides for in vitro. The extracts were also tested on 

tomato inoculated with this plant pathogen to assess effectiveness in retain 

postharvest quality. We observed an inhibition of mycelium growth with an increased 

concentration of the extract. Extracts at 1.25% and 2.5% concentration lowered the 

rate of weight loss, reduce the accumulation of lycopene and the percentage of 

disease severity (p


The Postharvest Quality of Melon Manis Terengganu (Cucumis melo var. 

Inoduros cv Manis Terengganu 1) as Effected By Hand Pollination at 

Different Nodes 

Nur Fatin Amirah Amir Hassan 




Melon Manis Terengganu (MMT) is a newly developed variety in Malaysia specifically 

for Terengganu farmers’. Currently, MMT’s agronomic information is still scarce. One 

of the agronomic factors that affect several MMT fruit quality and organoleptic quality 

is fruit position. To date, fruits from nodes 9-12 (control) are claimed to be the best 

eating quality of MMT based on grower experience. Thus, this study aimed at 

evaluating the effects of hand pollination at varying ranges of nodes on the quality 

performances of MMT fruit and also its sensory attributes. Interestingly, fruits at 

different nodes had comparable quality values of quality parameters evaluated with 

the control and fulfill the consumer preferences. In conclusion, MMT fruits harvested 

at different position had similar internal, external and hidden quality as well as 

organoleptic quality attributes. 

74


Effects of Using Palm Kernel Meal as Dairy Goat Feedstock on the Quality 

of Goat’s Milk 

Chan Vei How 

Supervisor: Dr. Khadijah binti Saad 



The study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding dairy goats with different 

proportions of palm kernel pellets (PKP) in the ration on the milk quality. The PKP 

was included in the diets of six lactating Saanen goats at rate of 15 g/100 g (control), 

7.5 g/100 g (Treatment 1) and 30 g/100 g (Treatment 2) for three weeks. The live 

weight, body condition score and feed intake from each group of animals were 

constant throughout the experimental period. Milk produced from each animal at the 

end of feed test was analysed for quality in terms of proximate composition, pH, 

titratable acidity, somatic cell count (SCC) and mineral contents. There were 

significant (P < 0.05) increases in taste, flavour and overall acceptability of milk when 

goats were fed with higher rate of PKP (Treatment 2) after tested by untrained 

panellists who never drink goat milk (or despise the flavour). 

75


Honey as Coating Agent for Extending Shelf Life and Quality Maintenance 

of Fresh-cut Papaya (Carica papaya L.) 

Nadiah Binti Awang 




There is high demand for fresh-cut papaya as ready-to-eat produce. Besides, 

consumers want safe and natural products without additives such as preservatives, 

but the deterioration occurs rapidly. Objectives of this study are to examine the effects 

of different concentrations and determine the best concentration of honey solution for 

coating in prolonging the shelf life of fresh-cut papaya. 84 total pieces of papaya with 

average weight 80 g to 100 g were coated with honey solution (T1: 0 ml/L honey, T2: 

50 mL/L honey, T3: 100 mL/L honey and T4: 150 mL/L honey). Parameters observed 

were weight loss, colour, total soluble solid (TSS), texture analysis and mold analysis. 

Only weight loss and TSS showed significant different between groups while both 

texture and colour showed no significant different statistically. In conclusion, using 

honey solution as coating can help in retaining the moisture and the TSS of fresh-cut 

papaya. 

76



Agrotechnology (Crop Science) 

77


Effects of Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi on Agronomic Traits and Fatty 

Acid Profile of Aerobe Rice 

Ag Ku Kamal Rezza Bin Ag Ku Kemainddra 

Supervisor: Dr Ng Lee Chuen 

Bachelor of Science Agrotechnology (Crop Science) 


Rice disease in Malaysia is one of the limiting factors to maintain the sustainability. 

Xanthomonas and Pyricularia oryzae are the causes for the bacteria blight and rice 

blast disease respectively. This research is to study the effect of pathogenic bacteria 

and fungi on agronomic field and the involvement of fatty acid profile in defence and 

tolerance which will be conducted in completely block randomized design with 3 

replicates for each treatment. The pathogens trigger pathogen-associated molecular 

patterns (PAMPs) such as fatty acid which responsible for the defence action. Gas 

chromatography will be use for analyzing fatty acid. An internal standard for 

quantification of free and bounded fatty acids converted into fatty acid methyl esters 

(FAMEs) is used. Agronomic traits will be assessed such as leaf area index, wet and 

dry weight, flag leaf length, plant height, number of tillers per plant, panicle length 

and exertion, and fertile and unfertile spikelets. 

78


Natural Propagation Of Stingless Bee Using Swarming Trap At Bukit Kor, 

Marang And Tepoh, Kuala Nerus. 

Ahmad Syazwan Bin Ahmad Nazri 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Shamsul Bahri Bin Abd Razak 



There is a need to developed new methods in rearing the stingless bee in order to 

make this industry a sustainable one. One of the options in natural breeding of 

stingless bee is to exploit the swarm behavior by using traps and lures. The swarming 

process in stingless bees is slower than honeybees and usually in small scale. 

Swarming is the process of workers bee from the mother nest to choose a new cavity 

and transfer nest material from the original nest. Stingless bee also can create the 

nests in open and exposed area depend on their species. This study was conducted 

to determine the success rate of stingless bee to swarm into traps with different lures 

(Nipah Vinegar, Propolis and Keruing Oil) and to observe the preference of stingless 

bee toward different trap materials (bamboo and plastic bottle). 

79


The Effect of Drying Method on Extraction of Melastoma malabathricum 

var Alba 

Amyatikah Binti Alias 

Supervisor: Dr. Iffah Hazirah Binti Mohd Nawi 

Banchelor of Science Agrotechnology (Crop Science) 


Melastoma malabathricum var alba is a white colour of the flower and locally known 

as “Senduduk Putih”. Melastoma malabathricum var alba is well known as medicinal 

plants or herbs that having high medicinal properties and its contributed with the 

present of bioactive compound such as flavonoids and antioxidant. The objective of 

the study is to determine the effect of drying method which are oven dried, freeze 

dried, and fresh sample as a control on secondary metabolites content in leaves 

samples. The samples then will be extracted using methanol as a solvent. Then the 

crude samples will be analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) in order to 

identified the metabolites present in the samples. This study will provide an 

information regarding the sample preparation in order to maintain the metabolites 

present in the samples. 

80


Hydrothermal Emergence Model for Herbicide-Resistant Biotype of 

Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) 

Hiew Chee Nam 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Chuah Tse Seng 



Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) is considered as one of most problematic weeds due to 

its strong adaptability to adverse environment. Over reliance on herbicide has led to 

evolution of herbicide-resistant goosegrass (HRG) worldwide and currently there is no 

predictive model available for predicting emergence of HRG biotype. This study aimed 

to develop and validate a hydrothermal emergence model for predicting emergence 

of HRG. Laboratory studies will be conducted to examine seed germination of 

goosegrass at temperatures that ranged from 10 o C to 40 o C and osmotic potential 

ranging from 0 to -1.0 MPa to obtain the parameters for constructing hydrothermal 

emergence model. Field studies will be carried out to obtain emergence data for 

validation of predictive model developed in the laboratory. A hydrothermal emergence 

model predicting emergence of HRG will be successfully constructed. This model will 

be able to predict emergence of HRG accurately and aid in its management in the 

field. 

81


Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Nutrient 

Content of Clinacanthus nutans 

Khoirul Bariyyah Binti Md Hanapiah 




Clinacanthus nutans is a herbal plant with diverse application in traditional medicine. 

Even though C. nutans have great potential as medical application, little is known 

about the optimal agronomic practices especially on better fertilizer management. 

Thus, the objective of this study is to assess the effect of organic and inorganic 

fertilizers on the growth, yield and nutrient content of C. nutans. In a shade house 

experiment, C. nutans stem cuttings will be supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 t/ha 

of chicken manure, 0.5 t/ha of urea and 0.5 t/ha of NPK Green (15: 15: 15). These 

will be arrange in a randomised complete block design with five replication. The preharvest 

and postharvest growth parameters such as number of leaves plant height, 

leaves area and leaves area index, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight and 

mineral content will be measured. These findings will be demonstrate best fertilizer to 

enhance optimum growth of C. nutans. 

82


Effect of Pitaya Skin Extract on Disease Development of Pitaya Plant 

(Hylocereus polyrhizus) 

Maizatul Aini Binti Mohd Shamsuddin 


Co-Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Faziha Binti Ibrahim & Dr. Fauziah Binti Tufail 

Ahmad 



Fungal infection has greatly reduced the red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus sp.) 

production in Malaysia. Fungicide application has not completely control the disease 

spread in pitaya plantation. With regards of the high value of pitaya fruit, this study 

aims to re-use the pitaya skin which contain high antibiotic and polyphenol to reduce 

disease development on red pitaya plant itself. The skin will be extracted using 80% 

methanol. Three different concentrations (20%, 40%, and 60%) will be tested in vitro 

to determine the best concentration that can suppress the growth of fungal mycelium. 

The best concentration of pitaya skin extract will be applied to the pitaya plant that 

has been inoculated with Fusarium spp. by using two methods (curative and 

preventive). Disease development will be assessed after 7-10 days. The red pitaya 

skin extract at preventive method is expected to develop lower disease severity on the 

inoculated plants compared to curative method. 

83


A Study on Growth and Phytochemical Content of Misai Kucing 

(Ortosiphon aristatus) Treated with Regulated Deficit Irrigation 

(Rdi) 

Mohamad Nor Afiq Bin Mohamad Ayob 




Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) had been widely used to control amount of 

irrigation water supplied to the plant. RDI help plant in arid area to survive and 

produce the quality and high yield. A proposed study of the effect of RDI on 

growth and phytochemical od Ortosiphon aristatus. 4 levels of treatment will 

be imposed which are the no reduction of irrigation water supply (100%), low 

reduction of irrigation water (25%), medium reduction of irrigation water 

supply (50%) and high reduction of irrigation water (75%). The parameter that 

will be evaluated are the height of the plant, leaf area, soil moisture content, 

water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductor and chlorophyll content of the 

leaf. The parameter will be analyze once every week until harvest in 

approximately 10 weeks. The growth and phytochemical of the Ortosiphon 

aristatus is expected to be higher by the reduction of 75% water (high). 

84


Potential of Silica Nanoparticle Derived from Rice Husk toward 

Resistant against Podosphaera xanthii on Cucurbit. 

Mohammad Khairulanwar Bin Mazlan 




Silica nanoparticles (SNP) are frequently use in technological applications like 

drug delivery and adsorption. However, application of SNP in powdery mildew 

management on cucurbit is still unexplored especially those derived from agro 

waste. The objectives of this study are to derive SNP from rice husk by using 

slow gelation with freeze drying method and to evaluate their bio-efficacy to 

inhibit powdery mildew on Melon Manis Terengganu (MMT). This experiment 

expected the produced SNP derived from rice husk with high bio-efficacy will 

reduce the disease severity of powdery mildew on MMT. The powdery mildew 

disease severity and disease incident will be determined after P. xanthii 

inoculation on SNP treated and untreated MMT. Besides, the growth parameters 

such as plant height, number of leaves, area of leaves, fresh and dry weight, 

and silica and chlorophyll content will also be determined at harvest. 

85


Comparative Study on Physicochemical Properties of Stingless Bee 

Honey (Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica) and Honey 

Bee Honey (Apis dorsata and Apis mellifera) 

Mohd Zulfadzlie Bin Haibil 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Shamsul Bahri Bin Abdul Razak 



Stingless bee is a small bee which is also known as “Kelulut” locally. Kelulut 

honey is the type of honey reported to have more medicinal benefit as 

compared to other bee. Honey was defined as the sweet substances produced 

by honey bees. The objective of this study are to examine and determine the 

physicochemical between stingless bee and honey bee honey. Honey sample 

is evaluated based on the parameter such as pH, moisture content, colour, 

electric conductivity, viscosity, sugar content and sensory test. This project 

are conducted to fill in the knowledge gap on the physicochemical properties 

between stingless bee honey and honey bee honey. Most report focused on 

Tualang and Manuka honey compared to the stingless bee honey. The result 

from this study will determine which honey has more benefit and most 

preferred by the consumer. 

86


Effect of Different Types of Fertilizer on Growth Performance and Yield of 

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) 

Muhamad Dahiya'Uddin Bin Kamat 


Bachelor Science of Agrotechnology (Crop Science) 


Brassica juncea commonly known as mustard or Chinese mustard is a mustard family 

and it is rich in vitamin A, B, C, E and K. Demand for this vegetable increased due to 

increase of population. To fulfill the demand, production of this vegetable should be 

increased. Application of organic fertilizer is one way to increase the yield of brassica 

other than inorganic fertilizer such as NPK. This study will be conducted to determine 

the effect of Effective microorganisms (EM) compared to NPK fertilizer in terms of 

growth and yield of Chinese mustard. This study will be applied four different rates of 

EM which is 0, 10, 20, and 30 ml and NPK 15:15:15 with rates of 0, 10, 20, and 30 g. 

This study is expected to show the different effect of growth and yield of Chines 

mustard when applied with different fertilizer and the best fertilizer will be determine. 

87


Natural Propagation of Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) Using Split 

Hive Technique at Bukit Kor, Marang 

Muhamad Izzhan Bin Mohd Zaki 




Stingless bee farming is a new and potential booming industry in Malaysia. Current 

practice of stingless bee rearing is to collect the feral stingless bee from their natural 

habitat. An Alternative way of propagating stingless bee need to be explored. 

Heterotrigona itama is the most popular species of stingless bee in Malaysia. This 

experiment exploited the hive split technique to naturally propagate the colony. Ten 

replicates were used in this experiment. The experiment was carried out in Taman 

Pertanian Bukit Kor. Brood cells from the main colony we split into two vertically using 

sharp knife. Half of the broods and several queen cells were transferred into a new 

box. The progress of the broods and queen cells were monitored. Preliminary results 

show the number of stingless bee in the new colonies double in two weeks’ time. This 

effort will ensure stingless bee industry in Malaysia to sustain and environmentally 

friendly. 

88


The Effect of Different Organic Fertilizer on Growth Performance and Yield 

Production of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) 

Muhammad Alhafiz Ramly 




Okra or Abelmoschus esculentus is one of the famous vegetable found in Malaysia. 

Demand for okra high due to its multiple uses in cooking. Fertilizer is important to 

increase the production of okra, however application of organic fertilizer is very low 

compared to inorganic fertilizer even though the price of inorganic fertilizers higher. 

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer and inorganic 

fertilizer on the growth performance and yield of okra. Organic fertilizers that will be 

used in this study are Effective microorganisms, chicken dung, and bokashi while 

inorganic fertilizer will be applied is NPK. Parameter will be measured on growth are 

plant height, number of leaves and, leaf area. For yield of okra, fresh and dry weight 

of fruit will be measured. Purposed on the study, it will be expected that application 

of different fertilizer will give different growth performance and yield of okra. 

89


The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate Foliar Spray as a Plant Booster for 

Gomphera globosa 

Muhammad Asraf Bin Mohd Idris 




There are 20 amino acids and two amides that are essential for plants. Among all these 

amino acids, glutamate and aspartate were found to be the most effective for flower 

induction. Commonly we are using the commercial fertilizer that now had significantly 

increase in cost and its usage can also put our environment at risk. By providing the 

same essential chemical component and nutrient needed by the plant, same result can 

be obtained with lesser effort and lower cost. This project is aimed to study the effect 

of the common seasoning substances, monosodium glutamate (MSG) in enhancing the 

flowering rate of Gomphrena globosa. The method that will be use is by making the 

MSG solution and spray it to the medium. The result that should be expected from this 

project is the flower induction rate will be faster. 

90


Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation (Rdi) On Hempedu Bumi 

(Andrographis paniculata) Growth and Phytochemical Contents 

Muhammad Hafizudddin Bin Azhar 




Regulated Deficit Irrigation is generally defined as an irrigation practice where crop is 

irrigated with an amount of water below the full requirement for optimal plant growth. 

Previous studies on RDI demonstrate the improvement of water response towards 

deficit in a positive way. As world is running out of fresh water, RDI is a suitable 

practice to minimize the use of fresh water usage for crop irrigation. The aim of this 

study is to observe the effects of RDI on Hempedu Bumi (Andrographis paniculata) 

growth and phytochemical contents. The parameter that will be evaluate by the plants 

height, leaf area, soil moisture content, water usage efficiency (WUE), stomatal 

conductor and chlorophyll content. This practice will imposed 4 level of treatments for 

irrigation of crops which are control (100%), low (25%), medium (50%) and high 

(75%). The effect of RDI will improve the growth and phytochemical contents of 

Andrographis paniculata. 

91


Effect of Different Storage (Temperature) On the Shelflife of Stingless Bee 

Honey (Lepidotrigona terminata) 

Muhammad Hanis Bin Muhammad Zaidi 




Stingless bees is a small bee from the tribe of Meliponine. It is locally known as 

“Kelulut” in Malaysia. Honey is a natural product that produced by or stingless bee. 

Consumers always found the best quality of honey by observing the physicochemical 

properties and the sensory characteristic. This study was conducted to determine the 

physicochemical properties (water content, pH, viscosity, sugar content, electric 

conductivity and colour) of stingless bee honey (Lepidotrigona terminata) stored at 

different storage condition, cold temperature (10 0 c) and room temperature (27 0 c) 

within six month. This study also aim to determine the sensorial properties (sweetness, 

sourness, aroma, colour and viscosity) of honey from L. Terminata. Temperature will 

affect the quality on parameter of honey and sensory characteristic. This will be done 

by comparing the effect of different storage condition on honey quality. The findings 

will be beneficial for bee keepers and consumer of the honey. 

92


Effect of Bio-Pesticides on Pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) 

Muhammad Noor Azam bin Adnan 

Supervisor: Dr. Norhidayah binti Che Soh 



Okra is one of the fruit vegetables and very important for the world’s population. The 

production of okra should be increased to meet the growing demand of consumers. 

However, pests are one of the major challenges in the production of okra. Today, most 

farmers used chemical pesticides to handle pest problem as compared to organic 

pesticides may be due to its undetermined effects. This study was conducted to identify 

the effects of using organic pesticides made from natural extracts on okra plant in pest 

control. Natural extract that will be used are neem extracts (3ml/l, 5ml/l, and 7ml/l), 

garlic bulb extracts (5ml/l, 10ml/l, and 15ml/l) and chili extracts (5ml/l, 10ml/l, and 

15ml/l). Biopesticides will be applied on the plant before and after fruiting. The 

expected result from this study are higher concentrations of biopesticides will be more 

effective rather than the lower concentrations to inhibit the pest. 

93


Development of Intraspecific Hybrid of (Iuron 6 X Dular), (Mr 219-4 X 

Dular), (Mr219-4 X Pokkali) and (Iuron 6 X Pokkali) Rice Varieties 

Muhammad Nurshafiq Azlan 

Supervisor: Dr. Rohayu Ma’arup 



Rice is a staple food especially in Asia. However, abiotic stresses such as drought and 

high salinity, are the major constraints in rice productivity. Combining drought 

tolerance gene or salinity tolerance gene in high yield varieties through conventional 

breeding would produce potential hybrid lines that tolerance to these stresses without 

impact on yield production. This study used rice with high yield performance MR219- 

4 (MARDI variety) and IURON 6 (International upland rice observational nursery) as 

female parents while drought tolerant variety Dular and salinity tolerant variety Pokkali 

were used as male parents to generate F1 hybrid generation in the field. Simple 

sequence repeats (SSR) markers will be used for hybrid confirmation and selection for 

future research program. 

94


Development of Intraspecific Hybrid of (IURON 14 X Dular), (IURON 14 X 

Pokkali), (MR263 X Dular) and (MR263 X Pokkali) Rice Varieties 

Noor Rashidah Binti Md Rashid 

Supervisor: Dr. Rohayu binti Ma’arup 



Climate change and extreme condition play a significant role for rice plantation. Rice 

variety with drought and salinity tolerance are more preferable in improving the food 

security for countries like Malaysia. Thus, combination rice variety with these abiotic 

tolerance traits into high yield performance rice through conventional breeding would 

give potential lines that tolerance to both stress without compromise the yield 

production. In this study, rice with high yield performance MR263 (MARDI variety) and 

IURON 14 (International upland rice observational nursery) were used as female 

parents while drought tolerant variety Dular and salinity tolerant variety Pokkali were 

used as male parents to generate F1 hybrid generation in the field. The success rate 

of paddy crosses between rice varieties were measure based on the number grain 

produced. The Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers is used for hybrid detection 

and selection for future research program. 

95


Heavy Metal Determination in Stingless Bees Honey (Hymenoptera: 

Heterotrigona itama) from Different Localities 

Noor Zulaika Binti Johari 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Abd Razak 



This study is to determine the heavy metal in stingless bee honey from different 

localities. The chosen stingless bees sampling plots are Gong Badak (sub-urban 

environment), Bukit Kor (agriculture area), and Taman Pertanian, Sekayu (forest 

environment). Stingless bee honey is used as the biological indicator for the presence 

of pollutants and heavy metals such as copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel, 

chromium, and iron. There are numerous studies that have been carried out for honey 

bees in determination of heavy metals but none for stingless bee honey. The samples 

in this experiment is digested using the microwave digester and analysed using ICP- 

OES. Based on the preliminary study, the level of lead in stingless bee honey is higher 

at Bukit Kor as compared to the Gong Badak and Taman Pertanian, Sekayu. This study 

could be used as a baseline reference for stingless bee rearing in different 

environment. 

96


Efficacy of Citral-Treated Lemon Grass Residue Mulch for Weed Control in 

Landscapes 

Nur Azmina Binti Sohizi 

Supervisor: Associate Prof Dr. Chuah Tse Seng 



Weed management in landscape plantings is a challenging task because it consists of 

a mixture of annual and perennial ornamentals in landscaped area. This project aimed 

to examine responses of ten common ornamental crops from various families to citraltreated 

lemongrass (CTL) mulches and to determine the potential of CTL for weed 

control in landscapes. A total of 3.5 t ha -1 CTL mulches will be applied to the ornamental 

plants in pots under glasshouse conditions. In the field, the CTL mulches will be applied 

in planting boxes grown with two selected ornamental plants. Weed density, weed 

area and visual score of the ornamental crops will be assessed monthly for three 

months. It is expected that the CTL mulches provide excellent weed control without 

injuring any ornamental crops within three months. The findings of this study will lead 

to development of novel and environmental friendly approach for sustainable weed 

management in landscapes. 

97


Isolation and Pathogenicity Test of Fungal Isolate against Black Spot 

Disease in Rose 

Nur Elia Nadhira Binti Mohd Asmadi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Faziha bt Ibrahim 



Black spot disease is a significant worldwide disease on rose plant. Due to this 

infection, the leaves become yellow and eventually fall off. Occurrence of this disease 

has become a major problems especially in landscape purpose. Therefore, this 

research is conducted to isolate fungal pathogens associated with black spot 

symptoms, to identify and to conduct pathogenicity test on the fungal isolates. For this 

purpose, black spot symptoms on rose’s leaves will be collected and isolation process 

will be further conducted to obtain the pure culture. Fungal isolates obtained in this 

study will be used for morphological identification and pathogenicity test. Pathogenicity 

test will be conducted on healthy leaves’ rose to confirm the Koch’s postulate. 

Identification of correct fungal species are very important to ensure the right control 

measure in reducing occurrence of black spot disease. 

98


Biocontrol Potential of Silica Nanoparticles Derived From Rice Husks 

towards Resistance of Rice Blast through Ground Application 

Nur Farahiyah Binti Zainon 

Supervisor: Dr Ng Lee Chuen 


School of Science and Food Technology 

Rice husks is an agricultural residue that produced approximately 400 000 metric 

tonnes in Malaysia, annually. Rice husks contain silica that benefit for plant growth. 

However, burning is the only method in rice husks management in Malaysia that cause 

environmental issues. Therefore, extraction of silica from rice husks with 

nanotechnology by using slow gelation and freeze drying method will be conducted. 

The objectives of the studies are to produce silica nanoparticles (SNP) from rice husks 

and to evaluate its bioefficiency against growth and development of rice blast disease. 

In conclusion, rice husks will be produced by using slow gelation and freeze drying 

method and the bioefficiency on rice blast disease will be tested based on disease 

severity and disease incidence that caused by Pyricularia oryzae. 

99


Effect of Crescentia cujete (Labu Kayu) Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) on 

Growth and Yield of Solanum melongena (Eggplant) 

Nur Farhana Binti Mohd Jaffri 




Fermented fruit juice is a liquid organic fertilizer made from any fermented fruits. 

Crescentia Cujete (Labu Kayu) fruit high in potassium and in traditional knowledge was 

believed to enhance plant growth performance. The aim of this study are to investigate 

the physico-chemical composition of C. cujete FFJ during storage and to determine the 

suitable concentration of C. cujete as foliar application. In the nursery experiment, 

Solanum melongena (eggplant) will be grow in polybag and spray with different 

concentration (1, 5 and 10% v/v) and incubation time of FFJ (2 and 4 weeks). The 

plant parameters will be measure are the number of leaves, plant height, number of 

flowers and fruits, fruit fresh and dry weight and fruit mineral content. This study is 

expected to provide potential application of C. cujete foliar fertilizer to enhance crop 

optimum production. 

100


The Etiology of Chili Anthracnose 

Nur Hadina Binti Saleh 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurul Faziha bt Ibrahim 



Anthracnose disease on chili is commonly caused by Colletotrichum sp. The disease 

can easily spread when conducive environmental condition. Occurrence of this diseases 

lead to increase of management cost and economic losses. This study is conducted to 

evaluate the potential of pitaya and ginger extract to inhibit fungal activity through in 

vitro and in vivo test. For in vitro test, pathogenic fungal isolates will be subculture 

onto PDA ameliorated with the extract at different concentration, 5% and 20%. 

Potential of microbial inhibition will be evaluated based on percentage of inhibition 

zone. For in vivo, healthy chili will be dipped into different concentration of plant 

extracts before inoculated with pathogenic fungal isolates. Appearance of lesion will 

be calculated into disease severity scale. Less disease severity was regarded to have 

a good potential in reducing anthracnose disease. Application of plant extracts in 

disease management can prevent negative impact due to chemical control. 

101


The Effect of Different Organic Fertilizer on Growth Performance and Yield 

Production of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) 

Nur Halidah Anis Binti Sohandi 

Supervisor: Dr. Norhidayah binti Che Soh 



Brassica juncea L. commonly known as the mustard family is familiar for Malaysian. In 

order to reduce dependency against imported vegetable, one of the strategy is 

enhance the market of vegetables production using organic fertilizer. Objectives of this 

study is to identify the effect of different types and rates of organic fertilizer on the 

growth and yield of mustard. Two types of organic fertilizer will be used are chicken 

manure and effective microorganism with four rate which is 0, 10, 20 and 30 ml for 

EM and 0, 10, 20, and 30 g of chicken manure. Parameter will be measured are plant 

height, number of leaves, size of leaf and number of branch. The data will be collected 

weekly and data of yield will be taken when the plant was harvested. This study is 

expected to show different effect on growth and yield of mustard when applied with 

different fertilizer. 

102


In vivo Evaluation of a Combination of Clove and Cinnamon Extracts for 

Weed Control in Organic Aerobic Rice 

Nur Haliza Binti Mohd Yusoff 




Aerobic rice systems can substitute the conventional rice cultivation system in the wake 

of water shortage. However, major constraint of organic aerobic rice farming is high 

weed infestation. Spices of clove and cinnamon are environmental friendly and 

reported to have herbicidal properties. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate 

potential of a combination of clove and cinnamon extracts for suppression of three 

weed species grown with aerobic rice under greenhouse conditions. Rice seeds and 

weed seeds representing grassy weed, sedge and broadleaf weed will be sown at 3, 5 

or 7 day after treatment (DAT). Emergence, root length and shoot length of each 

bioassay species will be recorded 21 DAT. It is expected that the combined spice 

extracts could inhibit the weeds without injuring the rice plants when sowing the rice 

seeds starting 5 DAT. 

103


Effects of Oil Palm Frond Mulch on Leaching Potential of Pre-Emergence 

Herbicide in Eleusine indica (Goosegrass) 

Nur Illmiah Binti Mohd Yusoff 




Pre emergence application of herbicide-treated mulch has great potential for weed 

control in landscapes. However, it is not well understood about the synergistic activity 

of herbicide-treated mulch. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether leaching of 

herbicide-imazethapyr or isoxaflutole could be reduced after incorporated with oil palm 

frond (OPF) mulches. Leaching potential of each herbicide will be evaluated using soil 

column (30 cm length) through application of imazethapyr, isoxaflutole, OPF, OPF 

treated with imazethapyr or isoxaflutole on the soil surface, in the laboratory. The soil 

columns will be transferred to the glasshouse and laid on their sides 24 hour after each 

treatment, followed by sowing goosegrass seeds on the soil surface in each 50 mm 

soil increment. Three week after seed sowing, goosegrass emergence and growth will 

be determined. It is expected that OPF mulch could help reduce leaching potential of 

the herbicides at different potency. 

