COMPLETE PPIMG

School of Informatics and 

Applied Mathematics 

1 | UMT UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH DAY


Seatru Management System 

Aifa Afifah Zikri 

Supervisor: Dr Amir Bin Ngah 

Bachelor of Computer Science with Maritime Informatics 

School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics 

Sea Turtle Research Unit (SEATRU) Management System is a web-based system, which 

is developed to manage the turtle data and volunteer at SEATRU. This system has two 

modules which is volunteer management module and turtle database module. Volunteer 

programme at SEATRU involved in activities that related to turtle management at Chagar 

Hutang, Pulau Redang. In volunteer module,the volunteer need to register and booking 

the available slot. Every slot is equal to one week and each slot need ten volunteers. 

Then the volunteer need to make a payment two weeks before the programme. For 

turtle database module, SEATRU staff will record all the nesting and hatching data of 

turtle in the database. Finally the system will generate several relevant reports. This 

system will benefit the SEATRU in term of reducing the time and cost. 


e-HSM: Web Based Hull Stress Monitoring System 

Chow Mun Kit 

Supervisor: Associate Prof. Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



The digital revolution is being a trend and technologies increase paperless work. 

However, there are people and industries that are still using traditional and unsystematic 

way to keep their documents with paper and files. Therefore, we developed a web-based 

system that monitors and manages the hull plates of the vessel/ship. Using this e-HMS, 

will improve the way to keep track and monitoring of the maintenance date of the hull 

plates through the digital log book. e-HMS will alert users regarding to the hull plates' 

status anywhere at any time as long they have internet connection. This will reduce the 

total cost of maintenance if the big problem can secure before the breakdown occurred. 

e-HMS include the several module or function such as vessel registration, hull 

maintenance schedule and overall reports of the vessel/ship condition. 


Aquatrop Events Management 

Haw Hock Soon 

Supervisor: Dr Faizah Binti Aplop 

Bachelor of Computer Science 

School Of Informatics and Applied Mathematics 

Establishment of AQUATROP Centre at UMT is to improve the development of aquaculture 

industry by increasing production of fish, shrimp and other aqua important species 

through research and development (R&D). AQUATROP always organize many activities 

to provide opportunity to public who is interested to know or gain aquaculture knowledge. 

However, the only issue that faced by AQUATROP is the lack of promotion of activities. 

Therefore, AQUATROP event management (AEM) is developed to cater for this issue. 

Even better, this online system allows users to conveniently access to this system and 

manage their account or make booking at their own pace. 


Scoobe.com Scuba Boat Transportation 

Kunalan A/L Sudhagaran 

Supervisor: Prof. Dato’ Dr. Aziz Bin Deraman 

Computer Science with Maritime Informatics 


Many beautiful islands on eastern peninsular of Malaysia are well known for its great 

scuba diving and snorkeling sites. However, divers occasionally having difficulty in finding 

available boat transportation services for scuba diving activities. Therefore, Scoobe.com 

is developed as an online booking system with the aim to help divers or other potential 

customers to find available boat services. Scoobe.com provides several services such as 

scuba training tutoring, buy & sell scuba equipments and boat booking services only 

within the state of Terengganu. The scoobe.com was developed and operated through 

web-based system. As for boat booking module, boat owners will promote their boats 

and customers can browse and book their preferable boat without making online 

payment. With the development of Scoobe.com, it will attract more divers as it is easier 

for them to find services for scuba diving activities. 


Development of (Dss + R) For Forensic Investigation In Detecting Human 

Cadaver Of Clandestine Grave 

Low Mei Yeen 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noor Maizura binti Mohamad Noor 



Locating and identifying human cadaver in clandestine graves can be a very timeconsuming 

process especially when it involves a wide area. The process is further 

hampered by various factors that may be environmental as well as manmade. The current 

methods are using canines as well as ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to determine the 

location of graves. However, both methods are not 100% fool proof as they involve a 

significant amount of guess-work. The system which is known as CHAVET is a method 

that calls for the testing of soil using chemicals produced from decomposition of human 

cadaver. It will have a library of data pre-installed to be compared to the data collected 

from suspected soil locations in order to give a calculated result that has taken into 

account the risk factors that will negatively affect the result. Thus, the system will be able 

to aid in forensic investigation work. 


Cooking Class Management System 

Natasha Sim Ai Thing 

Supervisor: Dr. Faizah Binti Aplop 

Bachelor of Science Computer with Informatic Maritime 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Cooking Class Management System (CCM) is an online system that provides platform for 

the student, lecturer, and the kitchen lab staff to interact at any time. Despite the efforts 

of the food science student organizing program or activities to provide more skills or 

knowledge on cooking class, certain issues such as lacking of promotion of the activities 

arose. Thus, CCM is introduced to manage the cooking class activities, kitchen lab and 

apparatus booking, availability of the booking session, and at the same time cater the 

arising issues. This online system allows user to access their account and do transaction 

according to their portfolio and access level. 


Tilapia Breeding Management System (Wi-Trop) 

Nik Muhammad ‘Inwan Bin Nik Adnan 

Supervisor: Dr. Suryani Binti Ismail 



Breeding is one of the field that contributes to the economic growth of our country and 

is highly profitable to the breeders. Tilapia (Oreochromis Nilotic us) is mainly the most 

favorite freshwater fish among the breeders in Malaysia because of their rapid growth, 

breed and being very "disease-resistant. Currently, the breeders need to record all the 

data into papers or books before transferring it into Microsoft Excel. Therefore, the 

purpose of the Tilapia Breeding Management System of Akuatrop (Wi-Trop) to develop a 

system that will allows management of the breeding pool by the fingertips, control the 

data loss and using paperless concept by implementing the web-based system because 

it is crucial to smoothen the management process. To achieve the purpose system above, 

Wi-Trop system using Agile as system methodology. This system can allow the livestock 

breeder to control the data loss and minimize the mistakes of records. 


Scuba Diving License Management System 

Nik Kamarulzaman Bin Nik Pa 

Supervisor: Pn. Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 

Computer Science With Maritime Informatic 

School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics (PPIMG) 

Scuba Diving License Management System is an online web-based system developed for 

Pusat Sukan Dan Rekreasi Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) to manage people who 

interested to acquire a scuba diving license via variety of training available. This system 

is built to replace existing system that using manual system. User had to come over to 

the Pusat Sukan Dan Rekreasi Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) to book and fill the 

form manually if they want to register a scuba diving license. This system is develop using 

agile methodology. This is because clients can make small objective changes without 

huge amendments to the budget or schedule. The process involves breaking down each 

project into prioritized requirements, and delivering each individually within an iterative 

cycle. This system is built to control data loss from occurring as data is stored directly 

into the database and data is more secure by using this system. 


Scoobe.com Scuba Tutoring Registration 

Nur Shafika Irasha Binti Sandusi 




Malaysia is well known for its great scuba and snorkeling sites. There are many islands in 

peninsular Malaysia that offer scuba diving activities to both local and international 

tourists. However, customers occasionally have difficulty in finding services for them to 

carry out the scuba diving activities. Thus, Scoobe.com is a web-based system that is 

developed as an online booking system with the aim to help potential customers to find 

scuba diving services within the state of Terengganu. Scoobe.com provides scuba tutoring 

registration service where customers will be able to register and enroll into scuba classes 

by doing online registration. Customers also will be provided with scuba diving guidelines 

to help them to understand more about courses offered. With the development of 

Scoobe.com, it will definitely help customers to carry out their scuba diving activities 

without having to face any problems. 


Boat Maintenance Scheduling System of 

University Malaysia of Terengganu 

Nursuhaila binti Md Salim 

Supervisor: Puan Arifah bt Che Alhadi 



Boat Maintenance Scheduling System of UMT was developed to schedule the 

maintenance of boats that are managed by The Boats Administration and Management 

Office of UMT. The current practice, all information for maintenance scheduling was 

manually recorded or written in paper. Therefore, an online system is important to user 

for making maintenance scheduling. The main objectives of the system are to analyze, 

design and develop a scheduling maintenance system. The waterfall methodology is used 

as guideline for developing the system. So, this system will help in assisting the staffs at 

the office to schedule boat maintenance efficiently. The system is envisioned to help in 

handling, recording and retrieving the maintenance information. 


TTI Boat River Cruise System 

Muhammad Khairi bin Mohamad Nassarudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Rabiei bin Mamat 



TTI Boat River Cruise System is a web based online reservation application aim to assist 

TTI River Cruise organization. The purpose of this system is to help TTI staff to manage 

their river cruise operation in term of reservation module. Current system required 

customer to come over to the service counter to make reservation. In addition, the data 

in current system is not well organized. Thus, the main objective of this application is to 

improve the reservation process as well as managing data systematically. The 

methodology used to develop this system is a waterfall methodology and this system 

used 3 tiers architecture. This system only focused to TTI staff and their customers. As a 

result, this system provided systematic database so that every transaction and request 

by the users can be managed and should control the data loss. Finally, user-friendly 

interfaces are designed so user can easily use this system. 


Mangrove Management System (Mms) 

Nur Amirah bt Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr Faizah bt Aplop 



Mangrove is one of the important tropical plants that grow between land and sea. They 

form forests of salt-tolerant species and are adapted to the coastal environment. 

Destruction of mangrove may occur globally either because of global changes or human 

activities. This will cause the extinction of mangrove habitats. Sahabat Setiu is an 

organization that help in conservation of wetlands by providing services such as 

reservation for replanting mangrove. However, Sahabat Setiu basically have been using 

a manual reservation system for this purpose. Therefore Mangrove Management System 

(MMS) is developed to allow online reservation for replanting the mangrove. Even better 

this system can helps in increasing the awareness among the public about the existence 


of various species of mangrove that are found in Setiu. By having this kind of dynamic 

system, it provides a fresh start to the existing Sahabat Setiu’s facebook page which is 

very limited. 

One-Stop Center for E-Lekor (E-Commerce) System 

Nurul Ashikin Bt Mohd Fazli 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Ghazali b. Sulong 



‘Keropok Lekor’ is a traditional Malay favorite fish cracker or snack originated from the 

state of Terengganu, Malaysia. Business of the snack is scattered around the state with 

hundreds of vendors ranging from small store to big factories. However, most of them 

depend on traditional way to market and sell their products due to lack of e-commerce 

exposure. Therefore, E-Lekor system was develop as a One-Stop Centre Business to 

Business (B2B) and Business to Customer (B2C) e-commerce platform using web-based 

technology. The systems provide a platform for vendors and buyers to buy and sell the 


snack. The vendors regardless throughout size and location have equal opportunity to 

market and sell their products via this platform. Agile methodology has been used to 

develop this system correspondently. In addition, this platform provides several modules 

such as vendors, buyers and admin. Thus this will make the system more efficient and 

easy to use. 

Shark Classification Using Augmented Reality 

Azmin Ashraff Bin Abdul Aziz 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz K Abdul Hamid 



Sharks Classification Using Augmented Reality is an augmented reality system that focus 

on type of sharks. The problems that occur is when the students want to learn about 

shark species and body parts, they have some difficulty to find the real sharks. The 

method that have been use is Unity and Vuforia for database. So that, the solution is to 

make an application that can show the body parts of sharks. The objectives are to make 

the learning session become more fun, easier to understand and to make it more 


attractive. Extreme programming have been use to develop this application. For the 

expected result, I hope that students can make the learning session become more 

effective. As a conclusion, this application is so useful for students and people that want 

to learn about shark species. 

Plant Nutrient Deficiency 

Tee Seng Siong 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin K. Abd. Hamid 



Classification of nutritional deficiencies, in a plant, is a problem for industry, since they 

do not have the knowledge to identify nutritional deficiencies neither receive technical 

assistance. The use of expertise can be time consuming because it need to take back the 


sample to laboratory for further analysis. Besides that human are prone to exhaust their 

energy thus can lead to more error in discovering the nutrient deficiency while examine 

the plant. There is no integration between the technology and individual expertise. In this 

paper, we proposed color base image analysis and segmentation to analyze and classify 

the image of plant according to deficiency classes by using image processing. This 

algorithm works by analyzing the characteristic of the plant leaf using color space. After 

the feature of interest leaf are extracted, the system will classify it according to their 

deficiency. Thus, people just need to take picture of the plant leaf using their mobile 

phone to get the relevant information. 

Fisherman welfare and natural disaster in Kuala Terengganu management 

system (e-Bantuan) 

Shazwanabila Binti Arshad 

Supervisor: En. Mohammad Aizat Bin Basir 




Fisherman welfare and natural disaster in Kuala Terengganu management system (e- 

Bantuan) is a system built for fisherman, Fishermen Associations (PNK) and Fisheries 

Development Authority of Malaysia (LKIM) officers. The existing system was used 

manually by user where user needs to fill up the application forms and user does not 

know the status of the application. By using this system, users can store and update data 

online. User also can check their application status, whether the application is approved, 

in progress or denied. The methodology chosen as a guideline for developing this system 

is agile methodology. In conclusion, this system makes user easier to apply the fund 

application. 

Ship Attendance System (SAS) 

Fatin Syahirah Binti Abu Talib 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz K Bin Abdul Hamid 




Attendance is very crucial to the ship company to ensure all crew adhere to the specific 

boarding timeline. Ship Attendance System (SAS) is a system which aims to register the 

attendance of the crew who board on ship. By having this system, the company will be 

able to replace paper-based traditional system. Taking attendance manually using paperbased 

system, there is a chance of missing data, prone to human error and requires for 

manpower for monitoring purposes. But, with this system, these issues are less likely to 

happen. Even better, this system is not only for taking crew’s attendance, but also allows 

the company to manage their crew’s info and profile efficiently. It can reduce the impact 

of data loss and at the same time reduce human effort. 

Sistem Tempahan Rakaman MOOC (UMT) 

Khairunisa Binti Salman 

Supervisor: Prof. Dato' Dr. Aziz Bin Deraman 




Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is an online course at unlimited participation and 

open access via the web. Sistem Tempahan Rakaman MOOC (STRaM) is a computerized 

system that allows users to book recording schedules according to their time suitability. 

In the current system, all forms are recorded manually which makes tracing record seems 

difficult. Therefore, the system was developed to assist in organizing the recording 

schedule. The objectives of this system are to analyze, design and develop a recording 

scheduling system. The system will be used by UMT’s lecturers and staffs. Agile 

methodology has been used to complete the system. As a conclusion, the system allows 

lecturers from various schools in UMT to register in the system and easily book their 

schedules according to their suitability. Hence, the process of managing recording 

schedule could be made easier. 

Marine Pollution Database System 

Nurul Jannah binti Ali Wafar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Muhammad Suzuri Bin Hitam 




Marine Pollution Database System is a computerized system that store all pollution related 

research information that conducted by researcher from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 

Problem faced by researchers when using manual system is data not manageable and 

possibility of overlapping data that will cause difficulties to generate report. Moreover, 

researchers face difficulties to achieve sampling schedule information and which stations 

they will conduct the research. However, this system is more focused on the research 

conducted at selected survey location. This computerized system is important because it 

helps to auto create the schedule of the sampling and store many information despite of 

manual system. The system also allows researchers to look for the reports that have been 

generated based on the information entered. Researchers also can view list of stations. 

As a conclusion, this system is developed to be more user friendly and helpful to be used 

by marine scientists. 

Diesel and Petrol Subsidy Management System 

Siti NurFarahim Binti Shaharudin 


Supervisor: Puan Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 

Bachelor in Science Computer with Maritime Informatics 


The process of purchasing subsidy fuels for registered fisherman is managed by PNK to 

help the fisherman purchase the subsidy fuels which is provided by the government to 

fulfill their needs of buying fuels at cheaper prices. To make sure the subsidy given can 

be manage and allocate systematically, a web-based system which named as Sistem 

Pengurusan Diesel dan Petrol Nelayan is developed. The methodology of Waterfall System 

Development Life Cycle is used in developing the system which allows the implementation 

to follow step by step of the method. By having an E-Subsidy system, fisherman can have 

a portal which they can update their status of using the fuel while the responsible party 

will monitor their activities and make proper decision based on their monitoring. The sales 

center also can get benefit from this system which they will provide subsidy for registered 

fisherman and store their transaction to avoid fraud. 

Scoobe.com Scuba Equipment Buy and Sell System 

Ooi Eng Hooi 





Malaysia is famous of it’s beautiful islands on eastern peninsular and it attract plenty of 

scuba divers every year including local divers. However, divers occasionally facing 

difficulty in buying new scuba equipment in low price or selling their equipment which 

are still usable. Therefore, Scoobe.com is a web-based system developed to help divers 

in Terengganu area to trade their scuba equipment. Scoobe.com provides a platform to 

allow divers either buy, sell their equipment in reasonable price or direct trading one 

equipment with another. Once a deal was made in the system, users will meet in real life 

and done the payment or trading face to face. Besides that, Scoobe.com also provide 

other services like scuba training tutoring and boat booking system. With the 

development of Scoobe.com, it will definitely help divers to save cost in upgrading their 

scuba equipment. 

Continuous Professional Development 


Emilia Binti Aiyob 

Supervisor: Profesor Madya Dr. Noor Maizura Binti Mohamad Noor 



Continuous professional development (CPD) is a new system build for the staff of 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The aim of this system is to create a new way for 

the staff to calculate and record their trainings and assessments in the system throughout 

the year. Therefore, the staff will try to develop their professional qualities and enhance 

their skills and knowledge by improving their attendance to the programs held by UMT. 

This web-based system applies merit system to replace the existing system that being 

used by the staff. The existing system did not apply merit calculation and only show 

status and calculated time for their training and assessment manually. This system will 

record their information and calculate their merit. By developing CPD system, the staff 

can acknowledge their status and the total of merit gained. 


Android Application for Ship Information Using Augmented Reality (AR) 

Muhammad Hafizuddin Bin Nazlie Leong 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin K Abd Hamid 



UMT have two well-known research vessel, which is RV Discovery and Siti Maya floating 

lab. These vessels are allocated at Duyong Island and Kenyir Lake who is far from UMT. 

In IR 4.0 era, we can use some advance technology that can visualize these assets on 

screen interactively. That technology is called Augmented Reality(AR) and we develop an 

android application using it. This can provide platform to everyone to have more 

understanding towards these vessels by reaching some information using it. By introduce 

this application, everyone enables to visit and navigate through these vessels virtually. 

Out of all this, using AR technology can attract people to learn more about one of most 

proud assets of UMT. 


Aquatic Laboratory and Hatchery Equipment 

Reservation System 

Nurfariza Farhana Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir Binti Haji Wan Yussof 



The development of technology is becoming more widely used in all areas. Previously, 

the administrator in the management department of the Tropical Aquaculture Institute of 

University Malaysia Terengganu only provides the booking form that need to be filled in 

by the applicant. There are many weakness in manual system such as slow booking 

process. To solve this problem, the development of Aquatic Laboratory and Hatchery 

Equipment Reservation System is done. The system is built to simplify the booking 

process of Aquatic Laboratory and Hatchery equipment in UMT and makes the system 

more systematic. In fact, the system is also designed to have several user friendly 

features such as easy to use. The system is developed using waterfall model which have 

systematic arrangement for the construction of a system. With this system, students can 

make laboratory and equipment reservation via online and approval process is done 

directly into the system. 


Sistem Penjadualan dan Penjejakan Kontena 

Nazaratul Ikhmal Mohd 

Supervisor : Puan Arifah binti Che Alhadi 

Bachelor of Computer Science with Informatics Maritime 

School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics. 

Container Scheduling and Tracking System is a computerised system that allows users to 

monitor their cargo movement. The problems of the previous system are excessive usage 

of time and cost as well as data redundancy. Thus, this system was developed to help 

users achieve optimum performance by reducing time and cost used. Furthermore, this 

system also allows users to exterminate problem related to data redundancy which help 

administrator to provide more reliable data. The objective of this system is to analyse, 

develop and test scheduling and tracking of cargo. This system will be used by forwarding 

agents and port management team to manage container transportation at Port Klang 

only. The agile methodology is applied in this project. As a conclusion, this computerised 

system allows forwarding agents to register and keep track of their cargo movement and 

provides port management team an easy solution to manage cargoes throughout the 

process. 


Online Food Ordering System Using Mobile App on Cruise Ship 

Muhamad Mahyuddin Bin Ishak 

Supervisor: Mohammad Aizat Bin Basir 



Online food ordering system using mobile app on cruise ship that enable ease for the 

passenger it overcome because the disadvantages of the traditional queueing system. 

This online food ordering system using mobile app has been designed and built for 

passenger on the cruise ship. By using this system, passenger can easily make an ordered 

the food and the system provides food delivery services and passenger also can track the 

order. Waterfall methodology is used to develop this system. The food ordering using 

mobile app is the system and the result will obtain shows that order will received to the 

restaurant from the user that do an ordering while using a mobile phone. The payment 

can be made online or pay-on-delivery system. Finally, that is this system has been used 

and it is clearly proven to passenger who are onboard can ease to make food ordering 

on this cruise ship. 


System for Estimating Digitate in Coral Reef Environment 

Che Wan Kamalrudin Bin Che W. Salleh @ Che Wan Semerang 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Suzuri Bin Hitam 



In current time, monitoring coral reef status and health state are done with the assist of 

image processing technique. Mostly current monitoring today are non-automated system 

and need to be done manually. The purpose of this research is to propose a new method 

for estimating digitate coral reef using image processing tool box. Therefore, the System 

for Estimating Digitate Coral in Coral Reef Environment will be used to automate the 

process of estimating digitate coral in coral reef environment. The scopes for System 

Estimating Digitate Coral Reefs (SEDCR) will be used by Institute of Oceanography and 

Environment (INOS) in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). This system will also cut 

down time taken to estimate a digitate coral distribution that is usually done with manual 

approach using System Coral Point Count with Excel extension (CPCe). 