104


Physicochemical Properties of Cosmeceutical Products Using Stingless 

Bee’s Propolis, Bee Bread and Honey 

Nur Nadiah Binti Sahir 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Shamsul Bahri Bin Abdul Razak 



Stingless bee produce is not only their nectar or honey but also other interesting 

products such as a range of cosmeceutical products. When searching for food, stingless 

bees collect pollen, nectar, oil, water, resin, muds and sand particles. Their products 

are known with effective in body health and skin care. Stingless bees require a certain 

season for the production of honey and as a result, income for this industry is quiet 

limited. However, not much research on formulation cosmetic products using stingless 

bees-based product such as soaps and lotions that is already exist in the market. This 

study was conducted to examine the physicochemical properties of soap and lotion 

using stingless bee’s propolis, bee bread and honey and also the formula used to make 

soap and lotion using stingless bee’s product. This study will also provide information 

on the physicochemical properties, formulation and also preference of consumers 

toward the products. 

105


Determination of Pesticide Residues in Stingless Bees Honey 

(Hymenoptera: Heterotrigona itama) from Different Localities 

Nur Shafira Binti Safri 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Abd Razak 



Large number of pesticide residues found in pollen and honey demand a thorough 

evaluation of all residual compounds so as to identify those of highest risk to bees and 

consumers. The study of comparing the level of pesticide residues in stingless bees 

honey species are lacking, making it difficult to evaluate their short- and long- term 

effects on colonies and population of stingless bees. This experiment was conducted 

using High Performance Liquid Chromatography by utilizing serial dilution for each 

honey and pesticide samples. The peaks for pesticide residue were used as a reference 

and were compared with any peak, if there is any in honey. Preliminary results show 

that there was no peak of pesticide residue in three honey samples. Sampling of 

honey were done from stingless bee farm in Bkt Kor (agricultural area), Gong Badak 

(sub-urban area), Tepoh (rubber plantation environment) and Taman Pertanian 

Sekayu (forest environment; control). 

106


Multiple Resistant Biotype of Goosegrass across Several Groups of 

Herbicides 

Nursyafiqah Izzati Binti Norzaidi 




Goosegrass has become a serious annual weed problem in crop cultivation areas due 

to its poor response to herbicide treatments. This study aimed to determine the 

resistance level of goosegrass treated with ten groups of herbicides. The putative 

herbicide-resistant biotype of goosegrass seeds will be collected from oil palm 

plantation, Pekan Nanas, Johor based on the complaint of the grower regarding the 

poor performance of several herbicides on control of goosegrass. Goosegrass 

seedlings at 3 to 4-leaf stage will be sprayed with glyphosate, paraquat, glufosinate, 

fluazifop-p-butyl, diuron, MSMA, sethoxydim, oxyfluorfen, imazethapyr and 

topramezone at a series of herbicide rates, respectively, under greenhouse conditions. 

It is expected that the goosegrass biotype has evolved resistance to more than one 

herbicide group with varied resistance level. The findings of this study could provide 

early warning to growers about the resistance status of goosegrass which is helpful 

for weed management in oil palm plantations. 

107


Effect of Morinda citrifolia (Mengkudu) Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) on 

Growth and Yield of Abermoschus esculentus (Okra) 

Nursyuhada Annas Binti Mohd Yusuff 




A shade house experiment will be conducted to determine whether Morinda citrifolia 

(mengkudu) fruit fermented juice (FFJ) influence the growth and production of the 

Abermoschus esculentus (okra). Morinda citrifolia FFJ will be extract from fermented 

mengkudu fruits with brown sugar. The A. esculentus plants will be treated with FFJ 

foliar treatments as follows: two and four weeks FFJ incubation time and 1, 5 and 10 

% v/v FFJ concentrations. The experiment will be arranged in complete randomized 

block design (CRBD) with five replicates. The evaluation of pre-harvest growth of A. 

esculentus parameters will be measured in two weeks interval time. Postharvest 

quality parameters of will be carried out at the end of the experiment. Results obtain 

from this experiment will provide the efficacy of FFJ as a foliar fertilizer to enhance 

the growth and yield of A. esculentus. 

108


Effects of Inorganic and Organic Mulch on Yield of Amaranthus sp. and 

Soil Microbial Density 

Nurul Adni Sasabila Binti Mohd Yusof 




The production of green amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) in Malaysia is always challenging 

due to weeds infestation. Mulching using organic and inorganic material is use to 

improve growing condition for better crop performances. In this study, both organic 

and inorganic mulch will be used to assess their effect on the green amaranth growth 

performances as well as the microbial community in the soil. The pre-harvest and 

post-harvest assessment will be conducted which involves measurement of plant 

height, leaf area, weight, disease and pest severity, NPK content and chlorophyll 

content of the green amaranth and the total yield. This study is expected to obtain 

better yield performances from treatment using organic mulch as it can add more 

organic matter to the soil when decomposition occur. This process will release nutrient 

to plants and become energy source for rapid activity of soil microbe. 

109


The Influence of Deficit Irrigation on Growth, Chlorophyll Content, Water 

Use Efficiency and Stomata Conductance of Three Potted Torenia 

Genotypes. 

Nurul Aini Binti Shaari 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Idzwana Binti Mohd.Idris 



Torenia is widely used as a flowering shrub in gardening and landscaping in the Asia 

area. A proposed study on DI on Torenia sp. will be conducted in greenhouse to 

determine the effect of deficit irrigation on three potted Torenia genotypes [Torenia 

fournieri (purple), Torenia fournieri (pink) and Torenia fournieri (white)] on 

agronomical and physiological parameter. Irrigation treatments were based on the 

daily water use 75%, 50%, or 25% of water supplied in the control treatment 

(medium, low and severe deficit irrigation, respectively). It is expected that the total 

leaf area of Torenia fournieri (purple), Torenia fournieri (pink) and Torenia fournieri 

(white) will decrease in response to an increase in water stress and also the biomass 

of water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content will 

increase with increasing water stress. 

110


Development of Intraspecific Hybrid of (Iuron 18 X Dular), (Iuron 21 X 

Dular), (Iuron 18 X Pokkali) and (Iuron 21 X Pokkali) Rice Varieties. 

Nurul Athirah Binti Karim 

Supervisor: Dr. Rohayu Binti Ma’arup 



Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple crop that feeds more than one half of the 

world’s population. However, drought and salinity are major factors responsible for 

dramatic yield loss in rice. Drought tolerant variety Dular and salinity tolerant variety 

Pokkali shown significant tolerance in both salt and water deficit conditions in field 

trials studies in few published research. Therefore, developing hybrid through 

conventional breeding method of high yield upland rice (IURON 21 and 18) observed 

in International upland rice observational nursery with these two varieties would give 

potential drought or salinity tolerant hybrid lines with high yield production. Simple 

sequence repeats (SSR) markers will be used for hybrid confirmation and selection for 

future research program. 

111


Intraspecific Hybrid Between Two Eggplants Varieties (Oval Eggplant No. 

302 X Round Eggplant No. 311) And Reciprocal Cross (Solanum 

melongena L.) 

Nurul Izzati Jamalarus 

Supervisor: Dr. Rohayu Binti Ma’arup 



As the sixth rank of the vegetable crop in global production, eggplant is categorized 

as among the important crop grown in various tropical and temperate parts of the 

world, including Malaysia. In previous studies, the interspecific hybridization in 

Eggplant for abiotic stress tolerance production lines resulted in limited success due 

to embryo abortion . Thus, intraspecific hybridization among two F1 hybrid progeny of 

(Oval Eggplant No. 302 x Round Eggplant No. 311) and reciprocal cross is conducted 

to get different shape of egg plants fruits. Therefore, more choices in the market for 

customers. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers will be used to identify the hybrid 

purity and these hybrid lines will be assesed its performance in the field in future 

research program. 

112


Effect of Silicon Nutrient on Stem Canker Disease of Pitaya Caused by 

Alternaria species. 

Nurul Syahirah Binti Abdul Rahim 




Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) or known as dragon fruit by local is rich in antioxidants 

and vitamin C. However, stem canker disease reduce plant productivity as the diseases 

spread quickly in farming area. Therefore, in this study the objectives are to determine 

effect of silicon uptake on stem canker disease development and to observe the 

physical changes on stems. Healthy pitaya stems will be selected and will be given 

silicon as root applications; the concentration of Si; 1.5%, 2.5% and 3.5% (v/v) 

whereas potassium silicate as positive control and negative control without Si. 

Observation and assessment of stem canker disease will be done on treated stems 

inoculated with pathogen (Alternaria species). The physical changes will be observed 

under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Silicon nutrient may play an important role 

as beneficial element in increasing plant resistance to pathogen cause by plant physical 

changes (thicker stem, formation of wax or phytoliths). 

113


Physicochemical Properties of Stingless Bee Honey Chocolate 

Siti Hazwani Binti Muhamad Noor 

Supervisor: Prof Assoc. Shamsul Bahri Bin Abdul Razak 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Tuan Zainazor Bin Tuan Chilek 



Chocolate is a popular products that growing in confectionery industry. Nowadays 

customer are awareness about high sugar levels content in confectionery products, 

hence lead for developing of ‘sugar-free’ chocolate. Therefore, it is good idea to filling 

stingless bee honey into chocolate as replace for sugar. Six formulations will be 

examine to determine physicochemical properties and acceptability of stingless bee 

honey chocolate productions. Formulation A is chocolate without honey that act as 

control experiment. Formulation B is chocolate that filling with 10% of honey, followed 

with formulation C filling with 20% of honey, formulation D filling with 30% of honey, 

formulation E filling with 40% of honey and formulation F filling with 50% of honey. 

At the end of this research, there will be variation development in formulation of 

stingless bee honey chocolate product. Beside, results of physicochemical properties 

and sensory acceptability of stingless bee honey chocolate will be discovered. 

114


Light Quality Manipulation by Photo-selective Netting to Improves Green 

Amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) Quality at Harvest 

Siti Nabilah binti Mohammad Sabri 




Green amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables 

cultivated in Malaysia. The photo-selective netting is an innovative agro-technical 

method that can upgrades the conventional net covering to a more sophisticated level. 

This method could alter the microclimate and solar radiation as well as protecting the 

crops against environmental hazards and pests. This study aims to investigate the 

growth performance of green amaranth under different color of photo-selective 

netting (control, black and yellow). The pre-harvest and post-harvest parameters that 

will be assessed are leaf chlorophyll content, leaf surface area, disease incidence, total 

yield, microenvironment analysis and measurement of absorbed Photosynthetically 

Active Radiation (APAR). It is expected that this new technology of photo-selective 

netting will provide a sustainable solution to increase agricultural production by 

improving the productivity and quality of the yield compared to control plants. 

115


Pollen Calendar and Honey Yield of Three (3) Stingless Bee’s Species 

(Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica, and Lepidotrigona 

terminata) at Gong Badak (Coastal Area) 

Siti Nur Syafiqah Binti Mohamad Hanapi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Shamsul Bahri Bin Abd Razak 



Limited studies have been done on pollen calendar of stingless bees near forest, but 

no records of flowers that are available along the coastal area. To identify the pollen 

that stingless bees (Heterotrigona itama, Geniotrigona thoracica, and Lepidotrigona 

terminata) foraged, pollen load from stingless bee’s pollen basket were collected and 

dispersed in distilled water. Droples of pollens were observed under the compound 

microscope. Honey yield was acquired monthly from the stingless beekeeper. The 

sampling plot was carried out in Gong Badak. The results show a variation in pollen 

profile that is foraged by the three stingless bee species such as Bride tears, Antigonon 

leptopus, 4 (G. thoracica: 2, H. itama: 1, L. terminata: 1) and Cabbage tree flower, 

Andira inermis, 3 (H. itama: 3). This study is significant because it can help beekeepers 

that live in coastal area to add sources of plant in order to increase the honey 

production. 

116


Effect of Silicon Nutrient in Controlling the Invasion of Phytophthora Spp. 

(Root Rot Disease) In Pepper Plant (Piper nigrum) 

Syahirah Binti Sa’adi 




Currently, pepper plants (Piper nigrum) is severely infected with root rot disease 

causing a significant economic loss. Symptoms on affected pepper plants include rapid 

wilting and death of pepper plants caused by Phytophthora species. In this study, the 

objectives are to identify the Phytophthora species and to determine effect of silicon 

nutrient (Si) treatment on plant physical changes. Therefore, Si will be applied as root 

applications starting from seedling stage in six months. The concentration of Si; 1.0%, 

1.5% and 2.0% (v/v) whereas potassium silicate (positive control) and negative 

control without Si. Throughout the experiment, plant growth and disease development 

will be assessed. The amount of Si on leaves will be analysed by using ICP-OES and 

leaves changes will be observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Si 

applications may enhance physical changes of plant (thicker leaves cuticles, formation 

of wax or phytoliths) consequently, reduce the root rot disease. 

117


Bio-control Potential of Silica Nano Particles Derived from Rice Husks 

towards Resistance of Rice Blast Disease through Foliar Application 

Teo Han Meng 




In past researches, Silica has been proven essential for normal plant growth and 

functionality, especially in mitigating biotic and abiotic stress. Plus, nanotechnologies 

are currently being experimenting and implementing in agricultural fields, aiming to 

increase yield and performances. Till today, there are still insufficient studies about 

the mechanisms and effects of nano size silica on plants. Hence, nano size silica, 

derived from agro wastes, such as rice husks, will be applied on the foliar part of the 

rice plants to test for any bio-control potential towards resistance of rice blast disease, 

by Pyricularia oryzae, and on certain growth parameters. Industrial extraction of silica 

from minerals causes high environmental pollutions and very costly. Pure and 

amorphous silica nano particles (SNPs) can be extracted using Sol-gel and freeze 

drying method from rice husk ashes, which is high yielding and significantly 

environmental sound. The expected outcomes of this experiment include, pure and 

water soluble amorphous SNPs will be produced from rice husk ashes using Sol-gel 

method, and rice plants show increased growth and disease resistance with the 

increasing concentration application. 

118


Effect of Milk and Garlic Extracts For 

Antifungal Activities against Chilli Anthracnose Disease 

Wong Kah Yin 

Supervisor: Dr Nurul Faziha Binti Ibrahim 



Chemical fungicides have become a common practice in controlling plant diseases 

which associated with negative impact on human health and environments. Over 

relying of pesticide application can increase development of resistance by the 

pathogens. Due to this concern, this study is aim to evaluate in vitro and in vivo 

antifungal activity of milk and garlic extract against anthracnose disease on chilli. The 

screening of the antifungal potential extracts will be performed in vitro by using poison 

food technique. For in vivo, the curative treatment will be performed on attached chilli 

seedlings. Different concentrations of milk and garlics extracts (5% and 20%) are 

expected to exhibit an antifungal activity against fungal pathogens causing 

anthracnose. Organic extracts is hope to become an alternative control measures in 

chilli production to ensure safety and security of the food supply chain. 

119


Growth and Quality Evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans (Belalai gajah) in 

Different Soilless Growing Media 

Zulaika Binti Erman 




The study will be conducted in the greenhouse with the aim of evaluating the influence 

of four types of soilless growing medium on the growth and quality performance of 

Clinacanthus nutans. The semi-hardwood cuttings of C. nutans will be grow in polybags 

filled with four different media: coco peat, perlite, sawdust and peat moss. Plants grow 

in soil will be treated as control treatment. The fertigation system will be arranged in 

complete randomized block design (CRBD) with five replicates. The same amount of 

nutrient solution will be apply to all plants. The growth and quality parameters such as 

plant height, total leaves number, leaves area, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content 

and nutrient content will be measure to differentiate the performance in soilless growing 

medium and the soil. Findings from this study will demonstrate the best soilless growing 

medium to increase C. nutans growth performance. 

120


Bachelor of Food Science 

(food Service and Nutrition) 

121


Sub-acute toxicity (renal function test, lipid profile test and blood glucose 

test) of black seed (Nigella sativa) and honey mixture. 

A’ishah Binti Sahiron 

Supervisor: Dr. Hayati Binti Mohd Yusof 

Bachelor of Food Science (Food Service and Nutrition) 


To date, there are several researches investigated the beneficial effect of black seed and 

honey however only few studies on the mixture. Previously, a research about the toxicity 

effect of the black seed and honey mixture was performed, but limited to liver function 

test and the histopathology analysis. Therefore, the aim of this study is evaluate the subacute 

toxicity of the mixture on renal function test, lipid profile test and blood glucose 

test. Toxicity study will be conducted according to OECD guidelines 420 Thirty male 

Sprague Dawley rats (120-300 g) will be and will be treated with different dosage of 

black seed and honey mixture (100, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, respectively) for 14 

days. It is anticipated that no toxicity of black seed and honey mixture on the renal 

function test. Furthermore, effect of the high dosage on lipid profile and glucose level will 

also be documented. 

122


Relationship between Physical Activity and Learning Performances among 

Islamic School Attendees 

Adibah Binti Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr Khairil Shazmin binti Kamarudin 



Physical activity is important to maximize academic performances as well as optimize 

attention among students. This study aimed to determine physical activity status and 

learning performances among Islamic school attendees. A cross sectional study will be 

conducted in three different Islamic schools in Kuala Terengganu. Data will be collected 

by using face to face guided interview through the questionnaire. Followings aspects will 

be evaluated; 1) physical activity level, 2) barriers of the physical activity, 3) learning 

performances. The physical activity level will be determine by PAQ-A questionnaire. 

Pearson correlation will be used to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and 

academic performances. This study will provide information about the physical activity 

status and its association towards academic performances among students from Islamic 

schools. 

123


Physicochemical Characteristic and Shelf Life Freeze-Dried Grey Oyster 

Mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) Powder at Different Storage Conditions. 

Adlina Binti Azman 

Supervisor: Dr. Faridah Binti Yahya 



Shelf life is the extension of time to the upper limit for which a food product can be kept 

under specific environmental condition without changes in quality and acceptability. The 

objective of this study is to determine the physicochemical characteristics and shelf life 

study of Freeze-Dried oyster mushroom powder at different storage conditions. Physical 

analysis which are colour value, morphology structure, hydration properties and 

proximate analysis that comprised of moisture, ash, protein, crude fat, fibre and 

carbohydrate will be performed for assessing the effect of oyster mushroom powder at 

15, 25 and 35ᵒC for two months storage. The analysis will be carried out in interval of 

one week. The shelf life of oyster mushroom powder under a storage condition of 25ᵒC 

is expected in the range of seven to eight months based on the critical moisture content 

of the powder. 

124


Consumers’ knowledge and perception towards authenticity of food heritage 

and sustainable tourism experience in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. 

Amalina Ab Rahman 

Supervisor: Mr. Mohamad Rahijan Bin Abdul Wahab 



The study on heritage food is lacking because many studies focus more on traditional 

food and food product toward identity. In exploring this issue, the research on the 

authenticity of food heritage towards sustainable tourism experience will be conducted. 

The main objective of this study is to determine the knowledge and perception towards 

food heritage and sustainable tourism experience. Convenience sampling design will be 

used to choose 150 of the respondents from the Kota Bharu area. Convenience sampling 

refers to information collected from a group of people who are conveniently available in 

the research area. The questionnaires will be distributed to the public in Kota Bharu area, 

Malaysia. Results will be revealed that there is positive relationship between the 

knowledge and perception towards food heritage and sustainable tourism experience. It 

also will show that food heritage has significantly influenced the sustainable of tourism 

experience. In conclusion, all the objectives of the study will be achieved. 

125


Relationship between Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour towards 

Sleep Quality among Office Workers in Pontian, Johor 

Ang Mei Chyi 

Supervisor: Dr Khairil Shazmin Binti Kamarudin 



The prevalence of poor sleep quality problems in Malaysians increases due to sedentary 

behaviour and low physical activity level. The main objective in this study is to identify 

the relationship between physical activity and sedentary behaviour towards sleep quality 

among office workers in Pontian, Johor. This cross-sectional study will be conducted 

among 200 office workers in Pontian. A bilingual self-administrated questionnaire which 

consists of three different parts: (1) Socio-demographic information, (2) Global Physical 

Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and (3) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQI) will be distributed. 

Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0 with p


Association between Late Night Dinner and Breakfast Consumption Towards 

Self-Reported Health Status and Bmi among Shift Workers in Pasir 

Puteh,Kelantan. 

Anis Husnina Binti Abd Alim 

Supervisor: Dr Khairil Shazmin Binti Kamarudin 



The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between late night dinner 

and breakfast consumption towards self-reported health status and Body Mass Index 

(BMI) among shift workers.Previous study showed that the percentage of obesity among 

shift workers is increasing year by year.Eating at night is a risk for overweight and 

obesity.Health status condition of respondents will be determined by using self-reported 

health status questionnaire and their bmi will be measured.A three days dietary record 

will be used to measure their food intake of late night dinner and breakfast 

consumption.The relationship between late night dinner as well as the breakfast 

consumption towards health status and bmi will be determined by using Pearson 

correlation.This study will give awareness to the respondents to control their food intake 

at late night dinner to ensure good health. 

127


Ascertainment of Antimicrobial Activity of Raw Vegetables Against 

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Isolated From 

Desiccated Coconut-Based Foods. 

Anis Nasuha Binti Arif 

Supervisor: Dr. Tuan Zainazor Bin Tuan Chilek 



Terengganu’s traditional desserts are famous among local and tourists. However, 

methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus is concern as they can be easily transmitted 

through water source and food handlers. Since years, Malaysian local vegetables are used 

in medicinal field. However, their antimicrobial properties against MRSA were not well 

established. The objectives of this study are to investigate the contamination of MRSA 

isolated from desiccated coconut-based food, to optimize the extraction of antimicrobial 

compound from raw vegetables using ethanol extraction and to evaluate the antimicrobial 

activity of extracted vegetables against MRSA. The MRSA will be isolated from coconutbased 

food in mannitol salt agar (MSA). A part of each vegetable will be extracted using 

ethanol solvent. Antimicrobial susceptibility test will be done using disc diffusion method. 

The expected results for this study are MRSA strains will be isolated from desiccated 

coconut-based foods and isolated bacteria will be resistance to antimicrobial compound 

found in vegetables. 

128


Food Insecurity in Predicting Diet Quality of Children from Low-income 

Family in Kedah 

Apeera a/p Prak Chang 

Supervisor: Dr. Asma’ Binti Ali 



Food insecurity is related to having low food supply. However, less study has been done 

in assessing the relationship between food insecurity and diet quality. Therefore, this 

study aims is to determine food insecurity level and diet quality of children from lowincome 

family in Kedah. This cross-sectional study will be done among 103 children from 

one selected mukim in Pendang. Questionnaire of Radimer / Cornell Hunger will be used 

to determine food insecurity level of the children. Besides, dietary of the children will be 

assess by using 2 days of 24- hour Dietary Recall. The dietary intake will be used to 

determine their diet quality through Healthy Eating Index. High score of HEI indicates 

that the respondents have good diet quality. It is expected that food insecurity 

households lead to poor diet quality among the children. So, decrease of household food 

insecurity level will improve the diet quality of the children. 

129


Effects of Different Ratios of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Sajor-Caju) 

Powder to Monosodium Glutamate on the Physicochemical Properties, 

Sensory Acceptability and Microbial Study of Oyster Mushroom Stock Cube 

Ashikin Binti Ariffin 

Supervisor: Dr Faridah Binti Yahya 



There is limited study on vegetable-based stock cube. The objective of this study is to 

determine the effects of varying ratios of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) powder 

to monosodium glutamate (MSG) of oyster mushroom stock cube towards 

physicochemical properties, sensory acceptability and microbial study. The stock cube will 

be prepared with five different ratios of oyster mushroom and MSG of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 

85:15 and 80:20. The mushroom will be dried by using oven-drying method at 

temperature of 55.0±5.0°C for 18 hours. Physicochemical analysis will be performed in 

term of colour, texture, moisture, ash, crude protein, total fibre, crude fat and 

carbohydrate. The 7-point of hedonic scale of acceptance test will be carried out to 

evaluate the appearance, taste, mouthfeel, flavour, aroma, consistency and overall 

acceptability as well as total plate count (TPC) for microbial analysis. By increasing the 

oyster mushroom powder will be expected to increase the protein, colour, overall 

acceptability and TPC of the cubes. 

130


Comparative Effect of Stingless Bee Honey and Honey Bee Honey on Cancer 

Cell Lines 

Asmah Binti Abdul Razak 




Cancer is one of the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In Malaysia, breast cancer is 

ranking as the number one cancer cases for cervical, as the seventh leading cancer, 

followed by liver at the eight place. Several treatment are available, however, with longand 

short-term side effect for the cancer patients. Thus, natural sources of anticancer 

must be explored. The aim of this study is to compare the anticancer effect of stingless 

bee honey and honey bee honey on cell viability and morphology using different cell lines. 

This study will seek knowledge on anticancer of stingless bee and honey bee honeys on 

three cell lines, namely MCF-7 (breast cellines), HeLa (liver cellines) and HepG2 (cervical 

cellines). The cytotoxicity of honey (at different extraction methods) will be done by using 

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Stingless bee honey 

will be expected to exhibit higher anticancer potential as compared to honey bee honey. 

131


Evaluation of Microbiological Status of Fresh Squid and Deep Fried Squid Sold 

At Penarik Beach 

Atikah Hanum Binti Hasan Basri 




Squid is one of the most popular seafood among the Terengganu’s people. However, the 

microbiological data of this product is still limited. Therefore, in this study the 

enumeration of the bacteria in fresh and deep fried squid will be determined using Total 

Plate Count (TPC), Most Probable Number (MPN), and selected agar such as Eosin 

Methylene-Blue Agar (EMB) and Baird-Parker Agar (BPA). The deep fried technique will 

be evaluated through spiking method to see the effectiveness of cooking. The 

microbiological status in deep fried squid should be less than the fresh squid due to the 

heat process applied that can kill the bacteria. The reduction of bacteria count towards 

frying time shows the effectiveness of cooking technique. The microbiological load of 

fresh and deep fried squid will be determined the hygiene status of food that contribute 

to the foodborne diseases. 

132


Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Acceptability of Edible Oyster 

Mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) Tablespoon 

Au Jee Yuan 

Supervisor: Dr Faridah binti Yahya 



Oyster mushroom is an edible fungi which contains high nutritional value and its powder 

is suitable to incorporate into baked products. Edible cutlery is a hard cookies to replace 

the usage of plastic cutleries and the basic formulation is made up of low protein flour, 

vegetable oil, sugar, egg white and water. This study aims to determine the 

physicochemical characteristics of oyster mushroom tablespoons and also their sensory 

acceptance. Oyster mushroom powder will be incorporated with low protein flour at 

different ratio of 0:100, 4:96, 8:92, 12:88 and 16:84 of edible tablespoon formulation in 

order to determine any effects in hardness, colour, water solubility index, calorie, 

microstructure and proximate compositions. The results are expected to prove that oyster 

mushroom powder is felicitous to have darker brown colour, harder texture, lower calorie 

content and higher score in overall sensory acceptability when compared to edible 

tablespoon with 100% of low protein flour. 

133


Motivations of Participants to Attend Food Events and Impact of Emotions on 

Perceived Risks 

Balqis Binti Amir 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Hafiz b Wan Zainal Shukri 



Food events have developed over the centuries and have always been a means of uniting 

communities, and also as an attraction of destination. In Malaysia, food events continues 

to grow and are getting more popular and recognized, which calls for an in-depth studies 

of the food events visitors. The aim of this research is to investigate the motivation factors 

that influence the participants to visit food event, and to study the impact of emotions on 

the perceived risks of the participants. This study adopted a qualitative method which 

enables in-depth understanding of the festival visitors. Data will be collected from a total 

of 30 participants using a post-visit semi-structured interviews in June until July of 2018 

at three different food events held in Malaysia. Understanding the participants motives, 

emotions and the perceived risks will definitely help to establish an appropriate design 

and marketing strategies to improve food events in Malaysia. 

134


Characterisation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from Kefir Milk made 

from Dairy and Non-Dairy Sources and Their Sensory Acceptance 

Chan Kher Zhi 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Nizam Lani 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Yusnita Hamzah 



Kefir is a fermented milk beverage which is made from kefir grains and kefir cultures. 

Chemical composition from dairy and non-dairy sources may affect the population and 

characterisation of LAB in kefir drinks. In this study, the effect of different sources of 

dairy (cow’s milk) and non-dairy milk (soymilk and coconut milk) as the fermentation 

media on development of kefir grain will be studied. Preliminary study will be conducted 

to find the best formulation of kefir drink. LAB will be isolated using cultural methods 

(MRS Agar, MRS with 0.8% CaCO3 and M17 Agar) and will be identified using 

morphological examination and API 50 CHL Kit. The physico-chemical composition of 

samples will be determined using titratable acidity (lactic acid and acetic acid), pH, protein 

content, fat content and vitamins content. Sensory evaluation of acceptability levels of 

the sample of kefir drinks will be determined. 

135


The Relationship between Household Food Security, Child Feeding Practice 

and Children’ Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study among Low Income 

Mothers in Terengganu 

Cheah Pei Shyuan 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Salihah Binti Zakaria 


School of Food Science & Technology (PPSTM) 

Parents’ child feeding practices play an important role in determining the eating behaviour 

in young children. This study aims to assess the relationship between household food 

security status, child feeding practices and children’ weight status among low income 

mothers in Terengganu. A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling will be 

conducted at 5 public health clinics located in Kuala Terengganu and Kuala Nerus. A total 

of 118 of low income mothers between ages of 18-45 years with net household income 

less than RM 3000 who has child aged 1-3 years will be recruited. The following 

instruments will be used: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), Child Feeding 

Questionnaire (CFQ) and children’ weight at 1 year old. Descriptive test and parametric 

test will be applied (SPSS 20.0). The relationship between household food security status, 

child feeding practices and children’ weight status among low income mothers in 

Terengganu is expected to be significantly. 

136


Effect of Cooking Methods on Nutritional Properties of Lotus Rhizome 

(Nelumbo nucifera) 

Chen Siow Yee 

Supervisor: Dr. Tengku Rozaina Tengku Mohamad 



Lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera) is a popular vegetable in Chinese cuisine, which is rich 

in nutrients such as dietary fibre, vitamin C and minerals. The objective of this study is 

to determine the effect of cooking methods on nutritional properties of lotus rhizome. 

Three cooking methods (boiling, steaming and deep frying) will be applied in this study. 

The cooked sample will then be compared with raw sample in proximate (moisture, ash, 

crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre and total carbohydrate), minerals, vitamin C and 

dietary fibre analysis. It is expected that deep frying decreases moisture content and 

increases fat content while boiling and steaming increases moisture content. Dietary fibre 

will also expected to increase while ash, crude protein, crude fibre, total carbohydrate, 

minerals and vitamin C will be loss after cooking. It is also predicted that boiling has the 

highest loss while steaming has the smallest loss of nutrient. 

137


Effects of cooking methods on physicochemical properties, antioxidant 

activity and sensory acceptability of sweet potato 

Cheong Jia Jing 

Supervisors: Dr. Tengku Rozaina Binti Tengku Mohamad 

Dr. Fisal Bin Hj. Ahmad 



Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) or ubi keledek is widely consumed in Malaysia. It 

contains biochemical compounds that beneficial for human health such as carbohydrate, 

fibre and antioxidants. The common cooking methods for this tuber are boiling and 

steaming, however information on the effects of cooking methods on physicochemical 

properties, antioxidants activity and sensory acceptability of this tuber is limited. The 

objectives of this study are to determine the effects of cooking methods (boiling, 

steaming, baking and microwave) on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity 

and sensory acceptability of sweet potato. Analyses of proximate, anthocyanin, total 

phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), texture, colour and sensory 

acceptability will be carried out in this study. It is expected that boiling and steaming 

methods will decrease the carbohydrate content in tuber. Baking and microwave methods 

will increase fat, protein, fibre and carbohydrate contents. The texture and colour will be 

changed by all cooking methods. 

138


Association between Fast-food Consumption and Physical Activity towards 

the Academic Achievement of University Students in Selangor 

Chin Joo Yee 

Supervisor: Dr Khairil Shazmin Kamarudin 



Hectic lifestyle of university students causes increase consumption of fast-food and 

physical inactivity which will indirectly affect the academic achievement. The main 

objective of this study is to determine the relationship between fast-food consumption 

and physical activities towards academic achievement of students from University Putra 

Malaysia (UPM), University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) and Mahsa University. 216 of 

students from these universities will be selected as respondents. Food frequency 

questionnaire (FFQ) will be used to determine the fast-food consumption while 

International physical questionnaire (IPAQ) will be used to determine the physical activity 

level. Furthermore, the latest CGPA and GPA of respondents will be recorded. One-way 

ANOVA will be used to examine the fast-food consumption among respondents from 

these universities while Spearman/Pearson correlation will be used to determine the 

relationship between the fast–food consumption and physical activity with academic 

achievement. This study will provide information about the status of fast-food 

consumption and physical activity and its contribution towards academic achievement. 

139


Dietary Adequacy and Cognitive Performance of Homeless Children in Klang 

Valley 

Chin Ke Jiun 




Homeless children are experiencing inadequate intake of energy and nutrients which 

highly influenced on their cognitive performance as sufficient energy and nutrients intake 

are crucial for brain growth development. However, less study has been done in assessing 

diet adequacy and cognitive performance among homeless. Therefore, this cross 

sectional study aims to assess the dietary adequacy and cognitive performance of 120 

homeless children age 7 – 12 years living in Klang Valley. Socio- demographic and dietary 

adequacy of all randomly selected homeless children will be assessed through 

questionnaires and 2 days 24 hours dietary recall by comparing dietary intake with 

Recommended Nutrients Intake (RNIs) respectively. Raven’s Coloured Progressive 

Matrices (RCPM) test will be used to assess their cognitive performance. Homeless 

children are expected to have poor energy and nutrients intake which related to poor 

cognitive performance. It is important for children to have sufficient energy and nutrients 

intake for better cognitive performance. 

140


Self-care Behaviors, Glycemic Control and Dietary Compliance among Low 

Income Type II Diabetes Patients in Terengganu 

Chong Mei Yan 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Salihah Zakaria 



Self-care behaviors and dietary compliance are important in achieving good glycemic 

control for diabetic patients. This study aims to assess the self-care behaviors, glycemic 

control and dietary compliance of low income Type II diabetes patients. The relationships 

of glycemic control with self-care behaviors and dietary compliance will be assessed. A 

cross-sectional study using convenience sampling will be conducted at 6 health clinics 

located in Kuala Terengganu and Kuala Nerus. A total of 131 low income (> RM3000) 

Type II diabetes adult patients of the clinics above will be recruited. Sociodemographic 

and clinical characteristics, self-care behaviors [Revised version of SDSCA Measure], 

dietary compliance (24-hour Dietary Recall) and glycemic control [FBS and HbA1c] will 

be evaluated. Descriptive statistic and parametric test will be applied (SPSS 20). Self-care 

behaviors, glycemic control and dietary compliance will be determined. The relationships 

of glycemic control with self-care behaviors and dietary compliance are expected to be 

significant. 

141


Nutritional status, lifestyle behavior, quality of life and Islamic dietary 

practices among Muslim adult 

Farah Dayana Binti Normufzawi 

Supervisor: Dr. Hayati binti Mohd Yusof 



Islamic dietary practices is prophetic tradition taught by the prophet s.a.w as well as any 

kind of foods and drinks that recommended in the Quran. The present study aims to 

determine the nutritional status, lifestyle behavior, quality of life and Islamic dietary 

practices among Muslim adults. There are two issues will be highlighted in lifestyle 

behavior (exercise and smoking status) and four domains in quality of life, namely, 

physical , social and psychological well-being. A cross sectional study will be carried out 

involving 120 respondents. For anthropometric measurement, BMI and body fat will be 

assessed. A Spearman’s rank-order correlation will be used to determine the relationship 

between parameters tested. It is expected that there will be a significant relationship 

between nutritional status and Islamic dietary practices, lifestyle behavior and quality of 

life. Furthermore, there will be a relationship between the Islamic dietary practices, 

lifestyle behavior and quality of life. 

142


Association between Dietary Intakes and Academic Performance among 

Islamic School attendees’ in KualaTerengganu. 

Fatin Hanani Binti Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr.Khairil Syazmin Binti Kamarudin 

Bachelor of Food Science (Food Services and Nutrition) 


Economic growth spurred rapid urbanization in Malaysia in the past new decades, 

triggering shifts in food consumption, lifestyle and diet related disease trends. Daily 

consumption may increase the academic performance to the students. Therefore, this 

study aims to determine the relationship between total dietary intakes of breakfast, lunch, 

and dinner towards academic performances. 132 respondents from five different Islamic 

school attendees in Kuala Terengganu will be involved. Food Frequency Questionnaire 

(FFQ) will be used to determine eating habits and 1 days, 24-hours dietary recall 

conducted by face-to-face interview to determine the total dietary intake of respondents. 

The calorie, macronutrient and micronutrient will be determined by analyze using 

Nutritionist Pro Software. Correlation analysis will be conducted to find the association 

between dietary intakes and meals consumption towards academic performance. The 

findings of this study will provide information regarding the overall contribution meals 

consumption influenced towards academic performance. 

143


Nutritional Status and Food Security among Methadone Maintenance 

Therapy Patients 

Fatin Norsyafikah Binti Ab Aziz 




A person's nutrition is affected by the availability of food as well as his/her overall health. 

The aimed of study is to assess the nutritional status and it is association with food 

security status among Methadone Maintenance Therapy patients. A cross-sectional study 

will be conducted at six clinic including Kedah and Terengganu with a total of respondents 

is 166 using convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria included the MMT patients are aged 

>18 years old, who received a treatment for 6 months. The following aspect were 

evaluated were nutritional status will be recorded using anthropometry, CD4 and 24- 

hours dietary recall and for food security will be determined by using (HFIAS) 

questionnaire. Descriptive statistic and non-parametric test were employed (SPSS 20). 

Nutritional status of MMT patients will be determined and it is associated with the food 

security status are expected to be significant. 

144


Diet Quality of Orang Asli Children in Cameron Highlands and Its 

Relationship with Nutritional Status 

Foo Gaik Zhen 

Supervisor: Dr Asma’ Binti Ali 



Orang Asli have high susceptibility towards inadequate food intake due to high poverty 

rate. This will lead to poor diet quality which is closely related to poor nutritional status 

especially among the children. However, less study has been done in assessing diet 

quality of Orang Asli children in Cameron Highlands. Therefore, this cross-sectional study 

will be conducted among 120 Orang Asli children in Cameron Highlands aged 6-9 years 

in determining their diet quality and nutritional status. All the children which were 

randomly selected will be interviewed for socio-demographic, dietary intake and for 

nutritional status assessment. Dietary recall will be obtained by 3 days 24-hours dietary 

recall form for the determination of diet quality through Healthy Eating Index-2005. 

Meanwhile, nutritional status will be determined through BMI-for-age. Better diet quality 

score is associated with better nutritional status. Diet quality of children may play an 

important role in determining their nutritional status. 

145


Food Classification Systems Based on Food Processing and Its Likely 

Relationship with Nutritional Status of Adults in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Gan Hwee Jia 




There is an increase interest in the new novel approach of the food classification based 

on its nature of food processing and how its contribution towards diet-related diseases. 

Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the relationship between this 

food classification system and its likely relationship with nutritional status of adults in 

Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. This cross-sectional study will involve approximately 300 

respondents of adults in Kuala Nerus. A bilingual self-administrated questionnaire which 

consists of three different parts: (A) Socio-demographic profile, (2) Nutritional status 

assessment (BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, blood lipid profile and blood 

glucose) and (3) Food classification system will be used to collect data. SPSS version 20.0 

with p


The Relationship between Water, Fruits and Vegetables Intake with 

Intestinal Constipation among Adolescents in SMK Batu Rakit 

Hasanah Binti Mohamed Zubir 




Water, fruits and vegetables are some of the important food elements in human body 

which is important for our digestive system to function efficiently without any problems 

in defecation like intestinal constipation. The purposes of this study are to assess water, 

fruits and vegetables intake and their relationship with intestinal constipation. A crosssectional 

study will be conducted in SMK Batu Rakit using stratified random sampling. 

Adolescents (n=209) aged 13-15 years old, without reported medical condition will be 

selected for this study. The following will be evaluate: water intake (Water Balance 

Questionnaire), fruits and vegetables intake (Food Frequency Questionnaire) and the 

intestinal constipation (Intestinal Movement Questionnaire). It is expected that the water, 

fruits and vegetables intake of adolescents in SMK Batu Rakit will be determined and its 

relationship with intestinal constipation is significant. 

147


Influence of Social Media, Perception of Quality and Satisfaction on Youth 

Intention towards Dining In Japanese Restaurant in Petaling Jaya 

Hew Pik Yee 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nur’ Afifah Binti Jaafar 



People nowadays always seeking an economizing, enjoyable, and memorable meal 

experience, causing blooming of food service establishments, especially restaurants in 

Malaysia. Recently, ethnic food industry had grown significantly due to people’s desire 

towards healthier food, increased travel and socio-cultural changes. Influx of Japanese 

ethnic culture gives impetus to the opening of numerous Japanese restaurants in 

Malaysia. Japanese restaurant in this study referred to any restaurant that provide 

Japanese cuisines and dining atmosphere in Petaling Jaya area. This study examines how 

the social media, perception of quality in food, environment, service and price affect 

customers’ satisfaction towards youth intention to visit Japanese restaurant. Quantitative 

analysis of mean and standard deviation, independent t-test and Pearson correlation 

analysis will be performed based on the data from 150 questionnaires. It is expected that 

the social media and food quality have significant relationship with customers’ satisfaction 

and youth intention towards dining in Japanese restaurant. This study will be useful for 

strengthening the restaurant operations to better quality in terms of food, service, and 

environment. 

148


Effect of Different Ratio of Fresh Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) to 

the Chicken Meat on the Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Acceptability 

and Microbiological Study of Sausages 

Hun Tze Ting 

Supervisor: Dr. Faridah binti Yahya 



The highly nutritive oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) with limited utilization will be 

substituted into chicken sausages in order to determine the physicochemical properties, 

sensory acceptability and microbiological study. Five formulation of sausages will be 

prepared by different combinations of oyster mushroom with chicken meat (0: 100, 20: 

80, 40: 60, 60: 40 and 80: 20). The analytical tests include proximate analysis, folding 

test, pH analysis, color, calorie value ,texture profile and sensory acceptance test with 7- 

point of hedonic scale and microbial analysis (total viable, mould and coliform counts) 

which will be performed in triplicates. The substitution of oyster mushroom expected to 

decrease the fat and protein content but increase the moisture content, carbohydrate 

and fiber content of sausages. The hardness of sausages expected to be reduced but the 

cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness of sausages increased. Most of the panels 

expected to accept the sausage with higher percentage of oyster mushroom. The 

sausages expected to be spoiled after the three weeks of storage. 

149


An investigation of microbiological contamination related to food hygiene 

practice of food handlers at selected burger stalls in Kuala Nerus 

Husnul Amin Bin Yusoff 

Supervisor: Dr Tuan Zainazor Tuan Chilek 



The street food stalls offer a variety of delicious and attractive foods to the consumers. 

Some of the foods produced with a minimum heat treatment which is depends on the 

proper hygiene practice. Therefore, the cross-contamination normally occurred when the 

practice was abused. The aims of this study are included to determine the hygiene status 

of food handlers’ hands, to evaluate the microbial contamination of burger and salad 

samples and to investigate the link of cross contamination of utensils and mobile phone. 

The samples will be obtained from the selected burger stalls in Kuala Nerus and subjected 

for microbiological analysis such as Total Plate Count, Coliform/E.coli, Staphylococcus 

aureus and Salmonella spp. In this study, the microbiological contamination will be 

obtained from the samples. The contaminated food caused by unhygienic practice will 

lead to foodborne illnesses. 

150


Factors inducing the consumer acceptance to consume Johor heritage foods 

in hotel and resort in Johor. 

Intan Nor Shaira Natasha 

Supervisor: Mr. Mohamad Rahijan 



In this study, the researcher wants to highlight about Johor heritage foods in terms of 

consumer acceptance. The main aim is to determine the factors inducing the consumer 

acceptance to consume Johor heritage foods in hotel and resort in Johor. The type 

sampling will be used is convenience sampling at which will be conducted in Johor. The 

targeted respondents will be selected from all people at the age of 18 and above at which 

they will be provided a set of questionnaire. Therefore, it is expected that the consumers 

will have more knowledge about Johor heritage foods in terms of types, availability and 

taste. Besides, the factors that induced the consumer in consuming Johor heritage foods 

in hotel and resort in Johor are quality of the foods, visual appearance and taste. Lastly, 

the relationship between the socio-demographic and consumer’s acceptance towards 

Johor heritage foods will be correlated to each other. 

151


Clinical Evaluation of Citrus Microcarpa Supplementation with Caloric 

Restriction among Overweight Adults 

Khairun Narina binti Amzan 

Supervisor: Dr. Hayati binti Mohd Yusof 



Citrus microcarpa or limau kasturi is known to have antioxidant properties and has been 

used for traditional medical purposes since long time ago. The present study aims to 

determine the effect of calamansi lime consumption, together with calorie restriction (500 

– 600 kcal/day) on the anthropometric measurement, blood glucose, blood pressure and 

lipid profile. A randomized controlled trial will be carried out involving sixteen overweight 

adults. The subjects in the intervention group will be requested to consume 250 mL (5 

gram of limau kasturi juice) along with calorie restriction, while control group will only 

restrict their calorie intake. Venous blood will be withdrawn two times (at baseline and 

end-line of 12-week). The outcomes will be compared statistically to seek any significance 

level (at p< 0.05) between groups. It is anticipated that limau kasturi juice consumption, 

along with calorie restriction will demonstrate more benefits on parameter tested among 

overweight adults. 

152


Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Two Selected Mango 

Peels 

Kok Jing Wen 




Mango is one of the popular fruits in Malaysia and has been used in the jam, puree and 

drinks production. Production of food products using mango pulp has generates a high 

amount of by-products such as peel and kernel. Mango peel contains high nutrients such 

as fibre, carbohydrate and calcium, and antioxidants that can be incorporated into food 

products. The objectives of this study are to determine the nutritional composition and 

antioxidant properties of two selected mango peels. Analysis of proximate, minerals, total 

phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids and antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS) will be 

carried out in this study. It is expected that the mango peels of this study will contain a 

high amount of fibre, calcium, TPC and flavonoids. It is also expected the antioxidant 

activities of the mango peels in this study are higher than the antioxidants standards 

(BHT and Trolox). 

153


Physicochemical characterization and thermal properties of flesh and 

byproducts of Jade Perch 

Laila Zulaika Binti Mohd Asri 

Supervisor: Dr Tengku Rozaina Tengku Mohamad 



Jade Perch (Scortum barcoo), family of Terapontidae, originally native to Australia and 

very limited species with a source of high quality protein, vitamins, minerals and 

nutritional value of edible fish with lower fat content, but rich in omega-3 and DHA. It 

has become a pivotal commercial freshwater fish species due to its fresh taste, no intermuscular 

bone, strong adaptability to environments and high resistance to diseases. 

Instead of throwing the byproducts, it also could be beneficial in industries that could 

give high potential in fish oil production. The objective in this research is to study the 

physicochemical characterization of flesh and byproduct of Jade Perch and also to 

determine the thermal properties of Jade Perch. The analytical tests that will be carried 

out are proximate analysis, oil extraction for determination of fatty acid composition, 

mineral, color and thermal analysis. Thermal profile will be carried out using Differential 

Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). 

154


Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviors Related To Weight-Control and Body 

Image Perceptions among Chinese High School Students 

Lee Chia Yin 




Body image perception is one of the determinants in weight management, especially 

among adolescents. This study aims to evaluate knowledge, attitude and behaviors 

related to weight-control and body image perceptions among Chinese high school 

students as well as to assess the relationship between body image perceptions and 

weight-control practices. A cross-sectional study will be conducted in two high schools in 

Penang using stratified random sampling. Chinese students aged 13 and 14 from the 

selected schools will be recruited (n=271). Aspects to be evaluated include: Knowledge 

level, attitude and behaviors related to weight-control (Weight-related Knowledge and 

Attitude Questionnaire; Weight Control Strategies Scale) and body image perceptions 

(Figure Rating Scale). Descriptive analysis and parametric tests will be employed. 

Knowledge, attitude and behaviors related to weight-control and body image perception 

among Chinese high school students will be determined and the relationship between 

body image perception and weight-control practices are expected to be significant. 

155


Case Control Retrospective Study on Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Quality 

of Life among Multi Ethnics Adults in Dengkil, Selangor. 

Lee Huey Shan 




The most prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor still remains unknown in 

Malaysia. The present study aims to identify the most significant cardiovascular risk factor 

among multi- ethnic adults in Dengkil, Selangor. Both modifiable and non-modifiable CVD 

risk factors will be investigated together with IPAQ, FFQ, and DASS-21 as study tools 

(n=144). Case-control study will be applied to compare the past exposure (retrospective) 

between case (total cholesterol [TC] ≥ 5.18 mmol/L) and control groups ([TC] < 5.18 

mmol/L) on CVD risk. It is anticipated that there are significant differences (p > 0.05) 

between groups on the CVD risk factors. Obesity is expected to be the most significant 

risk factor whereas the most significant protective factor might be higher consumption of 

fruits and vegetables. Lastly, we anticipate that the quality of life of the control group will 

be higher than that of the case group. 

156


Effect of Different Ratio of Wheat Flour to Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus 

sajor-caju) Powder on the Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Acceptability, 

and Microbial Study of Bread 

Lee Pei Kee 




Nutritional value of bread can be improved by incorporating wheat flour with oyster 

mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju). The objective of this study is to determine the effect 

of incorporating PSC oyster mushroom powder to wheat flour on physicochemical 

properties, sensory acceptability, and microbial study of bread. PSC oyster mushroom 

will first be milled and freeze dried to produce oyster mushroom powder (OMP). There 

will be 5 different ratios of wheat flour to OMP level (100:0; 95:5; 90:10; 85:25; 80:20) 

for bread production. Incorporation of OMP is expected to reduce loaf volume, specific 

volume and cellular structure of bread. Meanwhile, degree of firmness and color of bread 

are expected to increase. For proximate analysis, increasing of the OMP level will increase 

the protein and fiber content of bread. Bread with 20% OMP is expected to have a 

longest shelf life. For overall acceptability, 10% OMP bread is expected to have highest 

mean score among the bread formulations. 

157


Nutritional Composition of Flesh and Liver of Blacktip Shark (Carcharhinus 

limbatus) 

Lew Xing Ying 




Blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) is the most encountered shark in Terengganu. It 

is an edible fisheries by-catch but rarely consumed by local population. The shark liver is 

normally discarded after eviscerated and treated as waste. However, the liver of shark 

may have potential to be used as ingredients in food production. Information on the 

nutritional composition of shark flesh and liver are limited. The objectives of this study 

are to determine nutritional composition (proximate, fatty acid, minerals and vitamins A 

and E contents) of flesh and liver of blacktip shark. Analysis of proximate, fatty acids, 

minerals and vitamins will be carried out in this study. Shark flesh and liver are expected 

to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) especially omega-3 fatty acid. It is also 

expected that the flesh of blacktip shark is high in protein while its liver is high in vitamins 

A and E. 

158


Nutritional Status of Methadone Maintenance Therapy Patients and Its 

Association with Physical Activity Level and Diet Diversity 

Muhammad Iqbal Bin Mohd Sobery 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Salihah Binti Zakaria 



Patients who received treatment in Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) can maintain 

their nutritional status and this can be related to their physical activity level and diet 

diversity. This study aims to access the nutritional status and its association with physical 

activity level and diet diversity among MMT patients. A cross-sectional study will be 

conducted at MMT unit in four clinic located at Kedah and Terengganu with a total 

respondents 166 using convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria included; MMT patients 

who aged >18 years old who received treatment for 6 months. The following aspects 

were evaluated: Nutritional Status (Anthropometry, CD4), physical activity (IPAQ) and 

diet diversity (Diet Diversity Questionnaire). Descriptive statistics and non-parametric 

tests were employed (SPSS 20). Nutritional Status of MMT patients will be determined 

and its association with physical activity and diet diversity are expected to be significant. 

159


Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions as 

Affected by Tamarind Seed Gum and Whey Protein Isolate Interaction 

Nik Nur Shamilah binti Nik Ariff 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Hayati Ibrahim 



Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seeds contain an appreciable amount of edible gum yet 

not fully exploited as good sources of an alternative gum for food industry. This study 

aims to determine main and interaction effects of tamarind seed gum (TSG) and whey 

protein isolate (WPI) on physicochemical properties and stability of oil-in-water 

emulsions. Tamarind seed will extracted using an aqueous extraction method with 

ethanol precipitation. TSG (0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75%) in combination with WPI (1% and 

2%) will be used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions. The emulsions will be characterized 

on pH and droplet characteristics, flow properties, creaming stability, phase separation 

and lipid oxidation. It is expected that there will be significant main and interaction 

effects of TSG and WPI on physicochemical properties and stability of the emulsions. This 

study will provide valuable data to food industry on functionality of TSG in emulsionbased 

food products when used in combination with WPI. 

160


Dissection of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Isolated from Peel Blood Cockles 

(Anadara granosa) Sold at Selected Market in Kuala Terengganu 

Noor Aimi Shazana Binti Mohd Yusoff 




Blood cockles (Anadara granosa) are the natural inhibitants of the marine environment 

that were harvested and can be contaminated with the Vibrio species bacteria as well as 

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus. V.parahaemolyticus is one of the major seafood-borne that lead 

to acute gastroenteritis, scepticemia and wound infections due to consumption of raw or 

undercooked seafood. Peel blood cockle from supermarkets and groceries store around 

Kuala Terengganu will be sampled. A total of fifty samples of peel blood cockle will be 

obtained and V.parahaemolyticus will be identified. Most of the samples acquired will be 

positive with V.parahaemolyticus when isolated on selected agar (TCBS and CHROMagar) 

and will be confirmed using specific-PCR (toxR genes). Seven groups of antibiotics 

(Aminoglycosides, β- lactams, Cephalosporins, Glycopeptides, Microlides, Quinolones and 

Tetracyclines) will be tested againsts all V.parahaemolyticus isolates. The isolates 

expected to be resistant to certain groups of antibiotic. The peel blood cockle is a potential 

source of V.parahaemolyticus. 

161


Compliance of Islamic Practices towards Health Status and Academic 

Achievements among UMT Students 

Noor Salsabila Binti Al Amin 

Supervisor: Dr. Khairil Shazmin Binti Kamarudin 



Islam has its own rituals or also can be identified as Islamic practices that will give more 

benefits towards Muslim individual. In this cross sectional study, the association between 

overall Islamic practices towards academic achievements and health status among UMT 

students will be determined. This study will involve 220 respondents. A set of 

questionnaire that have been adapted from Health Status Questionnaire-12 (HSQ-12) 

version 2.0 and Islamic Practices Instruments (IPI) (Fariza, 2011) will be used to 

determine the objectives of this study. The association of the Islamic practices towards 

health status and academic achievements will be analyze by using Pearson correlations. 

This study will provide information regarding level of Islamic compliance among UMT 

students and its association towards their health status and academic achievements. 

162


Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Pale-Edged Stingray Fish and 

Long-Tailed Butterfly Ray. 

Noor Shafika Mawarni Binti Khairruddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Tengku Rozaina binti Tengku Muhammad. 



Stingray fish is a demersal and cartilaginous fish related to shark. It is commonly 

consumed by community in Malaysia. Information of nutrient composition of stingray fish 

is limited. The physicochemical and thermal properties will be conducted by using two 

sample of stingray fish which is pale-edged stingray fish and long-tailed butterfly ray. The 

objective of the study is to determine the physicochemical and thermal properties of paleedged 

stingray fish and long-tailed butterfly ray. Analysis of the proximate, fatty acid 

composition, minerals, vitamin A, D and E and thermal profiles will be conducted. Melting 

point and crystallization will be carried out by using differential scanning calorimeter 

(DSC). The proximate analysis for moisture and protein expected to be the highest in 

stingray fish. The composition of fatty acids also expected to be the highest in total ω-3 

polyunsaturated fatty acids compare to total ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The 

minerals content for stingray fish expected rich in zinc, copper, calcium and potassium. 

163


Sugar Consumption and Physical Activity Level among UMT students. 