Best Fresh Fish (BFF) System 

Fatin Hazwani Mohd Sobri 




Best Fresh Fish (BFF) is a system which developed to support the market of fresh fish. 

This system provides a platform for fishmonger to advertise the fish that they sold. 

Traditionally the buyer needs to meet the suppliers themselves to buy the fish and for 

the supplier it is vice-versa. By using this system, the suppliers can promote their fresh 

fish using online approach and it will help buyer to choose different type of fish and make 

order directly from the supplier. This system is developed based on the web technologies. 

Therefore, the user can use the system anytime and anywhere as long as there is internet 

connection availability. Moreover Agile Methodology has been used where few processes 

have been done which started with planning, designing, building and testing the system. 

This system will help and increase the growth of our economies because the transaction 

can be done in 24 hours. 


Berth Booking System 

Harnani bt Abdul Majid 

Supervisor: Mr. Sumazly Bin Sulaiman 


School of Informatics and Applied Mathematics (PPIMG) 

Berth Booking System (BBS) is a web-based system that specially created for Marina & 

Duyong Resort (MDR) in order to help their customers to make an online booking berth 

for vessels in an effective way. Previously all the process has done manually. The main 

objectives outlined in this study is to analyze, design and develop a system which can 

help MDR customers to make a booking and the system also handles MDR customers 

payment process. The methodology used is the agile methodology because we expected 

the direct and active involvement from the user. Thus, with this BBS the MDR customers 

can help their problem in managing berthing booking and offer more flexible ways to the 

customers. 


Online Appointment Management System for School of Marine and 

Environmental Sciences 

Lily Fariza Binti Abdul Rashid 

Supervisor: Dr. Rozniza Binti Ali 



The rapid development of computer technology has enabled most management problems 

in an organization to be solved using computer-aided tools. Online Appointment 

Management System is proposed to assist lecturers and students of School of Marine and 

Environmental Sciences (PPSMS). The manual appointment system had caused a few 

complications to both lecturers and students. Some slots were being duplicated while 

some appointments were cancelled without prior notice. This will cause some difficulties 

as lecturer and students might be occupied with other things. Due to overcome the 

problem above, this proposed system consists of three modules which are appointment, 

schedule and profile. This system has able to generate reports on how many appointment 

are made in a particular time. To achieve the proposed system, waterfall methodology is 


used. The proposed system was successfully developed and has helped the PPSMS to 

have a more effective and systematic appointment management. 

Web-based Coral Cover Analysis System (CCAS) 

Nabilah Naimah Binti Mohd Hussin 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuriana Binti Abu Bakar 

Bachelor Degree Science Computer with Maritime Informatics 

School of Informatics and Applied Mathemathics 

Coral is important to provide the variety of biological resource for human and also 

ecological functions for any organisms that live in the ocean. However, coral data have 

been manually collected using papers, and then data was calculated using Microsoft Excel 

to obtain the results. Therefore, Web-based Coral Cover Analysis System (CCAS) was 

developed to computerize the data collection and analysis tasks such as calculate the 

standard deviation and percentage of coral cover, then generate the reports 

automatically. In addition, this system is a web-based system that can be accessed at 

any time and everywhere as long as there is an internet connection. This system adopted 

Agile methodology because it could improve development of CCAS when user change 


their requirements over time. As a result, this system capable to assists researchers that 

involves in the coral research to do their tasks efficiently and effectively. 

Billing Management System 

Nik Mohamad Zaeem Bin Nik Man 

Supervisor: Dr. Farizah Bt Yunus 



Billing management system is a system that ensure the effectiveness and accuracy of 

wholesalers at LKIM Chendering Jetty in billing that need to be handed over to their 

customers.This system helps fishermen to receive payment from sales proceeded 

accurately and can facilitate them to claim subsidized petrol or diesel from the 

government through the Malaysian Fishermen’s Association. In developing this billing 

management system, the methodology selected is the Agile method. The method used is 

suitable with the system and programmers can easily understood the method and can 


provide a quality documentation system. The system is user-friendly because it is 

developed on demands and needs derived from the user itself. As a conclusion, this 

system will definitely increase the efficiency of other existing system at the jetty and help 

fishermen to optimize their time at sea. 

Classification of Foraminifera 

Normaliesa Binti Mohamad Noor 

Supervisor: Dr. Rosmayati Binti Mohemad 



Foraminifera is an organism which made up from small sediment and form a shell after a 

period of time. Foraminifera is important for guideline in searching petroleum in deep 

sea. Many websites did not give specific information and some of information can make 

confusion because there is argument where the species that been found and had been 

set their name were having different name while it was the same species because of 


some researchers cannot correctly identify the organisms. The main objective of this 

study are to design and develop Web-based Classification of Foraminifera System in order 

to classify the species. The main scopes are to identify and gather information about 

forams. Waterfall model methodology is applied which consist planning, analysis, design, 

implementation and system phase. A Web-based tool known as Classification of 

Foraminifera System used to classify the forams and deliver the info about it has been 

successfully develop. 

Scuba Booking Management System at University Malaysia Terengganu 

Nur Aina Fatihah Binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Noraida Binti Haji Ali 



The society has been dramatically changed with the evolution of technology and online 

computerizing system has been used. Previously, the administrator in the management 

department of the scuba at University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) only provides the 

booking form that needs to be filled in and many probabilities would be happen. There 


are many weaknesses from the use of this manual system such as overlapping booking. 

To solve this problem, a study was conducted to build a Scuba Booking Management 

System at UMT. This system is built to simplify the booking and make more systematic 

and it also designed to have several user friendly features such as easy to use. The 

system is developed using waterfall model. This model has a systematic arrangement for 

the construction to this system. As a result, students can make equipment booking via 

online and approval system is done directly into the system. 

Sistem Pemantauan Simulasi Pelajar 

(SPSP) 

Nur Faten Ezzaty Binti Alias 

Supervisor : Puan Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 

Bachelor of Computer Science with Maritime Informatic 



Universiti Malaysia Terengganu has offered many programmes and one of them is GS68 

by which the students have to use full mission simulation to enhance students’ ability 

practically. However, the process of evaluating the course has been conducted manually. 

This can possibly cause a loss of record. While having to wait for the instructor to finish 

with the evaluations, the lecturers and students also have difficulty to access the 

performance evaluation. Therefore, the Sistem Pemantauan Simulasi Pelatih (SPSP) is 

needed as platform for instructor, lecturers and students to perform the evaluation and 

access the performance results more effectively with the application of agile methodology 

in this project. Additionally, SPSP will assist instructors to be more transparent in 

evaluating students’ performance. SPSP also provides students with instant access to the 

evaluation results efficiently at anytime and anywhere. 

e-FroX:Frozen Seafood Ordering System 

Nur Shuhada Binti Ahmad Badri 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 




e-FroX is one of the platform in online business especially for seafood frozen that operates 

around the Kuala Terengganu. e-FroX is developed to improved buying process compared 

to previous system. The previous system uses manual ways because it need the 

customers to buy seafood at the market so it will wasted time and energy. In addition, it 

also offers delivery services to the customer’s home with perfectly frozen and provides 

packed ready for their freezer. This application also provides a place for fisherman to sell 

directly to the customer via this platform to advertising and offers. Furthermore, this 

application consists of several modules such as admin, seller and buyers. So, by using 

this application it will improved client service through greater flexibility. 

PC-INOS Management and Monitoring System 

Nurliyana Binti Mohd Kamal 





Starza is the company that supplies computer to UMT. This company has been using a 

manual computer renting services to UMT. However, this manual system has many 

limitations. It requires more man power and resources and very time consuming to ensure 

smooth renting transaction between UMT and Starza. Therefore, the PC-INOS Monitoring 

and Management System (PCMMS) is developed to cater all these limitations. This online 

system only allows INOS staff to book and rent computer from Starza at their own pace. 

It is a secured system and offers access up to 24 hours 7 days a week. By having this 

system, indirectly it will create awareness and promote paperless environment. 

Fishing Boat Recognition System 

Nur Iezat Hakimi Bin Osman 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir Bt Haji Wan Yussof 




Terengganu State Fisheries Office has conducted several licensing activities, among them 

are renewal of licenses, penalties and cancellation of licenses. The first problem is the 

difficulty to control the fishermen that do not park their boats on a registered base. 

Secondly, the fishermen also do not comply with some of the regulations in regards of 

licensing activities. The problem can be saved by a mechanism for the organization to 

check the owner of boat if they park at the wrong base through the system and gives 

penalties. While the boat owners allowed to have a licensing activity via online system. 

The adopted methodology for this project is the Rational Unified Process (RUP) model as 

this model is capable to understand the system development. There are four phases 

included in this model which are establishment, decomposition, construction and 

transitions. As a result, the licensing and penalties activity can be implemented 

successfully. 

Web-Based Boat Service and Activities Management System 

Sharifah Munirah Binti Syed Muhamad 

42 | UMT UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH DAY 

Supervisor: Dr. Zuriana Bt. Abu Bakar 

Bachelor of Computer Science with Maritime Informatic

School of Maritime Informatic and Applied Mathematic 

Boat services are getting high demand in the tourism industry. However, there are several 

obstacles faced by the boat service management and customers that used the services 

since the management and booking process was done manually. Accordingly, a Webbased 

Boat Service and Activities Management System (BSAMS) was developed to 

computerize the boat service management and booking process at Pulau Kapas, 

Terengganu. By using BSAMS, management staffs could record the booking 

automatically, customers enable to find out available day and date to make a booking 

and enjoy any offers without need to go to office counter. The adopted methodology for 

this project is the Rational Unified Process (RUP) model as this model is capable to 

understand how the system works. There are four phases in this model which are 

establishment, decomposition, construction and transitions. As a results, management 

and booking boat activities can be done systematically and efficiently by using BSAMS. 

Coral Identification Application (Android) 

Muhamad Syamil Haiqal Bin Kamaruzzaman 


Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 


School of Informatics and Mathematics 

In current time, in order to identify corals, divers have to bring a Coral Finder book in 

order to identify a coral. Identification provides information on current genus population. 

Therefore, the Coral Identification Application is an app that is important in helping 

researcher to identify type of coral in matters of Genus Names, Key Features, Colony and 

Corallites in this region. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop an Androidbased 

Identification System in order to facilitate and simplify the identification process. 

This system also cut down time taken to identify a coral that is usually done manually. 

The methodology used in this research is agile method. Coral Identification Application 

has successfully been developed an android based system for current researchers. 

Sistem Tempahan Tiket Feri 

Mohammad Afif Bin Hassan 


Supervisor: Dr.Masita@Masila Binti Abdul Jalil 



The Ferry Ticketing System is a web-based application that is developed with a specific 

aim to assist Sejahtera Ferry Services Sdn Bhd with an online ticketing system. The Ferry 

Ticketing System serves as an all in one system which deals with most of the aspects of 

online ticket booking. For the current ticket purchase process, passengers will have to 

buy it at the official ferry counter at the jetty. Therefore, an online booking must be 

developed to facilitate passengers in ticket purchases. To meet the needs of users, this 

system can track and inform the user that the ferry is full. The methodology used to 

develop this system is a waterfall methodology. This system only focuses on passengers 

of Sejahtera Ferry Services Sdn Bhd. In addition, this system is built to reduce data loss 

from occurring as data was stored directly into the database. 

Tailor System 


Anis Binti Azizan

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mohd Pouzi Bin Hamzah 



The tailor shop is now a popular choice when people began to find clothes fit to their 

size. Due to that, the management and ordering system at the tailor shop is much 

needed. With this system, staff not only can update and record customer details but also 

can handle customer orders more organized. Even though there are some existing system 

for tailoring but the requirement for every system are difference regarding to the policies 

and the services provided by the shop. This system been developed using the agile 

methodology. Agile method is the capacity to create and reply to trade so that you can 

achieve an uncertain and turbulent surroundings. This is because the system needs to be 

improved from the user over time. In conclusion, this system is specially designed for 

tailor shop to manage their customer details and handle customer orders more organized. 

Sistem Pengurusan Hatcheri Akuatrop 


Mohd Nadzrul Adzizi Bin Adnan 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya. Dr. Noraida Binti Haji Ali 



In post-industrial revolution 4.0, the rapid development of industry and technology 

happens that allows us to interact with all devices available around us. Although the paper 

usage can be reduced as the use of online media is an option but there are still used a 

paper for recording Hatcheri Akuatrop's data and management information. Sistem 

Pengurusan Hatcheri Akuatrop is a web-based system that developed to facilitate the 

management and processes carried out in Hatcheri Akuatrop Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT). The methodology used to develop this system is a waterfall 

methodology. This system focuses the use only for the UMT’s citizens and the staff of the 

Hatcheri Akuatrop. In addition, this system is built to manage the process of user 

information, aquaculture life and damage complaints. Thus, can control data loss from 

occurring as data was stored directly into the database and data security also more secure 

by using this system. 

Squid Jigging Reservation System 


Mohd Shafiq bin A.Razak 

Supervisor: Dr Rozniza binti Ali 



Squid Jigging Reservation System is online reservation system aims to replace the current 

manual practice in keeping record of reservation information of Squid Jigging Reservation 

System. Currently, customer has to come over to boat owner to make the reservation 

indeed. To overcome the problem as described the reservation system is purposed. The 

purpose system will provide the information security, preventing the data loss and to 

make the reservation more efficient. To achieve the purpose system above, the waterfall 

methodology and 3 tier architecture are designed to develop the purpose system. As a 

result, this purpose system will provide to develop to control the data loss and to minimize 

the mistakes as well. 


Simulation Room Management System

Muhammad Danish Izzat Bin Azman 

Supervisor: Mrs. Arifah Binti Che Alhadi 



Simulation Room Management System was developed to help users to make reservation 

and manage a schedule for simulation room. The problems is redundant schedule 

between class and student own reservation. The solution is to develop a system that 

manages reservation and schedule. The objectives are to analysis, design and develop a 

system. Simulation Room Management System is a web-based system that focuses on 

management at Simulation Room in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Waterfall 

Model is chosen as a guideline to develop this system which consists of Analysis, Design, 

Implementation, Integration and Construction. As a conclusion, this system is easy for 

users to make a reservation and checking for the availability of simulation room. The 

admin also can easily handle or manage the schedule of simulation room. 


Buoyancy Aid (BA) Management System for University Malaysia 

Terengganu Sport Center 

Nadiatul Najihah Binti Mohd Nazri 

Supervisor: Puan Arifah Binti Che Alhadi 



Buoyancy Aid (BA) management system for University Malaysia Terengganu Sport Centre 

is a system used to manage the informations of BA, suppliers and users. The current 

practise, all the information was recorded manually or written on papers and it’s also 

difficult for user to check the availability and status of the BA. Therefore, this system will 

save and record the data in the database. So it’s easy for users to search and retrieve 

the data in future. The objectives of this systems are identifying and analyzing the need 

of the system, designing, develop and test the system. This system only focus on BA 

management system in UMT sports centre. The methodology that being used in 

developing this system is Agile Method. In conclusion, this system has the features that 

can resolve most of the problems and help speed up all the process and help staff monitor 

the records more efficiently. 


The Water Activities Reservation System 

Nuratika Binti Ingkat 

Supervisor: En. Sumazly bin Sulaiman 



At present, bookings of water activities at Persatuan Kanu Terengganu are handled by 

paper-based reservation. Currently the customer need to go to the counter physically to 

make reservation for activities, which is brings some difficulties for them. It is crucial for 

organization to improve the reservation process by establishing an effective web-based 

system and at the same time increases the income of the business organization. The 

online water activities reservation system (OWARS) offer many benefits, include allowing 

all the customer to book water activities equipment, view their reservation, make 

cancellation and online payment. The staff are allowed to do all of these operations, on 

behalf of any member, as well as additional features such as reviewing the popular water 

activities among tourists, retrieve the customers’ information and re-check the booked 

sessions so that they can get more accurate data about business operation. 


Sea Freight Management System 

Syafiqah Binti Mat Saad 

Supervisor: Dr. Rosmayati Binti Mohemad 

Bachelor of Computer Science & Maritime Informatics 


Sea freight is a service of delivery goods by sea using a vessel. It involves tedious 

processes with multiple phases of delivery and track and trace. There is some sea freight 

management for requesting delivery goods need to be done by phone call or fax. The 

main objectives of this study are to design and develop a Web-based Sea Freight 

Management System in order to facilitate and speed up the delivery processes. The main 

scope of this study is container ship delivery goods from port to port. This system is 

primarily used by container shipping companies and public. The waterfall methodology is 

applied in this research which consists of planning, analysis, design, implementation and 

system phase. A Web-based tool known as Sea Freight Management System for 

systematically managing the process of delivering goods has been successfully developed. 


Sistem Permohonan Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Tentera Laut (TLDM) 

Abdul Muhaimin bin Abdul Halim 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Hafhizah Abd Rahim 

Bachelor Degree of Computer Science with Maritime Informatics 


In the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0, business processes are being automated in order 

to simplify the daily tasks including government management services. This includes the 

management services for promotion of Royal Malaysian Navy (TLDM) officers. The 

application is developed to assess navy officer if they qualify for the new or higher position 

in the department. In this application, there are four (4) modules, namely update officer 

information, manage training, manage exam, and apply for the promotion. The 

methodology for this project is waterfall model and three-tier architecture. As the system 

is a web-based system, it uses JSP and servlet as the web application services. This 

system simplifies the old procedures for the officers to apply job promotion. As a 

conclusion, this system reduces the complexity of the management of TLDM department 

and provides guidelines for the officers to follow the correct procedure for better position 

in the department. 


Sistem Diagnosis Ikan Hiasan 

(S-DiasIH) 

Nurul Ain Azwa Binti Che Kang 

Supervisor: Puan Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 



Diagnosis is a mechanism used for identification of an illness or other problem by 

examining the symptoms. The symptoms will be choosing by observing the appearance 

and the behavior of the fish. The current diagnosis process usually conducts by 

researchers. Therefore, a proper diagnosis record does not exist and it implicates the 

difficulties for the breeders to diagnose all the fishes’ symptoms. Therefore, Sistem 

Diagnosis Ikan Hiasan (S-DiasIH) will be develop to store all information related to the 

diagnosis of the disease. The main objective of this study is to develop web-based system 

in order to identify the disease of ornamental fish. In addition, S-DiasIH will be a platform 

to provide opportunities for researchers to share the findings with public and could be 

some help to prevent the disease. 


Shrimp Farming Management System 

(SPPU) 

Wan Mohamad Afnan Bin Wan Abdul Malik 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir Binti Hj. Wan Yussof 



Shrimp Farming Management System (SPPU) is a system that focuses on systematic 

and complete information management that was developed for Akuatrop Sdn. Bhd. 

which is a company that breeds and sells shrimps as their main business operation. The 

system is developed to provide a comprehensive and systematic information 

management to assist in generating company’s report for future convenience which is 

being done using the manual filing system in current time. It also simplifies the problem 

in storing the business data using the manual way such as customer information for the 

use of Akuatrop Sdn. Bhd.’s staff. By implementing the agile methodology, user and 

system requirements need to be studied and analyzed. Next, based on the user’s needs 

that are obtained through user requirements, the SPPU will be design. Lastly, the 

system will be developed based on the design that has been completed. As a result, the 

system will be used by the staffs of Akuatrop Sdn. Bhd. to facilitate the company’s 

business operation particularly in managing the customer and company’s information. 


Fish e-Market 

Muhammad Luqman Bin Mohd Saat 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ghazali Bin Sulong 

Bachelor Degree of Computer Science with Maritime Informatics 


Fish e-Market is an online system that provides a platform for fisherman as fishmongers 

and household customers as buyers to do seafood business transaction among them at 

any time. Basically, this system is introduced and developed to help fisherman in Kuala 

Terengganu area to sell their fresh fish to potential buyers or customers without using 

middle man services. Eliminating middle man offers many advantages for both fisherman 

and customers including effective money management, and could gain beneficial 

information from both sides that can be used for future transaction. Besides that, the 

flexibility features offered by this system will pave the way to progressive business 

expansion. For now, there are 20 different kind of fishes being registered in the system 

and the stock is updated on daily basis. 


Jetty and Supply Reservation System 

Mohd Ilman Nabil bin M.Rosli 

Supervisor: Dr. Suryani binti Ismail 



LKIM, Chendering’s jetty is one of the Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia branches and 

well known. Normally the jetty is a main target for fishermen to anchor their boats in the 

area around Kuala Terengganu. According to the officers of LKIM, Chendering the jetty 

is also used by C3-class vessels and records of the reservations is recorded poorly and 

communication between them is hard. The objective of The Jetty and Supply Reservation 

System for LKIM, Chendering is to develop a web based system that can store these 

reservations and establish communication with the jetty authorities. Waterfall 

methodology is used for the development of this system. The Jetty and Supply 

Reservation System for LKIM, Chendering has been developed to facilitate the 

communication between both parties and to record reservations. The result obtained 

shows the reservation made are well-organized and communication is well established. 


Cloud-Based Online Ticket for Passenger Boat 

Farah Nurfareeza binti Mat Ealimi 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr Mohd Pouzi bin Hamzah 



Buying a ticket is often a difficult and extremely time-consuming task that required us to 

queue at the ticket counter. Much unfortunate if the ticket of the time schedule that we 

want is sold out. In order to solve these problems, developing a Cloud-Based Online 

Ticket for Passenger Boat system would be really helpful in time-reducing and also 

energy-consuming. The system development of this project presents the analysis, design 

and implementation plan of a computerized system of a passenger boat’s ticket counter 

operation and management. The system has been designed to cover the function of 

online ticket payment and passenger’s registration. The software tool used is a PC-based 

software running on Microsoft Windows 7 (2009). The programming development tool is 


JSP, which is used to develop the user interface. On the back-end, MySQL is used as a 

database tool for storing data and its definition. 