Noor Zharifah As-Syifa’ Binti Daim 




Sugar consumption and physical inactivity were associated with adverse health 

consequence and overweight problem. This study aimed to determine the sugar 

consumption and physical activity among students from University Malaysia Terengganu 

(UMT), to determine their sugar consumption and to highlight the relationship of physical 

activity level and sugar consumption with BMI. This cross-sectional study will be 

conducted among 182 UMT students. Food frequency questionnaire and 24 hour dietary 

recalls will be conducted to determine sugar consumption and dietary intake. Physical 

activity level will be determined using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Body 

weight and height of the respondents also will be measured. Data will be analyzed using 

SPSS 20.0 and descriptive analysis as well as inferential statistic will be conducted. This 

study will be provide information regarding the influence of sugar intake and physical 

activity towards body weight status. 

164


Effect of Different Percentages of Curry Leaf Used Using Frying Process on 

the Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Acceptability of Deep Fried 

Chicken Breast and Oil Used 

Nooramanina binti Mohd Noordin 




Curry leaves (Murraya Koenigii) are widely used to spice up the dishes. This study aims 

to determine physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of deep fried chicken 

breast and frying oil used with different percentage of curry leaves. Chicken samples will 

be fried with different percentages of curry leaves (0g, 2g, 4g, 6g and 8g). Deep fried 

chicken will be analyzed based on colour, texture, moisture content, ash, fat and protein 

and sensory acceptance test will be evaluated the colour, odour, flavour, crispiness, 

oiliness and overall acceptability using 7 points hedonic scale. Physicochemical of oil used 

will be analysed in viscosity, colour, peroxide, anisidine and totox value. Deep fried 

chicken fried with curry leaves is expected to have aromatic odour, crispy exterior and 

more acceptable by the consumers. The peroxide, anisidine and totox value of deep fried 

chicken fried with curry leaves will be lower than frying without curry leaves. 

165


Home Café Enterprise in Terengganu: Drivers of Economy Experience and 

Critical Factors for Enterprise Sustainability 

Nor Aini Binti Che Bedol 

Supervisor: Dr. Hj. Wan Hafiz Bin Wan Zainal Shukri 

Bachelor Food Science (Food Service and Nutrition) 


The aim of this study is to understand the home café enterprise in Terengganu which 

drivers of economy experience and critical factors for enterprise sustainability. The home 

café is categorized as a small and medium enterprise (SMEs) with combination of the 

home that lives by the proprietors’ family and café (food establishment). Critical Incident 

Technique (CIT) interview and visual method will be conducted in depth to 40 of the 

home café proprietors to obtain the information needed. The expected result for this 

study will be the attributes of the home café enterprise that contribute experience to the 

tourist besides the tourist discovery by the experiential value such as aesthetics, 

authentic, education, and entertainment and the critical factors face by the proprietors is 

the tough competition gives from the restaurant and hotel, supplier, and recipes speciality 

in sustainability of home cafe enterprise. 

166


Innovation of Slow Food Product Concept (Ikan Celup Tepung Enterprise) in 

the Transformation of Coastal Areas in Terengganu. 

Nor Aisyah Murni Binti Muhammad Shamsuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Haji Wan Hafiz bin Wan Zainal Shukri 



Food tourism in east coast region of Malaysia such as Terengganu and Kelantan are 

popular nowadays about their innovation of slow food product concept which is Ikan 

Celup Tepung Enterprise. They sell wide range of foods, snacks, beverages and 

desserts. Methodological approach for this research is the qualitative study. 30 small 

scale proprietors in selected coastal areas in Terengganu will be chosen as the 

participants for a face to face interview. The areas of data collection will be in Pantai 

Penarik, Setiu, Pantai Teluk Ketapang, Kuala Terengganu and Pantai Kelulut, Marang. 

This study will reveal how the food tourism play the most important role in the food 

tourism sector. This study also will assess the proprietor’s knowledge, attitude and 

practice of food hygiene and safety. Importance of tourism in the transformation of 

coastal areas can be achieve through the growth of tourism arrivals, tourism revenues 

and their contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). 

167


Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Content and Sensory Acceptability 

of Black Tilapia Burger Incorporated with Selected Herbs 

Nor Fatiha Atika binti Maturidi 

Supervisor: Dr. Tengku Rozaina binti Tengku Mohamad 

Dr. Fisal bin Hj. Ahmad 



Fish burgers are one of the most acceptable food products in the certain country and 

contain essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PSUFAs). Black tilapia is an aquaculture 

fish that attractive to consumers in South-East Asia. Pegaga (Centella Asiatica), Ulam 

Raja (Cosmos Caudatus), Selom (Oenanthe Javaniva) and Oregano (Origanum Vilgare) 

are the examples of herbs that contain high antioxidant, micronutrients and vitamin C. 

The study conducted are to investigate the antioxidant activity, physicochemical 

properties, and sensorial acceptance of black tilapia fish burger incorporated with herbs. 

The analysis test will be conduct are antioxidant content (TPC), physicochemical 

properties, sensory, proximate analysis, fatty acids analysis, and micronutrients. Texture 

analysis in terms of its chewiness, thickness, harness and springiness will be determine. 

The sensory evaluation will be done by using affective test. It has be expected that 

addition of herbs in fish burger can increase the color, TPC and can prolonged the shelflife. 

168


Apparent Assessment, Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions 

towards Hospital Meal Services in Government and Private Hospitals in Alor 

Setar, Kedah 

Norsyazana Binti Zakaria 

Supervisor: Encik Mohamad Rahijan bin Abdul Wahab 



There are two types of hospital in general which are government and private hospital. 

This study will help us to understand the hospital meal services in both government and 

private hospital and customer satisfaction in Alor Setar, Kedah. Each type differs in their 

style of food offering and service system. The customer that experience the meal were 

patients, family, visitors and hospital staff. From this, the apparent assessment, customer 

satisfaction, and behavioural intentions will be investigate using questionnaire survey with 

150 respondents using descriptive and inferential analysis. It is expected that the 

variables measured are more favourable towards the private hospital since the service is 

more focusing on the individual patients rather than government hospital that only can 

provide general attention since the number of patients is greater than the private hospital. 

Hence, this study can help hospitals to improve their meal services and image to attract 

more customers. 

169


Chemical and Functional Properties of ‘Pisang Tanduk’ (Musa paradisiaca ft. 

Corniculata) Starch and Its Interaction Effects with Xanthan Gum on 

Rheological Properties of Oil-in-Water Emulsions 

Norul Afiqah Binti Roshdi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nor Hayati binti Ibrahim 



‘Pisang tanduk’ (PT) (Musa paradaisiaca fa. Corniculata) is a type of plantain which 

contains high amount of starch. However, the starch exhibits low commercial value due 

to unexplored potential of its functional properties. This study aims to determine chemical 

and functional properties of PT starch and its interaction effects with xanthan gum on 

rheological properties of oil-in-water emulsions. Starch will be firstly extracted from PT 

pulp and characterized in terms of protein content, amylose-amylopectin content, and 

functional properties (pasting properties, swelling power, thermal properties and water 

holding capacity). The starch (0.5 – 1.5 %w/w) and xanthan gum (0.5 – 1.5 %w/w) will 

be then used in emulsion preparation. Besides the main effects, interaction between 

starch and xanthan gum at various levels is also expected to significantly and positively 

affect rheological properties of the emulsions. This study will thus benefit food 

manufacturers in using non-commercial botanical source of starch in emulsion-based food 

products. 

170


Assessing Walking Steps, Physical Activity and Quality Of Life among Adults 

in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

Nur Afifah Binti Muhammad Asri 

Supervisor: Dr Asma’ binti Ali 



Malaysia Ministry of Health has introduced the 10,000 Steps Program to embrace physical 

activity and to reduce the prevalence of sedentary lifestyles among Malaysian. However, 

less study has been done in assessing the average walking steps of Malaysian population. 

Therefore, this study especially in Terengganu aims to determine walking steps, physical 

activity level and quality of life among adults in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. This cross 

sectional study will be involving 90 adults aged 19 years old to 58 years old. The walking 

steps will be assessed by using Omron HJ-320 pedometer. Meanwhile, the physical 

activity and quality of life will be measured by using International Physical Activity 

Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Health Related Quality Of Life Questionnaire (HRQOL-14) 

respectively. The parametric Spearman correlation coefficient (r) will be calculated to 

assess the relationship between the physical activity (IPAQ) and the quality of life 

(HRQOL-14). It is expected that the walking steps of Kuala Nerus population to be around 

4000-8000 walking steps, have sedentary physical activity and moderate quality of life. 

171


The Provision of Ultra-Processed Foods and Their Contribution to Sodium and 

Added Sugar Availability of Adults in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 

Nur Afifah Hakimah Binti Lokman 




Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption said to be highly related to the increase 

incidence of hypertension and diabetes. However, less study has been done in 

determining the relationship between ultra-processed food consumption, hypertension 

and diabetes. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aims to determine provision of ultraprocessed 

foods consumption, to assess contribution of sodium and added sugar 

availability in UPF consumption and to evaluate nutritional status (blood pressure and 

blood glucose) as well as to determine relationship between sodium, added sugar 

availability of UPF consumption and nutritional status of adults. About 300 respondents 

aged between 18 and 59 year old in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu will be recruited in this 

study. Spearman correlation will be used to evaluate the relationship between UPF 

consumption and nutritional status. It is expected that UPF contributed the most towards 

sodium and added sugar total energy intake compared to non-ultra-processed foods. 

172


The Impact of Smartphone Addiction on Emotion and Eating Pleasure: 

Impact on Healthy Snack Choice 

Nur Aida Zuliyana Binti Abd Rahman 

Supervisor: Dr. Hj Wan Hafiz Bin Wan Zainal Shukri 



Young consumers especially university or college students are particularly vulnerable to 

the addictive nature of smart phone technology. This study is to investigate the smart 

phone addiction and healthy snack choice outcomes of university’s students from 

students’ emotion due to separation with smartphone during meal time. This study will 

use most common format of data collection in qualitative research which is interviewing 

and Visual data will also be collected. This qualitative study expected result is to reveal if 

the emotion is strongly related with smart phone addictions and healthy food choice. The 

study suggests that the use of smartphone during meal time with friends and family is 

inappropriate situations which affect the eating pleasure. Smart phone addiction is a 

growing problem and this paper contributes to the understanding of the problem and 

offers societal solutions for its resolution. This is the first empirical paper to investigate 

and connection between an emotion and smart phone tendencies and resulting on healthy 

snack choice. 

173


Physical Activity Level, University Recreational Facilities and Infrastructures’ 

Qualities among Students from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Nur Alia Natisya Binti Abdullah Sani 




The quality of recreational facilities and infrastructures are important factors that can 

influence the physical activity level of students. The objectives of this study are to 

measure the quality of recreational facilities, infrastructures, and the physical activity level 

among students in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. This study also aims to examine the 

relationship between recreational facilities and infrastructures’ qualities toward the 

physical activity level of students. 170 students will be randomly selected to participate 

in this study. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) will be used to measure 

the physical activity level of respondents, the quality of recreational facilities will 

determined by using SERVQUAL, and Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale – 

Youth (NEWS – Y) will be used to measure the quality of infrastructures. This study will 

provide information regarding the quality of recreational facilities and infrastructure in 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu as well as physical status among students. 

174


Factors Influencing Consumer Perceptions, Attitudes and Acceptance to 

Consume Terengganu Heritage Foods in Hotels and Resorts in Terengganu 

Nur Alina Abdul Aziz 

Supervisor: Encik Mohamad Rahijan Abdul Wahab 



Heritage food is closely associates with classical food or traditional food that symbolizes 

the identity and uniqueness of the country as well as the citizens. This study aims to 

determine the factors that influencing consumer perceptions, attitudes and acceptance 

to consume Terengganu heritage food offered in hotels and resorts in Terengganu; to 

determine the relationship between consumer perceptions, attitudes and acceptance to 

consume Terengganu heritage food; to investigate consumer knowledge about the types 

of Terengganu heritage food. The data will be collected from 200 respondents dined at 

selected hotels and resorts in Terengganu by using self-completed questionnaire survey. 

The findings will be expected that the highest influence factor of consumer perceptions 

is taste, for consumer attitudes will be the price factor and the tradition and culture will 

be the influence factor for consumer acceptance towards Terengganu heritage foods; 

there is a relationship between consumer’s perceptions, attitudes and acceptance towards 

Terengganu heritage food and there is no significant differences between genders on the 

types of Terengganu traditional food associated with food heritage. 

175


The Determinants of Consumer Behavior Selection Concerning Kedah 

Heritage Foods 

Nur Amina Khalili Binti Mohamad 

Supervisor: Encik Mohamad Rahijan Bin Abdul Wahab 



The food heritage has become an important part in the life of society and also to an 

individual. In Kedah, Kedah heritage foods echoes the cultural identity of Kedah people, 

where the majority is both Malay and half-Siamese. Therefore, a lot of Kedah heritage 

foods were influenced by Thai-cooking style, for instance, Laksa Siam and Pulut Mangga. 

This paper will study about how far Kedah people know about their own heritage foods 

and also to determine the factors that affect the consumer behavior in terms of selecting 

Kedah heritage foods. A total of 150 respondents in Kedah will be approached and given 

a set of questionnaire to participate in this study. The findings that will be expected in 

this study is that all the respondents understand about the definition of heritage food and 

know how to value the heritage food. 

176


The Consumption of Dietary Supplement and Health Related Quality of Life 

among Cancer Survivors 

Nur Amirah Binti Midon 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Salihah Zakaria 



The prevalence of dietary supplement consumption had been increase especially among 

cancer patients throughout these years. The purpose of this study is to assess the usage 

of dietary supplement and its relationship with Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). A 

cross-sectional study will be conducted at the Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah by using 

convenience sampling. A total of 84 adults aged >18 years, diagnosed with any types of 

cancer and undergoing or completed any treatment will be invited to participate. The 

following aspects will be evaluated: usage of dietary supplement using set of 

questionnaire from previous study and HRQoL using European Organization for Research 

and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Version 3.0 (EORTC QLQ-C30).The 

usage of dietary supplement and HRQoL of cancer survivors will be assessed and a 

significant relationship between the usage of dietary supplements with HRQoL are 

expected to be established. 

177


Effect of Solvent Extraction on Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Compound 

and Total Flavonoid Content of Young and Mature Leave of Syzygium 

Polyanthum (Daun Salam). 

Nur Atira Fazrina Binti Ab Halim 

Supervisor: Dr. Zamzahaila Binti Mohd Zin 



Syzygium polyanthum is also known as ‘Daun Salam’, ‘Serai Kayu’ and ‘Daun Samak’ in 

Indonesia and Malaysia. It has been claimed to have many health benefit. This plant also 

believed to possess antifungal, antimicrobial and antibacterial activity. The aims of this 

experiment is to determine the effect of different solvent extractions (ethanol, ethyl 

acetate, hexane) on antioxidant activity, total phenolic compound (TPC) and total 

flavonoid content (TFC) of young and mature leaves of Syzygium polyanthum (Daun 

Salam). Antioxidant activities will be determined by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate 

free radical method (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, 

Ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and Thiobarbituric acid (TBA). Meanwhile, Folin Ciocalteu 

method is used to determine TPC, TFC is evaluated using total flavonoid content (TFC) 

assay and flavonoid will be identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 

analysis. The result is expected that ethanol extract of young leaf will have more 

antioxidant activities, TPC and TFC compare to mature leaf. 

178


Assessment of Indicator Bacteria Contamination in Peel Blood Cockles 

(Anadara Granosa) Sold At Selected Market in Kuala Terengganu. 

Nur Aziah Binti Ahmad Aziz 

Supervisor: Dr Tuan Zainazor Bin Tuan Chilek 



Peel blood cockles is one of the species of mollusc which is commonly used as dishes to 

enhance flavour in food preparation. However, blood cockle (Anadara granosa) is rich in 

nutrient and an excellent environment for the growth of microorganisms. The objective 

of this research are to evaluate the contamination of indicator bacteria namely total plate 

count (TPC), coliform/E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus in peel blood cockles to determine 

the suitability of storage condition of peel blood cockles and to investigate the reduction 

of bacteria in peel blood cockles towards blanching time. Sampling will be conducted from 

July to September 2018 in area Kuala Terengganu. The sampling will be involved selected 

grocery, supermarket and industry that sold the packing of peel blood cockles. Peel blood 

cockles will be contaminated with bacteria such as coliform/E.coli and Staphylococcus 

aureus. This is showed that the product expose to the microbiological risk (food 

poisoning). 

179


Factors Influencing Youth Intention towards Dining In Themed Restaurant in 

Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. 

Nur Fazlin Shahira Binti Zulkiple 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Nur’afifah Binti Jaafar 



Rising of themed restaurant can be seen in Malaysia especially in Bandar Baru Bangi. This 

type of restaurant is usually visited or dined by youth as the customers. The purpose of 

this study is, (1) to determine the perception of quality, influence of advertisement, 

customer retention program, self-concept/congruence and satisfaction on youth intention 

towards dining in themed restaurant, (2) to examine the relationship between 

independent variables and dependent variable and (3) to compare study variables with 

socio demographic profiles. Data will be obtained through survey by mean of 

questionnaires to 150 youths in Bandar Baru Bangi. Data will be analysed for descriptive 

and inferential statistical analysis using SPSS version 25. It is expected that all 

independent variables will influence dependent variable and certain demographic profiles 

may have different responses towards study variables. The result obtained from this study 

may help the restaurant’s operators to strengthen their restaurant’s operations. 

180


Assessment of Salmonella Contamination in Egg-based Traditional Kuih in 


Nur Hazwani Binti Harun 

Supervisor: Dr Tuan Zainazor Bin Tuan Chilek 



Traditional kuih is very popular in east coast of Malaysia. The demand of this heritage 

food increasing from time to time due to influence of social media. This type of kuih’ was 

categorized in highly risk food due to specific ingredient such as egg which normally 

contaminated with Salmonella. Therefore, the study are conducted to investigate the 

microbial load, to isolate Salmonella, and to characterized the isolated Salmonella from 

the egg-based kuih. The samples will be analysed for total plate count (TPC), Salmonella 

detection and antimicrobial susceptibility test. The present of Salmonella in the samples 

of kuih sold in Kuala Terengganu will be discovered that may prone to Salmonella 

outbreak. 

181


Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) Practices and Food Security Status among 

Low-Income Mothers of Children under Two Years Old in Terengganu 

Nur Liyana Binti Lizarus 

Supervisor: Dr Noor Salihah Binti Zakaria 



Breastmilk is the best nutritional choice for infants. However, there is still low rate of 

mothers who are practicing exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). This study aims to assess the 

EBF practices and its association with food security status among low-income mothers of 

children under two years old. A cross-sectional study using convenience sample will be 

conducted at five health clinics in Terengganu. A total of 191 mothers who has child 

under two years old and come from low-income family (median house income


Evaluation of Staphylococcus Aureus in Cheeses and Bulk Margarines at 

Selected Retail Outlets in Kuala Terengganu. 

Nur Nabihah Binti Musa 




Cheese and bulk margarine are commonly used in cooking and baking among Malaysian. 

The temperature abused, cross-contamination during transportation and distribution 

process and poor personal hygiene practices among food handlers contribute to existence 

of S. aureus. The objective of this study is to investigate the S. aureus contamination in 

cheeses and bulk margarine, assess the antimicrobial drug resistance on isolated S. 

aureus and to determine the growth rate of isolated S. aureus toward pH (7.0 & 8.0) and 

salinity (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The enumeration and identification of S. 

aureus, antibiotic susceptibility testing and the growth rate of S. aureus will be carried 

out using selected agar (Baird Parker Agar), identified using disks method and determine 

using spectrophotometer respectively. S. aureus will be isolated and identified in cheese 

and bulk margarine. It is indicate that mishandling and poor hygiene practice throughout 

food supply chain. 

183


Effect of Maturity Stage and Fermentation on Antioxidant Activity, Phenolic 

Compound and Flavonoid of Mengkudu (M. citrifolia) Tea Leaves. 

Nur Nadiah Binti Hamzari 

Supervisor: Dr Zamzahaila Binti Mohd Zain 



Mengkudu or Noni with scientific name, Morinda citrifolia (M.citrifolia) is a small shrub 

comes from tropical Asia countries. M.citrifolia is medically effective in the treatment of 

the inflammatory disease such as cancer and diabetes. The present study explored the 

effect of maturity stage and fermentation on the antioxidant capacity, phenolic compound 

and flavonoid on green, oolong and black teas of young and mature leaf of M. citrifolia. 

Antioxidant activity of tea is measure by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 

radical scavenging activity, ferric thiocyanate complex (FTC), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) 

while Folin-Ciocalteu for phenolic compound, and high performance liquid 

chromatography (HPLC) for flavonoid content. It will be expected that the leaves at a 

young age may have more antioxidant potential as compared to mature leaves. This 

studies is suggested to give reliable and specific information of antioxidant content from 

different maturity stage of Mengkudu (M.citrifolia). 

184


Antioxidant Properties of Crude Polysaccharide from Seaweed (Caulerpa 

lentillifera) and its Effect on Oxidative Stability of O/W Emulsions 

Nur Shakila Binti Rapail 




Caulerpa lentillifera (‘Lato’) is a green seaweed and known to contain hydrocolloids like 

agar, alginate and carrageenan. However not much attention is given on a crude 

polysaccharide (CP) that also could be extracted from this seaweed even though it shows 

ability to form gel and has antioxidant capacity. This study aims to determine antioxidant 

properties of CP from ‘Lato’ and its effects on oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions. 

The effects of temperature (25 and 55C) and ratio of seaweed to water (1:4, 1:6 and 

1:8) on the antioxidant properties (i.e. total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, 2, 

2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals scavenging ability, ferric reducing power and metal 

chelating ability) of CP will be investigated. It is expected that antioxidant properties 

possessed by CP from ‘Lato’ will significantly improve oxidative stability (measured via 

peroxide and anisidine values) of the emulsions. Thus, findings from this study may offer 

another choice of functional hydrocolloid for emulsion-based food products that would 

benefit food industry. 

185


Physicochemical Properties and Stability O/W Emulsions as Affected by 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Leaf Mucilage and Emulsifier Interaction 

Nur Syafiqah Binti Mohd Shamsudin 




Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves are rich in mucilage, yet there is limited information about 

its performance in foods. This study aims to determine main and interaction effects of 

the H. rosa-sinensis leaf mucilage and emulsifier (whey protein isolate, WPI and pea 

protein isolate, PPI) on physicochemical properties and stability of O/W emulsions. The 

mucilage will be obtained using an aqueous extraction method with an acetone 

precipitation. The mucilage (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) in combination with emulsifiers (WPI 

and PPI) will be used to stabilize O/W emulsions which will be further evaluated in terms 

of physicochemical properties (pH, droplet size, viscosity and turbidity) and stability 

(creaming, peroxide value, anisidine value). A specific combination of mucilage level and 

emulsifier is expected to significantly provide acceptable properties and stability of the 

emulsion. This study may offer additional knowledge on performance of H. rosa-sinensis 

leaf mucilage as an alternative hydrocolloid for food industry. 

186


Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Sky Fruit (Swietenia 

Macrophylla) Seed Oil as Affected By Different Condition of Ultrasound- 

Assisted Extraction 

Nur Syamsiah Kamarul Bashah 




Sky fruit (Swietenia macrophylla) is the fruit of mahogany tree. Sky fruit seed oil (SFO) 

is reported to contain bioactive compounds and used to treat diabetes, hypertension, and 

to relive pain. However, a conventional oil extraction method seems to generally affect 

the oil quality including its chemical and antioxidant properties. Thus, this study will utilize 

an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method to obtain SFO instead of the conventional 

method. The effects of UAE parameters namely power input (low, medium and high) and 

temperature (25°C and 50°C) on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of SFO 

will be investigated. The physicochemical properties to be considered are saponification 

value, iodine value, thermal behaviour and solid fat content while the antioxidant 

properties to be considered are total phenolic compound, total flavonoid, total tocopherol, 

DPHH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing 

power. The best combination of UAE parameter will be suggested and thus will benefit 

oil industry, focusing on medicinal oil production. 

187


Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Risk Assessment of Food Handling at 

Home Café in Perhentian Island. 

Nurin Dayana Binti Norazhar 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Hafiz Bin Wan Zainal Shukri 

Co Supervisor: Dr Tuan Zainazor Bin Tuan Chilek 



The trend of food hunting highly influencing by social media among the food lovers and 

tourist. Recently, home café becomes a signature of certain places especially at East 

Coast of Malaysia. However, most of the owner of the home café comes from different 

background. Therefore, the aim of this study are to assess the knowledge, attitude and 

practices of food handlers in Perhentian Island. The data will be collected using an 

interview based on qualitative interview guideline. Microbiological load on utensils will be 

determined using swab analysis. Plating technique using Plate count Agar (PCA), Baird 

Parker Agar (BPA) and Most Probable Number (MPN) will be used to determine the 

present of total bacteria count, Staphylococcus aureus and Coliform/Escherichia coli 

respectively. Food handlers in home-café may show significantly low level of food hygiene 

knowledge, attitude and practice that may lead to foodborne illness. 

188


Effect of Black Seed and Honey Mixture Supplementation on Glycemic 

Control in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) Patients 

Nurshahidah Binti Jalinas 




Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the top causes of death worldwide, including 

in Malaysia. Even though anti-diabetic drugs are able to manage diabetic control, but they 

are accompanied with several side effects. Previous studies documented that black seed 

and honey can act as one of the alternative food to manage blood glucose control among 

diabetic patients. However, study of this two in combination is still limited. Thus, the aim 

of the present study is to investigate the effect of black seed and honey mixture 

supplementation on fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), BMI and overall 

gastro intestinal (GIT) changes. A total of 28 subjects will be recruited and randomly 

allocated into supplemented group (2.5 g/day dosage of mixture, in addition to their 

current diabetic medications) and control (without supplementation) for three months. It 

is expected that significant changes (p


Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods in Predicting Obesity of Adults in 

Kuala Nerus 

Nurul Atiqah Binti Khasbullah 




The Ministry of Health had purposed in the Nutrition Reference Priorities (NRP 2016- 

2020) the needs to study on ultra-processed foods and its contribution to noncommunicable 

disease development. Therefore, the objectives of this study is to classify 

the dietary intake based on the NOVA ultra-processed food classification using dietary 

record, determine the contribution of energy from each group of the ultra-processed food 

classification and determine the relationship between the consumption of ultra-processed 

food and nutritional status and (BMI and body fat percentage). A cross-sectional study 

will be perform among 300 respondents aged 18 to 59 years old in Kuala Nerus. They 

need to fill in the questionnaires on socio-demographic profile, two days 24-h dietary 

records for NOVA classification, and assessment of their BMI and body fat percentage. A 

linear regression model is used to assess differences in BMI across quantiles of 

consumption of ultra-processed foods. Individuals with the highest quartile of ultraprocessed 

foods consumption is expected in higher risk of developing obesity. 

190


Effect of Different Ratios of Oyster Mushroom and Shitake Mushroom on the 

Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Acceptability and Microbiological Study 

of Mushroom Sauce 

Nurul Fasihah Binti Ismail 




Oyster sauces do not suitable for allergic consumer. The oyster mushroom sauce is a 

vegetarian oyster sauce that prepare from mushroom and suitable for vegetarian people. 

There were five different formulations of oyster mushroom sauce with different 

percentage of mushroom which include 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15 and 80:20. The 

objective is to determine the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of 

mushroom sauce prepared with different ratios of oyster mushroom and shitake. The 

physicochemical analysis will be carried out in term of PH, TSS, colour, viscosity, 

syneresis, moisture content, ash, protein, fibre and carbohydrates. Acceptance test by 

using of 7 points of hedonic scale will be performed to determine the colour, aroma, 

viscosity, sweetness, sourness, taste and overall acceptability. The microbiology study 

will be carried out on the TPC and PCA. Increase in oyster mushroom percentage will be 

expected to increase the viscosity, protein, ash and fibre but will be lowered the moisture 

content, L-value and shorten bacteria growth. 

191


Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Food Handlers of Food 

Truck in Perak 

Nurul Hidayah Binti Mohd Zulkifli 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Nur’afifah Binti Jaafar 



Rapid growth of food industry has created new dining out trend which is food truck. Lack 

of food handling and food safety knowledge among food handlers of food truck might 

contribute to food borne disease. Aims of this study are to determine the level of food 

safety knowledge, attitude and practices among food handlers of food truck in Perak and 

to determine the association between food handlers’ level of food safety knowledge, 

attitude and practices. Survey by mean of questionnaire will be conducted to collect data 

from 120 respondents. The data will be subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical 

analysis. It is expected that food handlers possess high food safety knowledge and 

attitude but low in food safety practices. Food truckers are expected to have good 

knowledge and attitude towards food safety practices. This study will help authority to 

deal the food safety issues among food trucks. 

192


The Role of Nutrition and Psychosocial Factors on Cognitive Function among 

School Children in Kuala Terengganu 

Nurul Husna Binti Rosli 




A cross-sectional study will be carried out to investigate the role of nutrition and 

psychosocial factors on cognitive function among school children aged 10-11 years old in 

Kuala Terengganu. A total of 152 respondents will be involved in this study. Investigation 

on food intakes and their psychosocial of socioeconomic factors (parental education, 

occupation and income) and sleeping quality will be conducted. This study will also assess 

their anthropometric status, urinary iodine, urines’ profile analysis and hemoglobin 

concentration. Anthropometric indices will be evaluated using BMI-for-age Z-scores and 

height-for-age, while cognitive function will be tested using Raven’s Colored Progressive 

Matrices (R-CPM). Urinalysis will be conducted in order to determine risk of infections 

while hemoglobin concentration is to diagnose the risk of anemia among respondents. 

Nutritional status and psychosocial factors among respondents will be expected to show 

correlation (at p< 0.05 as significance level) with their cognitive function. 

193


Effect of Packaging Materials on the Quality Characteristics of Deep Fried 

Pisang Berangan (Musa Acuminate) Chips 

Ong Shi Jie 

Supervisors: Dr. Tengku Rozaina Tengku Mohamad 

Dr. Fauziah Tufail Ahmad 



Banana chip is a popular snack food in Malaysia. During frying, a high amount of oil will 

be absorbed into the banana chips that may alter its physical, chemical and sensory 

characteristics. These changes are due to occurrence of oxidation of banana chips 

depending on the packaging materials. In this study, the effect of packaging materials 

(polyethylene, polypropylene and aluminium laminate pouches) on quality characteristics 

of pisang berangan (Musa acuminata) chips will be investigated. The banana chips of 1.5 

mm thickness at a frying temperature of 160°C for 2.69 min and stored at ambient 

temperature. Analysis of moisture content, oil uptake, peroxides, p-anisidine, free fatty 

acids, fatty acid composition, colour and texture will be carried out at 0, 30 and 60 days 

of storage period. Aluminium laminate is expected to be the most effective in controlling 

the increase of the quality determination parameters for stored banana chips. 

194


Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Physicochemical Properties, 

Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Grey Oyster Mushroom 

(Pleurotus sajor-caju) 

Ruzieyana Binti Baharudin 




Grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) is known to contain antioxidant properties 

and bioactive compounds. Objective of this study is to investigate and select the best 

cooking method based on physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and total 

phenolic content of grey oyster mushroom. Four cooking methods include deep frying, 

boiling, microwaving and grilling will be conducted. Physicochemical properties will be 

analyzed based on texture, color and proximate composition. Antioxidant activity will be 

determined by using 2, 2- Diphenyl-1- plearylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging system and 

ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) while total phenolic content will be determined 

by using Folin- Ciocalteu method. Proximate composition of grey oyster mushroom will 

also be affected by different cooking methods. This study will suggest the best cooking 

method that will retain high color, antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of grey 

oyster mushroom. 

195


Effect of Extraction Solvent on Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid 

Content and Antioxidant Activity of Curry Leaves (Murraya koenigii) 

Siti Ameerah Diyana Binti Jamal 




Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii), a common spice in cooking, is also used as medicine due 

to its good antioxidant properties. In this study, curry leaves will be investigated for their 

total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity as 

affected by the factor of extraction solvent of water and various ethanol concentrations 

(40%, 80% and 100%). TPC of the curry leaves will be determined by using Folin- 

Ciocalteu reagent assay while TFC will be determined based on the aluminium choride 

colometric assay. The determination of antioxidant will be done by using the 2,2-diphenyl- 

1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) 

assay, ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) tests. It is expected that the 

extract obtained by the various ethanol concentration will show a generally high total of 

antioxidant activity, TPC and TFC. The result obtained will give an optimal extraction 

condition for the curry leaves which can be useful as a natural antioxidant source in 

dietary and medical application. 

196


Female Muslim Eating Experience While Travelling At 

Non-Muslim Country: Role of Technology and Impact 

on Emotions 

Siti Najihah Binti Rosidi 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Hafiz Bin Wan Zainal Shukri 



In non-Muslim country Muslim female tourists face the added challenge of finding Halal 

foods.This qualitative study will investigate more about female Muslim eating experience 

at non-Muslim country. This research also will highlight more on the role of technology 

and their impact on emotions while finding Halal foods when travelling at non-Muslim 

destinations. 24 participants that has travelled to non-Muslim country such as United 

Kingdom, New Zealand, India, China, France, United States and Australia will be 

interview by using the critical incidents technique (CIT) based on their eating 

experience. The interview will be carry out in ‘Bahasa Melayu’ by using video call as a 

research instrument because most of the participants are currently staying abroad. This 

research will be a great contribution for Halal tourism industry and would highlight the 

role of technology and their effect on emotions while travelling abroad. 

197


Evaluation of Physical Activity Status among University Malaysia Terengganu 

Students 

Syahidatul Nur Najihah Binti Abd Karim 

Supervisor: Dr. Khairil Shazmin Binti Kamaruddin 



The prevalence of sedentary behavior have brought an issue of increased risk factor for 

developing non-communicable diseases. The main objective of this study is to evaluate 

the physical activity status and sedentary behavior among UMT students. Comparison of 

physical activity level according sociodemographic profile as well as the relationship 

between physical activity level and BMI will also be determined. This cross – sectional 

study will be conducted among 170 students from UMT. International Physical Activity 

Questionnaire (IPAQ) will be distributed to measure the physical activity level, body 

weight and height will be measured to determine BMI. Independent t – test and Pearson 

correlation will be used for comparison of physical activity level and relationship between 

physical activity and BMI respectively. This study will provide information regarding 

understanding of physical activity status among UMT students. 

198


Physicochemical Characterization and Thermal Properties of Flesh and by 

product of Malaysian Eel 

Syaidatina Aisyah Binti Ronizam 




Eel is a freshwater fishery commodities that are highly consume in Malaysia due to its 

tender flesh and good flavor and known to have high nutritional content. This resulted in 

large amount of eel by product produced. Eel by product can be utilized as it is predicted 

to contain important nutritive value. The detail study and information available for the 

value content of flesh and by product of Malaysian eel are rarely to be found. This study 

was carried out to determine the physicochemical characterization and thermal properties 

of flesh and by product of Malaysian eel. The analysis of proximate, mineral composition, 

fatty acid methyl ester, vitamin and thermal will be analyzed. It is expected that the value 

content in eel flesh are higher than the eel by product. The nutritive value in the eel flesh 

and by product can be used for further processing and utilization. 

199


Food Choice Basis, Overall Attitudes and Purchase Intention towards 

Terengganu Traditional Food 

Syarifah Fadzliatun Syed Ahmad 




Keropok lekor, sata, nasi dagang and nekbat sira are a few Terengganu traditional food 

that were consumed till now. Every different region in Malaysia are known for their unique 

or signature dish (R. Nazri et al., 2017). This study highlighted the food choice basis, 

purchase intention and overall attitude towards Terengganu traditional foods. A research 

will be conducted in a few cities of Terengganu which used primary and secondary data 

collection and 150 respondents will be randomly picked. It will be conducted a face to 

face survey using questionnaires. This research are conducted because of the problem 

arises such as fast food is chosen over traditional food, lack of promotion, time consuming 

and lack of research in this matter. Health concern, time or money saving, sensory appeal, 

availability and familiarity, mood and food safety concern (Ou Wang et al., 2017) will be 

the food choice motives. Meanwhile, overall attitude are expected to be correlated with 

purchase intention. 

200


Effect of Extraction Solvent on Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content 

and Antioxidant Activity of Piper sarmentosum (Daun Kaduk) 

Wan Nursyahirah Binti Wan Azlan 




Piper sarmentosum is an herbal plant. It is commonly used in medicinal herbs as 

treatment of toothache, dermatitis, and asthma. It is a good source of natural antioxidant. 

In this study, various concentrations (50%, 75% and 100%) of methanol and ethanol will 

be used as solvent extraction of Piper sarmentosum. The antioxidant activity, total 

phenolic content, total flavonoid content of the freeze-dried Piper sarmentosum extracts 

will be investigated. Antioxidant activity will be determine by free radical scavenging 

activity (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method while Total 

Phenolic content (TPC) will be determine by using Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) assay and 

determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) using aluminum chloride colorimetric 

assay. Piper sarmentosum will be a good source of antioxidant, total phenolic content 

and total flavonoid content that can be apply in medicine purpose and can reduce 

oxidative stress in dietary application. 

201


Energy contribution of NOVA food groups and socio-demographic 

determinants of ultra-processed groups in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 

population 

Wan Syakirah Alia Binti Wan Md Seberi 




Ultra-processed foods are ready-to-consume products that are made entirely or mostly 

from substances extracted and derived from food constituents or synthesized based on 

organic materials. The needs to have more study done on consumption of ultra-processed 

foods and its contribution to non-communicable disease (NCD) has been highlighted in 

the Nutrition Research Priorities in Malaysia for 11th Malaysia Plan. However, until now, 

none has been done in regards to the socio-demographic determinants of ultra-processed 

groups. Therefore, this study aims to determine the energy contribution of ultraprocessed 

foods of adults in Kuala Nerus based on NOVA food classification via Food 

Frequency Questionnaire. This study will determine the association between energy 

contributions of ultra-processed foods with socio-demographic characteristics among 

adults in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. This cross-sectional study will involve 300 adults aged 

18 years and above living in Kuala Nerus. The frequency consumption of ultra-processed 

foods is expected to be influenced by age, gender, monthly household income, 

educational level and time consumption. 

202


Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella in Raw 

Chicken Wing and Their Microbial Reduction, pH, Colur and Texture after 

Subjected to Freeze-Dried Lactic Acid Bacteria 

Yap Pui Xin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Nizam Lani 

Co-supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tan Geok Hun 



Malaysian consume 1.8 million chickens daily. These chickens are sold at wet markets, 

hyper markets and convenient stores for long exposure of time that may increase the 

microbial load in the chicken. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of bio-preservative agent 

that able to reduce microbial counts in chicken samples. Firstly, isolation of Escherichia 

coli and Salmonella spp. from the raw chicken wing will be determined. The antibiotic 

resistance (penicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin and kanamycin) of isolated bacteria will 

be determined using disk diffusion method. Then, the cryoprotectant agent and drying 

media suitable for freeze-dried LAB will be optimised before it is used for further study. 

The effectiveness of LAB in reducing microbial counts of Escherichia and Salmonella at 

different exposure times on the raw chicken samples will be determined using CHROM 

agar. The effect of LAB treatment on the colour, texture and pH of the chicken will be 

determined. 

203


Diet Quality and Its Association with Nutritional Status of Homeless Children 

in Klang Valley 

Yong Kar Wen 

Supervisor: Dr. Asma’ binti Ali 



The rising number of homeless people, especially homeless children, in big cities such as 

Klang Valley, is in a worrying state. These homeless children are prone to undernutrition 

due to hunger which would then affect their growth development. However, less study 

has been conducted in assessing their diet quality and nutritional status. Therefore, this 

study attempts to determine their dietary intake of energy, macro and selected 

micronutrients, diet quality using Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and nutritional status as well 

as the association between diet quality and nutritional status. Data on sociodemographic, 

24-hour dietary recalls and anthropometrics measurement which is BMI-for-age, will be 

collected from 120 homeless children aged between 7 and 12 years in Klang Valley. It is 

expected that most of them fail to fulfil the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) 

requirement for energy, macro and selected micronutrients and mostly have poor diet 

quality. It is predicted that there is an association between diet quality and nutritional 

status. 

204


Clinical Evaluation of Islamic Intermittent Fasting on Healthy Adults 

Yusma Afira Binti Mohd Shariff 




Intermittent fasting (IF) involved five days of regular eating patterns switched with two 

days of “fasting” per week whereas Islamic intermittent fasting (IIF) involved fasting on 

both Monday and Thursday of each week. The objective of this study is to determine the 

clinical evaluation of IIF on healthy adults in term of body weight, BMI, blood glucose, 

blood pressure and lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides). An 

intervention study will be carried out for 12 weeks, involving 22 healthy adults with no 

chronic diseases and BMI between 18.5 to 27.5 kg/m 2 . Anthropometric measurement and 

blood will be obtained two times at baseline and endline. It is anticipated that the IIF 

group will show more benefits as compared to the control group. In conclusion, IIF might 

resulted in weight loss and improved biochemical (clinical) parameters and this regimen 

can be offered as an alternative healthy life style. 

205


Effect of Different Percentages of Milk Fat and Maltodextrin on the 

Physicochemical and Sensory Acceptability of Melon Manis Terengganu Ice 

Cream 

Wan Amira Binti Mohd Amran 




Ice cream is a sweetened frozen foods that consists of fat globules, air bubbles and air 

crystals. The purpose of this study is to determine the new formulation of ice cream 

incorporated with Melon Manis Terengganu and will be determined the physicochemical 

properties and sensory acceptability of Melon Manis Terengganu ice cream prepared with 

different percentages of milk fat and maltodextrin. Sensory acceptance test with 7 point 

of hedonic scale will be evaluated the physical characteristics, texture, sensory 

acceptability and colour attribute. Physical characterization includes colour determination, 

texture, total soluble solid, overrun and melting properties. The physicochemical analysis 

of ice cream must be carried out in terms of colour, texture, overrun, melting properties, 

fat content, protein determination, calorie content and total soluble solid. There will be 5 

formulations of MMT ice cream prepared with different percentages of milk fat and 

maltodextrin of 6:8, 8:6, 10:4, 12:2 and 14:0 (as control). Increases the percentages of 

maltodextrin will be expected to increase the viscosity and extend shelf-life during 

storage. 

206


Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Acceptability of Chicken Nuggets 

with Addition of Oyster Mushroom Powder (Pleurotus Saju-Caju) 

Lim Tze Haur 




Nuggets is type of processed food which is worldwide consume product that easily found 

in the supermarket and restaurant. Mostly nuggets are made up of poultry meat and 

some binding agents that make it into solid state. The purpose of this study is to 

determine the physicochemical properties and the sensory acceptability of chicken 

nuggets with addition of oyster mushroom powder. There are 5 formulation of chicken 

nuggets with addition of oyster mushroom powder will be prepared which are control, 

5%, 10%, 15% and 20%.The physicochemical analysis included of PH, colour, Texture 

Profile Analysis, oil uptake, and proximate analysis. The sensory acceptance test with 7 

point of hedonic scale will be evaluated the attributes of the likeness of nuggets. The 

result is expected to increase in protein, moisture, ash and fibre content and decrease 

the L value in the colour test with increasing the percentage of oyster mushroom powder 

in nuggets. 

207


Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Food Handler of Food 

Truck in Selangor 

Anisah Binti Mohd Nizam 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nur‘Afifah binti Jaafar 



The aim of this study is to investigate food safety hygiene knowledge, attitudes and 

practices among food handlers of food truck. Many food handlers of food truck did not 

realized the importance of food safety. This is because food handlers who involved in 

food truck had low level of knowledge and lack of training regarding preparation of food, 

precisely in terms of food borne pathogens and storage temperature. Food handlers need 

to improve operator’s knowledge, personal hygiene and the hygiene practices on food 

safety to consumer to prevent food borne illnesses. Objective of this study is to determine 

the level of food safety knowledge, attitude and practice among food handler of food 

truck in Selangor. Using quantitative approach, self-administered questionnaire will be 

distributed to food handlers of food truck in Selangor. It is expected that food handlers 

of food truck may have moderate level food safety knowledge, attitude and practice 

during handle food. The government may increase awareness and campaign about food 

safety knowledge, attitude and practice among food handlers to improve food safety food 

safety in food truck business. 

208


Housewives’ Knowledge and Awareness of Food Carcinogens and Their 

Practices of Preparation and Cooking Methods of Selected Foods 

Enthira A/P Purushoth Thaman 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Nur’ Afifah Binti Jaafar 



Selected food preparation can cause food carcinogens to be released. High temperature 

cooking methods like grilling, smoking, barbequing and open flame pan-frying causes 

higher chances to develop cancer cells in human body. Food that exposed to 

temperatures above 120°C is harmful. This study aims to create awareness in safety 

cooking methods among housewives. Present laboratory studies show that, high 

temperature grilled and barbequed meat products can promote carcinogens. The 

objective of this study is to examine housewives’ knowledge, awareness on food 

carcinogens and their cooking practices on selected foods in Kulai, Johor. The data will 

be collected using self-administered questionnaire to 150 women. It is expected that 

housewives may have low knowledge and awareness in food carcinogens. This study is 

anticipated to create awareness among housewives on food carcinogens and may provide 

a clear insight to use safe cooking temperature and healthy cooking method for their 

loved ones at home. 

209


Consumer Knowledge, Attitude, Consumption and Purchase Intention of Fruit 

Pickles in Penang. 

Nur Anisah Binti Azamy 

Supervisor: Dr Siti Nur’ Afifah Binti Jaafar 



The consumption of fruit and vegetable pickle in daily life is increasing, but this 

consumption has adverse effects on health such as gastric cancer. The main objectives 

for this study is to determine consumer’s knowledge, attitude, consumption and purchase 

intention of fruit pickles in Penang. This study uses questionnaire to obtain information 

regarding consumer’s knowledge, attitude, consumption and purchase intention towards 

fruit pickles. The data is subjected for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using 

SPSS version. It is expected that knowledge, attitudes and consumption influence 

purchase intention of fruit pickles. Through this study, consumers will be more 

knowledgeable about fruit pickles and take these food in minimum serving. 

210


Development of Popiah Skin incorporated with Piper sarmentosum: Sensory 

Evaluation, Physicochemical and Antioxidant Analysis. 

Sarah Syafawati Binti Mohd Azlan 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Hafiz Hj Wan Zainal Shukri 

Co Supervisor: Dr Norizah Mohd Sarbon & Dr Tuan Zainazor Tuan Chilek 



Popiah skin has a short shelf life and is prone to spoilage. This study will be conducted 

to formulate Popiah skin incorporated with different concentration of Piper sarmentosum 

and to determine its physicochemical properties, sensory evaluation and antioxidant 

content. Parameter analysis that will be used are proximate analysis including crude 

protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and moisture content. Texture analysis also determine in 

terms of chewiness, thickness, hardness and springiness, colour analysis and water 

activity of popiah skin. Sensory evaluation will also be carried out on the popiah skin using 

affective test that involve 30 panellist aged among 19-50. An antioxidant content will be 

determined using DPPH scavenging activity and Folin-Ciocalteau reagent assay. It is 

expected that the shelf life of the popiah skin will be longer if the green colour is darker 

with lower water activity where microorganism can be inhibited. 

211


Rheological Properties and Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions as Affected by 

Basil Seed Gum, Xanthan Gum and Locust Bean Gum Interaction 

Lee Zhixuan 




Low Fat food that involves oil-in-water emulsion is of current consumers’ choice yet its 

taste and texture are significantly affected by the low fat content. Therefore, hydrocolloid 

which could act as both fat replacer and emulsion stabilizer are being utilized. 

Furthermore interactions of hydrocolloid are shown to have synergistic effect on some 

crucial properties of the emulsion. The objective of this study is to determine the main 

and interaction effects of basil seed gum, xanthan gum, and locust bean gum on 

rheological properties and stability of oil-in-water emulsions using a mixture design 

approach. Three component simplex lattice mixture design with 10 points were used to 

determine the effect of different concentration and ratio of hydrocolloid towards the flow 

and viscoelastic properties as well as stability towards creaming and lipid oxidation of the 

prepared emulsions. It is expected that the synergistic effect of the hydrocolloid will 

significantly and positively affect the rheological properties and stability of the emulsions. 

This study will thus benefit industries by giving more choice of hydrocolloid mixture which 

is able to mimic fat functionality in emulsion-based food products. 

212


Knowledge, Attitude, Consumption and Purchase Intention towards Green 

Foods among Housewives in Kajang, Selangor 

Annusia Preema A/P Ganesh 

Supervisor: Dr. Siti Nur’afifah Binti Jaafar 



The term ‘green food’ has become a buzz word around the globe. Everyday consumers 

are making shift towards healthier and environmental friendly lifestyle especially when 

concerning their food preferences. The purposes of this study are to determine the 

knowledge, attitude, consumption and purchase intention towards green foods among 

housewives’ in Kajang, Selangor, to determine the level of green foods knowledge among 

housewives, to determine the factors that influence housewives to consume green foods 

and to compare housewives’ demographic profiles and their level of green foods 

knowledge. Quantitative research method using self-administered questionnaire will be 

used in this study. The data will be analyzed using SPSS Software. It is expected that 

housewives have less knowledge, attitude, consumption and purchase intention towards 

green foods. Environment knowledge and environment attitude will have significant 

positive influences on purchase intention towards green products. 

213


Determinants and Perception of Food Choice: Relationships with Obesity 

among University Students in Malaysia 

Yau Xin Er 




Prevalence of obesity among university students rises due to the changes of food choices. 

The main objective of this study is to identify the determinants and perception of food 

choice in relation with obesity among university students in Malaysia. A cross-sectional 

study will be carried out using snowball sampling involving 318 university students which 

will be recruited from 8 universities in Malaysia. Students aged 18 to 25 years old with 

BMI of 25kg/m² and above will be invited to participate. Data will be collected using 

Google Form. The survey consists of four different sections: (1) socio-demographic 

information, (2) anthropometric measurement, (3) Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) and 

(4) Perception of Obesity and Food Choice Questionnaire. Descriptive statistic and 

parametric test will be employed (SPSS 20). The determinants and perception of food 

choice will be identified and its relationships with obesity are expected to be significant. 

214


Consumers Knowledge, Perception and Awareness towards Stingless Honey 

Bee Food Products 

Habibah Sofeah Mohd Soffi 




Stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) are by far the largest group of 

eusocial bees on Earth (M. Hrncir, 2016). The main objective is to study consumers’ 

knowledge, perception and awareness towards stingless honey bee food products. The 

research study will be conducted in Kuala Terengganu. A cross-sectional method will be 

used to collect the data of 150 respondents with a set of questionnaires containing series 

of questions for the study. The data will be discovered that majority of the respondents 

have moderate level of knowledge and awareness towards the stingless honey bee food 

products and indirectly affect their choice to consume this product throughout their daily 

lives. Therefore, their perceptions towards the product might be low. The more 

knowledge about the products are exposed to consumers, the higher their perception 

towards the food products. 

215


Bachelor of Food Science 

(Food Technology) 

216


Development of Batter for Fried Satar Coating and Their Physicochemical and 

Sensory Properties 

Aishah Aqilah binti Aghar 

Supervisor: Dr. Fisal bin Ahmad 

Bachelor of Food Science (Food Technology) 


Fried satar that undergo frying process without wrapping with banana leaves will easily 

become dark. The study aim is to overcome the dark appearance on the satar during 

frying by develop the batter for fried satar coating. The batter will be produced by using 

5 formulations with rice flour as the main ingredient incorporated with different ratio of 

wheat flour and potato flour (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 100:0). The fried satar will be 

analysed in duplicate for physiochemical and proximate analysis. The problem of dark 

appearance on satar during frying will be prevented by coating the satar with the batter 

as it able to protect the food product and enhance the appearance. The original 

appearance of the fried satar can be maintained as well as increase consumer acceptance. 

This study will help in gain knowledge and further existing research on development of 

batter for fried satar coating. 

217


Development of Fish Crackers Incorporated with Lizard Fish (Saurida tumbil) 

Aishah Manarina Binti Ahmad Mazli 

Supervisor: Dr. Amir Izzwan Bin Zamri 



The Lizard fish (Saurida tumbil) is commonly available but considered as underutilized 

fish species. This research is to determine the ability of lizard fish in fish cracker 

production as replacement to common fishes such as Ikan Tamban, Ikan Parang and 

Ikan Selayang. Fish crackers are made of fish flesh together with sago flour, water and 

seasonings. The S. tumbil will be incorporated in fish cracker formulations. The ratio of 

S. tumbil to otoshimi 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 will be used in the 

formulations. Physicochemical properties of the fish cracker will be determined by 

chemical analysis (proximate analysis) and physical analysis (texture analysis, colour 

analysis, linear expansion and oil absorption). Sensory evaluation will be carried out to 

determine the acceptability of the fish cracker. The expected result will be at least one of 

the formulation will be accepted. 

218


Antioxidant Properties of Dried, Green, Oolong, and Black Teas of Ziziphus 

mauritiana (Bidara) leaves. 

Alya Nabila Binti Morad 



School of Food Science and Food Technology 

Ziziphus mauritiana (Z. mauritiana) or locally known in Malaysia as ‘Bidara’ is a tropical 

fruit tree belongs to family Rhamnaceae. Z. mauritiana are proved to have pharmacologic 

properties including anti-tumor, antifungal, and anti-diabetic properties. These 

pharmacologic properties of Z. mauritiana activity are related to its antioxidant content. 

However, Z. mauritiana is considered as an underutilized species due to its lack of 

commercial value and thus it is not commercially utilized. Hence, this study will be 

conducted to evaluate and compare the antioxidant activity, phenolic, and flavonoid 

contents of dried (non-fermented), green (least fermented), oolong (semi-fermented), 

and black (fermented) teas made from Z. mauritiana leaves. The antioxidant activity will 

be determined using free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) 

and Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) assay while flavonoid contents will be determined using 

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Z. mauritiana leaves will be 

expected to have high antioxidant activity. 

219


Development of Satay Flavoured Powder and Their Effects on 

Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Acceptance 

Amirah Begam Binti Ali Khan 

Supervisor: Dr. Fisal Bin Haji Ahmad 



Satay is one of the traditional foods among Asian which have wide range of acceptance 

all over the world. The aim of this study was to produce dry satay powder and evaluate 

the effects of the physicochemical and sensory properties of the powder. The paste form 

of satay powder was prepared and dried using vacuum dry until the powder is formed. 

Five treatment levels of maltodextrin and corn starch were used (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%), 

and the experimental result showed that satay powder of treatment 3 with 50% 

maltodextrin and 50% corn starch significantly resulted a better powder recovery than 

other treatments. An instant satay powder of moisture content ≤ 5.50 could be produced 

by vacuum drying. This study showed that by using appropriate ratio of maltodextrin and 

corn starch with appropriate vacuum drying conditions, a good vacuum-dried satay 

powder could be obtained. 

220


Development of Chinese Steamed Bun Incorporated With Yam 

(D. Rotundata) 

Anis Sofiah Binti Rasid 

Supervisor: Dr Amir Izzwan Bin Zamri 



Yam is one of the edible tubers other than sweet potatoes and tapioca. However, the use 

of yam is limited compared to other tubers. Therefore, study of development Chinese 

steamed bun incorporated with yam (D. rotundata) will be conducted. There are five 

formulation of Chinese steamed bun with different percentage of yam flour (0, 25, 50, 75 

and 100%). Yam flour will be prepared from raw yam using cabinet drying method. All 

of the formulations will be analysed for chemical analysis (proximate analysis) and 

physical analysis (texture profile analysis, colour determination, volume measurement 

and microstructure). Acceptability of product through sensory will be evaluated. The 

expected result will be at least one of the formulation will be accepted based on this 

study. 

221


Analysis of Protein Profile, Physicochemical Properties and Proximate 

Composition of Selected Fishes 

Aqelia Binti Mohtar 

Supervisor: Dr Fisal Bin Ahmad 


School of Food Science and Food Technology 

Fish protein is used as main ingredient in many seafood based products. Different types 

of fish will have different structure of protein. So, quality of food products will also become 

different depends on the type of fish that are being used. Therefore, SDS-PAGE analysis 

will be applied on 6 different species of fish. Through the analysis, protein will be 

separated according to molecular weight. Texture, colour and pH value of the protein will 

be evaluated. In addition, proximate composition analysis will also be carried out on 

sample. All 6 species of fish are expected to contain different protein profile and different 

physicochemical properties. From all the analysis that will be conducted, the data that 

will be obtained can be used to explain why the usage of different type of fish will produce 

different quality on the end products. 

222


Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Three 

Local Citrus (Rutaceae Family) Peels. 

Asmaa’ Liyana Binti Md Khir 

Supervisor Name: Dr Azizah Binti Mahmood 



The peels of citrus species (Rutaceae family) are normally unconsumed and considered 

as inedible part even though it rich in certain phytochemical compounds. This study is 

aim to identify the presence of phytochemical compounds, quantity flavonoids content 

and total phenolic content (TPPC) and to evaluate antioxidant activity. In this study, three 

different citrus species are selected which include C. aurantifolia, C. hystrix, and C. 

microcarpa. The phytochemicals will be extracted using methanol and ethanol as an 

extraction solvents. Antioxidant activity will be determined using DPPH and ferric reducing 

antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. It is expected that citrus peels contain of higher 

phytochemical compounds which will influence the antioxidant activity in the fruit peels. 