Fish & Artemia Management System at UMT’s Breeding Lab 

Noorshazwani bt Ahmad 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir bt Haji Wan Yussof 



A management system is a set of activities used by an organization to ensure it can fulfill 

all the tasks required to achieve its objectives. A failure to manage a particular record will 

give a big impact towards an organization. A file-based system will make it difficult for 

the workers to do some checking on the record as well as to correct the record. Hence it 

is important to have a computerized system to manage the data especially when it comes 

to a number of users. A Fish and Artemia Management System for the Breeding Lab in 

UMT is a web-based system that will help the lab staffs, the lecturers and the students 


of PPSPA to record the fish and food usage, fish application as well as to manage the 

suppliers and stocks for the lab. The methodology that was being implemented in the 

system’s development is the waterfall model. 


Online Printing Service System 

Tan Jin Khai 

Supervisor: Dr. Masita @Masila Binti Abdul Jalil 

Bachelor Degree of Computer Science (Software Engineering) 


The modern printing industry has evolved throughout the years. Printing shops are 

becoming the usual place users go to get their printing jobs done. However, this process 

still remains manual, time consuming and inconvenient. It was realized that the main 

issues faced by printing shops are the manual price quoted by the printing shop owner, 

Bachelor Degree of Computer Science 

(Software Engineering) 


long waiting time for the printing process to complete or they have to collect the printed 

products by themselves. Therefore, Online Printing Service System (OPSS) is developed 

to solve these issues. Even better, this system allows users to conveniently access and 

manage their accounts or have their printings delivered to them. 

Let’s Count! 

Yap Jia Hui 





Rapid advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) gives major 

impacts to human in many aspects. One of the most affected areas is the educational 

system as the way of how students learn keeps on evolving in line with progressive 

development of ICT. Let’s Count! is an android based educational application system to 

help primary school students to learn basic arithmetic operations. This application was 

designed and developed using Android studio, while SQLite database application is used 

for managing the data storage. Let’s Count! is developed in a form of an android-based 

game to attract primary school students to learn, think, and play at the same time. It is 

an effort to encourage this group of students to experience more enjoyable way of 

learning mathematics. 

Image Steganography using Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion with 

Huffman Coding 

Siti Nur Amalina Binti Azahari 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Ghazali Bin Sulong 

Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Engineering) 



Steganography is an art of hiding information within information in such a way that no 

one know the content of secret message except sender and recipient. Steganography 

always mistaken as the cryptography because both techniques used as mean to protect 

the information from malicious people. The difference between this two techniques are 

cryptography encrypt the contents of a secret message from unauthorized users, while 

steganography conceals the existence of the message. In this research, image 

steganography is being focused. There are a lots of methods that have been proposed 

before this far. Hence, image steganography using Least Significant Bit (LSB) insertion 

with Huffman Coding is presented in this research. This study focuses on capacity aspect 

only whereas security is beyond of this study. The process involves compressing the 

secret message, then embed it into the least bits of cover image in selected pixels and 

finally created stego-image. 

Acropora Branching Coral Reef Estimating System 

Ahmad Muhaimin bin Md Japar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Suzuri bin Hitam 




There are over 149 species described as acropora branching coral. Monitoring of coral 

reef is important because coral reefs offer important ecosystem services for fisheries, 

tourism and other socio-economic sectors. Image processing is one of many methods 

that use for estimation. It can manipulated or perform some operations through an image. 

Some useful information from the image will be extracted or in order to get an enhanced 

image. The image will be imported via image acquisition tools. The features from image 

such as Hue Saturation Value (HSV) will be use to undergo Canny Edge Detection and 

Blob analysis. The image processing will analyzing and manipulating the image. The 

output in which result can be altered image or report that based on the image analysis. 

Seriwali Jewellery Management System 

Fathimah Kamilah Binti Nik Marazi @ Nik Zulkifli 

Supervisor: Dr. Noor Hafhizah Binti Abdul Rahim 




In the modern world, computers are important to help us in our daily life. This includes 

the business system where computerized system does help much in business 

management. In this project, jewellery management system is developed to ease the 

management of Seriwali shop. This system contains five modules which are user account 

registration, wishlist, appointment, product management and report generation modules. 

There are three main actors for the system, namely customer, staff, and manager. Each 

actor can access certain modules according to their roles. In order to develop this system, 

this follows agile model and three-tier system architecture. As the Seriwali Jewellery 

Management System is a web-based system, it uses JSP and servlet as the web 

application services. In a conclusion, the use of this system will ease the manager and 

staff of the shop to manage the sales to be more systematic and organized. 

e-Train: Web Based Training Application System (Conferences) 

Mohamad Faiz Bin Mohd Sabri 


Supervisor: Associate Professor Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



Today, all lecturers and staffs are compulsory to attend any conferences as a training 

module for Key Performance Index at least once in two years’ time supported by 

Department of Registrar. They must apply using the standard or manual form and 

supporting by head of department or school and approve by the committee members. By 

using this approach, normally at least 1 month to get the approval form the committee 

members. e-Train was developed to overcome this problem for reducing the processing 

time for the approval. By using this web based application, users can apply whatever time 

at any ware as simple easy thru the internet facilities. e-Train included the registration 

and application module, approval life cycle module and reporting module. Users access 

control list was provide to administrator, approval and users. This application were reduce 

the processing time and approval can be done as soon as possible. 

Home Cleaning Service Center (Cuci-Cuci Services) 

Nurul Aqilah Binti Ruslan 


Supervisor: Dr Rabiei Bin Mamat 



In the edge of industrial revolution 4.0, many services depend on computers and Internet. 

Home Cleaning Service Center (Cuci-cuci Services) is a service that also uses computers 

and Internet to connect service providers with customers. Usually, customers for cleaning 

service provider come from the neighborhood surrounding only. In addition, home 

cleaning service providers should always be aware of any calls or orders from customers 

who need their services. Therefore, the main objectives highlighted in this study are to 

develop a Cuci-cuci Services System to speed up and facilitate the process of homecleaning 

service booking. The methodology used in this study is waterfall model and using 

Java programming language with MySQL database. A Cuci-cuci Services System has been 

successfully developed to facilitate customers to get home cleaning services and to ensure 

that the booking process is more systematic. Upon testing, service providers and 

customers show acceptance toward this system. 

Graphic Designer Management System 

(Grafique Wall) 


Ahmad Fadzilah Rafiq Bin Mohammad Faisal 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Noraida Binti Haji Ali 



Grafique Wall, is a web-based, graphic designers management system which serves as a 

platform for clients and the graphic designers to fulfil their task within the realm of graphic 

design. The problem faced by graphic designers, especially new ones, are not having a 

platform for them to show their worth, while the clients does not have a place to seek 

them. The objective of Grafique Wall system is to provide a job-seeking platform for both 

users, at the same time enhancing designers profile. The main focus of this system will 

be on graphic designers and their client, developed using waterfall methodology. Grafique 

Wall will act as the middle-man for job offers between the clients and the community of 

graphic designers. With the system graphic designers can also up-market themselves by 

showcasing their previously done designs and artwork, as well as, selling it to other 

designers. 


Image Steganography Using Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion Technique 

with Caesar Cipher Cryptography 

Fatinah Najibah Binti Ahmad Shukri 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr Ghazali Bin Sulong 



In the global networked world, there is a phenomenal growth in data transfer and sharing. 

Security plays a vital role in transmitting the private data over the communication medium 

which tends to be open and insecure. Hence, in order to transfer the data securely to the 

destination without any modifications, there are many approaches like cryptography and 

steganography. This research deals with a combination of cryptography and 

steganography techniques - Caesar Cipher and Least Significant Bit (LSB) Insertion 

Technique. The formal is used to shuffle the secret message, while the letter is used to 

embed the encoded message into the cover image. By so doing it can protect the message 

from malicious attacks. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by 

standard measurements, PSNR and NCC values. 


Question System 

Mirza Syahmi Bin Mohd Hasni 


Bachelor in Computer Science (Software Engineering) 


Massive Online Open Source (MOOC) are common in our world today. QS is a MOOC 

system which only focus on question storage and quiz generator. In other word, QS can 

help lecturers to store questions data and preparing the quiz based on the store question. 

Currently, lecturers need to rewrite the question even though the question already exist 

in the past year questions. In addition, lecturers cannot monitor the progress of the 

student by question type. QS is developed using Agile Methodology whereas its develop 

according to exact time and performance of the system. As a result , QS did not only 

acting as a question storage but also as a place where student can test their knowledge 

in the subject matter while their progress is monitored by the lecturer. 


Fish Augmented Reality 

Mohamad Ali Imran Bin Mohamad Arshad 

Supervisor: Prof Dr Mustafa Bin Man 



As the world move on the fast pace due to rapid advancement of information and 

communication technology. Many Augmented Reality (AR) projects rely on specific or 

customized hardware, and the mechanisms that correlate data added by technology with 

the real world are often technically complex. Mostly, people did not know about AR. 

Children bored to study from book only. Develop, Fish Augmented Reality(FAR).This will 

show fish model in Augmented Reality based on based on book that will be make with 

full of information about fish. It will be implemented on mobile devices, and the 

application can be used by all user includes in education process by teacher and student. 

It will make learning process become simple and fun. This Program will be using marker, 

unity and vuforia. 


Online Hardware Reservation and Delivery System 

Mohamad Arif Bin Rahmat 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Muhammad Suzuri Bin Hitam 



Online Hardware Reservation and Delivery is an e-commerce system for a hardware shop. 

This system can be used by all hardware shop but currently it scope only cover for the 

Hardware Mana Lagi shop situated at Taman Maidam, Kuala Terengganu. The system is 

develop based on the problem faced by the vendor and customer. The main problem is 

the shop is situated at a non-strategic location as it is hardly to find. This problem cause 

customer to waste time to search for the shop. Besides, customer need to come to the 

shop to purchase item which might be not available. This also cause the customer to 

waste time to go to another shop to find the item they need. The main purpose of this 

system is to ease the transaction process between customer and vendor by making a 

virtual platform for buying hardware product from the shop. Thus, by developing this 

system, all these problem can be solved. 


Meal’s Finder 

Muhamad Firdaus bin Shaharudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Masita @ Masila Binti Abd. Jalil 



This system is a hybrid of mobile and web application that focuses on searching for local 

meals with accurate information of the restaurants and their menu. Although there are 

many related application available, most of them unable to provide accurate information. 

Therefore, the Meal’s Finder is designed to provide a simple solution in managing each 

of the information that exist in the system and all the registered restaurants will be 

automatically pinpointed to their own locations for easy navigation. The system will also 

compare each of the menu available in every aspect. The purpose of this system is to 

help people in finding their preferred meals nearby and also connects everyone through 

foods. With a better and easier interface design, Meal’s Finder will give the satisfaction 

for every user when using the application. Any future improvements of the system will 

be based on user’s opinion and recent trends. 


Cloud-Based Kindergarten Management System 

Muhamed Syahmi Bin Mohd Abdul Rahim 

Prof Madya Dr Mohd Pauzi Bin Hamzah 



Kindergarten Management System is a method to help the teacher and manager of 

kindergarten in handling students’ information. This task usually difficult and extremely 

required more time and human effort. During managing students, the teacher must be 

aware of many limitations there are to be dealt with. By using this system, they will be 

assisted in managing students’ information efficiently and it will save more time as it has 

provided with optimal constraints satisfaction to ease the task. The Cloud-Based 

Kindergarten Management System for kindergarten is developed based on the 

management structure in the local kindergarten. The system implements a solution that 

best fit the management solution. Results from the system testing show that the 

objectives of the system have been successfully achieved. Additionally, possible future 

works to improve the usability of the system are also identified and discussed. 


Dieyta’s Pizza Online Ordering and Management System 

Muhammad Hafiz Bin Abd. Azis 

Supervisor: Arifah Binti Che Al Hadi 



Dieyta’s Pizza Online Ordering and Management System is a system that enable 

customers to place order through online system. The current practice, all the customer 

orders was recorded manually or in written paper. Therefore, the online system was 

developed to handle the purchase or ordering process. The main objectives of this project 

is to analysis, design and develop online ordering system. This Dieyta’s customer was 

restricted to the Kuala Nerus area only. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology 

is used as a guideline to develop the system which consists of four phases that is 

Inception, Elaboration, Construction and Transition. As a conclusion, this system was 

easily for managing or monitoring the customer orders. The reports of sales or stocks can 

be generated easily for daily, monthly and annually. 


e-FoodRunner: Web-based Application for Food Order and Delivery Service 

Muhammad Hishamuddin Bin Khider 

Supervisor: Associative Prof. Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



The issue of people tends to neglect to take a meal is a serious matter especially people 

that busy with their works. This matter become worse if they have to que for a long time. 

Furthermore, people who don’t have transport like first year university’s student that have 

to go to food stalls, and restaurant by walking. This will make them to skip meals just 

want to do their assignment and activities. Therefore, e-FoodRunner being develop to aid 

this people as an agent for ordering and delivery services for food. The application of the 

e-FoodRunner consists of Registration Account, Account Management, Ordering Meals, 

Meals Management, and Generating Reports. By using this e-FoodRunner, users or people 

could focus on their tasks or activities without forget to take meals. 


myRunner 

Nur Afiqah binti Rusli 

Supervisor: Sir Sumazly bin Sulaiman 



The rate of technological advancement is increasing with time. The emergence of the 

Internet quickly revolutionized the traditional errand services and online services is 

becoming very common. An errand service is a business which acts the role of a personal 

assistant running errands for people who either do not have the time or transport to do 

the errand. Students of University Malaysia of Terengganu (UMT) might not own any 

transport or may have a very busy time schedules. As a result, there are students who 

would kindly pay for someone to do errand services. Therefore, myRunner is introduced 

as an alternative to help fulfill the need of these students. With myRunner, students can 


equest a runner to help with their errand through online. Besides, for those students 

who might need extra money, they can register to become a runner. Thus, this system 

gives an advantages to both customer and runner. 

Sistem Tempahan Makanan (FoodEasy) 

Nurul Farhana Binti Mohd Zamzam 

Supervisor: En. Sumazly Bin Sulaiman 



Food Ordering System (FoodEasy) is online or web-based system that to facilitate 

customers to buy food.The most crucial part of this kind of transaction is the time 

constraint. Caused by the busyness of the individual to make a task at a certain time so 

willing to not go out to buy meals at the cafeteria due to distance are too far. Additionally, 

students feel wasted to wait for food during peak hour. Not only that, there are some 

students who do not have transportation, which causes difficulties in purchasing food. 

Therefore, Food Ordering System (FoodEasy) is introduced alternative to help fulfill the 


need of these students and UMT’s staff. Using FoodEasy, all ordering related transactions 

is done through online at anytime and anywhere as long as there is Internet connection. 

The advantage of having this online reservation system is beneficial for both customer 

and cafeteria. 

Furniture Stock Management System 

Nurul Solihah Binti Zulkfli 




One of the crucial transaction of a furniture store is to track stocks and supplies on daily 

basis. It requires exhaustive continuous manual monitoring to ensure every transaction 

is being recorded. Furniture Stock Management System(FSMS) is developed for store 

users to manage furniture’s stock inventory systematically. This system offers many 

advantages in terms of maintaining the right balance of stock, managing product and 

staff details, and accounts for stock reporting. Using FSMS, all transaction related to stock 


and product management can be done through online anytime and anywhere as long as 

there is Internet connection. Even better, the system is designed and developed to allow 

access in any electronic gadget such as mobile phone, tablet or phablet. 

Athlete Scheduling System 

Aisyah Shamira binti Baharuddin 




Most students are juggling between in-class tasks and sports activities at school. Proper 

scheduling ensures the important activities and tasks are covered at appropriate times. 

Athletes Scheduling System (ASYS) is a web-based scheduling system developed for 

Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kijal to help manage students who involved in sports 


activities. This online system is introduced due to many ongoing issues caused by existing 

manual system. The aims are to help smoothen the scheduling processes, manage 

athletes’ activity effectively and efficiently, and at the same time promote paperless 

environment. The advantage of having this online scheduling system is manifold. It is a 

very flexible system and accessible from anywhere at any time. ASYS not only will benefit 

both athletes and trainers, but also the school as a whole. 

Web-Based Lorry Reservation and Rental System (LRRS) 

Abdul Zariq Arif Bin Abd Rashid 

Supervisor: Dr Zuriana Binti Abu Bakar 




Lorry is one of the important vehicles for transferring the goods. Unfortunately, formerly, 

the lorry company managed the lorry reservation and rental manually and the customers 

make a booking via phone call. Therefore, a Web-based Lorry Reservation and Rental 

System (LRRS) was developed to replace the manual system. The LRRS aims to help the 

lorry company to manage lorry reservation and rental services and facilitate customers to 

book and rent lorry via online. Moreover, LRRS enable the lorry drivers to easily access 

and review their duties schedules. The Waterfall model has been adopted as a 

development methodology in order to develop this system. This methodology has been 

selected because it supports the system development process by completing the specific 

phases from early until final stage of the development. Finally, this system enables 

customers, the lorry company and drivers carry out their tasks in a systematic and 

efficient way. 

Tudung Online Store 

Muhammad Akmal Hafizin Bin Jusoh 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 




Tudung Online Store (TOS) is a system developed to provide the customers and sellers 

easiness in purchasing and selling tudung by using online transaction. The system can be 

used by customer and seller that registered through the website by providing certain 

credentials. Currently customers need to purchase them manually at the store which were 

time and cost consuming, while sellers need to display their product at opening of their 

stores daily and manually writes purchased product which also time consuming. 

Therefore, TOS has been developed to overcome these problems by providing simple 

interface for users and automatically record order in transaction. The Waterfall Model 

approach was adopted as development methodology. Taken together, this system helps 

the customers in purchasing processes and helps sellers to manage their product and 

sales. Customer can purchase the products and sellers can track their sales online. Thus, 

the system is easy to use and systematic. 

Augmented Reality Tour for Underwater and Marine Park 

Muhammad Hisham Bin Hamid 

Supervisor: Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin K Abdul Hamid 




AR applications enrich the physical world around us with additional useful virtual 

information and accessibility. As in Malaysia tourism there is no ICT advancement such 

as Augmented Reality (AR) that been Incorporated into the tourism activities. The 

purpose of the Augmented Reality Tour for Underwater and Marine Park is to enhance 

local tourist technology. The scope of this research is to focus and implement Vuforia AR 

SDK features in Unity software into the mobile-based application that can provide a real 

virtual experience to the users by using only compatible smart phones. Users is allowed 

to experience the virtual 3D environment in the marine exhibition park and available to 

see real life underwater by the marks in the exhibition park. In conclusion, as our 

expectation, it will create interest either to local or outsider tourists for them to experience 

and appreciate local marine reserve as one of the most beautiful underwater. 

Home Tuition Management System 

Nurbazeida binti Basiron 

Supervisor: Dr Masita @ Masila binti Abdul Jalil 




Private or home tutoring lessons are currently in great demand. However, parents are 

facing difficulties in finding the right tutors for their children that meet their desired 

criteria. Home Tuition Management System (HTMS) are intended to help parents or 

student to search and book for their favorite tutors while tutors can promote their 

services. HTMS is a web-based system that will provide a tuition management system for 

the end users which include the parents, students and the tutors. The methodology that 

are being used in this system is agile software development model. With this system, 

parents or students can easily book for their preferred tutor while the tutors can 

promoting their talents. To conclude, HTMS will provides a one stop center for all home 

tutoring needs and purposes that will make user’s life more convenient. 

Web-based and Android Anime Product Management System 

Tan Jin Yun 


Supervisor: Dr. Zuriana Binti Abu Bakar 



Electronic commerce is a platform that is related to purchase and sell goods or services 

over the electronic network, primarily the internet. Previously, all the process such as 

order product, manage orders, manage product, calculation, inventory replenishment and 

report generating were used manual method that greatly increased the mistakes in terms 

of human errors. Thus, Web-based and Android Anime Product Management System 

(WAAP-MS) was developed in order to solve the problems that related to the manual 

method. WAAP-MS enable to computerize all the manual process and could automatically 

display the products visually. This system adopted the Rational Unified Process (RUP) 

methodology. This system was developed on a web-based and Android platforms, in 

which, users can access the system at any time at anywhere as long as it has an internet 

connection. As a result, WAAP-MS could assist Anime Potato Company to do their daily 

task effectively and efficiently. 

Medicine Identifying Application 


Shamsul Amri Bin Mohd Kamal 

Supervisor: Dr Farizah Binti Yunus 

Bachelor of Science Computer (Software Engineering) 


Nowadays, Augmented Reality (AR) system is a newly emerging technology and can be 

applied in various aspects including medication world. AR will facilitate users to identify 

information about medicine by develops the application. The development of this 

application is important to solve the problem that facing by pharmacy’s student with their 

learning, pharmaceutics with the wrong medicines and the patient with allergic issue and 

medication schedule handling problem. Therefore, “Medicine Identifying Application” is 

proposed to achieve user’s target and give benefits to them. Next, the agile methodology 

had been choosing due to its ability that can make the changes to the application at any 

phase. The finding of this application is helping the users to manage their medication 

schedule wisely and identify the information of medicine easily. To conclude, the objective 

for this application had been achieved and the result for identifying and managing the 

medicine is successful. 