Thus, the citrus fruit (Rutaceae family) peels have potential application in food industry, 

pharmaceutical, cosmetic and in other applications. 

223


The Effect of Microwave Assisted Extraction on the Isolation of Anthocyanins 

from Purple Mangosteen Pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L.) 

Azra Zulaikha Binti Azali 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurmahani Binti Datuk Mohd Maidin 



Garcinia mangostana L. is a tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia known as mangosteen. 

The fruit possess a distinctive and pleasant taste and has been known as the “queen of 

the fruits”. The flesh of the fruit is normally eaten raw or processed into fruit juice. Thus, 

the pericarps remained as a food waste. The purpose of this study is to study the effect 

microwave assisted extraction on the anthocyanins from mangosteen pericarp. The 

extracts will be determined for total phenolic content, total antioxidant, total anthocyanin, 

color, temperature and pH. The optimum temperature for extraction is expected to be 

55°C because it suitable for high anthocyanins content. The expected result for this study 

will be microwave assisted extraction will be more efficient for extraction of anthocyanins 

because it will use low temperature and short time for extraction. 

224


Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Method on the Extractability and Physico- 

Chemical Properties of the Fish Collagen from Sharpnose (Dasyatis Zugei) 

Chong Jia Ying 

Supervisor: Dr. Norizah Mohd. Sarbon 



Ultrasound-assisted extraction method is a method that can shortens the extraction time 

and increases the yield of extracted collagen. The aim of this study is to extract and 

characterize acid soluble collagen (UASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (UPSC) by 

ultrasound-assisted extraction from the skin of sharpnose stingray (Dasyatis zugei). Pretreated 

samples will be extracted by 0.5M acetic acid for ASC while 1.5% (w/w) pepsin 

for PSC. Both extracted ASC and PSC will be subjected to ultrasound treatment. The yield 

of UASC and UPSC will be higher compared to non ultrasound-assisted extraction method. 

Extracted collagen will be characterized for its physico-chemical properties. Ultrasound 

method does not significantly affect electrophoretic pattern, structural properties, 

viscosity and denaturation temperature of the extracted collagen but increases the 

thermal stability, protein contents and causes molecular degradation of extracted collagen 

due to mechanical forces. However, solubility does not decreases but changes in the 

optimal pH. 

225


Effects of Chitosan Coating Incorporated With Cinnamon Essential Oil to 

Preserve the Quality of Cherry Tomato 

Dayana Balqis Binti Jamaluddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Azlin Shafrina Binti Hasim 



Edible coating by using chitosan (Ch) has gained much attention as a potential food 

packaging. Incorporation of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) in the edible coating will 

prolong the shelf life of food since it has shown to have good antimicrobial properties 

against bacteria. The effects of Ch coating incorporated with CEO on qualitative 

properties of cherry tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme) store at 25℃ for 

18 days will be investigated. A solution of Ch (1.5%) with different concentration of CEO 

(0.3%, 0.8% and 1.5%) will be used to coat cherry tomato. Cherry tomatoes with and 

without the Ch edible coating containing CEO will be analyzed for physical (weight loss), 

mechanical (firmness), chemical properties (total acidity, soluble solid concentration and 

lycopene content), microbial analysis and sensory evaluation. It is expected that effects 

of Ch coating containing 1.5% v/v of CEO will be able to preserve the shelf life and quality 

of the cherry tomato compared to control sample. 

226


The Combination Effect of Maltodextrin and Arabic Gum on Physicochemical 

Properties of Honey Powder and Application on Cookies 

Erni Natasya, Z. T. 

Supervisor Name: Dr. Nizaha Juhaida Mohamad 



Honey powder is another way to increase the shelf life and maximize honey expenditure 

in industry. Vacuum drying of honey with maltodextrin resulted in higher heating 

destruction effect yet lower in hygroscopicity. On the other hand, vacuum drying of honey 

with arabic gum resulted in lower heating destruction effect yet higher hygroscopicity. A 

study will be conducted to determine the combination effect of maltodextrin and arabic 

gum on physicochemical properties of honey powder, also to determine the sensory and 

rheological properties on applied cookies. The ratio of maltodextrin to arabic gum will be 

at; 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0. The mixture of honey to filler ratio is 50:50 

and will be dried at 60°C of vacuum drying. Honey powder obtained will be substitute in 

cookies production. Honey powder with filler ratio 50:50 is expected to improve the 

properties studied. 

227


Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Acceptability of Baobab Jam 

Incorporated with Anthocyanin Extract from Butterfly Pea Flower 

Fatin Mardhiah Binti Yahya 

Supervisor: Dr. Yusnita Hamzah 



Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) powder has been reported to have high vitamin C and 

antioxidant capacity as well as high gelling capacity which is suitable to be incorporated 

in food product such as jam. However, baobab jam is not attractive as it does not provide 

interesting colour as other fruit jam. An example of natural colorant that can be used in 

the jam is blue extract from butterfly pea flower (BPF). Thus, this study will be carried 

out determine the physicochemical properties and acceptability of baobab jam 

incorporated with anthocyanin extract from BPF. Four jam formulations will be produced 

and compared with jam that is made with pectin as control. The jams will be analysed 

for their colour, texture, total soluble solid (TSS), water activity (aw), pH and syneresis. 

In addition, vitamin C and antioxidant content of the final product will also be evaluated. 

The TSS and pH were expected to be above 65 % and below 4 with aw of 0.8. The jam 

expected to appear as red in colour and have comparable characteristic as control. In 

summary, baobab with BPF is suitable to be used in the development of healthier jam. 

228


Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Evaluation of High Fiber Sausage 

Incorporated with Skin and Flesh of Sweet Potato 

Habibul Husaidi Bin Khairuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Nizaha Juhaida Binti Mohamad 



This study was envisaged to evaluate the effect of sweet potato (0%, 5%, 10%, and 

15%) as functional ingredients on the quality of High Fiber Sausage. The products were 

evaluated for physicochemical, proximate composition, sensory evaluation as well as color 

and texture profile analyses. Additions of skin and flesh of sweet potato represent an 

improvement in the nutritional value and have some beneficial effects due to the presence 

of dietary fibers. Dietary fiber naturally present in various sources of cereals, legumes, 

fruits and vegetables plays a physiological role in human health, such as lowering 

cholesterol and blood pressure, improving blood glucose control in diabetes, helping with 

weight loss and management, and reducing cancer risk. Based on the application of 

dietary fibers to sausage, possible future characteristics in selecting appropriate dietary 

fiber ingredients and their proper incorporation are explored to develop and produce 

healthy and functional sausage products with high dietary fibers content. In conclusion, 

skin and flesh of sweet potato at 10% added have greater as good source of dietary 

fibers. 

229


Co-Pigmentation Effect on the Stability of Anthocyanins of Butterfly Pea 

Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) 

Hanna Sofea Binti Azmi 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurmahani binti Datuk Mohd Maidin 



Anthocyanin is the pigment that is responsible in exhibiting natural colours in fruits, 

flowers and vegetables. Blue colour is rarely founded in food compared to the other 

yellow, red and orange colours. Natural blue colourants can be extracted from butterfly 

pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.). However, the anthocyanins are prone to degradation 

after extraction. Hence, this study is aimed to investigate the co-pigmentation effect on 

the stability of anthocyanins from butterfly pea flower. Phenolic acids (ferulic acid and 

gallic acid) will be used as co-factors and extracts will be analysed for TPC, total 

anthocyanins (TA), DPPH and colour analysis upon 14 days storage, at 38°C. The stability 

of anthocyanins is expected to increase with the presence of co-factors. Thus, copigmentation 

effect with phenolic acids will increased the stability of natural blue 

anthocyanin from butterfly pea flower and can be further exploit in food application. 

230


Development of Razor Shell Sauce (Ensis arcuatus) 

Husna Binti Azhar 

Supervisor: Dr Amir Izzwan Bin Zamri 



This study will focused on development of razor shell sauce in order to diversify the usage 

of razor shell and vary the type of shellfish sauce. Consumers have less choice for 

shellfish sauces, commonly seen in the market are oyster and abalone sauce. Razor shell 

sauce will be produced by using 6 different formulations with different percentage of 

razor shell extract (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%). The produced sauce will be 

evaluated through its physicochemical properties, besides sensory evaluation to see its 

acceptability in terms of panelists’ acceptance. Physicochemical analyses will be done on 

razor shell sauce include total soluble solid, pH, viscosity, colour, and water activity. 

Proximate analyses will be done on produced sauce include moisture content, protein, 

fat, ash and total carbohydrate. All products will be analyzed in duplicate. The expected 

result from this study is one of these formulations will suit the acceptance levels of 

shellfish sauces among consumers. 

231


Antinutritional Factors of Jering Beans (Archidendron Jiringa) As Affected By 

Some Different Treatments 

Izyan Zulaikha Binti Zali 

Supervisor: Dr Azizah binti Mahmood 



Jering (Archidendron jiringa) which is often eaten as salad or dish in Malaysian society 

contains chemical compounds that can react as antinutrients. The aim of this study is to 

determine the content of antinutritional factors in jering bean as treated with different 

treatments. These includes tannin, phytic acid, and saponin. Four different treatments 

applied include boiling, germination, and fermentation. Different boiling time, the 

presence of light during germination, and different fermentation period will be treated to 

the jering beans to study for their content of antinutritional factors. Treatments applied 

on the jering beans are expected to cause decreases in tannin, phytic acid, and saponin 

as compared to the raw seed. The treatments carried out will reduce any potential risks 

associated with consumption and improve digestive performance as certain antinutrients 

that block the absorption of nutrients are reduced. 

232


Physical, Mechanical and Antifungal Properties of Bio-Nanocomposite Films 

Based On Chicken Skin Gelatin with Different Concentration of Chitin 

Nanoparticles 

Lee, G. C. 

Supervisor: Dr. Norizah Mhd Sarbon 



The aim of this study is to develop and investigate physical, mechanical and antifungal 

properties of chicken skin gelatin-chitin nanoparticles composite films by adding of 

different concentration (0, 3, 5 and 10%) of chitin nanoparticles on gelatin-based 

composite films as a material for food packaging. The incorporation of chitin nanoparticles 

increased the thermal stability and mechanical properties of gelatin-chitin nanoparticles 

composite films. The reduced water vapor permeability (WVP) and solubility of 

nanocomposite films were obtained by enhancing chitin concentration in film formulation. 

Furthermore, XRD plots and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs have 

confirmed that chitin nanoparticles has good compatibility with gelatin polymer and can 

disperse properly in gelatin matrix when used up to 5%. Finally, increasing the 

concentration of chitin nanoparticles up to 5% enlarged inhibition zone diameter, but film 

containing 10% chitin showed small inhibition zone. 

233


Physical, Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Bio-nanocomposite Films 

Based on Chicken Skin Gelatin/Tapioca Starch/Zinc Oxide 

Lee Suet Wah 

Supervisor: Dr. Norizah Mohd. Sarbon 



The incorporation of nanoparticles in gelatin films improved its properties as food 

packaging. The aim of this study is to investigate the physical, mechanical and 

antibacterial properties of bio-nanocomposite films based on chicken skin gelatin-tapioca 

starch-nanoparticles zinc oxide. Gelatin-tapioca starch film solution with different 

concentration of nanoparticles zinc oxide: A(0%), B(1%), C(2%), D(3%) will be prepared 

using casting method and oven dried at 30°C. Properties of films will be investigated by 

measuring tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), Young’s Modulus (YM), 

thermal stability, water vapour permeability, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning 

electron microscope (SEM). Antibacterial properties of films will be determined using Disc 

diffusion method where inhibition zone will be calculated. The increase of zinc oxide 

concentration in films will resulted in the increase of peak intensity, thermal stability, 

antimicrobial effect, barrier properties, TS, YM, formation of smooth surface morphology 

while reduction in EAB. 

234


Optimization of Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis Conditions for Angiotensin-I- 

Converting Enzyme (Ace) Inhibitory Activity from Obtuse Horn Shell 

(Cerithidea obtusa) Meat 

Lim, Y. K 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Amiza Mat Amin 



Optimization of enzymatic protein hydrolysis conditions of obtuse horn shell (Cerithidea 

obtusa) meat to yield maximum angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEI) 

activity will be carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Screening study 

will be carried out to determine the food grade enzymes and hydrolysis time to be used 

in optimization study. Four commercial food grade enzymes (Alcalase®, Protamex, 

Neutrase® and papain) at 2 hours and 4 hours hydrolysis time will be used to obtain the 

highest ACEI activity. Four protein hydrolysis parameters will be studied using a three 

levels face-centered central composite design (CCD), which are pH, temperature, 

hydrolysis time and enzyme to substrate ratio. This study will suggest the suitable 

commercial food grade enzymes to yield high ACEI activity from obtuse horn shell meat. 

Besides, optimization study will suggest a model to explain the relationship between the 

four hydrolysis parameters of obtuse horn shell towards ACEI activity and the optimum 

condition to obtain maximum ACEI activity. Furthermore, the half maximal inhibitory 

concentration (IC50) value for obtuse horn shell meat hydrolysate prepared under 

optimum condition will be obtained. 

235


Effect of Brewing Time on Antioxidant Capacity of Methanol Extracted Spent 

Coffee Ground 

Maisarah Binti Ali 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohamad Khairi bin Mohd Zainol 



The spent ground coffee (SGC) obtained after the brewing process still contains various 

functional components with high antioxidant capacity. The study will aim on evaluating 

the best brewing time for optimal extraction of the total phenolic compound and 

antioxidant capacity in SGC extracted using methanol. The SGC will be evaluated on their 

antioxidant properties. The antioxidant will be quantify using TFC and TPC while the 

qualitative antioxidant of the SGC will be carried out using DPPH, FTC, TBA and FRAP 

analysis. Furthermore, the individual flavonoid will be determined in HPLC analysis. It is 

expected that shorter brewing time will express the best antioxidant in SGC at 90℃. It is 

also expected that polyphenolics content such as quercetin and myricetin will be detected. 

It is interesting to note that SGC with high antioxidant capacity can be used as an 

ingredient or additive in food industry with potential preservation and functional 

properties. 

236


Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Kemunting) 

Leaves, Branches and Roots Extracted Using Ultrasonic-Methanol Assisted 

Method 

Marini Syafinaz Binti Mahadi 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Khairi bin Mohd Zainol 



This study will explore the antioxidant properties of three different parts (leaves, branches 

and roots) of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Kemunting) or rose myrtle using ultrasonicmethanol 

assisted extraction. The study will utilize FTC, TBA and FRAP to measure the 

antioxidant activities. On the other hand, TPC, FTC and HPLC (for individual phenolic) will 

be used to quantify the antioxidant compound in Kemunting. All extracts are expected to 

show strong antioxidant activity in the TBA and FTC tests, with percent inhibition range 

from 90.70% to 97.78%, respectively. It can be expected that the highest TPC and TFC 

will be found in the leaves. The results will suggest that Kemunting leaves extract can 

serve as a potent antioxidant to replace the artificial antioxidant. Thus, it will provide a 

new platform to new knowledge regarding antioxidant in three parts of Kemunting. 

237


Effect of pH on Physical Properties, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of 

Kacang Koro (Canavalia Ensiformis) Protein Hydrolysate Extract Using 

Alkalase 

Mohd Allif Asyraf Bin Mohd Sharuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohamad Khairi Mohd Zainol 



The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pH on physical properties, antioxidant, 

and antimicrobial activity of kacang koro (Canavalia Ensiformis) protein hydrolysate 

extracted using alkalase. The investigation will be conducted on raw kacang koro using 

different pH (pH 5,pH 6,pH 7,pH 8,pH 9) . Kacang koro protein hydrolysate will be will be 

analyzed for their physical properties (color, density, volume, mass, boiling point, melting 

point) antioxidant activity (total phenolic content, Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay 

and DPPH free radical scavenging activity) and antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory 

concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and agar well diffusion 

assay). The expected result obtained are the kacang koro protein hydrolysate that treated 

with pH near to pH 8 will be the most efficient pH to maximize the desired type of 

bioactive peptides (quality) or amount of bioactive peptides (quantity) as the alkalase is 

very active at pH 8. The most highest and effective results obtain can be implement in 

further processing the kacang koro protein hydrolysate for human consumption. 

238


Impact of Incorporation between Probiotic Strains and Roselle Waste in 

Fermented Milk Products 

Muhammad Muaz Bin Bunyamin 

Supervisor: Dr Fauziah Binti Tufail Ahmad 



The increasing popularity of functional foods especially yogurt causes high demands for 

raw materials used in food products. In the experiments, antioxidant compounds 

extracted from Roselle waste is used. The antioxidant analysis will be conducted are 

DPPH, total flavonoid content and total phenolic content. The Lactobacillus-casei in the 

fermented milk products is identified on microbiological properties and will be inoculated. 

The Lactobacillus-casei species will be put together with antioxidant compound extracted 

by in-vitro process. The number of viable cells contained in the plate will be recorded in 

log CFU/ml. By in-vivo process, the strains will be put into the product and further 

analysed for total plate count during the storage of samples and shelf-life. Therefore, the 

inhibitory effect by antioxidants compound can be showed in products. In conclusion, the 

antioxidants at certain concentrations can stimulate growth of LAB strain or inhibit the 

probiotic organisms present in the fermented milk products. 

239


Effect of Different Enzymes on Extractability and Physicochemical Properties 

of Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Skin Collagen 

Muhammad Zaim Bin Abdul Aziz 

Supervisor: Dr Norizah Binti Mohd Sarbon 



Cobia (Rachycentron canadum), known locally as haruan tasik, is one of the most popular 

species for aquaculture in Malaysia because of its rapid growth rate, low feed conversion 

ratio and high market price for its firm texture. The purpose of this research is to study 

the effect of different enzyme on extractability and physicochemical properties of cobia 

(Rachycentron canadum) skin collagen. The cobia skin collagen will be isolated using two 

different types of enzymes which are pepsin and papain. The extracted collagen will be 

characterized on its physicochemical properties such as chemical composition, structural 

properties, viscosity, solubility, thermal stability, morphology properties, turbidity, colour, 

and electrophoretic patterns. The pre-treated samples will be treated with 0.5M acetic 

acid which contained 1.5% (w/w) of different enzyme which are pepsin and enzyme, 

with sample to solution ratio 1:40 (w/v) for 30 hours at 4c with continous stirring 

process. Cobia skin collagen extracted using papain is expected to produce higher yield 

compared to collagen extracted using pepsin. Both collagen are expected to have high 

solubility in pH 2 to 5, slightly darker colour compared to acid soluble collagen, show 

fibrils in morphological analysis, type I collagen and have molecular weight distribution 

between 37 to 250kDa. Papain extracted collagen is expected to have lower stable 

denaturation temperature compared to pepsin extracted collagen. The different types of 

enzyme extraction method will not affect the turbidity and viscosity of extracted collagen. 

240


Effect of Limonene Incorporated With Psyllium Gum As Edible Coating To 

Improve The Quality of Fresh-Cut Pineapple 

Nabilah Binti Mohamed Mukhtar 




In recent years, consumer demand for healthy and convenient products such as freshcut 

pineapple (Ananas comosus).The natural components and benefits of the fresh 

pineapple using edible coating. In order, to prolong its shelf life, psyllium gum 

(0.2%) with different concentration of limonene oil (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) will be 

used for edible coating and then wrap with transparent polyethylene wrapping 

film and store at 4℃. In addition, the chemical preservatives such as essential oil will be 

controlling the growth of microbes in fresh fruits. Besides, their compounds have 

antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and will be increasing benefits of the edible 

coating.The microbiological quality changes, the physicochemical test will be 

monitored every 4 days for 15 days. It is expected that psyllium gum edible coating with 

0.3% limonene can extend the shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple significantly. 

241


Nutritional Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Dodol Formulated with 

Different Levels of Mangrove Fruit Flour (Rhizophora mucronata) 

Najwa Athirah Binti Amiruddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Azizah Binti Mahmood 



The young generation do not know whether mangrove fruit (Rhizophora mucronata) is 

edible or not, when it comes to the mangrove fruit season the fruit is only be left out 

without being used. The approach of this study is to evaluate the effect of incorporating 

mangrove fruit flour on physicochemical properties, shelf life and sensory acceptability in 

dodol. The flour is prepared by mixing the mangrove fruit flour and glutinous rice flour in 

different ratio which is 0:100, 20:60, 40:60 and 60:40. The proximate analysis, pH, total 

soluble solid, texture is carried out for physicochemical properties, total plate count is 

used to evaluate shelf life and Hedonic scale is used for sensory acceptability. It is 

expected that at least one of the formulation will give the most acceptable result of dodol 

properties. 

242


Effect of Arabic Gum Coating Incorporated With Cinnamon Essential Oil to 

Prolong the Shelf Life of Fresh Cut Papaya 

Nikmatul Iman Binti Samat 

Supervisor: Dr.Azlin Shafrina Binti Hasim 



Demand for fresh cut papaya (Carica papaya.L) has increased over years among 

consumer due its nutritious value. However, fresh cut papaya are perishable when expose 

to environment. Generally the use of edible coating can increase the shelf life of the fresh 

cut papaya. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Arabic gum 

coating with the incorporation of the cinnamon essential oil as an edible coating to 

prolong the shelf life of the fresh cut papaya. Fresh cut papaya will be treated with Arabic 

gum (2%) containing different concentration of cinnamon oil essential oil (0%, 2%, and 

3%). The physicochemical test, quality changes and microbiological test will be monitored 

every 2 days for 10 days evaluation. It is expected that sample coated with Arabic gum 

containing cinnamon essential oil (3%) will be the best formulation to prolong the shelflife 

of fresh cut papaya during storage time. 

243


Assessment of Microbiological Contamination in Freshwater and Fried Prawn 

Sold At Selected Restaurant at Penarik Beach 

Noor Anisah Binti Bokri 

Supervisor: Dr Tuan Zainazor B Tuan Chilek 



Prawn is a bottom-dwelling animals that becoming contaminated with bacteria from the 

muddy substrate. The raw and exportable products may loss own quality due to netting, 

transportation, handling, processing and packaging. Thus, microbial assessment should 

be done for maintaining own quality and to gain satisfaction and safety of consumers. 

The right cooking technique playing an important role in reduction of bacterial 

concentration. Therefore, the aims of this study are to evaluate the bacteria load in 

freshwater and fried prawn and to determine the reduction of bacteria towards time of 

cooking. The microbial load will be determined through Total Plate Count (TPC), Total 

Coliforms/E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus using plating methods. The identification and 

confirmation of pathogenic bacteria will be done accordingly. The pathogenic bacteria will 

be isolated from both types of prawn at the selected restaurant. The food poisoning 

maybe occurred due to contaminated of freshwater and fried prawns. 

244


The Effect of Microwave Assisted Extraction on the Isolation of Anthocyanins 

from Purple Cabbage (Brassica oleracia var capitata f.rubra). 

Noor Farahana Binti Zulkepli 




Purple cabbage is rich with anthocyanins. The extraction of anthocyanins from purple 

cabbage can be used for colouring in food industry, replacing the use of artificial 

colouring. The aim of this research is to evaluate the influence of microwave assisted 

extraction (MAE) method on the extraction of anthocyanins from the purple cabbage. The 

microwave power range between 350 to 500W with the temperature from 50 to 70°C 

and time from 5 to 12 minute will be used on the extraction. The total anthocyanins will 

be performed using pH differential method. Furthermore, the extracts will be evaluated 

for its total phenolic compound using Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant 

properties will be determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay and FRAP assay, 

spectrophotometrically. MAE is expected to be the best method yielding extract with 

higher anthocyanins and antioxidant contents as compared to conventional method. 

245


Physicochemical Properties and Acceptability of Wheat Bread with Anggun 

Puree Addition 

Noor Khalidah Binti Mohd Khalid 

Supervisor: Dr. Yusnita Binti Hamzah 



Anggun is a new variety of purple sweet potato produced by MARDI which contain high 

anthocyanin composition as compared to common sweet potatoes. The utilization of 

Anggun purple sweet potatoes in food industry is still limited. Thus, this study will be 

carried out to develop bread that is believed to be healthier as it might contain high 

antioxidant property. Beside, this would also increase the application of Anggun in food 

industry. The main aim of this study is to determine the physichochemical properties and 

acceptability of wheat bread with different varieties of Anggun puree addition. The 

physical analysis that will be carried out including water absorption index, loaf weight, 

loaf volume, specific volume, colour and texture of bread. Whereas, for chemical 

composition of Anggun bread, the moisture content, ash, fat, protein, fiber and 

carbohydrate will be determined. Additionally, antioxidant properties of the final bread 

will also being evaluated. The acceptability of Anggun bread will be determined using 

sensory affective test. It is expected that the wheat bread with different varieties of 

Anggun puree addition will show different intensity of purple appearance with acceptable 

physical and sensory properties. The chemical compositions of the breads are also 

expected to be comparable with control (0% Anggun Puree). In summary, bread with the 

most suitable variety of Anggun puree will be successfully develop and categorized as 

functional food with high antioxidant properties. 

246


The Effect Of Jackfruit Peel Pectin of Rheological and Physical Properties on 

Jackfruit Jam. 

Noor Siti Zaleha Binti Jamaludin 

Supervisor: Dr. Nizaha Junaida Binti Mohamad 



Jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophyluss L.) peel form about 46% of the fruit is underutilized, 

and is mainly discarded as waste. In this study, pectin from jackfruit peel will be extracted, 

jackfruit jam by incorporated pectin from jackfruit peel and commercial pectin will be 

developed and the effect of jackfruit peel pectin on rheological and physical properties of 

jackfruit jam will be determined. Pectin will be extracted using HCl solvent 90 ° C, 60 min 

extraction time. Pectin from jackfruit peel will be used to substitute some amount of 

commercial pectin in the jam formulation at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Jackfruit 

jam with 100% of commercial pectin is the control for comparison. Yield stress 

measurement, oscillatory measurement, colour measurement and texture analysis will be 

used in determine the rheological and physical properties of jam. The expected result will 

be at least one formulation will be have no significant different with control. 

247


Physicochemical Properties and Colour Stability of Different Cake Types with 

Anthocyanin Extract from Butterfly-Pea Flower Addition. 

Noorul Arinah Binti Kamarul Zaman 




Butterfly-pea flower, BPF (Clitoria ternatea) is rich in anthocyanin content and become 

one of the natural food colorant. Its pH-dependent characteristic does limited its 

application in food product. Even though, the blue colour extract from this flower is widely 

used in traditional food such as ‘nasi kerabu’, dessert and ‘kueh’, however the use of 

synthetic colorant that is regarded as stable during processing and storage in food 

industry is more preferred in bakery products. Yet, it might have health effect on people 

with skin sensitivity and breathing problems. Thus, this research will be carried out to 

determine the physicochemical properties and colour stability of different types of cake 

with the addition of BPF extract. The blue anthocyanin pigments will be extracted using 

water extraction method before divided into two portions and acidified before added in 

different cakes batter (butter cake and cheese cake). Physical properties including pH, 

texture, colour and microscopic structure of cakes will be determined. Moisture, fat and 

anthocyanin content will also be determined. Besides, the colour stability of the cakes will 

be evaluated for every two days for two weeks in chill storage. Throughout the storage 

time, cheese cake will probably show the highest colour intensity and the least in 

degradation. In conclusion, anthocyanin extract from BPF has a potential to be used as 

natural food colorant in bakery product such as cake. 

248


Development of High-Fibre Chicken Nuggets Incorporated With Banana 

Pseudo-Stem 

Nor Afiqah, M.N. 




Banana pseudo-stem is a by-product and an underutilized waste but it has high in fibre 

which important for health benefits. Banana pseudo-stem powder (BSP) will be 

incorporated into chicken nuggets at 5, 10, 15 and 20 % (W/W) by replacing the amount 

of chicken in the formulation. The effect of chicken nugget incorporated with BSP will be 

evaluated in terms of physicochemical, textural properties and sensory acceptability. The 

analysis are including the proximate analysis and some physical properties. It is expected 

that incorporation of BSP at the lowest % will increase the amount of fibre significantly 

besides improving the sensory attributes of chicken nuggets. 

249


Development of Keropok Lekor Incorporated with Dorado Fish (Coryphaena 

hippurus) 

Nor Anis Yasmin Binti Ismail 




This study shows the potential of Dorado fish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the production 

of keropok lekor. In this study, Dorado fish will be used to produce or incorporated into 

the formulation of keropok lekor. It will give variety types of raw ingredients used in 

making keropok lekor and the stress on fish population that always being used in keropok 

lekor production such as Ikan Tamban also can be released. Both chemical and physical 

analysis will be carried out to obtain the result and effect from the combination of fish 

and the other ingredients. There are 6 formulations of keropok lekor that will be produced 

and will be analysed for this study. The ratio is Dorado fish to otoshimi which are 0% : 

100%, 20% : 80%, 40% : 60%, 60% : 40%, 80% : 20%, and 100% : 0%. For the 

chemical analysis, it will include moisture content, ash content, protein content, fat 

content and carbohydrate content will be analysed. For the physical analysis, it will include 

the colour analysis, texture analysis and linear expansion will be determined. Lastly, 

sensory evaluation also will be conducted to determine the perception of panelists toward 

the keropok lekor. The expected result from this finding will indicate one formulation that 

suit the acceptance levels of keropok lekor among consumers. 