Bakery Management System 


Shifaa Akhtar Binti Mohd Fauzi 

Supervisor: Pn. Noor Azliza Binti Che Mat 



In Double UD Enterprise, the process of placing orders had been conducted manually by 

writing it in a book. It needs to be referred every time the owners need to and this might 

lead to confusion. Orders might be misunderstood because of the handwriting and there 

might be redundant orders. Owners were also facing difficulties in advertising baked 

goods because there were only small number of customers whom would noticed it. 

Therefore, Bakery Management System (BMS) has been developed to assist the owners 

in conducting the process of managing orders. In order for BMS to be developed, agile 

approach has been used as methodology. By having computerized system, owners could 

performed the process systematically where orders are stored in database. The website 

could advertised the baked goods, making sure it is noticeable for everyone. 


Information System of Butterfly e-Mariposa 

Siti Mazlina Bt Abdul Wahid 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



e-Mariposa is a system used to manage the butterfly information and provide access to 

butterfly watchers to help them record sightings. In Malaysia, a proper web based system 

does not exist in providing specific information about butterflies and there is no platform 

for the watchers to record their sightings. By developing e-Mariposa, users will find it 

easier to find any information regarding butterflies. The agile methodology is used in 

developing this system. In conclusion, this system has the features that can ease users 

in finding information about butterflies. 


Grey-Scale Image Watermarking Using Least significant Bits (LSB) Insertion 

and Canny Edge Detection 

Siti Nurul Fasihah Binti Asseri 

Supervisor: Prof Dr. Ghazali Sulong 



The growth of internet had change the form of image which is analogue image to digital 

image. Copyright infringement of digital images has become a major concern amongst 

netizens. One of the solutions is digital watermarking -process of embedding a piece of 

code in a digital image in order to provide copyright information. It is quite challenging 

to achieve both the desirable robustness and imperceptibility in Digital Watermarking. In 

this research greyscale Image Watermarking using least significant bits (LSB) and canny 

edge detection is used. The experimental results revealed that the PSNR and NCC values 

were more than 30db and 0.6, respectively, which considered achieved both 

imperceptibility and robustness. 


Development of SUKIM Management System Based On Web (EZSUKIM) 

Nabil Syahmi Bin Jumani 

Supervisor: Dato’ Dr. Aziz Bin Deraman 



SUKIM is one of programs under patronage of Informatic Maritime and Applied 

Mathematics club, COMTECH to showcase students’ skills and provide a great exposure 

for students to pursuit their passion in sports. However, since SUKIM has been managed 

manually by committees, they have spent a lot of time to complete processes involved 

especially during match day which has lowered committees’ productivity and diminished 

quality of the program itself. Hence, in this project, all requirements have been gathered 

to develop a user friendly and interactive web-based SUKIM management system called 

EZSUKIM to ensure all processes are well-organized in utmost performance and enhance 

users’ comprehension. Java Web was chosen to be a core technology in this project and 

supported by Oracle Glassfish web server and Apache Derby database server. All the test 

and results were shown based on real data sources provided by COMTECH. 


Web Based E-Commerce System For Air Conditioner 

(WBECS-AC) 

Lee Yi Hong 

Supervisor: Dr. Farizah Yunus 



Web-based applications become an important element in humans’ life since the Third 

Industry Revolution. Now, most of the business cannot be expanded without using webbased 

system. In Kuala Nerus Terengganu, there are still many shops that are operating 

manually. The client of this project sells air conditioner and its related parts using manual 

system. Problems found from the client when using manual system are constricted access 

to business data, human errors, and limited customers. Therefore, Web Based E- 

Commerce System For Air Conditioner (WBECS-AC) is proposed to solve these problems. 

The methodology used for this system is agile method because of its flexibility to adjust 

the requirements with client. WBECS-AC is expected to help those air conditioner retail 

shops in terms of providing a focusing and user-friendly online platform for selling their 

products. 


One-Stop Centre eCommerce System for Secondhand Goods 

(eSG) 

Lau Wei Tong 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ghazali B Sulong 



The number of secondhand markets have exploded due to the interest of the consumers 

towards the secondhand goods. However, the buyers have to spend their quality time to 

pay a visit in different shops to search for their interests. Hence, One-Stop Centre 

eCommerce System for Secondhand Goods (eSG) was developed as a web based B2B 

and B2C e-commerce system for secondhand goods which focused on the secondhand 

sport shoes for men. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) methodology was applied for 

the overall project plan. By using eSG, the vendors can market and sell their products 

through the platform. In addition, the buyers can purchase the secondhand sport shoes 

by accessing only one (1) system instead of visiting all the bundle shops. In a nutshell, 

the buyers are able to find the suitable sport shoes by entering the measurements of 

their foot using eSG as fitting size is very critical. 


Hostel Management System for Daily School 

(SPASMH) 

Sallihah Binti Mat Jusoh 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir Hj Wan Yussof 


School of Informatic and Applied Mathematics 

The Student Affairs of SMK Kubang Bemban, is responsible for managing the dormitory 

for students in SMK Kubang Bemban. The existing system used by the hostel 

management is not fully computerized and there are some drawbacks. There are three 

(3) main weakness of the current system identified: i) data is not well managed, ii) unfair 

result, iii) waste of time and manpower. Hostel Management System for Daily School 

(SPASMH) is developed to solve the problems related to the hostel management process. 

Waterfall Methodology is used in the development of this system. For system 

development, Java technology is used and the information is stored in the MySQL 

database. SPASMH system has the following characteristics: a student profile registration, 

hostel application and allocation, payment of fees, damage complaint and generating 

reports. The resulting system will simplify the management of hostel and to make the 

hostel management to be more efficient and systematic. 


Okane (Students Advertisements Portal) - Transport Service 

Ahmad Wafiy Syukri Bin Nasoha 

Supervisor: Prof Dato Dr Aziz Bin Deraman 

Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Engineer) 


Online business had ease a lot of people and it is now one of the most effective business 

method available. In order to help students especially student of University Malaysia 

Terengganu developing their business, Okane Student Advertisements Portal are been 

developed. Student sometimes looking for new and used items, services or perhaps 

simply find a way to advertise their personal business, for the purpose Okane provide 

online advertising facilities to find advertisements of their interest or advertising their 

business. In transportations services module of Okane, transportation service provider 

can provide their services in the portal. Potential customer can browse the portal to find 

the services that suits the best. The advertisements will equipped with essentials details 

to ease the customers to directly connect to services provider for further enquiry or to 

hire the services. As a conclusion, Okane portal provide a simple way for students 

advertise and find transport services. 


E-Muslimah 

Abdul Hazique Bin Zainul Abidin 




As the world moves on the fast pace due to rapid advancement of information and 

communication technology (ICT), e-commerce is no longer novelty but becoming 

business necessity. With the availability of mobile technology, business transaction is no 

longer requires for physical store or outlet. Even better the transaction can be done 

anytime and anywhere as long as there is internet connection. E-Muslimah is a webbased 

system that provides an alternative to Muslim women to buy Muslim’s compliance 

clothes via Internet. It is not just a simple online shopping platform, but instead it 

provides shopping experience flexibility to potential customers. Customer is allowed to 

shop and customize their items, where they can choose color and set any size according 

to their preferences. This system gives an advantage for both customer and company. 


UMT-SummonApps: A Mobile-based Application for Checking Valid and 

Invalid Motorists in UMT Car Park Area via Car Plate and Color Recognition 

Muhamad Amirul Syafi bin Masuri 

Supervisor: Dr. Wan Nural Jawahir binti Hj Wan Yussof 



A parking lot, also known as a car lot, is a cleared area that is intended for parking 

vehicles. In UMT where cars are the dominant mode of transportation, parking lots are a 

feature of UMT area. A parking violation in UMT area is a traffic crime, resulting in fines. 

The parking lots are green, yellow, white and disable person sign. All motorists can park 

their car on white parking lots whereas yellow and green are dedicated for staffs and 

students, respectively. Current practice in UMT uses sticker to differentiate car owner 

either staff or student. Enforcement by UMT Security Unit often fails to implement 

effectively to ensure all motorists park their car on a valid parking lot. Therefore, this 

mobile app is developed to help UMT Security Officer controls a traffic crime by checking 

the owner of the car using automated car plate and parking lot color recognition. 


Web Based UMT Staff Training System (E-Latihan) 

Atikah Bt Rosman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr.Noor Maizura Bt Mohamad Noor 


School of Information and Applied Mathematics 

UMT staff training system was develop for the use of relevant officers to access staff 

training data at University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). The system aims to enhance the 

existing system capability in UMT so that staff training data can be managed more easily. 

The availability of e-Training system has a lack of genetic courses not all displayed, 

reports cannot be changed into Microsoft Excel and no full staff information who have 

attended the training course. The objectives are to review the system, designing the e- 

training staff system and developing a more attractive and user-friendly e-training 

system. Waterfall model was chosen as a guideline for developing the system. As a 

conclusion, the system will help the staff to easily manage works, saving energy, saving 

time and reducing the use of space for the purpose of storing staff training information 

files. The report also will easily generate by daily, monthly or annually. 


E-Café 

AZRI ZUL FITRI B AB RAUB 

Supervisor: Dr Wan Nural Jawahir Binti Hj Wan Yusof 



E-commerce is no longer novelty but becoming business necessity, with the availability 

of mobile technology, business transaction can be done much faster. People can shop 

more, order food and services .Thus, a new web-based system is developed which is 

called E-Café to provide an alternative to people which do not want to waste time waiting 

in queue or late order services by ordering via internet. It is not a simple café ordering 

platform but instead it provides booking cuisine or table .It is also a platform for café to 

promote their café business .The scope of the system is only for café within Kuala 

Terengganu. This system uses agile method because of it medium size system and 


changes need to be done in development instead of planning. The result of this project 

will help people to spend less time for queuing and ordering food. 

Dapo Pata Apps: A Mobile Based Application for Food Ordering System 

Farah Haziqah Binti Rosli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Mustafa Bin Man 



In this modern era mobile is becoming as one of the important need of human. Everything 

can be an application and be in the mobile. This application deals with a few problems at 

Dapo Pata in which customer need to go to walk around all stall to view the menu, 

possibility of losing the order and waiting too long for the order. Herein presented Dapo 

Pata Apps, the Dapo Pata system designed exclusively to cater this customer, seller and 


Dapo Pata management. Further, Dapo Pata Apps provides several features such as 

customer can view menu from stalls at Dapo Pata, customize their order and tracking 

their order progress. By using this Dapo Pata Apps, customer can enjoy their food at 

home, order is in order of time and do not worry about losing of order. 

Implementing the Web-Based System for Drop Shipping 

Farzana Aqeela binti Latif 




Drop shipping is widely implemented in the e-commerce industry. Dropship is a person 

who does not own any products or keep any goods in stock. Instead, they only transfer 

customer’s order and shipment details to the manufacturer. However, most of the 


manufacturer are still using social media to communicate with their dropships or agents. 

It is a tedious process for the manufacturer to record all the order into Microsoft Excel 

and also to keep track of their inventory. The objective of the Dropship Management is 

to develop a system that can facilitate the processes and ordering by implementing a 

web-based system. Waterfall methodology is used for the development of this system. 

A Dropship Management system has been developed to facilitate the communication 

between both parties and to minimize ordering mistakes. The result obtained shows that 

the order received are well-organized and the communication between both parties are 

well-preserved. 

Food Order Web System 

Muhammad Ashraf Bin Shafie 

Supervisor: Dr. Amir Bin Ngah 



Food Order System is developed to help customers order foods online. This system 

contains three modules which are customer module, owner module and runner module. 


In customer module, customer can order foods from registered shops. In owner module, 

owner can retrieve, update and delete the customer and food order details. In runner 

module, runner will send the foods to customers and collect the payment. Lastly, this 

system will benefit the customers to order foods from any registered shop easily. 

Student Attendance System Using Barcode Scanner 

Muhammad Faez Bin Sukri 

Supervisor: Dr. Rozniza Binti Ali 




Student attendance system is a system to assist lecturer by recording and monitoring of 

a class attendance. Since, UMT already has their own attendance system, existing system 

requires lecturers to manually record their students’ attendance, as a solution the project 

system will record students’ attendance the instant as their matric card scanned by 

barcode scanner. Furthermore, the system should be able to label students based on 

their status of attendance for example present, absent, or late. The system also should 

be able to display list of students’ information to lecturers. Lastly, every students’ 

attendance will be calculated to detect low attendance students and send them warning 

letter automatically. In the nutshell, the benefit of this system is that it will greatly reduce 

the time consuming of taking attendance and also reduce the work load for lecturers. 

JN Motor Store Management System 

Muhammad Hafizuddin Mohd Yusof 

Supervisor: Dr. Rosmayati Mohemad 




JN Motor Store is a shop that sells motorcycles and its spare part which currently works 

manually. The lack of computerized process in managing stock, purchased details and 

staff information contribute to the loss of document, hence the processes became 

tedious. Thus, the main objectives of this project are to design and develop a web-based 

system for JN Motor Store management system. Agile methodology is used in this project 

which consists of problem findings, gathering the requirement, analyzing the 

requirement, design and develop the system based on the user requirement. The result 

from this project enable the buyer to survey motorcycle, check purchasing status and 

make appointment while the staff of the store can manage the stock, make report and 

check their salary. 

UMT Web-Based Non-Academic Staff Talent Profile Information System 

(myTalent) 

Nik Siti Nur Hajar Binti Mat Riffin 





My Talent is a web based talent profile information system for the UMT’s non-academic 

staff. It is to support the clients to identify the staff that have a potential to be candidates 

for the higher position based on their performances. Currently, the system does not exist 

making it difficult for the clients to see the records of the staff. The objective is to store 

all the talent’s information and process the talent’s score of each staff. Generally, the 

system focused on non-academic UMT’s staff grade 48 and above and it is developed for 

the usage by staff under talent department of UMT. This is being develop using agile 

methodology. The result of the system is to produce a more systematic and computerized 

talent profile information storage system and can automatically generate the score of the 

UMT staff performances to be nominate as candidates for higher position in UMT. 

Sistem Pengurusan Kertas Kerja Pusat Pengajian Informatik & Matematik 

Gunaan (PPIMG) 

Nor Salwanie Binti Che Ab Rahman 


Supervisor: Sir Mohammad Aizat Bin Basir 


School of Informatics & Applied Mathematics. 

Paperwork management system for the School of Informatics & Mathematics applied is 

built for lecturers that will be used in the system. The problem in the current system is 

does not have specific platform, user will be sent the paperwork manually and the 

status of the paperwork will be sent through personal email that might scrambled with 

important email. The system allowing lecturers to send their paperwork into the system 

and the lecturers can check the status of the paperwork through the system which is 

more convenient, whether in process, approve, need more details or not approve. The 

methodology used is agile method. In a conclusion, by using paperwork management 

system lecturers can easily send the paperwork and easily check the status of the 

paperwork through the system. 

Farmer Post-Harvest Management System 

Nur Aisyah Binti Ibrahim 


Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 



Farmer Post-Harvest Management System is a web-based system for farmers and 

wholesalers to manage the sale and purchase of crops. Referring to the existing system, 

the system is implemented manually and there is no database to store the relevant 

information in the process of buying and selling. The main objective of the system is to 

develop a web-based Farmer's Post-Harvest Management System to facilitate the sale 

and purchase of crop products among farmers and wholesalers. In addition, the 

methodology used is a waterfall model which helps developers plan and provide the 

necessary preparation for expected results. This methodology cycle is broken down into 

several phases such as system requirements analysis phase, system design phase, 

implementation phase, system testing phase, and maintenance phase. The outcome of 

this study is to develop a systematic and user-friendly web-based system for farmers and 

wholesalers. 

Little Caliph Registration System 


Nur Aliah Binti Ab Jalil 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Noraida Binti Hj Ali 



Information and communication technologies (ICTs) systems now dominate our everyday 

lives. Currently, registration at the Little Caliph Kindergarten was done manually. All data 

has been stored in the file, which can cause data redundancy and loss of data. Parents 

also need to go to kindergarten to register their children, which can cause in waste of 

time and money. The objectives of this system can help facilitate parents’ affairs and help 

kindergartens in managing registration. This system was developed specifically for all 

branches of Little Caliph Kindergarten. The research methodology used in system 

development is based on a waterfall model. Thus, this system is built to replace the 

manual system used by the Little Caliph Kindergarten. With this system, registration can 

be made online and all data can be saved in the database. Little Caliph System also, helps 

parents to register their children online which can save their time and money. 

Cosmetic Shop Management System 


Nur Syuhada Bt Zulkefli 

Supervisor: Arifah Binti Che AlHadi 



Cosmetic Shop Management System was developed to enable staff manage their daily 

business. All information was recorded manually or written on paper. It is difficult for staff 

to check the current stock and to manage the supplier information. So, this system was 

developed for managing the records of suppliers and stocks which is the information was 

saved in the database. This system is only use by the Kedai Lubuk Kecantikan dan 

Kesihatan Utara in Alor Setar and all the staff. The objective is to analysis, design and 

develop the management system of cosmetic shop. Agile Methodology was chosen as a 

guideline for developing the system. As a conclusion, the system will help the staff to 

easily manage the supplier and monitoring stock. The report also will easily generate by 

annually, monthly or daily. 


Motorcycle Shipping System 

Nurbatrisyia Binti Nasri 




With the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), online 

business transaction is becoming very common. Whilst the most crucial part of this kind 

of transaction is the delivery service. Regardless of the size of the items that need to be 

delivered, anything is possible nowadays. In UMT, personal transportation is very 

important since the university is located far away from public transportations facilities. 

Most of the students here use motorcycle to commute. Students who their hometowns 

are far away from UMT normally would prefer to ship their motorcycle. Therefore, 

Motorcycle Shipping System (MSS), a web-based shipping delivery system is introduced 

as an alternative to help fulfill the need of these students. Using MSS, all shipping related 

transactions can be done in a very convenient and flexible way through Internet. The 

advantage of having this online delivery system is manifold for both customer and the 

company. 


Home Rental Management System 

Nurul Farhana binti Anar Piah 




Home rental management is a profitable process if implemented properly. In particular, 

for a landlord who wanted to do business via doing home rental. An effective 

communication between landlord and tenant are very important yet difficult to improve, 

especially if it is about the problems faced by the tenants. Therefore, the Home Rental 

Management System in the management of rented houses should depend on the 

cooperation between both parties to have a successful business. Accordingly, the main 

objective outlined in this study is to develop a web-based Home Rental Management 

System to speed up business and facilitate tenants. The methodology of the study was 

waterfall model. A Web-Based Rental Management System has been successfully 

developed to provide the convenience for landlords and tenants in managing rental 

housing. As a result, the system shows landlord acceptance in how the system can record, 

manage and share information with tenants. 


Okane (Students Advertisements Portal) 

Mohamad Danial Bin Mokthar 


Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Engineer) 


Okane Students Advertisements Portal is an online portal that allowing students to 

advertise and browsing advertisements. One of the main problems are faced by students 

were there is no specifics medium for students for advertising their business and browsing 

for advertisements consume much time. Next problem were advertisements were mix up 

with another contents when advertisements are been held using existing medium which 

are social medias. For this purpose, Okane Students Advertisements Portal was designed 

to provide an online advertisement portal that allowing students to advertise and 

browsing advertisements to look for their service of their interest. With the information 

provided in the portal, the customer can contact with the advertiser. As a conclusion, 

Okane Portal provide a simple and friendly online portal for the students in the campus 

to advertise theirs stuff or to find some goods to buy. 


Online Motorcycle Sparepart Store 

Mohd Aedil Bin Fadzel 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 



Motorcycle spareparts store is a commerce business that sell product related to 

motorcycle parts. Usually, customers need to go to the store by themselves to buy 

products. Besides, they don’t know the status of the product is still available or not until 

they go check with the seller. Seller also will face difficulty in storing and managing selling 

record efficiently. This system features two types of users which is seller and customer. 

Looking at the current situation in online business, this system is develop to ensuring 

continuity in the management of the business. This system provides solutions where 

customers can purchase product anytime they want and they can check the availability 

of the product. Furthermore, the selling record will be recorded automatically in the 

database. In addition, using the methodology of the waterfall model while the software 

is in use NetBean 8.2 and the database was developed using MySQL. 


Campus Safety Management System 

Mohd Azri bin Ramli 

Supervisor: Dr Farizah binti Yunus 



Safety is the state of being “safe”, the condition of being protected from harm or other 

non-desirable outcomes therefore Campus Safety Management System was 

developed.The existing system requires lots of human work and has a lot of weakness 

such as human error. The system was developed to replace the existing safety 

system.The system was developed to let multiple users make reports easily. Hence, with 

this e-Campus Safety System, reports about criminals, theft and others can be access 

online and saved easily. Waterfall methodology is used to develop the system because 

waterfall model works very well for smaller projects where requirements of the system 

are very well understood. The finding of this system is to let UMT citizens and visitors 

make reports easily without using any manual procedure such as existing system. As a 

conclusion, the e-Campus Safety System will ease the users to make report. 


UMT’s non-Academic Staff Competency Assessment System (MySoul) 

Siti Salihah Binti Nor Azhar 




UMT’s non-Academic Staff Competency Assessment System(MySoul) is a web-based 

system that is developed to identify the skills, knowledge and behaviors influenced by the 

personal characteristics of non-academic staff in UMT. This assessment system will ask 

candidates to demonstrate and apply knowledge in various contexts that meet the desired 

criteria. The problem identified is the talent possessed by non-academic staff in UMT 

could not be systematically and fairly assessed. Hence, MySoul is developed to solve the 

problem and record the individual talents in a computerized term. The objective is to 

design a system that facilitates the officer to evaluate the competence gap analysis 

report. Next, the scope for this system involves UMTs’ non-academic staff ranging from 

grade 41 to grade 52. The project methodology used to develop this system is Agile 

Method. MySoul will definitely facilitates the assessment of staff talent in UMT. 


Mobile Drug Details (Pharmacy Management System) 

Siti Zubaidah Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Dr. Dr. Abdul Aziz Bin K. Abdul Hamid 



Mobile Drug Details (MDD) is a system that allows users to extract information regarding 

drugs, to booking a particular drug from the pharmacy, and to manage booking 

information. A current existing system doesn’t allow users to review their transaction 

activity and the currently available system usually work in a stand-alone environment 

compare to the cloud-based environment which expected by many. To solve this problem, 

a cloud-based system is designed for MDD. Besides, this system uses Android Studio as 

a platform to write coding and SQLite as database management system. This system 

should be able to access anytime, and anywhere as long as existing an Internet 

connection. This system should ease the users to book their drugs, managing their 

booking, and reviewing their transaction activities. MDD gives advantages for many users. 


Computer Accessories E-Commerce System 

Tan Hup Chian 

Supervisor: Professor Madya Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Mohd Noor 



As web-based applications emerging, it becomes more and more common. Now, no 

businesses can success without using web-based system in its business. In Kuala Nurus 

Terengganu, there are still many shops yet that are not using online system and the 

target of this project is one of the shop that selling computer accessories and computer 

hardware. The problems found in that shop when not using any online system are 

constricted accessible to business data, human errors, and limited customers. Therefore, 

the LAKU.COM is the solution and its scopes are providing platform which is web, and 

only used in Malaysia. To complete this project, 3 related e-commerce web site are 

reviewed which are Verbatim, BestBuy, and Ncixus. LAKU.COM is expected to be very 

useful to those computer accessories retail shops that still do not have online platform to 

sell their products. 


Online Book Store Sales Management System 

Ummu Najwa Fajrina binti Abdul Ghani 

Supervisor: Arifah binti Che Alhadi 



Online Book Store was developed to manage the online book sales. The current practice 

of Koperasi Buku Berhad all sales information was recorded manually and it’s hard for the 

staffs to manage the data efficiently. Then, the online book store sales management 

system was proposed to overcome these problems. The solution is to create an online 

book store that allows to record data sales, stocks, customers, transactions and the 

profits. Waterfall methodology was used as a guideline to develop the system. The 

objectives of this project are to analysis, design and develop the online book store sales 

management system. This system was only for Koperasi Buku Berhad and the customers 

are limited to UMT’s student and staff. In a conclusion, the development of this system 

can reduce time for purchasing the book. This system also more systematic in a way of 

managing the data sales. 


Estimation of Fungiidae Sp. Coral Reef Distribution Via Still Images 

Ahmad Danial Bin Mohd Amin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Suzuri Bin Hitam 

Bachelor of Computer Sciences (Software Engineering) 


This thesis presents a proposed method to detect, recognize and estimate a coral reef distribution 

of the type Fungiidae Sp. by using Local Binary Pattern technique. The conventional technique of 

estimating the distribution of Fungiidae Sp. Is through manual survey which is conducted using 

CPCe software. This manual technique is not consistent, subject to human error and taking a lot 

of operator time. Therefore, in this thesis, a new proposed method based on Local Binary Pattern 

is proposed to estimate the distribution of the Fungiidae Sp. coral reefs distribution. It is 

anticipated that the proposed method will lead to rapid detection with consistent recognition 

results. At this time of writing, the proposed method has been tested on selected samples and it 

show the possibility of making this process automatic. Further investigation is ongoing to ensure 

the workability of the method. 



New Tabu Tenure Setting Strategy of Tabu Search for 

Solving Quadratic Assignment Problem 

Ahmad Muizzuddin Bin Mohd Rahim 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohamed Saifullah Bin Hussin 

Bachelor of Science (Financial Mathematics) 


Various studies have been conducted using Tabu Search (TS) for solving difficult 

optimization problems, for example, the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP), an NPhard 

combinatorial optimization problem that appears in many practical applications. 

Several procedures have been identified in TS that affect its performance on the QAP, 

such as the local search used, tabu list size and tabu tenure. Tabu tenure is one of the 

parameter that greatly affects the performance of TS. The objective of this research is to 

Bachelor of Science 

(Financial Mathematics) 


propose new tabu tenure setting strategy to improve the performance of TS for solving 

the QAP. This objective can be accomplished by studying existing tabu tenure setting 

strategy of TS when solving the QAP. 

Modelling the Freight Rates by using Barndoff-Nielsen and Shephard 

Stochastic Volatility (BNS-SV) Model with a View Torwards 

Pricing of Future Freight Rates 

Aik Jia Yin 

Supervisor: Dr Che Mohd Imran Bin Che Taib 



Shipping freight rates are very volatile. Such volatility property of freight rates may be 

explained by supply and demand curves. Spot freight rates respond quickly to the demand 


for transportation services and the availability of truckload capacity to move the freight. 

In this study investigate the volatility of spot freight rates by a using Barndorff-Nielsen 

and Shephard Stochastic Volatility (BNS SV) process. Such process is a nonlinear with 

combination of randomness, volatility and rate of return which make the model explain 

the freight rates behavior well. The spot freight rates of Supramax has been model and 

then estimate the future freight rates. The forecasted theoretical prices is compared to 

the actual one and the accuracy of BNS SV is determined. The results show that BNS SV 

model is efficient to explain the volatility of shipping market and pricing the future freight 

rates. Modelling the freight rates are beneficial to investors in shipping markets as well 

as shipowners and charter for hedging in the shipping markets. 

Student Perception of Takaful Insurance 

Ain Shahira Binti Shaari 

Supervisor: Dr. Chee Chew Seng 



This research is to examine the factors that influencing the participation of students 

towards takaful in order to provide better understanding and exposure the products 


whereby more profitable than conventional insurance companies. By involving a total of 

100 respondents in this research, a structured survey questions were distributed to 

students in various disciplines in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The main objective of 

this research is to gain information why Malaysian students especially from the Islamic 

students is not fully participating in takaful or not subscribing takaful for their insurance 

needs. This study tested four main hypotheses related to the factors that influence the 

students participation in takaful. The results showed that demographic factors, 

understanding and public awareness have significant positive relationship. While the 

perception of service quality factors are not significant relationship and negative value. 

Analysis of Financial Portfolio Using Mean-Variance 

Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) Approach 

‘Ainul Nabilah binti Mohd Zaid 

Supervisor: Dr. Binyamin Bin Yusoff 




The main purpose of this study is to construct mean-variance portfolio of stocks from 

Bursa Malaysia using the OWA operator. The OWA operator in mean-variance model is a 

generalization of the arithmetic mean in Markowitz model. The aggregation of expected 

return and risk concerning the attitudinal character of investor from optimistic to 

pessimistic are studied. In response to that, the mean and variance of optimal portfolio 

can be described in an interval. Results showed that, an optimistic investor has the best 

portfolio and has highest utility, followed by slightly optimistic investor, neutral investor, 

and slightly pessimistic investor while a pessimistic investor has the worst portfolio and 

has lowest utility. In conclusion, investment can be made based on investor degree of 

optimism and pessimism towards the expected return and risk of portfolio to reduce risk 

at a profitable return level or to increase profit at minimal risk. 

Proving the Ownership of Bitcoins in Transactions Using 

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) 

Anis Naquiyah Farhana Binti Mat Din 

Supervisor: Dr. Hassilah Binti Salleh 




Bitcoin, a decentralised cryptocurrency system has gained a lot of attraction among users. 

In Bitcoin transactions, users communicate based on cryptographic proof without 

involving third parties. Therefore, Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm is used to 

prove the ownership of Bitcoin which plays the main part in Bitcoin transaction. The 

relationship between Bitcoin and ECDSA was studied to determine if this cryptographic 

algorithm can ensure that funds can only be spent by their rightful owners. This paper 

provide the steps of understanding how ECDSA works and how it is used to create a 

Bitcoin transaction. ECDSA has separate procedures for signing and verification. The 

signing process make use of private key while the verification process make use of public 

key. The result shows that the signature is valid when the two points have the same 

values. The results indicate that the users can verify its authenticity without compromising 

its security. 

Academic Achievement Factors for High School Students in 

Terengganu by Using Structured Equation Modeling 

Anis Syafiqah Binti Safeai 



Bachelor of Science (Financial Mathematics)


Academics are especially important today because it able to determine the direction of a 

person especially among the students. Each student has different academic performance. 

Therefore, various factors are taken into account to ensure whether it affects students' 

academic performance or not. This study was conducted to identify factors that could 

influence the academic performance of the students. To carry out this study, 200 

questionnaires have been distributed to three different type of secondary schools in 

Terengganu. The students who are selected to answer the questionnaire were composed 

of male and female from form five students. This study focuses on five factors that 

influence the academic achievement of students - teachers, peers, family, attitudes and 

finance. To obtain effective research results, the Structured Equation Modeling (SEM) 

method with AMOS and SPSS software. This method is very suitable to get the results of 

the study. 

Mathematical Modelling of Wave Impacts on Seaward-Incline Seawall 

Aqmar Haziq Bin Abdul Rahman 


Supervisor: Dr. Fatimah Noor Binti Harun 



A mathematical model of pressure brought by waves and hit coastal structures are 

discussed in this final year project. Two dimensional of boundary value problem describes 

the process of wave hitting a seawall for all boundaries and it can be written as Laplace’s 

equation. To solve the Laplace’s equation with given Dirichlet boundary conditions from 

the boundary value problem, method of separating variable is used to reduce partial 

differential equation (PDE) to ordinary differential equation (ODE). By principle of 

superposition, the solution that satisfies the bed, free surface and also the infinite 

boundary condition can be found. Then by using Fourier series, the entire solution can 

be solved. The pressure impulse which is distributed on the wall is investigated for varying 

dimensionless constant, µ to know how much the wall is hit. The result shows that the 

pressure impulse will increase as µ increase. 

Application of Robust Regression in Production of Maize 

Arni Natasha Binti Azmar 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norizan Binti Mohamed 


Bachelor of Science (Financial Mathematic) 


Maize is a kind of cereal and it used as a food source of human and animal. This study 

discusses the use of robust regression analysis in maize production data. SAS software 

has been used in identifying outlier in maize production data. In regression analysis, the 

use of least square method would not suitable in solving problem containing outlier. This 

study needs a parameter estimation method which is robust where the value of estimation 

is not much affected by small changes in the data. The estimators used in this study are 

M, MM, S and LTS estimation. The comparison between estimators of robust regression 

is performed to get the best robust regression and to construct the best regression model. 

Next, the data were contaminated by 10%, 20% and 30% to determine the robustness 

of the model. The result show that the model still robust even though the data were 

contaminated. 

Forecasting the Price of Bitcoin with Geometric Fractional 

Brownian Motion Through Monte Carlo Approach 

Che Aimi Mastura Binti Che Mansor 





Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency derived from mathematical cryptography introduced in 2009 

under a pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. Based on the data at World Coin Index website, 

the Bitcoin market price is fluctuated since it being introduced until today. This paper 

demonstrates the appropriate volatility measurement that may provide forecast value 

which closely approximate to actual movement of Bitcoin price for a better investment 

decision. Data is taken from World Coin Index and being analysed through a Hurst 

exponent H > 1 in order to forecast the price of Bitcoin. A Monte Carlo approach with 

2 

10 4 Geometric Fractional Brownian Motion (GFBM) is performed as extensions of historical 

data. The computer algebra system M ATHEMATICA is applied throughtout this paper; in 

particular, fBms are generated as Fractional Brownian Motion Process [ μ , σ , H ]. The 

accuracy of statistical inferences is 10%. 

Analyzing Syariah and Conventional Stocks Performance 

in Malaysia: Statistical Analysis 

Chew Wan Jun 


Supervisor: Dr. Syerinna Binti Zakaria 



A rapid growth of Islamic finance in the past decades has attracted many investors to 

focus on Shariah compliant stocks rather than conventional stocks. The argument 

whether the performance of Shariah compliant stocks are better compared to the 

conventional stocks still remains an open question with a lot of studies have been 

conducted. Therefore, this research examines whether there are differences in 

performance between the Shariah compliant stocks and the conventional stocks listed on 

the Bursa Malaysia for the period 2013-2015. Second, whether there are significant 

relationships between stock returns and financial ratios (EPS, ROA, Current ratio, ROE 

and DER) of both Syariah and conventional stocks. By using Mann Whitney U-test and 

Levene’s Test, the result shows no significant differences in returns and risk. Multiple 

regression analysis finds that the financial ratios have relationship with both of Syariah 

and conventional stocks returns. 

A Case Study in Starbucks, Puchong Jaya: Gamification Can 

Motivate Customer to Engage in a Loyalty Program 


Chon Man Heng 

Supervisor: Prof Madya Dr. Muhammad Safiih Bin Lola 



This research studied how gamification elements could undermine user’s inherent 

motivation to use a loyalty program. The objective of this study is to determine which is 

the most effective gamification element to motivate customer’s intrinsic motivation to 

engage in a loyalty program. Survey has been conducted in front of a Starbucks Brunch 

in IOI shopping mall Puchong and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used after data 

was collected to determine the most effective gamification element. This study found that 

the presence of gamified form using level can strengthen individual’s intrinsic motivation 

to use the loyalty program. These findings can help to provide important practical 

implications for designing a more effective loyalty program. An effective loyalty program 

not only helps to reduce the cost of living of the users, it also can improve the wellbeing 

of the society. 

Fuzzy Linear Demand and Fuzzy Linear Supply for 


Equilibrium and Total Revenue

Chong Pik Huei 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abd. Fatah Bin Wahab 



Nowadays, uncertainties exist in economic world. This research is conducted to determine 

the fuzzy equilibrium between fuzzy demand and fuzzy supply and also fuzzy total 

revenue. In this research, fuzzy theory will be applied as it includes uncertainties in the 

derivation. The methodology is divided into two parts. First, determining fuzzy equilibrium 

requires three steps. Firstly, the left-right fuzzy model including left-fuzzy, right-fuzzy and 

symmetrical mode was determined. Secondly, the fuzzy equilibrium was determined using 

defuzzification. Lastly, -cut was applied to get more precise solution. Secondly, fuzzy 

total revenue corresponding to left-right fuzzy model was determined. The expected 

resulted solution was more precised than in Yao and Wu’s paper for consumer surplus 

and producer surplus in 1999. The fuzzy equilibrium and fuzzy toral revnuewais expected 

to be pinpointed to a new, more precised solution. 

Minimax Regret Using OWA Operator in Robust 


Multiobjective Portfolio Optimization 

Chong Shad Min 




Portfolio optimization plays a critical role in determining portfolio strategies for investors. 

The first approach in portfolio selection was suggested by Markowitz based on a meanvariance 

framework. The traditional approach fails to meet the demand of investors who 

have multiple investment objectives. Advances in portfolio management research 

highlight the growing momentum of robust portfolio optimization. Robust optimization 

has become a widely implemented approach in investment management for incorporating 

uncertainty into financial models. This research is conducted and aimed to propose a 

robust multiobjective portfolio optimization model based on minimax regret approach 

using OWA operator. The key advantage of the OWA operator is the ability to represent 

complex scenarios by using the degree of optimism and pessimism of the decision maker. 

The applicability of this model is tested in the real case study of 30 blue-chip stocks on 

the Bursa Malaysia. 


Stability and Sensitivity Analyses of Pneumonia 

Dynamics in Children under Five 

Chow Yee Voon 

Supervisor: Dr. Ummu ‘Atiqah Binti Mohd Roslan 



Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children under five which results in the 

growing numbers of mortality rate to arise every year. The SVCIR (Susceptible- 

Vaccinated-Carrier-Infected-Recovered) pneumonia dynamics mathematical model is 

studied. The objectives in this study are to prove the positivity and boundedness solutions 

of the model, to analyze the stability of the equilibrium points of the model and to 

investigate the most influential parameter of the pneumonia model. The positivity and 

boundedness solutions are proven. Next, stability analysis has been carried out by using 

Jacobian matrix to determine the stability of the disease free equilibrium (DFE) and 

endemic equilibrium (EE) points. The results showed that both DFE and EE are locally 

asymptotically stable. The sensitivity analysis showed that the contact rate between 

individual has been identified as a significant parameter. Therefore by controlling this 

parameter it can help to reduce the mortality rate in future. 


An Improved Cooling Schedule of Simulated Annealing 

for the Quadratic Assignment Problem 

Chua Yin Gen 




In this paper, we focus on studying the ways to improve cooling schedule of simulated 

annealing for the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). In the study of QAP, simulated 

annealing will reflect the parameter of cooling schedule or annealing schedule to take 

control on finding an optimal solution. For example, the cooling factor, initial temperature, 

stopping temperature, acceptance ratio and the number of moves at each temperature 

will indirectly or directly influence the result of convergence. Nevertheless, it is not always 

guarantee that those parameters will improve the performance. Reheating mechanism is 

applied to solve this problem by reset the temperature back to starting temperature to 

increase the acceptance criterion during the annealing process. At the end of the paper, 

the idea of improved cooling schedule is going to be propose for the next implementation 

of algorithm. 


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Vaccine 

Acceptance Population in Malaysia 

Diong Pei Yun 

Supervisor: Dr. Auni Aslah Bin Mat Daud 



Vaccine acceptance refers a spectrum of behaviors and beliefs from the rejection of all 

vaccines to accept all the vaccines. The objectives of this study are to construct a 

mathematical model of vaccine acceptance population, carry out the stability analysis of 

the model to investigate the behavior of the model and perform the sensitivity analysis 

on the model parameters to determine the key model parameters for the selection of the 

most effective control strategies. The dependent variables of the model are vaccine 

acceptance population, vaccine hesitant population and vaccine refusal population. 

Besides, the model is governed by a system of three first-order ordinary differential 

equations. The model has six possible equilibrium points. Wolfram Mathematica 11 is 

used to find out the equilibrium points. The local stability analysis is carried out using 

Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The normalized forward sensitivity index is 

used in the sensitivity analysis. 


Pricing Crude Palm Oil Futures (FCPO) in Malaysia 

Evon Ong 




In most of researches, it is found that incorporate more than one characteristics of 

agricultural commodities futures prices in the pricing model is outperformance due to 

these prices move in special characteristics. However, there is no similar research in 

pricing Malaysia’s Crude Palm Oil Futures (FCPO). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is 

to investigate the presence of stochastic volatility, price jumps and seasonality in daily 

FCPO prices for determining better FCPO pricing model. For that, daily FCPO log returns 

are examined by using GARCH(1,1) model and stochastic volatility (SV) model and then 

both models are compared to show SV model is better to forecast FCPO returns. Monthly 

volatilities used for seasonality analysis meanwhile Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard (BNS) 

jump test conducted with realized variance and bipower variation. According to the 

results, stochastic volatility and seasonality are present in FCPO returns. Finally, this paper 

could help in providing better FCPO pricing model. 


Atom-Bond Connectivity Index of Graph with Two Edges Added 

Fatin Zulaikha Binti Mohd Zainuddin 

Supervisor: Dr. Mohamad Nazri Bin Husin 



The atom-bond connectivity index of a graph G, denoted as ABC(G), is defined as the 

sum of the weight √ d u+d v −2 

of all edges uv of G, where d 

d u d u (or d v ) denotes the degree of 

v 

vertex u (or v) in G. The ABC index provides a good model for the stability of linear and 

branches alkanes as well as the strain energy of cycloalkanes. The purpose of this 

dissertation is to explain the concept of ABC index. Besides that, we also investigate the 

effect of ABC index when two edges are added. As a results, we prove that ABC index of 

a graph increase when two edges are added. We end this dissertation by highlighting 

some open problems for future investigation. 


An Improved Initial Temperature of Simulated Annealing 


Goh Kok Han 




Application of the Simulated Annealing (SA) in solving Quadratic Assignment Problem 

(QAP) has a long tradition due to the effectiveness of the algorithm. Studies have found 

that initial temperature of SA is one the most important factors that determines the 

performance of the algorithm. While studies of initial temperature on SA were rather 

limited, here we focus on a better strategy to identify the most suitable initial temperature 

in SA. Even though SA is a very popular algorithm, there is a very limited C++ source 

code available. Hence, a reimplementation of the SA in C++ is done in this study. The 

performance is tested on different classes of instances from QAPLIB. The results are 

compared with those from the default SA. The experimental results show that the 

proposed initial temperature formula has a better performance than the default SA in 

solving the QAP. 


A Structural Equation Modelling on Tourists’ Satisfaction 

and Loyalty in Penang, Malaysia 

Hana Binti Hairi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sabri Bin Ahmad 



This study aims to assess tourists’ perceptions towards quality tourism services provided 

at Georgetown. The purpose of this study is to measure tourist satisfaction and loyalty 

by examining the impact of quality tourism product on overall tourist satisfaction. The 

method used is Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The data were collected by 

distributing the questionnaires to tourists around Georgetown area. The data were 

analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 to determine the relationship between service 

qualities, tourist satisfaction and tourist loyalty. By using the method SEM, structural 

model for this study can be achieved. The result shows that service quality directly 

impacted tourist satisfaction and loyalty throughout destination accessibility, destination 

accommodation and tourist amenities. This study also revealed that respondents were 

loyal to Penang, intend to revisit and recommend Penang as a holiday destination. 