250


Effect of Citric Acid and Calcium Lactate on Physical Properties and Thermal 

Stabilities of Muffin Incorporated with Anthocyanins from Purple Sweet 

Potato Puree 

Norfaiza Bahrudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Yusnita binti Hamzah 



Anthocyanin-rich purple sweet potato has potentials to be used as natural pigment and 

main ingredients in muffin. However, the anthocyanins are susceptible to pH changes 

and favor the dominant pH of the solution by changing its color. Thus, the aim of this 

study is to stabilize the anthocyanin pigments from the purple sweet potato puree in the 

muffin by adding citric acid or calcium lactate and further evaluates their effect on the 

physical characteristics and thermal stability of the muffins. The study will be conducted 

by varying the concentration of citric acid and calcium lactate to three different values 

and added to separate muffin’s batter prior baking. Analyses including color 

measurement, pH value, microstructure, texture, thermal properties and sensory 

evaluation of the end product of the muffin will be carried out. It is expected that at 

concentration of 5% citric acid and 0.05M calcium lactate will maintain the purple color 

of anthocyanin pigments and prevent color changes. In conclusion, citric acid and calcium 

lactate have potential to be used as additional batter ingredients in retaining the purple 

appearance of muffin made of purple sweet potato. 

251


Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Acceptability and Shelf Life Study of 

Pandan Coconut Water with Different Kelulut Honey Concentration 

Norfazera Binti Kamarudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Norizah Binti Mhd Sarbon 



Coconut water have high in nutritional value which can bring to health benefits as well 

as kelulut honey. The aim of this study is to investigate the pandan coconut water 

incorporated with kelulut honey to improve the consumer’s concern about its nutritional 

value. The investigation will be conduct by prepare different proportions of kelulut honey 

which are 10%, 15% and 20%. The formulation then bring to the analysis of 

physicochemical properties including protein, fat, crude fibre, mineral, total soluble 

solids, colour measurement, acidity, viscosity, total phenolic content and sugar 

determination that will be determine by using Association of Official Analytical Chemists 

(2000), sensory acceptability including colour, appearance, taste, flavor and overall 

acceptability and shelf life study on coconut water beverages. The formulated of pandan 

coconut water beverages produced are expected to have better colour as well as level of 

sweetness. 

252


Development of Meat Patties Incorporated with Asiatic Hard Clam (Meretrix 

meretrix) 

Norkadilah Binti Mat Jusoh 




Meat patties is one of the patties mostly consumed by Malaysian due to its convenient 

preparation and it can be easily found in high-end western restaurants, kiosks, and night 

markets. However, the population of targeted species in making patties used in meat 

patties production is alarming. Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix) is a species of 

freshwater mussel that contain source of animal protein and main source of minerals 

needed by body. Thus, this research reports on the study in development of meat patties 

incorporated with Asiatic hard clam. There will be five formulation of meat patties with 

different percentage of commercial surimi and Asiatic hard clam (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%). 

Physicochemical analysis will be conducted for the most acceptable formulations. The 

acceptability of produced meat patties will be evaluated through sensory evaluation. At 

least one of formulations will be accepted. 

253


The Use of Aloe Vera G Coating Incorporated with Lemon Essential Oil on the 

Quality of Fresh Cut Guava 

Nur Ain Afiqah Binti Ibrahm 




Fresh cut guava is a common fruit that consumed by consumers due to its benefits such 

as high in fibres and good for skin. However, it is perishable food which cause undesirable 

changes on its quality. The objective for this study is to investigate the effect of Aloe vera 

gel (AVG) coated guava slices incorporated with lemon essential oil (LEO) on the quality 

attributes of the guava for 10 days stored at 4°C. Different treatments will be applied on 

the fresh cut guava slices are no coating (control), AVG only and AVG incorporated with 

0.25% and 0.50% LEO. The microbiological test (zone inhibition of LEO) will be carried 

out against 2 gram positive and 2 gram negative bacteria. The shelf life study (total plate 

count and yeast and molds) and data analysis of weight loss, texture, determination of 

colour and determination of total soluble solid will be carried out every 2 days for 10 days 

of storage period. It is expected that guava slices coated with AVG incorporated with 

0.50% LEO have the lowest quality reduction and lowest microbiological count during 

storage time. 

254


Physicochemical and Sensory Acceptance of ‘Satar’ incorporated with shrimp 

Nur Auni ‘Azyyati Binti Azhair 

Supervisor: Dr. Fisal bin Ahmad 



‘Satar’ is among the famous cuisine in Terengganu. This study will be conducted to 

develop ‘satar’ incorporated with shrimp to get the best formulation and produce variety 

of ‘satar’ because there is no previous study. Six formulations of ‘satar’ that incorporated 

with shrimp of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% will be performed. Besides that, this 

study is to identify its physicochemical properties and also its sensory acceptance. The 

physicochemical analysis in term of moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, fat 

content, total carbohydrate content, texture, colour and as well as the sensory 

acceptance of ‘satar’ will be carried out. There will be 30 panels involved in the sensory 

acceptance test which will be performed by using 7-hedonic scale. The expected result is 

from the six formulations that will be performed, there will be one formulation that has 

the most suitable for developing of ‘satar’ incorporated with shrimp. 

255


Antioxidant Activity of Syzygium zeylanicum Leaves and Its Effect on Lipid 

Peroxidation of Cooking Oil 

Nur Azirah Binti Samsudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Azizah binti Mahmood 



Syzygium zeylanicum is underutilized wild plant species which unrecognized by young 

generation. The aim of this study is to measure antioxidant activity of Syzygium 

zeylanicum leaves and its effect on lipid peroxidation of cooking oil. The leaves are 

extracted using water and ethanol, and evaluated for its antioxidant activity using DPPH 

and FRAP assay. The extract is then applied to palm oil to measure peroxidation at 

different frying temperature, time and repetition. The level of peroxidation is assessed by 

measuring peroxide, p-anisidine and total oxidation value. It is expected that either one 

of the compound extract gives higher yield with high antioxidant activity. Different 

treatment of frying might give different effects on lipid peroxidation when heated with 

the addition of antioxidant compound. Result from this study indicate that extract 

compound from Syzygium zeylanicum leaves can decrease the peroxidation process of 

cooking oil. 

256


Biochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Kelulut 

Honey as Affected by Different Drying Method 

Nur Farhah Inani Binti Aliah 




Kelulut honey are high in nutritional value and have medical properties (antibacteria, antitoxin 

function and antioxidant) which are being used to protect from illness and diseases. 

The aim of this study is to investigate the biochemical properties, antioxidant and 

antimicrobial activities of kelulut honey as affected by different drying method. The 

investigation will be conducted on fresh kelulut honey by using different drying method 

(Spray drying, Vacuum oven and freeze drying). The dried honey will be characterized on 

its biochemical properties (total sugar, minerals and moisture content) antioxidant (total 

phenolic content, Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and DPPH free radical 

scavenging activity) and antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 

minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and agar well diffusion assay). The result will 

obtained are expected to have vacuum oven treatment will be produce higher yields of 

honey powder compare to other treatment, lower moisture content, higher in antioxidant 

and bacteria activity will be reduces due to lower aw. 

257


Effect of Steaming on Vitato Flour and Starch Quality 

Nur Hawa Eleena Binti Mohamad Nasir 



School of Food Sciences and Technology 

VitAto is a nutritious sweet potato containing high β-carotene and had been used to 

produce varieties of food products. Though, for optimum product quality, some products 

preferred starches in their pre-gelatinized form. However, limited study had been done 

on the effect of pre-gelatinization on the properties of VitAto starch. Thus, this study will 

be carried out to pre-gelatinize VitAto tubers using steaming method and to determine 

it’s physicochemical and starch functional properties. The sliced tubers will be steamed 

using pressurized steamer and dried using hot air drying before grinding (


Occurrence of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria Isolated From Raw 

Shrimp and Water Sample in Selected Shrimp Aquaculture in Terengganu 

Nur Hazimah Diyanah Binti Kamarul Bahrin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Nizam bin Lani 

Co-supervisor: Prof Dr. Muhammad Ikhwanuddin bin Abdullah 



The administration of antibiotics in Litopenaeus vannamei (white shrimp) farm is widely 

used to increase growth and improve the feed efficiency for maximising the profit. The 

study will be conducted to isolate and identify the occurrence of multiple antibiotic 

resistance (MAR) in three different district locations of shrimp farms in Terengganu. 

Different media will be used to isolate various bacteria such as Vibrio, E. coli, 

Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Yeast and Mold from fresh raw 

shrimps and water. The isolates will be tested for their antibiotic resistance against six 

antibiotics (Oxytetracycline, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Florfenicol, Sarafloxacin and 

Fluroquinolones) using the disk diffusion method. The multiple antibiotic resistant index 

will be determined for each isolated bacteria. This study is important to monitor the 

antibiotic resistant patterns and widespread of MAR in shrimp aquaculture in Terengganu. 

Future study will be needed to control the developing and spreading of MAR in our food 

chain. 

259


Effect of Palm Milk Constituent on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of 

Ice-Cream 

Nur Hidayanis binti Nahrowi 




There is limited study about product that derived from palm milk. This research is to 

determine the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability of ice cream with 

different formulation of ice-cream. The different ratio of milk fat and palm milk are 

(100%:0%), (75%:25%), (50%:50%), (25%:75%) and (0%:100%). The 

physicochemical analysis included fat and protein content, overrun, pH, acidity, melting 

rate, hardness, viscosity and flow time rate will be analyzed. It is expected that ice-cream 

added with palm milk will low in cholesterol. Best formulation that will be accepted is 

(75%:25%) than other treatments. Palm milk can be accepted due to the characteristic 

of milk fat and palm milk is quite similar which should not give significant result. The 

impact for this study, it can help in increasing the economy of palm oil smallholders in 

the country and also help people that have lactose-intolerance. 

260


The Effect of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Powder and Honey Ratio on 

Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Activity 

Nur Intan Syamiera Binti Zainudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Nizaha Juhaida Mohamad 



Moringa oleifera (MO) and honey have been identified as antidiabetic agent. Previous 

study showed that incorporation of MO into cookies was only accepted at 10% due to 

texture problem. Therefore, honey (H) will be mixed with MO powder (MOP) at ratio 

25H:75MOP, 50H:50MOP and 75H:25MOP and the mixture will be incorporated at 20% 

by replacing another 10% from sugar weight. Replacing some amount of sugar with the 

mixture not only reduce the sugar intake but also increase the amount of MO which 

subsequently would increase the hypoglycemic effect of that cookies. Two controls will 

be used in this study. The first control is cookies without any ingredients substitution 

while another one is with 10% of pure MOP incorporation. The cookies will be evaluated 

on its physicochemical, antioxidant, -amylase inhibition activities and sensory 

acceptability. Combination of MOP-honey is expected to increase the -amylase inhibition 

activities and sensory acceptance of cookies. 

261


Effect of Different Types of Sweetener on The Physical Properties, 

Acceptability And Shelf Life of Melon Manis Terengganu (Mmt) Pickle 

Nur Izzati Binti Omar 




Melon Manis Terengganu (MMT) is an ionic fruit of Terengganu that is belongs to 

Cucurbitaccae family. About 80% of immature MMT was underutilized and pickle can be 

an alternative product to overcome this problem. Sweetener is an important ingredient 

in pickle production. The usage of sweeteners substitution can be used to develop healthy 

MMT pickle. Thus, this study will be carried out to produce MMT pickle with the use of 

different sweetener to replace 100% sugar (Control, A) in the formulation. Combination 

of 50% sugar with 50% stevia (B) and 50% xylitol (C), respectively will be used as 

treatments. The analysis that will be carried out including physical (texture, pH, Total 

Soluble Solid (TSS), colour, calorie) and microbiological properties (Total Plate Count, 

Yeast and Mold, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)) as well as sensory evaluation. The most 

accepted formulation and control samples will be further studied for their shelf life quality 

during storage at room temperature. It is estimated that combination of sugar with noncaloric 

sweetener would produce comparable pickle properties as control, with lower 

calorie value. However, these samples might contain lower LAB count and flavour as they 

contain lower substrate for fermentation process. As summary, the underutilized 

immature MMT is suitable to be used in healthier pickle production with acceptable 

storage quality. 

262


Effect of Alginate Based Edible Coating Incorporated with Garlic Powder on 

the Shelf Life of Fresh Cut Papaya 

Nur Syafiqa Amira Binti Shafie 




Fresh cut papaya is one of the fruits that are high in nutritive value and low calorie. The 

main objective of this study is to increase the shelf life of fresh cut papaya through 

alginate-based coating incorporated with garlic powder. The microbiological activity of 

garlic powder will be tested using well diffusion method. Fresh cut papaya (triangle prism 

with 3 cm thickness) will be coated with alginate coating solution containing different 

concentration of garlic powder (0%, 1% and 2% w/w). The coated and uncoated 

(control) sample will be packed in plastic container and stored at chilled condition (4⁰C). 

Physical and microbial analysis will be tested during storage on day 1, 3, 7, 12 and 15. It 

is expected that fresh cut papaya coated with alginate coating solution containing 2% 

garlic powder will have longer shelf life compared to other treatments in terms of 

microbial load, moisture content, weight loss, total soluble solid, color and texture. 

263


Influence of Soy Milk Substitution on Physicochemical and Sensory 

Properties of Ice Cream 

Nur Syafiqah ‘Izzati I. 



School of Science and Food Technology 

In market, cow milk is much more expensive compared to soy milk which makes ice 

cream in market expensive. Thus, by substituting soy milk in ice cream, helps in lowering 

the ice cream cost. This study will be carried out to produce ice cream substituted with 

soy milk, to determine the physicochemical properties of ice cream with substitution of 

soy milk and sensory acceptability of soy milk ice cream. There will be five formulation 

ice cream which contained different percentages soy milk which are 0, 25, 50, 70 and 

100%. The control formulation contain 100% of cow milk. The physical analysis and 

chemical analysis that will be conducted are determination of overrun value, melting rate, 

melting characteristics, colour, instrumental hardness and proximate analysis. The 

expected result is ice cream with substitution of 50% soy milk may have the most desired 

quality and acceptability. 

264


Influence Of pH In Pectinase Extraction on the Antioxidant Capacity for 

Spent Coffee Ground 

Nur Syahira Afiza Binti Zakaria 




Coffee is the most consumed beverage in the world. Due to great demand of this product, 

large amount of SCG are generated in the coffee industry, which are toxic and represent 

serious environmental problems. However, it could be a good opportunity as an important 

source of natural antioxidants. This study is aim to understand the antioxidant properties 

of spent coffee ground that normally being discarded as instant coffee by-product. SCG 

will be extracted using pectinase at different pH. The study will include antioxidant activity 

assay (DPPH, FRAP, CAT, SOD and Peroxidase), TPC, TFC as well individual flavonoid will 

be carried out using spectrophotometer and HPLC analysis, respectively. The best 

extraction of polyphenols will be resulted at pH 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5 with enzyme treatment 

about 30% to 40%.The data obtain should serve as a new information to substitute in 

food product. 

265


The Extraction of Essential Oil from The Fruit Peel and Leaves of Kaffir Lime 

(Citrus hystrix) and Its Effect on Sensory Properties 

Nur Syahirah Binti Zulkifli 




Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) is known as rich in essential oil in most of its plant parts. 

However, the fruit peels of kaffir lime are always disposed as waste while the fresh leaves 

are easily dried. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of 

temperature on the yield of essential oil extracted from the peels and leaves of kaffir 

lime, to determine the physicochemical properties, to determine the presence of fatty 

acid composition and to identify the potential application of kaffir lime essential oil on 

sensory properties. The extraction of the essential oil will be done by steam distillation 

method. This study is expected to produce essential oil that have more potent aroma 

than fresh leaves which will be evaluated further for sensory properties. The essential oil 

could facilitate in cooking process since it is readily available and only required in small 

amount. 

266


The Effect of Different Cooking Treatment on Physico-Chemical and 

Antioxidant Properties of Eggplant (Solanum Melongena) 

Nurain Syafiqah Binti Shukri 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurmahani Datuk Mohd Maidin 



Eggplant is easily produced and harvested, hence, eggplant-based dishes with variety 

cooking methods are widely available in Malaysia. This study is aimed to determine the 

effects of different cooking method subjected to two thermal treatments (blanching and 

oven) on its physico-chemical and antioxidant properties. The physico-chemical 

properties including their moisture content, ash, crude fat, crude protein and crude fiber 

content will be determined using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 

standard method. The anthocyanin will be analyzed using pH differential method while 

the antioxidant properties will be determined using DPPH and FRAP methods. Total 

phenolic content (TPC) will be determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Color and texture of 

the eggplant will be determined by colorimeter and texture analyzer, respectively. As the 

expected result, oven cooking might causes some losses in nutritional content and 

antioxidant properties of eggplant. Therefore, it is concluded that blanching will be the 

suggested method in consuming eggplant. 

267


Effect of Different Pre-Treatment to Increase the Stability of Anthocyanin 

Extract from Purple Sweet Potato during Storage 

Nurnasiha Binti Ramlan 



School Of Food Science and Food Technology 

Purple sweet potato (PSP) have been commonly used as natural food colourant with 

present of high acylated anthocyanin concentrations. However, anthocyanin are 

susceptible towards degradation under certain factors such as pH, light intensity, 

temperature and oxygen. Sucrose can increase the stability of anthocyanin by lowering 

its water activity and through inhibition of the enzymatic reaction. Therefore, the 

objective of this study are to extract anthocyanin from PSP using different pre-heating 

treatment (roasting, steaming, boiling) and to compare its stability with different 

concentration of sucrose (20% and 40%) during 14 days of storage at 4 °C under dark. 

The total polyphenol content, total anthocyanin, DPPH activity, FRAP assay and total 

flavonoid content will be measured every 2 days. It is expected that, pre-heating 

steaming process of PSP with the addition of 20% of sucrose is great to increase the 

stability of anthocyanin extract compare to boiling and roasting process. 

268


The Effect Of Fermentation Stages On Antioxidant Activity, Phenolics 

Compound And Flavonoids Of Colubrina Asiatica (Peria Pantai) Tea 

Nurul A’fifah Binti Mahazan 




Peria pantai or peria laut with a scientific name, Colubrina asiatica (C. asiatica ) family of 

Rhamnaceae can be found in Southeast Asia. It has a long shrub and climbing plant. It 

called latherleaf due to its ability to produce lather in water. It is recognized to improve 

the digestion and used in treatment of stabilizing blood pressure and control diabetes. 

This study will be conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of various fermentation 

stages of C. asiatica tea on antioxidant activity, phenolics and flavonoids content. The 

tea samples comprises of dried (unfermented), green ( least fermented), oolong (semi 

fermented) and black (full fermented). Hot distilled water used as a of extraction solvent. 

The antioxidant activity will be determined using Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), 

Ferric Reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC) and Thiobarbituric 

acid (TBA). Folin Ciocalteu method and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 

will be used to determine phenolics and total flavonoids content respectively. C. asiatica 

can be one source of natural antioxidant and can be utilized as a nutraceutical. 

269


Optimization of Protein Enzymatic Hydrolysis Condition on the Degree of 

Hydrolysis of Undulated Surf Clam (Paphia Undulate) Meat by Using 

Alcalase® 

Nurul Afifah Binti Ahmad Zhari 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Amiza binti Mat Amin 


School of Science and Technology 

The objective of this study is to optimize enzymatic protein hydrolysis of undulated surf 

clam (Paphia undulate) to achieve maximum degree of hydrolysis (DH) by using 

Alcalase®. A three-level face –centered central composite design will be used by using 

Response Surface Methodology to study the effect of four enzymatic hydrolysis 

parameters which are temperature, time, enzyme to substrate ratio and pH on DH. The 

protein hydrolysates from each optimization run will be lyophilized prior to DH 

determination. Determination of proximate composition of undulated surf clam meat and 

its hydrolysate prepared at optimum condition will be carried out. It is expected that 

optimization study will suggest a model to explain the relationship between the four 

independent hydrolysis conditions of undulated surf clam towards DH and the optimum 

condition to obtain maximum DH. Furthermore, the proximate analysis of undulated surf 

clam meat and its hydrolysate prepared under optimum condition also will be obtained. 

270


Physicochemical properties and colour stabilities of different icing types with 

the addition of anthocyanin extract from Butterfly pea flower 

Nurul Izzati Binti Abdul Ghani 

Supervisor Name: Dr Yusnita Binti Hamzah 



Butterfly pea flower (BPF) contains high anthocyanin which commonly applied as natural 

blue colourant in traditional Kueh and Nasi Kerabu. Meanwhile, synthetic blue colourant 

(Brilliant blue) is frequently used as food colourant in confectionary product such as icing 

as it is more stable through processing and storage. However, it is reported to have health 

effect such as skin sensitivity, nausea and breathing problems. Therefore, this study will 

be carried out to determine the physicochemical properties and colour stabilities of 

different icing types with the addition of anthocyanin extract from BPF during chilled 

storage. The anthocyanin from BPF (Clitoria ternatea) will be extracted using distilled 

water and applied in the formulation of buttercream, whipping cream and glaze icing. 

Physical and chemical properties including viscosity, thermal properties, pH, colour, 

microstructure observation moisture, anthocyanin and fat content will also be 

determined. The colour stabilities will be analysed for every 4 days for 30 days of chilled 

storage. It is expected that glaze icing will show the highest colour intensity, anthocyanin 

content and melting point as compared to buttercream and whipping cream icing. 

Besides, all the icing will experience colour degradation through storage with the least 

showed by glaze icing. As conclusion, anthocyanin extract from BPF has potential to be 

used and applied as natural blue colourant in icing. 

271


The Use of Soy Protein Edible Film incorporated with Cinnamon Essential Oil 

to extend the shelf-life of Fresh cut Honeydew 

Nurul Nabila Ghazali 




The antimicrobial films and coatings can play a significant role in reducing postharvest 

losses and boosting the revenue of food industry. The edible film will be prepared from 

0.75% of soy protein isolate, different concentration of cinnamon essential oil (0.5%, 

1.0%, and 1.5%), glycerol as plasticizer, calcium chloride and Tween 80 as emulsifier. 

The effects of cinnamon essential oil on the physical, mechanical and antimicrobial 

properties of the edible film will be determined. This edible film solution then will use to 

coat fresh cut honeydew to extend its shelf-life for 10 days at room temperature (25 ◦ c). 

It is expected that edible film based on protein have good gas barrier and mechanical 

properties, but poor water barrier properties. The fresh cut honeydews are expected to 

have longer shelf-life due to the coating compared to uncoated sample. 

272


Development of High Protein Energy Bar Incorporated With ‘Kacang Koro’ 

Nurul Syamimi Binti Robaie 

Supervisor: Dr Mohamad Khairi Bin Mohd Zainol 



Energy bar is a source of nutrition that can be served as satisfying snacks for athletes. 

This study will be carried out to develop an energy bar using ‘Kacang Koro’. The aim of 

the study is to develop, measure the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptability 

of the ‘Kacang Koro’ energy bar. Five formulations of the energy bar using different 

amount of ‘Kacang Koro’ (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) will be developed and study 

the physical properties that will be studied includes colour profile, texture profile analysis 

and pH. The energy bar will also be analyzed for their proximate value, calorie content 

and microbial test. The sensory preference analysis will be focused only for untrained 

panel. The formulation of energy bar with 60% ‘Kacang Koro’ is expected to be the best 

formulation for sensory acceptance compared to others. The ‘Kacang Koro’ energy bar is 

affordable and more nutritious than the commercial energy bar, which is qualified for 

athlete’s snacks. 

273


Development of Sauces Incorporated with Asiatic Hard Clam (Meretrix 

Meretrix) 

Nurul Syuhadah Aina Binti Mohd Zuraidi 




This study will be conducted to develop the sauce from Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix 

meretrix) due to less variation of shellfish sauce that available for consumer’s 

consumption and vary the use of Asiatic hard clam. The Asiatic hard clam sauce will be 

produced by using 6 formulations with different percentage of scallop extraction (0%, 

5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). All products will be analyzed in duplicate for 

physicochemical and proximate analysis. For physicochemical analysis, the sauce will be 

analyzed for it total soluble solid (TSS), pH, viscosity, colour and water activity. 

Determination of moisture content, protein content, fat content, ash and total 

carbohydrate content will be carry out for proximate analysis of the sauce. Besides, the 

sauce will also undergo sensory evaluation. The expected result from this finding will 

indicate one formulation that suit the acceptance levels of shellfish sauces among 

consumers. 

274


Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Pulp and Peel Flour of Unripe 

and Ripe Banana of Pisang Asam 

Nusratina Binti Mohamad Alian 




Pisang asam is in the same species of pisang awak (Musa acuminata x balbisiana Colla 

cultivar ‘Pisang Awak’) but different in taste as it has sweet and sour taste. However, it 

is not well-known for its potential to be commercialized compared to other banana 

species. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the physicochemical and 

functional properties, and to compare between the pulp and peel flour of unripe and ripe 

banana of pisang asam. Pulp and peel flour of the pisang asam will be analysed for its 

physicochemical and functional properties. The expected result is pulp and peel flour of 

the unripe banana of pisang asam has higher value of physicochemical and functional 

properties than pulp and peel flour of ripe banana. This study is significant because the 

banana flour can act as a functional food to represent the complete use of banana and 

to reduce wastage. 

275


Co-Pigmentation Effect on Stability of Anthocyanin from Purple Cabbage @ 

Red Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L.) 

Puteri Anis Massya Binti Mazlan 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurmahani Binti Datuk Mohd Maidin 



Anthocyanins from red cabbage are natural colorants which have raised a growing 

interest due to their extensive range color and beneficial effects towards human as a 

treatment for some disease. Anthocyanins are highly instable. Their stability is affected 

by several factor such as pH, temperature and light. Anthocyanin chemical stabilization 

is the main focus due to their beneficial effect. The objective of this study is to assess 

the co-pigmentation effect on stability of anthocyanin from red cabbage. Total phenolic 

content (TPC) will be determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu assay while total antioxidant 

properties will be determined using FRAP and DPPH method. Changes of color will be 

determined by using HunterLAB Colorflex and for total anthocyanin content (TAC) will be 

determined by pH-differential method. Co-pigmentation effect is expected to increase the 

stability of anthocyanins at lower pH during storage. These result can be further use to 

develop food products using natural colorants. 

276


Effect of gelatin and carrageenan on physicochemical and sensory 

acceptance of soft candy rojak 

Raqeema Zafira, R. 

Supervisor: Dr. Fisal Bin Haji Ahmad 



Soft candy is one of main part in confectionery products and fundamentally made with 

gelling agents and sweetener which offer chewy characteristics of texture. However, 

there is no study reported regarding using of carrageenan as a gelling in soft candy. This 

study will be investigating the effect of two different gelling agent which is gelatine and 

carrageenan in a soft candy incorporated with rojak flavour and to determine 

physicochemical and sensory acceptance. Six formulation of soft candy with different ratio 

of gelling agent (100%-0%, 90%-10%, 80%-20%, 70%-30%, 60%-40% and 50%-50% 

of gelatine-carrageenan) will be mix with rojak sauce and a reference soft candy (without 

rojak sauce paste) will be produced and analysed, mainly in terms of physicochemical 

analysis, water activity, texture, colour, brix and ph measurement. Soft candy rojak using 

100% of gelatin of gelling agent in soft candy will be expected to produce acceptability 

of soft candy rojak flavour. 

277


Prevalence of Foodborne Bacteria and Their Occurrence Of Antibiotic 

Resistance Bacteria And Heavy Metals In Tilapia Sold In Wet Markets, Kuala 

Terengganu. 

Safiyyah Binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohd Nizam Bin Lani 

Co-Supervisor: Dr. Ong Meng Chuan 



Tilapia or Oreochromis mossambicus is a hardy, fast-growing fish in shallow water that 

has been an important source of protein in many developing countries, including Malaysia. 

It has become the second most commonly consumed farmed fish after carps. 