Tabu List Size Setting of Tabu Search for the 

Quadratic Assignment Problem 

Iffah Syazaliyana Binti Mohd Sari 




Tabu Search (TS) is used widely to solve combinatorial optimization problem such as the 

Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). However, there is still a room for improvement in 

TS. Tabu list size is one of the important elements in TS that can be improved by adjusting 

its size to achieve the maximum performance. However, the size of tabu list varies 

depends on the size of problem used. In this paper, we will discuss how the previous 

studies set up the suitable tabu list size to tackle QAP and a new strategy of setting tabu 

list size is proposed. The size change of tabu list for every predetermined number of 

iteration will be our main focus as it can influence the performance of TS. Even though 

there is a drawback for this research, the new proposal is expected to be more effective 

for solving QAP. 


Study of Effectiveness of Video as a Learning Tool for Students 

Intan Nur Arissa Binti Amran 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Baini Binti Ismail 



In this research, an attempt has been made to study the effectiveness of educational 

video as a learning tool. In addition, offline video are the main focus of this research as 

high school students in rural area without any internet connection is our priority. Rural 

area students does not have any additional information that they can get from the 

internet, thus this offline educational video is prepared for them. There are several 

method used to conduct this research. First, the researcher studied the basic concept of 

Trigonometry deeply as Trigonometry was the topic that this research was focused on. 

Next, an educational video regarding Trigonometry was created and showed to the 

students. Lastly, Trigonometry sample question was given to the students to evaluate 


their achievement in order to analyze the effectiveness of the video. As the results, the 

video managed to help students gain deeper understanding and mastered basics of 

Trigonometry. 

Factors Affecting the Selection of University Students 

Enrolled in Mathematics Courses 

Karen Anak Saong 

Supervisor: Dr. Syerrina Binti Zakaria 



The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that give significant effects on 

selection of courses among undergraduate student’s in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

especially in Mathematics courses. In attempt to answer this question, two courses have 

been chosen in this project which is Bachelor Science of Financial Mathematics and 

Bachelor Science of Computational Mathematics. The data is obtained from a survey that 


have been conducted among Mathematics students to identify which factors affecting the 

selection of student into both courses. A few suggestion have been given to help in 

alleviating the situation. 

Price Mean Reversion and Seasonality in Malaysia’s Crude Palm Oil Futures 

Kong Shuenn Ying 




Future market, in particular for agricultural commodity becomes popular due to its 

uncertainty changing in global food prices and high food demand. To capture future prices 

movement, a mathematical model is essential. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is 

to model empirically agriculture commodity future prices. Therefore, a Schwartz Model is 


generalized by incorporating factors of mean-reversion and seasonality. Next, a closedform 

solution for future pricing is derived from that model. Results of parameters 

estimation are obtained based on daily historical observations of crude palm oil futures 

(FCPO) from Bursa Malaysia by using Maximum Likelihood method. Finally, an empirical 

comparison is made between the estimated and actual prices using the Root-Mean- 

Square Error (RMSE) method. It is expected that the proposed model fits actual FCPO 

prices. 

YouTube Users Behaviour by Crisp Set and Fuzzy Set 

Qualitative Comparative Analysis 

Kuah Chin Chong 





YouTube, a website under Google which is the largest platform for users to share their 

video creations to the world. Google AdSense is a system which share the advertisement 

revenue to the video uploader in YouTube. Google AdSense system had attract many 

youngster to join the YouTube career, but lots of them may don't know the criteria of 

video which can attract audience. In this study, the objective is to identify the criteria of 

video that may affect the intention of YouTube users to click the video by using Qualitative 

Comparative Analysis (QCA) with both crisp set (csQCA) and fuzzy set (FsQCA). Then, 

the outcome of both csQCA and FsQCA are compared to identify which criteria will affect 

the users and which is the better method to identify the criteria. Lastly, the result can be 

a guidance for new creator on YouTube to optimize the views and also income generated 

by YouTube. 

The Factors that Influence the Food Intake among 

Univeristi Malaysia Terengganu Students 

Laily Asmida Binti Zakaria 





Food is a necessity component for living things. The meals we eat should be nutritious to 

ensure a healthy and fit body. However, students today do not practice a healthy diet 

thus leading to a variety of health problems. Therefore, a study was conducted to identify 

the factors that affect food intake among students. A total of 150 undergraduate students 

were randomly selected for sampling. By applying the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 

method as well as SPSS software, analysis was performed through a quantitative method 

using a set of questionnaires. This questionnaire contains 33 items in the form of 

statements relating to the study. The result from this study indicates that financial is the 

most significant factor in affecting students’ food intake. Hence, it is expected that this 

research can raise awareness among students to make better food choices and taking 

meals regularly to live a healthy lifestyle. 

Comparison of Electricity Prices between Solar Photovoltaic System and 

TNB by Levelised Cost of Electricity and Cash Flow Technique 

Lam Wai Lick 





Solar photovoltaic (PV) system, which known as a natural renewable resource renders 

“green electricity” to Malaysian. However, huge PV system installation cost maybe 

unaffordable to most Malaysian due to the lack of technological development of 

renewable energy but it is expected to be reduced in the future. The aim of the research 

is to compare the price of electricity supplied from renewable sources and non-renewable 

sources, which compare PV power plant (PVPP) with Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and 

PV rooftop (PVR) system with TNB, purposely to show that which investment will be 

better for investors. Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) is modelling to calculate the price 

for PVPP to compare the price with TNB, undergo break-even analysis. Then, cash flow 

technique is used to calculate annual cash flow of PVR system compared with price from 

TNB to undergo break-even analysis. Finally, the result shows PVR system is the best 

choice. 

Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Rumours Spreading in a Population 

Lee Pei Yng 





The arrival of the Internet for social communication purposes has induced a new way of 

rumour spreading among the individuals. The objectives of this research are to construct 

a mathematical model for rumour spreading, conduct the stability analysis of the model 

and carry out the sensitivity analysis on the model parameters. The dependent variables 

of the model are ignorants, spreaders, medium spreaders and stiflers. A set of nonlinear 

ordinary differential equations is developed to describe the dynamics of rumours 

transmission among the individuals. The local stability analysis is performed using 

Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria to determine the stability of the equilibrium 

points. Mathematical software is used to verify the results. The normalized forward 

sensitivity index is used to determine the dominant model parameters. This research can 

help the authorities to control the widespread of rumours in a population. 

Prediction and Stability Analysis on Malaysia Bank Lending 

Rate by using Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (CIR model) 

Lim Bee Gaik 


Supervisor: Dr. Ummu ‘Atiqah binti Mohd Roslan 

Bachelor of Science in Financial Mathematics 


The Base Lending Rate have been replaced by a Base Rate since 2015. It increases 

transparency of customers in the Base Rate. Hence, it is interested to know how the Bank 

Lending Rate would change over time. In this project, the estimated value of Bank 

Lending Rate can be analysed by using Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (CIR model). The 

objectives of this project are to find the fixed points for the CIR model and their stability, 

to estimate the parameters in the CIR model by using Maximum Likelihood Estimation, 

to predict the Bank Lending Rate for the future ten years and to analyse the stability of 

the parameters in CIR model. From this research, two stable fixed points were established 

for the CIR model. Besides, the future values were also predicted. All parameters in the 

model do not give significant impacts on the dynamical system of CIR model. 

Ranking Fuzzy Numbers based on Circumcenter and 

Nagel Point for Financial Risk Management 


Loh Pooi Ling 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Lazim Bin Abdullah 



Banks have been practising financial risk management ever since the exposure of various 

types of risks, which affect the performance of banks. However, authentic risk factors led 

to financial risk management in banking sector are indecisive. This paper aims to propose 

risk values for the selected risk factors contributed to the financial risk management in 

banking sector using ranking fuzzy number. The method of ranking fuzzy numbers based 

on circumcenter and Nagel point is proposed to determine the highest ranking risk factor 

for each method for financial risk management in banking sector. Five experts were 

invited to provide qualitative linguistic evaluation over the rank of risk factors in financial 

risk management. The risk values obtained from the two proposed methods review the 

highest and the lowest risk factor. An implication for banks is that the importance of 

addressing risk and paying close attention to the risk management to avoid losses. 

Mathematical Modelling of Wave Impacts on Vertical Seawall 


Maisarah Binti Mohd Japeridin 




Wave impacts breaking against on seawall can cause pressure impulse. In impact 

problem, the pressure is in a large magnitude and happen in short duration. The most 

significant objective of this study is to model the pressure impulse by waves breaking 

against the vertical seawall. This pressure impulse problem can be treated as a twodimensional 

boundary value problem. Thus by using Laplace equation and a suitable 

boundary conditions to this problem, it can solved by using the separation of variable and 

Fourier series method. Then, the effect of the small angle of inclination from the vertical 

of structures is investigated. By the end of this study, it is found that the angle of 

inclination seawall increase, the pressure impulse also increase. This shows that the angle 

of inclination seawall affects the pressure impulse. 

Overcrowding Model of Pufferfish Population in Malaysia 


Maisyarah Binti Mohamad 

Supervisor: Madam Siti Madhihah Binti Abd Malik 



Malaysia has 1.8 million tonnes of freshwater fish with the value of RM18 billion. 

Nevertheless, there are fish that less caught by fisherman like pufferfish. The pufferfish 

species have no demand from the peninsula compared to Sabah and Sarawak due to 

toxic nature and not suitable for consumption. Normally, the pufferfish will be released 

back into the sea if caught by fishermen. Therefore, it can cause overcrowding. Thus, 

this study is to analyses the unbalanced population when overcrowding occurs. In this 

study, the logistics equation is used to construct a model of overcrowding pufferfish 

populations. The separation of variable method is used to solve the logistics equation. 

The results obtained show two critical point values, where the first critical point value is 

0 tons refers to the population of the pufferfish approaching extinction and the second 

critical point value is 10 tons referring to a sustainable value. 


Prediction of the volatility of Return Crude Oils 

Price Using Time Series Models 

Maizura Binti Mohd Mahat 

Supervisor: Dr. Hanafi Bin A.Rahim 

Becholar of Science in Financial Mathematics 


This article used of the volatility model for crude oil returns in relation to its ability to 

identify and predict volatile facts on the data. The study uses monthly data for the closing 

price used from November 1993 to November 2017. In this context, we assess the 

existence of the volatility of crude oil returns using conditional volatility models. AR and 

GARCH (1.1) models are better models for capturing volatility rather than the EGARCH 

and IGARCH models. The AR and GARCH (1.1) models also provide superior performance 

in sample volatility forecasts. We conclude that the AR and GARCH models (1.1) are 

useful for modeling and forecasting forecasts in the volatility of crude oil return volatility. 


Price Forecasting of Crude Oil Using Box-Jenkins Method 

Mohamad Rusydi Bin Md. Said 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurfadhlina Binti Abdul Halim 



Box-Jenkins method is a method that was introduced by George Box and Gwilym Jenkins 

in 1979. This method is one of the most popular and widely used for predictions. This 

study is aimed to determine the best model for forecasting crude oil commodity prices. 

This foreclosure is because Malaysia is still dependent on the price of international 

markets that are highly vulnerable to the volatility of world crude oil prices. In addition, 

this study was conducted to predict the price of crude oil in first 3 months of 2018. The 

data was taken and analyzed using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average 

(ARIMA) model. The results show that the ARIMA (1,1.0) model is the best model for 

predicting crude oil prices in 2018. The forecasting results were chosen based on the 

smallest MSE 1.27345 value and the MAPE value was 0.08%. 


Choose an Investment in Shares which Characterized of 

Islamic by Using the Approach of Fuzzy Logic 

Mohammad Al Aqib Bin Zainuddin 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abd Fatah Bin Wahab 



Stock investment refers to the purchase of shares of listed companies on Bursa Malaysia. 

The purpose of this project is to determine the appropriate features to use in the stock 

selection. In addition, this project also is to analyze the existing stocks in the market and 

then choose which is more Islamic. We developed a fuzzy logic’s method by applying this 

logic method in a project. There are four basic characteristics of the syariah developed 

based on two main sources that is al-Quran and al-Sunnah.The fuzzy mathematical 

method is utilized by using the criteria of stock investment selection as recommended by 

Islamic syariah. The discussion focuses on simple mathematical calculations using If-Then 

type fuzzy rules. Software Matlab is used to demonstrate the usability and usefulness of 

the proposed outcome of this approach. At the end, one stock was be chosen as the stock 

which most fulfilled the characteristics of Islam. 


Investment Analysis Using Fuzzy Probability 

Mohd Fahzan Bin Fauzi 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Abdul Fatah Bin Wahab 



In the uncertain economic environment, basic knowledge of the cash flow computation 

contains many ambiguities. Cash and interest rates are usually estimated by guessing 

based on expected values or other statistical methods to obtain them. The fuzzy set 

number can overcome the difficulty in estimating this parameter. This study was 

conducted to examine cash flows and interest rates using fuzzy probability approach. In 

this study, there are two types of investment analysis made. First, the fuzzy parameters 

used in the stochastic investment analysis. Then, subsequent investment analysis uses 

the concept of a fuzzy probability event. 


Penilaian Kualiti Perkhidmatan Hotel di Terengganu 

dengan Pendekatan Mantik Kabur 

Muhamad Haiqal Bin Jaman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abd Fatah Bin Wahab 


Quality is a feature of a product and service that can meet the needs of customers. The 

evaluation of the quality of this service is subjective and unclear as well as a blurring 

assessment. Determining the quality of hotel services in Terengganu is based on 

customer satisfaction on services offered either excellently or not. This research is 

focused on customers of Permai Hotel Kuala Terengganu, Felda Residence Kuala 

Terengganu, and Asia Premium Hotel. The evaluation of this service is also a linguistic 

problem. The fuzzy design approach has been used in this study. Many of the previous 

studies related to linguistic problems have been solved by using this fuzzy method. The 

analysis of the study found that customer satisfaction can be divided into two, facilities 

and other services. 


The Exchange Rate Forecasting of Ringgit Malaysia 

against United State Dollar 

Muhammad Faiz Bin Abdul Haris 




Foreign exchange rates is important in determine the level of trading performed for a 

country in a market. This study was conducted to obtain the best fit model in forecasting 

the foreign exchange rate and then predict the exchange rate of Ringgit Malaysia against 

US Dollar for 2017 by using Box Jenkins approach. The Ringgit Malaysia exchange rate 

timeline data for 2014 to 2016 obtained from Bank Negara Malaysia was used in this 

study. The accuracy of the forecast is compared with Mean Absolute Percentage Error 

(MAPE) and Mean Square Error (MSE). Model ARIMA (1,1,0) is the best model to forecast 

the exchange rate of Ringgit Malaysia against US Dollar with MSE of 0.0004755 and 

MAPE of 5.2884%. 


Ranking of Airlines in Johor Bahru Using Fuzzy Multiple 

Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) 

Muhammad Hairul Haikal Bin Abdul Rahim 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Fatah Bin Wahab 



This study applies the fuzzy set theory to evaluate the service quality of airline. Service 

quality is a composite of various factor, among them many intangible factor is difficult to 

measure. This characteristic introduces the obstacles for respondent in replying to the 

survey. In order to overcome the issue, we invite fuzzy set theory into the measurement 

of performance. By applying AHP in obtaining criteria weight and TOPSIS in ranking, we 

found the most vital aspects of service quality are air fare and the least is customer 

service hotline. The most concerned attribute is departure and arrival time, inflight 

services, ground services and flyer program. 


Forecasting the Consumer Price Index in Malaysia 

Using the Box-Jenkins Methods 

Muhammad Harrisuddin Bin Sarpan 

Supervisor: Dr. Nurfahdlina Binti Abdul Halim 



The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an index value that capable of providing an overview 

of the current economic performance of a region. Box-Jenkins method that is quite 

popular in forecasting is applied in this study to predict the value of the country's CPI in 

the future. With this CPI forecasting value, the government can provide a better economic 

planning for the country. The main aim of this study is to predict the country's CPI value 

for 2017 by applying the Box-Jenkins method. The data used are derived from the official 

portal of the Department of Statistics, Malaysia from 1970-2017. With the analysis done, 

the SARIMA (2, 1, 1) 12 model is seen as the best model that can be used to predict the 

CPI value for 2017. The MAPE value which is 3.29 shows that the forecasting value 

obtained is acceptable. 


Modelling of Salam Contract on Commodities Value 

Based on Profit and Loss Sharing Principle 

Muhammad Khiruzzaman Bin Abdul Munin @ Abdul Muin 




In order to protect the worldwide Islamic financial assets estimated at nearly $ 3.5 trillion 

by 2021, there is a need to build a competitive and viable Islamic financial product. This 

study proposes a traditional Islamic contract of Salam, which can be commercialized as 

a new Islamic financial derivative product. However, due to the lack of quantitative 

research on Salam's contract, this study aims to develop a mathematical model of Salam's 

contract on commodities based on the principle of profit and loss sharing and then to 

illustrate the value of its return. Through this study, model of Salam's contract value for 

commodities has been constructed and its value of return has been illustrated which 

further this Salam contract are expected can be traded as a new Islamic financial 

derivative as well as meeting the needs of Muslims in hedging the risk of financial market. 


Forcasting Volatility of Stock Prices Using Arch and Garch Models 

Muhammad Qurzainaen Bin Zulkifli 

Supervisor: Dr. Che Mohd Imran Bin Che Taib 



This study analyzes the forecasting volatility of the stock prices in Malaysia. The daily 

data of KPJ berhad are observed starting from January 1, 2010 until December 31, 2015. 

Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and Generalized Autoregressive 

Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) are used to model the variances of the stock 

prices. ARCH and GARCH models are also used in getting robust estimation since both of 

them required a large amount of data which makes they tend to fit the in-sample-data 

but they also tend to fall apart in the out-sample-data. Results found that GARCH 

performed better than ARCH model by measuring the statistical performances since the 

Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and Root Mean 

Square Error (RMSE) of GARCH is smaller than ARCH model. 


Comparison Between Box-Jenkins and Holt in Forecasting 

Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) 

Muhammad Rasydan Bin Khalid 




The Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) serves as a achievement benchmark of 

Malaysia current economic condition. It’s consist of 30 major shares in Bursa Malaysia. 

The main objective of this study is to determine the best fit approach between Box- 

Jenkins and Holt methodology in forecasting the KLCI for year 2017. The sample data 

from year 2015 until 2016 was obtained from Investing.com. This study shows that 

ARIMA (1,1,0) is the best model for Box-Jenkins method while there is no suitable for 

Holt in forecasting the KLCI index for 2017. This model was chosen because it has the 


smallest MSE score of 116.117 and MAPE score of 6.66%. The KLCI index performance 

for the year 2017 is forecast in the decreasing trend. 

Stability and Hopf Bifurcation of Within-Host 

Chikungunya Virus Infection Model 

Muhammad Salehin Bin Mat Said @ Abdul Rahman 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zabidin Bin Salleh 



Chikungunya virus is an arthropod-borne alphavirus which is transmitted by mosquitoes. 

Hopf bifurcation is basically a critical point where a system’s stability switch and a periodic 

solution arises. In other words, it is local bifurcation in which a fixed point of dynamic 

system loses stability. In this research, we will study the stability and also the hopf 

bifurcation of Chikungunya virus infection model. Now we consider finding the stability of 


equilibria in the virus infection model, the existence of Hopf bifurcation inside the model 

also the stability and direction of the Chikungunya virus infection model. We consider 

using the Jacobian Matrix method in finding the stability of equilibria in the model, and 

using the Normal Form method and Centre Manifold Theorem to find the stability and 

direction of Hopf Bifurcation inside the model. The result of this research are, the model 

has asymptotically stable equilibria, there is an existence of Hopf bifurcation and it is 

asymptotically stable with supercritical direction. 

Predict the Volatility of KLCI Using Stochastic Time Series Models 

Muhammad Shuhaifuddin Bin Mohd Shukor 




The FTSE Bursa Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) which comprises of 30 

largest listed companies on the main board of Bursa Malaysia is often used as a 

benchmark for the overall stock market performance in Malaysia. In this study, the daily 

data for the closing prices was used from October 14, 2013 to March 28, 2018 in order 

to track the volatility of the daily returns on the KLCI. Next, ARCH effects have been 


found to exist in the KLCI daily returns via Lagrange Multiplier test (LM). Thus, this 

research was conducted by applying two stochastic time series models, namely GARCH 

(1,1) and EGARCH (1,1) methods. Hence, the final result shows that EGARCH (1,1) has 

overcomes GARCH (1,1) with the lowest errors detected. Therefore, it can be concluded 

that EGARCH (1,1) is a predictive model which is more superior than GARCH (1,1) in 

forecasting the volatility of KLCI. 

A Study on Improved 2-Exchange of Tabu Search for 

the Quadratic Assignment Problem 

Muhammad Syamil Bin Naseh 




Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is a typical combinatorial optimization problem. 

Various methods can be used in solving QAP such as Tabu Search (TS), Simulated 


Annealing, Genetic Algorithms and many others . The part that we will look upon in 

solving the QAP is to improve the TS of 2-exchange procedure. It is said that the 2- 

exchange is very time consuming and not too efficient in achieving the global optimum 

value. 2-exchange act as the movement in finding best swaps or pairs of edges in the 

assignment problem to minimize the tour length of the model. In this paper, we will 

compare and look into discussions from previous studies regarding this matter. The 

effectiveness of the implementation is demonstrated with the experiments data from 

previous research. Although there is a limit for this research, I am hoping to see the best 

performance of the method from the discussion. 