Environmental conditions and feeding habit may expose the fish to microbial and chemical 

hazards. Therefore, this study will investigate the prevalence bacteria (Vibrio, E. coli, S. 

aureus, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas) associated with Tilapia and determine the 

occurrence of antibiotic resistance bacteria and heavy metals in Tilapia from several wet 

markets in Kuala Terengganu. The bacteria was obtained from fish flesh, inner organ and 

gills will be isolated using selective media and identified using API 20E and 20NE Kit. The 

antibiotic susceptibility (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, florfenicol, sulfadimethoxine, 

ormetoprim and virginiamycin) of the identified bacteria will be analyzed using disk 

diffusion method. Then, four types of heavy metals (Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc) 

will be measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and mercury will be 

measured with Mercury analyzer. Results obtained will determine the status of microbial 

and chemical hazards of Tilapia sold in wet markets in Kuala Terengganu. 

278


Stability Studies and Antimicrobial Effects of Anthocyanin Extracts from 

Torch Ginger (Etlingera Elatior) 

Sara Ayesha Syazrin Binti Ab Salim 




Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) is an under-utilized plant that has reported to have a great 

potential in the food industry. The red pigment of torch ginger indicates a source of 

anthocyanin that would make ideal natural food colorant with additional nutritional 

benefits however stability is a hindering factor. Thus, the main objectives of this study is 

to study the stability of anthocyanin extract from torch ginger under the following 

parameters; temperature, light and pH stability. Differences in their content of total 

phenolic (TPC), antioxidant and antibacterial properties will also be investigated. It is 

expected that the anthocyanin stability of torch ginger will be more resist to the light 

effect but very susceptible to the prolonged effect of high temperature after 2 h exposure. 

Torch ginger flower extracts may potentially exhibit antimicrobial activities against 

pathogenic bacteria. 

279


Effect of Hydrolysis Time on Physical Properties, Antioxidant and 

Antimicrobial Activity of Kacang Koro (Canavalia Ensiformis) PROTEIN 

Hydrolsate Extracted Using Alcalase 

Sasi Kala A/P Surianarayanan 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohamad Khairi Bin Mohd Zainol 



Kacang Koro or Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) is an under exploited tropical dry beans 

with 300g/kg crude protein content. The objective of this study is to determine the best 

hydrolysis time on physical properties such as yield, protein content, WHC, OHC, degree 

of hydrolysis, foam stability and foaming capacity, as well as to determine the antioxidant 

and antimicrobial activity of Kacang Koro protein hydrolysate (KKPH). The antioxidant 

activity of KKPH will be determine using DPPH assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, 

superoxide radical scavenging assay and FRAP assay. Well diffusion method will be used 

to study antimicrobial activity of KKPH. Two hours of hydrolysis would be best hydrolysis 

time to produce KKPH with highest physical properties. KKPH will inhibit growth 

P.aeruginosa more than E.coli and S.aureus. KKPH has good physical properties and has 

high potential as antioxidant agent (with 60 to 70 % inhibition) and antimicrobial agent. 

280


Effect of Pectin from Dragon Fruit Peels for Production of Dragon Fruit Jam 

Siti Farzanah Binti Muhamad Kamil 




The peel of dragon fruit is normally disposed by consumer or industrial which can actually 

be utilized for beneficial products. Therefore, this the aim of this study is to evaluate the 

effect of pectin extracted from dragon fruit (DF) peels for production DF jam. The effect 

of different pH (2 and 3) and extraction time (120min and 180min) on the yield of pectin 

will be determined. The characteristics of pectin introduced is determined on the degree 

of esterification, a methoxyl content and anyhdrouronic acid (AUA) analysis. 

Carbohydrate content will be the highest in dragon fruit jam followed by protein, fat and 

ash content. It is expected that the properties of pectin produced will influence the final 

properties of jam. This study has a potential for food industries to generate incomes and 

fully utilize the agro-industrial by product. The production of dragon fruit jam as one of 

method to preserve the fruits and to diversify the fruit intake other than consume it fresh 

or in juice. 

281


Cassava Starch Based Edible Coating Incorporated with Cinnamon Essential 

Oil to Extend Shelf Life of Fresh-Cut Honeydew (Cucumis melo variation 

inodorus) 

Siti Munirah Binti Mohd Anuar 




Ready to eat fresh fruit has gained popularity among consumers due its freshness, low 

caloric contents and provides basic components of a healthy diet. However, fresh-cut fruit 

has lower shelf life as compared to the whole fruit. The main objective of this research is 

to determine the effectiveness of cassava starch (CS) based edible coating with the 

incorporation of cinnamon essential oil (CE) on the shelf-life of fresh cut honeydew. A 

solution of CS (0.5 % w/v) with different concentration of CE (0.3, 0.7 and 1.0 % v/v) 

will be used to coat fresh-cut honeydew through dipping method and will be stored at 

4°C for 12 days. The quality of fresh-cut honeydew will be analysed based on its 

physicochemical and microbiological properties as well as level of acceptability based on 

sensory evaluation. It is expected that cassava starch based edible coating incorporated 

with 1.0 % v/v CE will be efficient to extend shelf life and maintain the quality of freshcut 

honeydew. 

282


Effect of Carriers on Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Spray- 

Dried “Hempedu Bumi” Extract Powder and Its Application into Cookies. 

Siti Zubaidah Binti Jumli 




Andrographis paniculate or “hempedu bumi” (HB) is one of famous medicinal herb that 

has pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, antidiabetic, 

anti-HIV and anti-viral. However, because of high bitter taste of this plant, many 

people not be able to accept it. Mixing the plant extract with carrier like whey protein, 

Arabic gum and cyclodextrin is reported to reduce bitter taste. Therefore, this study is 

carried out to see the effect of those carriers on the antioxidant activity of HB powder 

(HBP) and sensory acceptance of cookies incorporated with HBP. The carrier will be 

mixed at 20% (w/v) with the HB extract (1:1 of HB leaves: water) before proceeding for 

spray-drying. Cookies incorporated with HB-cyclodextrin is expected to have higher 

acceptability compared to cookies with HB-Arabic gum and HB-whey protein. 

283


Effect of Maltodextrin and Whey Protein Concentrate on Antioxidant 

Properties of Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) Powder and its Application in 

Yogurt 

Suhaila Azuar Binti Suhimi 




Previous study showed that combination of maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein 

concentrate (WPC) at 25:75 ratio increased oxidative stability during spray-drying. 

However, no study has been carried out at different ratio of combination on the 

antioxidant properties of Cosmos caudatus (CC). Therefore, this study aims to see the 

effect of MD and WPC at different ratios on the antioxidant properties of CC powder (CCP) 

and the effect of CCP on the physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance of 

yogurt. The carrier will be mixed at 0MD:100WPC, 25MD:75WPC, 50MD:50WPC, 

75MD:25WPC and 100MD:0WPC. The carrier mixture will be mixed with the CC extract 

(1:1 of water:CC leaves) at 10% (w/v) before proceeding to spray-drying. The CCP then 

will be added at 10% (w/w) from the total weight of yogurt. The combination of MD and 

WPC will significantly preserve the antioxidant properties of CCP compared to the effect 

of carrier individually. 

284


Physicochemical Properties, Thermal Inactivation Kinetic Of Polyphenol 

Oxidase And Peroxidase And Shelf Life Study On Pandan Coconut Water With 

Different Types Of Honey Incorporation 

Sum, Z. Q. 

Supervisor: Dr Norizah Mhd Sarbon 



Pandan coconut water has unique sensorial and nutritional qualities, but enzymatic 

stability of coconut water is challenging. This study aims to determine physicochemical 

properties, thermal inactivation kinetic of enzymes and shelf life study on pandan coconut 

water with Stingless bee honey and Acacia honey at concentration of 0%, 5%, 10% and 

15% at 80 o C for 15 minutes. Among the samples studied, sugar and protein content of 

pandan coconut water with stingless bee honey was higher. Fat and fibre content of all 

samples had no significant different. Total phenolic content of pandan coconut water with 

stingless bee honey was higher. Total soluble solid, turbidity and colour of pandan 

coconut water increased with honey concentration. Titratable acidity and acidity of all 

samples has no significant different. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity were 

more reduced by stingless bee honey. Total viable count on pandan coconut water 

decreased by increasing honey concentration. 

285


Effect of Combinations of Thickening Agents and Averrhoa Bilimbi Paste on 

Properties of Sweet Sour Sauce 

Syamimi Binti Rahim 




There are abundant of Averrhoa bilimbi fruits in Malaysia and become underutilized. This 

study encompasses the effect of Averrhoa bilimbi paste and the combination of different 

percentage of thickening agents (corn starch and xanthan gum) in different formulation. 

The ratio in percentage of corn starch and xanthan gum are 100%:0%, 70%:30%, 

50%:50%, 30%:70% and 0%:100%. The fresh Averrhoa bilimbi is first processed to 

produce Averhoa bilimbi paste to be used as ingredient in the sweet sour sauce. Different 

percentage of thickening agents (corn starch and xanthan gum) are using to evaluate the 

properties of the sweet sour sauce produced. The properties are measure by 

physicochemical analyses which are involved proximate value, viscosity, pH, brix, 

titratable acidity and color. The sauce then analyze for its sensory acceptability and shelf 

life. Different properties of thickening agents will produce different properties of sweet 

sour sauce. 

286


Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Total Lutein Content in Different 

Parts of Pumpkin (Cucurbita Maxima) 

Wong, Y.W. 

Supervisor: Dr. Fauziah Tufail Ahmad 



Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is a vegetable crop which is commonly consumed as 

vegetables or incorporated into food products. Pumpkin flesh is rich in carotenoid 

compounds, which includes α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and 

zeaxanthin. There is a possibility that these nutrients to be in other parts of pumpkin such 

as peel and seed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the total lutein 

content in different parts of pumpkin. The antioxidant properties and antimicrobial 

properties of total lutein content in different parts of pumpkin will be also studied. 

Consequently, the outcome of this study may utilize the pumpkin waste as natural 

antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. For instance, the presence of the antioxidant 

properties of total lutein in different parts of pumpkin will be tested through DPPH assay, 

FRAP assay and ABTS assay whereas the antimicrobial properties of total lutein in 

different parts of pumpkin will be tested by well diffusion method. 

287


Optimization of Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis Conditions of Obtuse Horn Shell 

(Cerithidea Obtusa) Meat Using Alcalase® To Obtain Maximum Degree of 

Hydrolysis by Employing Response Surface Methodology (Rsm) 

Yap, J. Y. 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Amiza Mat Amin 



Optimization of enzymatic protein hydrolysis condition of obtuse horn shell (Cerithidea 

obtusa) meat using Alcalase® to obtain maximum degree of hydrolysis by employing 

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) will be carried out. A three-level face-centered 

central composite design (CCD) will be employed. Four independent variables of 

enzymatic hydrolysis conditions will be applied, which are pH, temperature, hydrolysis 

time and enzyme concentration. The protein hydrolysates from each optimization run will 

be frozen and lyophilized prior to determination of degree of hydrolysis. Finally, 

determination of proximate analysis of obtuse horn shell meat hydrolysate prepared 

under the suggested optimum condition will be carried out as well. It is expected that 

optimization study will suggest a model to explain the relationship between the four 

independent hydrolysis conditions of obtuse horn shell meat towards degree of hydrolysis 

and the optimum condition to obtain maximum degree of hydrolysis. Furthermore, the 

proximate analysis of obtuse horn shell meat hydrolysate prepared under optimum 

condition will be obtained. 

288


The Effect of Mango Kernel Flour Incorporation on the Physicochemical, 

Antioxidant Properties and Sensory Acceptance Of Pasta 

Yong, P. Y. 




Pasta is a stable food in many countries. Mango is one of the fruits that has been used 

widely in food industries. This has increased the amount of waste where there is about 

20% of seed. Mango kernel is about 45-75% of mango seed which highly consist of 

carbohydrate and antioxidant. Previous studies have developed a few products 

incorporated with mango kernel flour (MKF) but no study has been carried out on pasta. 

This study aimed to determine the physiochemical and antioxidant properties, and 

sensory acceptability of pasta incorporated with MKF. There are five formulations of pasta 

where MKF will be incorporated at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (w/w). Besides 

antioxidant properties, other properties evaluated are including cooking quality, chemical, 

physical, and sensory acceptability. It is expected that, increasing the amount of MKF into 

pasta will increase its antioxidant properties and affect its physicochemical properties. 

289


Development of High Fibre Bread Incorporated With Pumpkin (Cucurbita 

Maxima) Skin 

Zulia Azwa Binti Zulkepli 

Supervisor: Dr. Amir Izzwan Zamri 



The main approach of this study is to develop high fibre bread by utilizing the pumpkinby 

products, namely pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) skin which is incorporated into whole 

meal bread. The pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) skin can be classified as one of the source 

of high fibre. The pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) skin will be dried and mill in order to 

produce the pumpkin skin powder. There are five different percentages of pumpkin skin 

powder (PSP) level incorporated into the high fibre bread which were formulation A (0% 

PSP), formulation B (5% PSP), formulation C (10% PSP), formulation D (15% PSP) and 

formulation E (20% PSP). All of the samples undergone physical analysis and sensory 

evaluation. For expected result, the incorporation of PSP give significant effects towards 

bread volume and hardness attribute where the bread became denser and harder in 

texture as compared to the control. The colour of bread crumb and crust was also 

changed to darker colour. For the overall acceptance, formulation B has the highest mean 

score among the composite breads (formulation B to E) studied. 

290


Influence of Time in Pectinase Extraction on the Antioxidant Capacity for 

Spent Coffee Ground 

Maisarah Binti M Khairil Anwar 




Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) contains various functional components with high antioxidant 

capacity and health benefits. The extraction of pectinase enzyme for SCG, a by-product 

in large amounts worldwide will be investigated. In this study, SCG will be extracted in 

different period of time (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 min). The total antioxidant capacity will 

be measured using glutathione peroxidase, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 

superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 2, 2–diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Total 

phenol and flavonoid contents of SCG will also be evaluated. The optimum extraction of 

polyphenols will be resulted at 40 min with enzyme treatment about 30 and 40%. The 

highest yields of total antioxidant capacity consistently will be observed when extracted 

assist by pectinase treatment. It is interesting to note that extract from SCG can be 

potential substitute to synthetic antioxidant in food product. 

291


Development of Fish Ball Incorporated with Yellowtail Barracuda (Spyraena 

flavicauda) 

Norsafika Binti Sulaiman 




Fish ball is one of the meatballs mostly consumed by Malaysian due to its convenient 

preparation and the fact it can be consumed in many different ways. However, the 

population of targeted species of fishes in making surimi used in fish ball production is 

alarming. Thus, this research reports on the study in development of fish ball incorporated 

with yellowtail barracuda (Sphyraena flavicauda). There will be six formulation of fish ball 

with different percentage of commercial surimi and yellowtail barracuda (0, 20, 40, 60, 

80 and 100 %). Physicochemical analysis will be conducted for all formulations. The 

acceptability of produced fish ball will be evaluated through sensory evaluation. At least 

one of formulations will be accepted. 

292


Antioxidant Properties in Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa (Kemunting) Leaves, 

Branches and Root Extracted Using Ultrasonic-Ethanol Assisted Technique 

Anis Amirah Binti Jamaluddin 




The aim of the study is to determine the antioxidant activities from leaves, branches and 

roots of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Kemunting). This study will utilize the ultrasonicethanol 

assisted technique to extract and evaluate the antioxidant compound. The 

antioxidant activity will be determined using FRAP, FTC and TBA assay. All extracts are 

expected to show strong antioxidant activity in TBA and FTC test. This study will also 

determine the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The results suggest that 

a good recovery of phenolic compound from leaves may be achieved at 40℃ with solvent 

ratio of 30:1 and ethanol concentration of 80% (v/v). It is also expected that the highest 

TPC and TFC will be present in leaves. The results suggest that Kemunting leaves extract 

can serve as a potent antioxidant. Thus, this study will serve to give new knowledge 

about their benefits regarding antioxidant in three parts of Kemunting. 

293


Development of Fruit Leather Using Roselle Waste Incorporated With Stevia 

Siti Maisarah Malek 

Supervisor: Dr. Fauziah Binti Tufail Ahmad 



Roselle waste is increasing from years to years due to high demand of Roselle products. 

Disposing of waste especially Roselle waste is highly undesirable both economically and 

environmentally. Fruit leather is an alternative product that has potentials to be produced 

from Roselle waste. The similar amount of nutrients in Roselle waste with fresh Roselle 

makes it beneficial to produce food product such as fruit leather. However, fruit leather 

is a product that contains high amount of sugar. To preserve the authenticity of fruit 

leather as nutritional food, the sucrose will be substitute with Rebaudioside A from Stevia. 

This study is aimed to sustain food waste which is Roselle waste and to produce a product 

that contain low calorie incorporated with Rebaudioside A. Fruit leather will be formulated 

with four different percentages, i.e. Formulation A (100% Sucrose; control), Formulation 

B (80% Sucrose, 20% Rebaudioside A), Formulation C (60% Sucrose, 40% Rebaudioside 

A) and Formulation D (50%sucrose, 50% Rebaudioside A). The quality of Roselle waste 

leather will be determined by analysis of texture, colour, proximate, calorie content, 

antioxidant properties, and sensory evaluation. The expected result is different 

formulation will influence the colour, texture, calorie content, antioxidant and consumer 

acceptance. 

294


Development of Rendang Flavored Powder and Their Effect on 

Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Acceptance 

Nurul Shuhada Binti Mat Ya'acob 

Supervisor: Dr Fisal Bin Ahmad 



Flavor is one of the main attribute for customer to choose foods. Usually, the flavor that 

significant with food can be in form of paste or powder. The aim of this study is to develop 

Rendang flavored powder and evaluate their effects of physicochemical and sensory 

properties. The Rendang powder will be develop by manipulating percentage of 

maltodextrin to modified corn starch (100%:0%, 75%:25%, 50%:50%, 25%:75% and 

0%:100%). For the preparation of powder, drying is an indispensable process and oven 

drying will be adopt in practical production. The different ratio of maltodextrin to modified 

corn starch will be resulted to different physical properties of powder such as pH, color, 

texture and size of powder. The moisture content of Rendang powder will expected to be 

lower than other chemical properties. The addition of different amount of maltodextrin 

and modified corn starch significantly will be affect the sensory acceptance of the product. 

295


Development of Fish Burger Incorporated with Aya Kurik (Euthynnus Affinis) 

Haziqah Binti Johari 

Supervisor: Dr Amir Izzuwan Bin Zamri 



Fish provides nutrients and micronutrients that are essential to physical development and 

acts as important part of a healthy diet. Mostly, meat products are mainly blame for their 

main substitute for high saturated fat content. In Malaysia, most of the tuna caught are 

consumed fresh where fish consumption is relatively high and more than 90% of the tuna 

landing in Malaysia comprises of the species Aya Kurik (Euthynnus affinis). Therefore, 

study of development of fish burger incorporated with Aya kurik (Euthynnus affinis) will 

be conducted. There are five different of formulation of fish burger incorporated with Aya 

kurik such as 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. All of the formulation will be analysed for 

chemical analysis, physical analysis and sensory evaluation to produce a good quality and 

nutritious of fish burger. Based on this study, at least one of the formulation will be 

accepted. 

296


Optimization of Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis Condition on the Degree of 

Hydrolysis of Freshwater Clam (Corbicula fluminea) 

Siti Nur Fasya Binti Fauzi 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Amiza binti Mat Amin 



The aim of this study is to optimize the enzymatic protein hydrolysis condition of 

freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) meat by using a Alcalase® to achieve maximum 

degree of hydrolysis (DH). A three-level face-centered central composite design (CCD) 

will be employed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Four independent variables 

of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions will be applied, which are pH, temperature, hydrolysis 

time and enzyme concentration. The protein hydrolysates from each optimization run will 

be lyophilized prior to determination of degree of hydrolysis. Finally, determination of 

proximate analysis of freshwater clam meat hydrolysate prepared under the suggested 

optimum condition will be carried out. It is expected that optimization study will suggest 

a model to explain the relationship between the four independent hydrolysis variables of 

freshwater clam meat towards degree of hydrolysis and the optimum condition to obtain 

maximum degree of hydrolysis. Furthermore, the proximate analysis of freshwater clam 

meat hydrolysate prepared under optimum condition will be obtained. 

297


Extracted Malva Nut Gum as Thickening Agents for Sauce 

Nur Azmina Syazwani Binti Saharudin 




Malva nut seed or mostly known in Malaysia as ‘buah kembang semangkuk’ is usually 

used in drinks believed for relieving heat from body. However, the usage of this seed is 

limited as drink. Therefore, this paper reports on study for extracted malva nut gum as 

thickener agents in sauce. Thickening agents act as agents that will help in gelling process 

and increase the viscosity of final product. The gum from malva nut will be extracted and 

undergone decolouring process before production of sauce. There will be five formulation 

of tomato sauce with different range of thickener (0, 3%, 3.5%, 4% and 4.5%). All 

formulation will undergone chemical and physical analysis. The acceptability of the 

product will be tested with sensory evaluation. The expected result will be at least one of 

the formulation will be accepted according to this study. 

298


Effect of Partial Fat Replacement by Whey Protein and Oat on 

Physicochemical, Sensory Properties and Calorie Content of Reduced Fat Ice 

Cream Strawberry 

Nur Ainaa Hanani Binti Saiful Bahry 

Supervisor: Dr. Fisal Bin Ahmad 



Ice cream is a frozen dessert that have high calorie and low fiber content. To produce ice 

cream with less fat or calorie, but still same ice cream attributes, fat replacements of 

whey protein and oats are use. This is because these two fat replacer can influence the 

flavor, texture and increase the nutritional value of ice cream. A control and five 

formulation with different ratio of whey protein:oat (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 

0:100) will be use. These ice cream will be test in laboratory for their physicochemical, 

sensory properties and calorie content. Sensory analysis for overall acceptability will be 

carry out among 30 untrained panel in school. The fruit will be used in making the ice 

cream flavor is local strawberry from Cameron Highland obtain from Strawberry Mart. It 

is expected that from whole formulation in terms of physicochemical, sensory properties 

and calorie analysis there will be one best formulation with less calorie content and 

increase the nutritional value of strawberry ice cream. 

299


Development, Physicochemical and Sensory Quality of Kuih Keria Instant 

Premix Powder 

Lia Nadhirah Binti Ahmad Amran 

Supervisor: Dr. Fisal Bin Ahmad 



Kuih keria is a traditional kuih in Malaysia, a fried ring-shape like, produced with sweet 

potato batter and rolled in caster or palm sugar. Kuih keria takes a longer time to prepare 

and it is hard to find all the ingredients. In this study, development of kuih keria instant 

premix powder can reduce the time consuming and it is easy to prepare the kuih keria. 

Main ingredients are the factor that affect physical properties of kuih keria. Kuih keria will 

be prepared by using the kuih keria instant premix powder in standard formulation from 

the recipe. These kuih keria will be tested in laboratory for their physiochemical and 

sensory characteristis. Overall acceptabilty will be carried out by 30 untrained panelists 

for the sensory evaluation. This instant premix powder is expected to be convenience for 

consumer based on its physicochemical and sensory characteristics that will be derived 

from the best formulation. 

300


Physicochemical Properties of Flour and Characterization of Starch from New 

Variety of Malaysian Purple Sweet Potato (Anggun) 

Nur Ezzah Binti Abd. Razak 

Supervisor: Dr. Yusnita Hamzah 



Anggun variety (Anggun 1, Anggun 2, Anggun 3) is a new purple sweet potato produced 

by Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) which contains 

high nutrient source of dietry fiber and antioxidant (anthocyanins). Starch is the primary 

form of carbohydrate storage in sweet potato which might have differences in properties 

from different varieties. Thus, this study will be carried out to determine the 

physicochemical properties of flour as well as to determine the composition and thermal 

properties of starch extracted from these Anggun varieties. Physical properties that will 

be carried out are particle size distribution, bulk density, angle repose and swelling power. 

While chemical properties including digestibility study and oil absorption capacity. 

Starches will be analyzed for their total starch, amylose content, microstructural images 

(SEM), gelatinization and retrogradation properties (DSC). It is expected that different 

variety of Anggun sweet potato will have different chemical composition and structures 

that will affect their functional properties which might potentially have variety ways in 

food industry application. 

301


The Effect of Addition Tapioca Flour and Egg White Powder on 

Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristic of Fish Cracker Made From 

Frozen Spratelloides Sp. 

Wajihah Abawiyah Binti Mohd Ishak 

Supervisor Name: Dr. Fisal Bin Haji Ahmad 



Fish cracker “keropok ikan” is one of popular snack in Malaysia. In this study, two types 

of ingredients are selected to enhance the quality of fish cracker which is tapioca flour 

and egg white powder. These two ingredients is classified as among major factor that 

influencing the physical characteristic of fish cracker especially in gel forming and linear 

expansion. Together with other ingredients, these crackers will be prepare using standard 

formulation given by entrepreneur of fish cracker in Kemaman as a control along with 

five other formulations with different ratio of tapioca starch and egg white powder (80:20, 

85:15, 90:10, 95:5, 100:0). These crackers will be tested in laboratory for their 

physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Sensory analysis for overall acceptability will 

be carry out among untrained panelist in the school. The cracker that will be made is 

expected to give a good quality in term of physicochemical and sensory characteristic. 

302


Utilizing Kacang Koro (Canavalia ensiformis) As a Protein Sources in Protein 

Energy Bars. 

Nur E’zzati Binti Hamzah 




The objective of this study is to produce a new product, “kacang koro” (Canavalia 

ensiformis) energy bars. Five formulation of energy bar will be produce using different 

level percentage of arabic gum in “kacang koro” energy bar which 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% 

and 100% of arabic gum. The product will be subjected to physicochemical properties 

and sensory acceptability analysis. The bar will subjected to physical analysis of energy 

bar, the colour profile analysis, texture analysis and also it pH value. Chemical analysis, 

the proximate analysis, calorie content and microbial test will be also analysed. 

Formulations C and D are expected to be the best of acceptable from untrained panel. 

“Kacang koro” energy bar is affordable and more nutritious and suitable for athlete. 

303


Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Acceptability and Shelf Life Study of 

Barley Pandan Water with Different Kelulut Honey Concentration 

Pang Swee Theng 




Barley and kelulut honey are both high in nutritional value which can bring health benefits 

to human. The aim of this study is to prepare and determine the physicochemical 

properties, sensory acceptability and shelf life of barley pandan water incorporated with 

different kelulut honey concentration. The prepared fresh barley pandan water with 

kelulut honey will be characterized on its physicochemical properties (protein, fiber, fat, 

carbohydrate, major and minor mineral composition, pH, viscosity, color, total soluble 

solid, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, total sugars and total phenolic content), 

sensory acceptability (affective test) and shelf life study on the accepted product (total 

plate count). The formulation of barley pandan water with the highest acceptability by 

the panels will be conducted for shelf life study. The formulated barley pandan water are 

expected to increase total phenolic content, viscosity, total solids, redness (a*) and 

yellowness (b*) values while decrease pH. Viscosity is also expected to increase during 

storage. 

304


Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Mango Leaf Extract and Their 

Effects on Viability of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Yogurt 

Vithya A/P Pragasam 

Supervisor: Dr. Fauziah Binti Tufail Ahmad 



Mango (Mangiferin indica) is an herbal plant commonly used in ayurvedic medicinal 

industry. The extract from it bark, stem and leaf is mainly used in ethnomedicinal purpose. 

This study mainly focus in the reaction between mango leaf extract and the viability of 

lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in yogurt. The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of mango 

leaf extract against related species of LAB will be investigated in this study. Different 

concentration of mango leaf extract will be applied in yogurt. The viability of LAB in yogurt 

will be investigated by analysis such as pH, titratable acidity and microbial count. The 

antioxidant properties of yogurt will be also determined. Addition of mango leaf extract 

in food product may benefits the yogurt. This study will be expected to show either the 

addition of mango leaf extract will inhibit and affect the longevity of LAB in fermented 

product. 

305


The Effect of pH on the Stability of Anthocyanin Extract in Butterfly Pea 

Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) 

Ezza Amalia Binti Kamaruzan 




Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) commonly known as “Bunga telang” has high 

potential used as natural food colouring due to their attractive colours. Blue colours are 

uncommon in nature and extremely difficult to obtain in foods due to its poor stability at 

pH 7 in food. This study is aimed to evaluate the stability of anthocyanins extracts under 

different pH (4-10). The extracts will be extracted using acidified ethanol, acid 

hydrochloric and distilled water and will be stored at 45°C for 14 days. Upon storage, the 

extract will be analysed for TPC, TA, and DPPH method. Chromaticity parameters will be 

evaluated for lightness, chroma and hue. The acidic butterfly pea extract is expected to 

show stability than those in alkaline. As a conclusion, anthocyanins from Bunga telang 

are a promising source of natural food colourant. 

306

combinepdf

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?