Stability and Sensitivity Analyses for the Dynamics of Leptospirosis Disease 

N Yuvanesvari A/P Narayanan 

Supervisor: Dr. Ummu ’Atiqah Binti Mohd Roslan 




Leptospirosis is one of the important infectious diseases which are caused by bacteria 

called Leptospira. It spreads to human population when the open wounds in contact with 

the water or soil containing urine of the infected animal. In this project, we study the 

mathematical model of Leptospirosis transmission with the aim to control the disease in 

future. The objectives of this project are to investigate the positivity and boundedness of 

the Leptospirosis model, to find the stability of the equilibrium points of the model and 

to determine the most influential parameter in Leptospirosis model by using sensitivity 

analysis. At the end of this research, we proved that the solution is positive and bounded. 

We also obtained saddle point which implies unstable for disease free equilibrium and 

locally asymptotically stable for endemic equilibrium. This Leptospirosis disease can be 

controlled by decreasing the human transmission rate which has the most positive 

sensitivity index. 

Mathematical Model for Control of Measles Epidemiology 

Nadia Izzaty Binti Shamsudin 

Supervisor: Dr. Chong Nyuk Sian 




Mathematical modelling is one of the important tools to study the spreading dynamics of 

infectious diseases. In this project, we employ an Susceptible-Exposed-Infected- 

Recovered (SEIR) model to examine the transmission dynamics of measles. The stability 

of the model is analysed. We discover that the stability of disease-free and endemic 

equilibria depends on the basic reproduction number, R0. That is the disease- free 

equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R0 < 1, whereas the endemic equilibrium is 

locally asymptotically stable if R0 > 1. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate 

the transmission dynamics of measles and validate the theoretical results. Therefore, in 

order to achieve the extinction of measles, we have to keep the basic reproduction 

number below the unity. Moreover, control strategy (such as vaccination and awareness 

programmes) should be employed to supress the infection rate. 

The Impact of Television Viewing On the Academic Performance 

of High School Students 

Natasha Binti Abu Hasan 





Cluster analysis is a function of grouping a set of data and class it into same subgroups 

where the segment of each subgroup are more similar to each other than to those in 

other subgroups. In this project, our aims are to analyze between the selection of 

television program and academic achievement by students in high school. Some survey 

are carried out by distributing the questionnaire to high school student. This method can 

separate the students with different age into the television programs segment. We also 

use k-mean clustering algorithm for examine student’s academic performance and the 

selection of television program based on cluster analysis and utilizes standard statistical 

algorithms to grouping their scores data and television channels according to their 

academic achievement and selection of television programs is represented. The research 

study between the selection of television program and academic achievement by students 

in high school. 

Mathematical Modelling and Analysis on Education Level of Malaysians 

Nazeeha Azeeza Binti Ahmad Taufik Hidayah 





A high level of education in a country is an indicator for determining the status of a 

developed nation. The objectives of this study are to build a mathematical model for the 

education level among Malaysians, carry out the stability analysis of the developed model 

and perform the sensitivity analysis on the model parameters. The dependent variables 

of the model are studying Degree students, graduated Degree students, studying Masters 

students, graduated Masters students, studying Ph.D. students and graduated Ph.D. 

students. The model is governed by a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations. 

The local stability analysis of the equilibrium points of the model is carried out using the 

Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. MATLAB is used to verify the results. The 

sensitivity analysis is conducted using the normalized forward sensitivity index to 

determine the dominant model parameters. 

Analysis of Job Status in Malaysia: Logistic Regression Model Approach 

Nihayatul Muhirah Binti Mohd Khobir 





In getting to a high-tech nation status, job opportunities are getting dwindle and 

competitive among graduates. Therefore, this study is conducted to identify factors that 

influence job employment opportunities for Malaysia citizen. Data used in this study is 

secondary data which is obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia from 1985 

to 2015 except for 1991 and 1994. The data were analyzed using the Logistic Regression 

method. This study found that the demographic factors of urban and rural, ethnicity ie 

bumiputera and chinese, gender factor namely male, marital status factor ie single and 

married and education level factor ie middle and tertiary level influencing employment 

opportunities in Malaysia . Therefore, based on past studies for this study it can be 

concluded that the employment status in Malaysia is strongly affected by the factors 

mentioned above. This study is believed to provide important information for research 

and students in the future. 

Comparison between Box-Jenkins Method and Econometric Method 

in Forecasting Malaysia Crude Palm Oil 


Noor Ezzati Binti Mohd Sobri 




Fluctuation of crude palm oil prices not only affects the relevant sectors, but also stock 

market index. Hence, forecasting this time series is crucial for country stability. In this 

study, the data of crude palm oil monthly prices were obtained at Index Mundi, from 

January 2006 to December 2017. Box-Jenkins and Econometric method were used in this 

study to predict the crude palm oil prices. The results of the study found that there is no 

ARIMA model of Box-Jenkins method meets the criteria after white noise error tests were 

performed. Meanwhile in Econometric method, AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) was selected as the 

best from the other seven models. This is because AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) has the smallest 

AIC value among the others. In conclusion, after Box-Jenkins and Econometric method 

were compared, the model of AR(1)-GARCH(1,1) was selected as the best model in this 

study. 

Application of Robust Regression on Wind Speed Data 


Noor Fatihah Binti Zolkefli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Norizan Binti Mohamed 



The most critical thing during the site choice for offshore wind farm development is wind 

climate analysis. For this case, accurate wind data are needed. Buoy measurement is 

considered as a reference source of data obtained from less accurate sources. The 

regression techniques developed by using the principle of ordinary least squares (OLS). 

But wind speed data normally containing several outliers that cause the validity of the 

regression analysis may be questioned if it is not accurately checked. This research 

concentrated on the implementation of the most important robust regression method, 

which can detect and reveal outliers and maintain their efficiency at the same time. The 

data used for this research is taken from National Data Buoy Center. The used of robust 

regression is vital in wind speed application as outliers are present in the available data 

sample. The estimators used in this study are S-estimator, LTS-estimator, M-estimator, 

and MM-estimator. 

Application of Robust Regression in Air Pollution 


Noorazulaiza Binti Mohd Nordin 




Pollution can be divided into several categories and one of them is air pollution. Air 

pollution depends on variation nature and human factors which can contribute to the 

emission of differences gases. The most common pollutants produced are carbon 

monoxide (CO), sulfur oxide (SOx), ozone (O3) and particular matter (PM). Besides, this 

is not only a local problem, but it included all over the world. The objective of the research 

is to study the percentage of the air pollution and contributing factors for the pollution. 

Robust Regression is introduced to find the values that can minimize a robust estimate in 

the model which is highly resisted to the leverage points and robust to the outliers in the 

response. The LTS estimator, S estimator, M estimator and MM estimator are used in this 

study to compare which estimation perform the best robust estimator. 


The Risk Factors of Hypertension Using Multiple Logistic Regression 

Nor Adibah Binti Abdullah 

Supervisor: Nor Azlida Aleng@Mohamad 



In this era globalization, hypertension has been showed a sustained, consistent and 

independent of heart disease that lead to cause of death. Hypertension is also known as 

high blood pressure. High blood pressure is an increase of blood pressure in the artery. 

The factors that cause hypertension should be known to prevent it. Therefore, this study 

was run to determine the risk factors that may cause hypertension disease. A 

hypertension model is built to test the interaction and significance between the factors. 

A sample of 200 respondents has been taken to set up as data in this current study. The 

factors that emphasized in this study were age, family background, gender, uses of 

tobacco, consuming alcohol, unhealthy diet, physical condition and weight. In this study, 

multiple logistic regression have been used and applied to analyze factors that can 

influence hypertension disease. Logistic regression is the appropriate regression analysis 

to run when the dependent variable is dichotomy (binary).The use of mathematical 

software Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 24 is applied in this 

research as alternatives calculation procedures derived from the methodology. 


Screening for Dyscalculia in Kuala Terengganu 

Nor Adilla Binti Ismail 




The objectives of this study are to develop structure process for the students to be 

screened for dyscalculia so that a data to detect students who facing dyscalculia can be 

obtained and get the information about dyscalculia rate in Kuala Terengganu. There are 

a few methodologies in order to achieve the objectives. Firstly, we need to know the 

signs and symptom of dyscalculia as symptoms may vary from child to child. The 

screening questionnaire is developing by using eassyQuizzy as the application for 

Dyscalculia Screening. After the targeted students complete a questionnaire, we can 

obtain the data based on it and survey that had be given to the students. At the end of 

this study, a screening test for dyscalculia will be developed. This application will helps 

people to find differences between dyscalculic and non-dyscalculic students in hopes of 

being able to further research and knowledge of this lost ability. 


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Political 

Tendency in Two-Party System 

Nor Azierah Binti Dawam 

Supervisor: Dr. Auni Aslah Binti Mat Daud 



Malaysia is one of the countries which practices a Two-Party System. In this study, a 

mathematical model for the population dynamics of the voters in the Two-Party System 

is proposed. The dependent variables of the model are number of indecisive voters, 

number of Barisan Nasional supporters, and number of Pakatan Rakyat supporters. The 

model is governed by a system of non-linear first order ordinary differential equations. 

The equilibrium points of the model have been obtained analytically and MATLAB is used 

to verify the results that obtained manually. Their local asymptotic stability has been 

analysed using Routh Hurwitz criteria. The result of this study shows that the equilibrium 

points are locally asymptotic stable. The sensitivity analysis is carried out using the 

normalized forward sensitivity index to identify the dominant parameters in the dynamics 

of voters. 


Hopf Bifurcation in a Reaction-Diffusion 

Nor Azua Ilyani Binti Mohd Shukri 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Zabidin Bin Salleh 



In this research, we want to determine the Hopf bifurcation in a reaction-diffusion. There 

are many objectives which contribute of study regarding to the Hopf bifurcation in a 

reaction-diffusion. Some method was used to determine the Hopf bifurcation in a 

reaction-diffusion. For the ordinary differential equation (ODE) system, the method of 

Taylor Expansion and Poincare Andronov-Hopf were used. Next, for the partial differential 

equations (PDE) system, the method of the normal form and center manifold theorem 

were used. We also applied the equilibrium point, the stability of the periodic solutions 

and the direction of the Hopf bifurcation in this system. Thus the result for the equilibrium 

point of the system is stable or unstable based on the property changes when the 

parameter c towards to the fix C 0 while the result for the direction of Hopf bifurcation is 

supercritical and the bifurcating periodic solution are unstable. 


Quadratic Expression and Equation for Infective Ways of Learning 

Nor Farah Hanim Binti Mohamad Norizan 




The purpose of this study is to diagnose the student’s common errors and to investigate 

student’s conceptual understanding in learning Quadratic Expression and Equation. 

Quantitative method is used for analyzing data where the instruments was used to 

determine error and student’s conceptual understanding in learning Quadratic Expression 

and Equation is diagnostic test. The sample of this study are 25 students who seat for 

the diagnostic test. Descriptive statistic in the form of percentage was used in data 

analysis. The finding revealed that majority students unable to expand the quadratic 

expression, errors involving positive and negative signs, wrong in calculation and wrong 

concept in operation of addition, subtraction and multiplication. Video and slide were 

produced for learning aids. Video and slide used Malay language so the students can 

understand the concept easily. 


The Students Involvement in Co-curriculum Activities 

Nor Hafizah Binti Mohamad 

Supervisor: Prof. Madya Dr. Sabri Bin Ahmad 



This research conducted to determine students’ involvement in co-curricular activities at 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) using the Structured Equation Modelling Method 

(SEM). A total of 176 students taking the co-curriculum recreation course were selected 

to be used the sample. The information obtained through a quantitative method which is 

a set of questionnaire forms to determine the involvement of students in co-curriculum 

activities. This research was carried out using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) 

approach and involving two software, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 

and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS). The results showed that the implementation 

of co-curriculum activities, student’s personality, student’s attitude in group work and 

student’s leadership are significant to the student involvement in university activities while 

the facilities that being used by the students are not significant at all. Therefore, it is 

hope that this study will enhance student awareness to engage in co-curriculum in order 

to enhance student’s personality, teamwork and leadership. 


The Development of Teaching Aids in Straight Line 

Equation for Form 4 Student 

Nor Shahirah Binti Bakar 




The purpose of this project is to develop teaching aids for the topic of Straight Line 

Equation. The main reason to develop the teaching aids is to accomodate an alternative 

for learning approach to form four students in Mathematics rather than just referring to 

teachers and textbooks. Teachers can also use the teaching aids as another method of 

teaching. The provision of the teaching aids using Powtoon and Microsoft Power Point to 

make the learning process become more interesting. Powtoon is used for making learning 

video while Microsoft Power Point is for the examples of low and high level solving 

questions. I hope that these teaching aids can be used effectively in order to improve the 

teaching and learning for teachers and students in this topic. 


Fuzzy Logic System for Loan Evaluation in Islamic Banking 

Norazra Izzati Binti Azwan 




Due to the uncertainty and injustice problem in determining personal loans, the study 

aims to facilitate users to check the number of eligible loans through online. This study is 

to achieve the following objectives which are to identify the basic criteria for a fuzzy 

determination that influence the assessment of loans for the Islamic banking system, to 

develop a fuzzy logic system for loan evaluation based on the fuzzy logic concepts for 

controlling the uncertainty and inaccuracy of data using human subjective judgments by 

applying data from survey results. In this project, the fuzzy logic method introduced by 

Lotfi Zadeh in 1965 was used to anticipate the credible creditworthiness of borrowers. 

The MATLAB software was used to produce a loan evaluation system in Islamic banking. 


Conclusion, this project is developed to facilitate banks that adopt a Syariah-compliant 

system and produce a fair, simple and detailed fully machine system. 

Application of Robust Regression Model on Freshwater Fish Data 

Norfaziana Binti Zakaria 




Freshwater fish culture in aquaculture industry is growing rapidly in the Asian region, 

including Malaysia. Freshwater fish culture is growing as one of the foodstuffs and a 

source of income to the country. Research in this field was carried out to add the findings 

of the use of fishery data in mathematics. The data used is freshwater fish data from 

Official Portal of Malaysia Fisheries Department. The data was selected from 1965 until 

2015. In this study, the M, MM, S and LTS of regression estimator were used to detect 

outliers are present in the available data sample. The comparison between estimators of 


obust regression performed to get the best robust estimator and to build the best model. 

Then, the data was contaminated to determine the robustness of the model. The result 

showed that the model is robust even though the data was contaminated. 

Predicting the Volatility of Natural Rubber Price Using Time Series Models 

Nur Adilla Binti Othman 

Supervisor: Dr. Hanafi Bin A. Rahim 

Bachelor of Science in Financial Mathematics 


The natural rubber industry is one of the most important economies in country. This study 

discusses about the volatility of natural rubber price using the time series models. The 

study used the daily data for April 2013 to November 2017. The existence of 

autocorrelation and ARCH effect was tested using Durbin Watson test and Lagrange 

Multiplier test respectively. Further, ARCH (1) and GARCH (1,1) models are used. In 

addition, the QGARCH (1,1) model has also been used to study the volatility of this natural 


ubber price. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) 

are computed in order to evaluate the performance of the identified model. The results 

obtained from the comparison that have been done on all three models show that GARCH 

(1,1) model is the best model for natural rubber data. 

To Study the Volatility of Malaysian Ringgit/ US Dollar Exchange Rate 

Nur Ain Binti Ariffin 




Exchange rates are important financial problem that is receiving attention globally. The 

aim of this study is to evaluate the volatility of daily Malaysian Ringgit/ US Dollar 

(MYR/USD) exchange rate using. In this study, the daily data over the period Jan 1 st 


2008 to Jan 1st 2018 consisting of 2610 observations. The Durbin-Watson and Ljung-Box 

are used to test the existence of autocorrelation. Besides that, the Lagrange Multiplier 

Test are also used to detect the existence of ARCH. This research used several volatility 

model such as ARCH (1), GARCH (1,1) and GJR-GARCH (1,1) to model the return series. 

The modelling and forecasting performances are compared using the Akaike Information 

Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Based on the result, GARCH 

(1,1) is the best model to forecast the MYR/USD exchange rate returns. 

Estimating The Life Cycle Cost and Sensitivity analysis of Palm 

Biodiesel Production in Malaysia 

Nur Aisyah Binti Abd Rahman 





Biodiesel fuel gains more interest as alternative fuel due to the environmental pollution 

and diminishing supply of fossil fuel. The investor of biodiesel fuel used the life cycle cost 

and payback period to help them for determining the profitability of investment. This 

study aims to calculate the life-cycle cost and payback period for a palm biodiesel 

production in Malaysia. It also investigates the sensitivity of the life cycle cost in different 

values of capital cost, operating cost, biodiesel conversion efficiency, interest rate and 

crude palm oil (CPO) price. Besides, this project used present value factor to develop the 

life cycle cost model and payback period method. As a result, biodiesel production for 

operating cost of 20 years shows profitability in investment based on the assumptions for 

the values of certain variables. Hence, the variation in CPO price is more sensitive to the 

life cycle cost compared to other variables. 

Relationship between Chain Recurrence Rates and Topological Entropy 

Nur Aizatul Adawiyah Binti Mohd Sofian 





In this research, we want to describe the relationship between chain recurrence rates 

and topological entropy in dynamical system. There are objectives in this research which 

are to investigate the properties of chain recurrent, chain transitive and chain mixing 

maps, to describe the structure of chain transitive dynamical systems and to show that 

the growth of the chain mixing times can give information about topological entropy. For 

the methodology for this research, we explain how to describe the structure of chain 

transitive maps in dynamic systems, we explore the properties of the chain recurrence 

and mixing times and we relate the chain mixing time to topological entropy. The result 

from this research is the properties of chain recurrent, chain transitive, and chain mixing 

maps, we can described that the structure of chain transitive maps. Last, the result is, 

that topological entropy can be calculated from the growth rate of ε-chain. 

Gold Price Forecasting by Box-Jenkins Method 

Nur Atikah Binti Khalid 





In general, the nature of gold that acts as a hedge against inflation and its stable price over the 

course of the financial crisis has made it a unique commodity. Price forecasts are a must for gold 

producers, investors and central bank to know the current trends in gold prices. Forecasting the 

future value of a variable is often done with time series analysis method. This study was 

conducted to determine the best model for forecasting gold commodity prices as well as 

forecasting world gold commodity prices in 2018 using Box-Jenkins approach. The data used in 

this study is obtained from Investing.Com from year 2015 until 2017. This study shows that 

ARIMA (1,1,1) is the best model to predict gold commodity prices based on Mean Absolute 

Percentage Error (MAPE). MAPE value for ARIMA (1,1,1) is 0.02%, where this value proves that 

forecasting using ARIMA (1,1,1) is the best forecasting because MAPE value is less than 10%. 

Controlled Drug Release for Cardiovascular Stents 

Nur Atiqah Binti Yusoff 

Supervisor: Dr. Shalela Binti Mohd Mahali 




Drug-eluting stent (DES) have greatly transformed in the field of interventional 

cardiology. Drug-eluting stents has dramatically reduced restenosis and request for reintervention. 

Furthermore, drug-eluting stent is a metallic prosthesis implanted into the 

arterial wall and coated with a layer of biocompatible polymeric gel that encapsulates a 

therapeutic drug. In this paper, we are interested in the mechanism of drug elution into 

the arterial tissue as stent acts as a source of drug which is transport from coating of 

stent to arterial wall. An analytical solution to the model is derived and a formula drug 

mass (per unit area) as function of time in both coating of stent and arterial wall is 

obtained. The effectiveness of the method is well demonstrated by the numerical results. 

Besides, the model is used to determine the concentration of drug at both coating and 

arterial wall. 

Atom-Bond Connectivity Index of Graph with 

Three Edges Deleted 

Nur Azila Binti Zawawi 





The Atom-Bond Connectivity index of a graph G, denoted as ABC(G) was proposed by 

Ernesto Estrada et al. ABC index is defined as the sum of the weight √ d u + d v −2 

d u d v 

of all 

edges uv of G, where du (or dv) denotes the degree of vertex u (or v) in G. The ABC 

index provides a good model for the stability of linear and branches alkanes as well as 

the strain energy of cycloalkanes. The purpose of this dissertation is to explain the 

concept of ABC index. Besides that, we also investigate the effect of ABC index when 

three edges are deleted. As a results we prove that the ABC index of graph decrease. We 

end this dissertation by highlighting some open problems for further investigation. 

Evaluating Hedging Performance in the Crude Palm Oil Futures 

Market Using Multi Mean GARCH Model 


Nur Farahanis Binti Abd Ghani 




The use of different mean specifications getting less attention even though it may give 

non-trivial effects to the measurement of hedging performance results. This study aims 

the evaluating of the hedging performance in the crude palm oil futures market based on 

three different mean specifications, namely, simple intercept, Vector autoregressive 

(VAR) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). GARCH model was employed to show 

the evidence of hedging performance measurement in the crude palm oil by using the 

risk minimization and investor’s utility function. Then, this study finds out that the VAR- 

BEKK model gives the most variance reduction for both in-sample and out-sample 

analysis. Meanwhile, Intercept-BEKK and VECM-BEKK models giving the highest value of 

investor’s utility function. These evidences show that different mean specifications 

producing different hedging performance. 

Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Home Ownership Level in Malaysia 


Nur Farhah Binti Ramli 




Home ownership is a good property for investment because the value of house price will 

increase every year. This study proposes a non-linear mathematical model that involves 

three state variables namely the numbers of Malaysians who do not have any home, the 

numbers of Malaysians who have one home and the numbers of Malaysians who have 

two or more homes. A flow diagram which describes the population dynamics based on 

home ownership is developed. Based on the flow diagram, a non-linear system 

of ordinary differential equations was derived. In this study, the local stability analysis is 

performed by using Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. By using MATLAB, the 

stability analysis can be proven. The sensitivity analysis is conducted using the normalized 

sensitivity index to determine the dominant model parameters which can be controlled to 

address the issue of home ownership. 

A Malaria Compartmental Model 


Nur Husna Binti Ismail 




Malaria – which is transmitted to human via the bites of infected female Anapheles 

mosquitoes – is a scaring threat to global health. This disease has high mortality rate 

especially if no proper treatment has been taken. We introduce a mathematical model 

that is governed by nonlinear ordinary differential equations to examine the spread of 

malaria. We discover that there are two equilibria exist in the model, i.e., the diseasefree 

and endemic equilibria. We find that the stability of these two equilibria depends on 

the basic reproduction number, R 0 . That is, the disease-free equilibrium achieve local 

asymptotic stability if R 0 < 1, while the endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable 

if R 0 > 1. Moreover, numerical simulation is performed to depict the dynamical system of 

this model and validate our analytical results. We find that both numerical and analytical 

results are agreed. 

New Strategy for Obtaining Initial Solution of Tabu Search 



Nur Husnina Binti Hashim 




Many studies had been done on Tabu Search (TS) for tackling Quadratic Assignment 

Problem (QAP). However, the understanding of the interaction between the initial solution 

and the performance of the algorithm still have room for further studies. The most 

significant objective is to study the existing strategy to construct an initial solution of TS 

in tackling QAP. This objective can be achieved by studying several of the existing method 

on obtaining the initial solution for QAP, Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and Traveling 

Salesman Problem (TSP). The second objective of this study is to propose a new strategy 

based on the previous study to produce an improved initial solution. By the end of this 

project, we expect a better solution can be obtained using the proposed strategy in 

generating an initial solution. The idea presented may be used as a significant 

contribution for practical implementation. 


Student Academic Performances among Secondary School 

Using Structural Equation Modelling 

Nur Najwa Nadhirah Binti Che Rosli 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Sabri Bin Ahmad 



This research is to modelling about the student academic performances among secondary 

school. The main respondents for this research is form five students at Sekolah 

Menengah Kebangsaan Hamzah and Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Jeram based on 

several factors which is family, friends, facilities and factor on student itself. The method 

uses in this research is Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The research starts with a 

test of Analysis Factor by using SPSS 25.0. Then, the factors will create a model in AMOS 

21.0. After that, confirmatory (CFA) of the model will done by using Pooled CFA. Method 

that used in this research for the data is by passed the questionnaire to the respondent 

from class to class. The result shows that factor on facilities, friends and student itself 

have a significant relationship on the student academic performances. 


Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number with ELECTRE III 

Method for Portfolio Selection Problem 

Nur Narzihah Binti Hamzah 




The purpose of this research is to select the best stocks based on their rankings. The 

ELimination ET Choix Traduisant la REalite (ELECTRE III) is one of the methods that can 

be used to solve such problem under multiple conflicting criteria. The strengths of this 

method are it employs outranking relations and also take into consideration the 

preference thresholds. Fuzzy set theory is one of the tools used to deal with ambiguity 

caused by financial market and subjectivity of experts’ decisions. In real life, the experts 

may evaluate the performance of stocks by using the linguistic judgments. Hence, fuzzy 

ELECTRE III has been proposed. However, fuzzy ELECTRE III model is unable to deal 

with higher degree of uncertainty such as the hesitancy element. Hence we proposed 

ELECTRE III with Interval-valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number (ELECTRE III-IVIFN) as a 

holistic model that capable in modeling the complex problems of stock selection. 


Evaluating the Image of Collagen Architecture in Skin using 

Fast Fourier Transform Method 

Nur Nashrah Binti Hamsah 




This paper presents on how to study and observe the image of the collagen structure in 

skin corresponding with a series of chronologically aged skin samples derived from model 

of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previously, many existing techniques have been developed to 

analyze the structure of the collagen. However, most of the proposed techniques are not 

sufficiently sensitive to detect progressive pathological changes in the dermis, such as 

those seen in ageing. Therefore, in this research, we are evaluating the image of collagen 

architecture formed from the picrosirius staining method in which the image of picrosirius 

stained skin revealed the basket weave structure of dermal collagens qualitatively. Then, 

by using this picrosirius image, we are able to perform a mathematical model to evaluate 

the collagen structure through Fast Fourier Transform method. The evaluation results 

show that some significant differences in collagen-related changes are found in different 

aging skins. 


Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Dynamics of Malaysian 

Population-Based on Socioeconomic Status 

Nur Qistina Sharmini Binti Adam Ranjeet 




A good level of socio-economy is important because this will be the indicators for 

determining the progress of a country. The objectives of this study are to develop a 

mathematical model of Malaysian population dynamics based on socioeconomic status, 

carry out the stability analysis of the developed model and conduct the sensitivity analysis 

on the model parameters. The dependent variables of the model are hardcore poverty, 

poverty, easy poverty and not poor. The model is governed by a system of linear first 

order ordinary differential equations. The local stability analysis of the equilibrium points 

of the model is conducted using Jacobian matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. To get the 

equilibrium points, we will be using MATLAB. The sensitivity analysis is performed using 

the normalized forward index sensitivity to determine the dominant model parameters. 


Stability Analysis for Tuberculosis (TB) Disease Dynamics Model 

Nur Shuhada Binti Rusdi 




Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis (MTB). It is well-known that this disease is a major global health problem. 

To analyze this problem, we want to examine the non-negativity of equilibrium points, 

positively-invariant and attracting region of TB model and to investigate the stability 

analysis using Jacobian matrix. At the end of this project, the results showed that we 

have two equilibrium points which are Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) and Endemic 

Equilibrium (EE). From this model, we obtained two types of stability which are saddle 

and locally asymptotically stable. The study of TB dynamics is important since it can give 

us better understanding about TB disease and we can also identify the health conditions 

of some infected population through the TB model. 


Mathematical Modelling in HIV/AIDS Infection in Human Population 

Nur Syahirah Afiqah Binti Safian 




HIV is a major global public health challenge and currently we have millions of people 

living with HIV. Thus, in this project, we would like to consider an HIV mathematical 

model to examine the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS virus in human population. The 

positively invariant and attracting region and the stability of the model will be analyzed. 

We identify there are two equilibria exist in the model, i.e., the disease-free and endemic 

equilibria. The stability of these two equilibria depends on the basic reproduction number 

R 0 : the disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R 0 ≤ 1, whereas the 

endemic equilibrium achieves local asymptotic stability whenever R 0 > 1. In addition, 

numerical simulations will be performed to illustrate the dynamic of this model and 

validate our theoretical results. We find that the disease burden can be controlled by 

reducing the effective contact rate of the infected population. 


The Effect of Geometric-Arithmetic Index of Graph with Three Edge Added 

Nurfadillah Binti Che Musa 




The concept of geometric-arithmetic (GA) index was put forward in chemical graph theory 

recently. Furthermore, several works has already appeared dealing with this index. 

Namely, these are obtained from the ratio of geometric and arithmetic means of some 

properties of adjacent vertices. The first GA index was proposed by Vukičević and was 

simply named “geometric-arithmetic index”. It’s define as GA(G) = ∑ 

√d 1 d 2 

v i v j 1 

2 (d i+d j ) 

. The 

purpose of this dissertation is to explain the concept of GA index. Besides that, we also 

investigate the effect of GA index when three edges are added into the underlying graph. 

As a result, we prove that the GA index increase when three edges added into the 

underlying graph. We end this dissertation by highlighting some open problem for the 

further investigation. 


Predict the Volatility of Gold Future Price using Time Series Models 

Nurfazlina Binti Mohamed 




This study uses the GARCH, IGARCH and ARCH models to forecast volatility in gold future 

prices. At this time, gold is known as a safe place during uncertainties and economic 

crises as it is considered more stable than any other asset class. Subsequently, this study 

has used weekly data from 5 January 1997 to 31 December 2017 for 10 years to forecast 

the volatility of the gold price using the ARCH, GARCH and IGARCH models. The Lagrange 

Multiplier we used to test the ARCH effect in the return series. The researcher employ 

the ARCH (1), GARCH (1, 1), and IGARCH specifications (1, 1). The results of this study 

show that GARCH (1, 1) is a better model than ARCH (1) and IGARCH (1, 1) to forecast 

the volatility of gold future prices. 


The Mathematical Model of Robust Regression 

for Tuberculosis Using MM-Estimator 

Nurhafizah Binti Othman 

Supervisor: Madam Nor Azlida Binti Aleng@Mohamad 



Outliers detection is one important method in statistics research as it is able to help the 

process of constructing the best-fit model. One of the famous methods in outliers 

detection is robust regression. This method can be used to provide resistant outcomes in 

the data set containing outliers. The purpose of this study is to identify the presence of 

outliers using MM-estimator and build the best-fit model by using the medical data. The 

tuberculosis data is used due to the fact that this fatal infectious bacterial diseases still 

spreading in Malaysia and worldwide. In this paper, the contributing factors of 

tuberculosis are gender, hypertensive diseases, smoking status, low body weight and 


diabetes diseases. By using this five variables, the fitted model of tuberculosis can be 

develop using Statistics Analysis System (SAS) software. 

Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Brain Drain in Malaysia 

Nurhidayah Binti Ismail 




Brain drain refers to the departure of highly trained, educated or qualified people from a 

particular country to another usually for better pay or living conditions. In this study, a 

mathematical model of brain drain in Malaysia is proposed. The dependent variables of 

the model are the number of Malaysian students locally and overseas, the number of 

Malaysian skilled labor abroad and the number of Malaysian skilled labor in the country. 

The model is governed by a system of three nonlinear first order ordinary differential 

equations. The equilibrium point has been determined manually and verified using 


MATLAB. The local stability analysis of the proposed model was carried out using Jacobian 

matrix and Routh-Hurwitz criteria. The sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out 

using the normalized sensitivity index to determine the key model parameters that can 

be controlled to address the issue of brain drain. 

The Relations between Topology Entropy and Algebraic 

Entropy by Pontryagin Duality 

Nurin Nafisah Binti Mohd Khiri 




The Pontryagin dual Ĝ of G is the group of all continuous homomorphisms G→T, 

endowed with the compact-open topology. If φ: G ⟶ G is a continuous 

endomomorphism, its dual endomorphism. φ̂: Ĝ ⟶ Ĝ is defined by φ̂(X) = X o φ for every 

XεĜ. The Pontryagin dual of abelian group is always compact. The objective of this 


esearch is to describe the Pontryagin duality that connect the topological and the 

algebraic entropy. In addition, there must have further investigation about Yuzvinski 

Formula and Addition Theorem .Third, to prove the Bridge Theorem for the case of 

connection between topology entropy and algebraic entropy. The result of this research 

is topology entropy and algebraic entropy are connected by Pontryagin duality theorem 

which they have a properties that shown similarities of both entropies. To be more clear, 

it is used Yuzvinski Formula and Addition Theorem as ingredients to proof Bridge 

Theorem. Using this properties, thus Bridge Theorem have been prove. 

An SEIR Model to Study the Infection of Rabies Diseases 

Nurshahira Binti Mohd Rani 




Rabies is one of the most dreadful infectious diseases that could be transmitted from 

animals to humans through saliva of the infected animals. In this project, we consider a 


mathematical model to examine the transmission dynamics of rabies virus among dogs 

and from dog to human populations. This model will assist in predicting the spread of 

rabies in both human and dog populations. The basic reproduction number of the system 

is derived using the next generation matrix approach. The existence of disease free and 

endemic equilibria is studied and its stability is analyzed. The disease-free equilibrium is 

locally stable whenever the basic reproduction number R 0 < 1. Otherwise, the endemic 

equilibrium achieves local stability. Moreover, numerical simulations are performed to 

depict the dynamics of disease transmission. We find that by increasing the immunization 

rate and decreasing the annual dog birth rate, there is a possibility that rabies will die off. 

Estimating Individual Food Consumption from the 

Household Food Consumption Based on the Age, Gender and 

Body Mass Index (BMI) Using Econometric Model 

Nurul Ainaa Binti Mainor 





The rapid growth of obesity gave a huge threat to our health and country in which it will 

also impact us at the economic level. By identifying the sources that can contribute to 

obesity individually, we can help in reducing this issue from getting larger. The aim of 

this research is to estimate the individual food consumption based on the household food 

consumption and analyze its relationship between food consumption and obesity at the 

individual level. We use econometric model to estimate it based on the profile of average 

individual caloric intakes according to their age, gender and body mass index (BMI) across 

the food nutrients. The results show that individual food consumption in terms of caloric 

intake increases with BMI but differences across their age, gender and also the food 

nutrients. To be more specific, obese and overweight people consume more fat than 

normal weight people. 

Application of Grey Model GM (1,1) on Electricity Energy Consumption Data 

Nurul Alwani Binti Mohd Afifi 





Electricity energy consumption (EEC) known as a vital driver of economic development 

and an indispensable part of people’s daily activities. Thus, an accurate electricity 

consumption prediction is needed to mirror the developmental level of economy in a 

country. Grey Modelling, GM (1,1) is one of the forecasting techniques which has been 

proved successful in prediction. GM (1,1) does not need any prior knowledge and it can 

be used when the amount of input data is limited. In this study, the data of total electricity 

energy consumption that is obtained from Department of Statistic Malaysia is applied on 

Grey Modelling (1,1). The purpose of this study is to test the accuracy of the model by 

using different sample sizes. The evaluation of modeling accuracy is determined by 

statistical indicators namely APE (Absolute Percentage Error), MAPE (Mean Absolute 

Percentage Error) and RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error). Based on the studies conducted, 

small sample sizes indicate highly forecasting level. 

Statistical Analysis of Consumer Price Indices 

in Malaysia by Multiple Regression Model 

Nurul Ashikin Binti Khair-Al-Anwar 





This study focuses on analysis of on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Malaysia where 

used to measure inflation rate of the country. The CPI is measured by comparing the 

average price of goods and services in the base year with the average price of goods in 

the current year. The data series used in this study is 36 years from 1981 to 2017. In this 

study, correlation analysis and multiple regression methods are used to identify the main 

factors that influenced of CPI. The results of the analysis show that food, beverages and 

tobacco as well as transportation describe a significant impact on the CPI in Malaysia. 

This study found that the coefficient value obtained by R 2 = 1.000 where this value of 

100% for models is proven to be the best model in determining the CPI forecasting for 

future economic development of the country. 

. 

A Mathematical Model to Study the Infection of Ebola 

Nurul Atiqah Binti Mohd Razali 


Dr. Chong Nyuk Sian 



Mathematical model is frequently used in the study of infectious disease especially to 

examine the spreading dynamics of an infectious disease. In this project, we apply an 

SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infection-Recovered) model that is proposed by [1] in the 

study of Ebola Virus Disease. The stability of the disease free and endemic equilibria of 

this model is analyzed. The analytical results show that the disease-free equilibrium of 

the model is locally asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is less than 

one, whereas the endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if the basic 

reproduction number is greater than one. Moreover, the positively invariant and attracting 

region of the model is identified and we discover that the solution of the model is 

bounded. In addition, we illustrate some numerical results that depict the dynamics of 

this model and we find that our theoretical and numerical results are agreed well. 

Numerical Solution for Hydrophilic Matrix System of Drug Delivery 

Nurul Iman Shuhada Binti Zulkifli 





In this paper, we are going to evaluate the mathematical model of the main transport 

phenomena involved in the drug release process from hydrogel matrices. For the past 

decades, hydrogels have been playing a significant role in areas such as biomedical 

engineering, agriculture, etc. This have eventually lead to the numerous research on 

hydrogels to know how it works for controlled drug delivery system. The traditional 

delivery system is no longer relevant as it caused the uncontrolled and immediate drug 

release kinetics. However, among the numerous research done, there are only a few that 

can fully explain about the swelling phenomenon of hydrogel. The lack of understanding 

about this particular process could lead to another problem. It is very crucial to 

understand about rate and degree of hydrogel swelling. Numerical result shows that the 

matrix composition dramatically changes with time, resulting in strongly time-dependent 

conditions for the occurring mass transport process. 

Modeling the Concentration of Tirapazamine in the Blood 

Vessels by using 2-Compartment Model 

Nurul Nadia Ezaty Binti Mohamad Asri 


Supervisor: Puan Siti Madhihah Binti Abdul Malik 



The increase in the number of Malaysians suffering from tumor caused another treatment 

method to be sought to cure the illness. A new alternative method has been introduced 

which is the use of a drug named Tirapazamine. The combination of chemotherapy, 

radiotherapy, and Tirapazamine can kill more tumor cells effectively because 

Tirapazamine is able to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy. In this 

study, a patch that contains Tirapazamine has been used. Therefore, a two-compartment 

model has been developed to study the change in the concentration of Tirapazamine on 

the patch and in the bloodstream. This model has been solved by using the separation of 

variable and integrating factor method. The result shows that the concentration of 

Tirapazamine has decreased over time on the patch. However, in the bloodstream, the 

concentration of Tirapazamine has increased at first and then, decreased over time. 

Outlier Detection by Using Robust Regression Parameter Estimation 

Nurul Najwa Binti Abdullah 


Supervisor: Mrs Nor Azlida Binti Aleng 



The presence of outliers in a data set can result in significant error rates. Outlier that 

exists in some data sets can be important data for the data set or may be non-critical 

data in a data set. The study was conducted using 500 blood pressure data sample The 

purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of outlier in blood pressure data 

sample, making comparisons on some of the best methods of detecting outlier and to 

test the robustness of sampled data when contaminated by 10%, 30% and 50%. The 

method used in this study was a robust regression method using the Least Trimmed 

Square (LTS) estimator and the MM estimator. The outlier was detected by using the SAS 

9.4. The findings show that outlier detection using robust regression method which is LTS 

estimators is more effective than MM estimators. 


Three Compartments Model for Drug 

of the Diffusion in Blood Vessels and Tissues

NurulNadzirah Binti Zaidi 

Supervisor: Madam Siti Madhihah Binti Abdul Malik 



This study focuses on drug diffusion in blood vessels and tissues based on mathematical 

modeling. This study is to obtain the analytical solution equation for three compartments 

model for drug diffusion in blood vessels and tissues by using separation of variable and 

integrating factor. In addition, this study was conducted by using different initial 

concentration values of drugs and different rate constants. From these three 

compartments, we can conclude that if time taken to get rid of drugs is longer if the initial 

concentration, c 0 is higher. The transfer rate between the compartments is faster if the 

rate constant is higher. The maximum concentration of tissue compartment is higher than 

the venous compartment. Mathematical modeling is appropriate for the detection of drug 

diffusion in the body and it can easy to the pharmacist to know the concentration of drug 

that should be accepted for each arterial, tissues and venous compartment. 

Analysis the Relationship Between Selected Economic 


Factors with GDP: Multiple Linear Regression 

Ong Yin Inn 




This study aims to examine the correlation and analyze the relationship between gross 

domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI), poverty rate, unemployment 

rate and inflation rate. The data were obtained from World Bank, UNDP and Department 

of Statistics Malaysia. A sample of 30 years from 1987 to 2016 were be used in this study. 

The Pearson correlation has been calculated, and multiple linear regression analysis has 

been conducted to analyze the relationship between GDP, HDI, poverty rate, 

unemployment rate and inflation rates. Based on correlation analysis, there is a 

correlation between GDP with HDI, poverty rate and unemployment rate but there is no 

correlation between GDP and inflation rate. By regression analysis, it shows that HDI and 

unemployment rates are statistically significant relationships with GDP. The results of this 

study contribute to further research to enhance Malaysia's GDP and economy. 


An SIR Cholera Model with Vaccination, Therapeutic 

Treatment and Water Sanitation 

Sarah Rahimah Binti Othman 




Cholera is an infectious disease caused by bacteria, Vibrio Cholera that can lead to 

dehydration and even death if proper treatment is not taken. Here, we would like to 

propose an SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model incorporate vaccination, 

therapeutic treatment and water sanitation to investigate the spreading of cholera. The 

existence of equilibrium point is examined and the stability of the model is analyzed. 

There exists two equilibria (i.e., the disease-free and endemic equilibria) in the model. 

We find that, cholera will either die off or persist under certain conditions. Furthermore, 

numerical simulation are carried out in order to illustrate the dynamics of disease 

transmission and validate our theoretical results. By increasing the rates of vaccination, 

therapeutic treatment and water sanitation, we will able to control the cholera outbreak. 


Pemodelan Matematik bagi Kepekatan Kolestrol dalam 

Sistem Peredaran Darah dan Hati 

Shafinaz Ameera Binti Saidon 

Supervisor: Madam Siti Madhihah Binti Abd Malik 



Cholesterol is found in the blood vessels as well in the human body cell and homeostasis plays a 

vital role to maintain physical in a balanced and stable state. However, due to unbalance 

homeostasis has led to health problems such as stroke, chest pain and heart attack which causing 

deaths each year. This study was conducted to investigate the model of two compartments for 

cholesterol transport in the bloodstream and liver in the human body. Then, the model is solved 

to generate the concentration of cholesterol profile. The solution is numerically solved by using 

Runge Kutta method. The results showed that there is a problem in the transportation of 

cholesterol from the liver to the bloodstream when the concentration ratio is less or equal to one 

or vice versa. Finally, this model can assist with the appropriate treatment strategy when the 

value of the parameter cholesterol transport is changed. 


Modelling of Data Blood Pressure by Using Robust Regression 

Shuwatie Binti Maidin 

Supervisor: Puan Azlida Binti Aleng@Mohamad 



The presence of outliers can influence the significant error rates. It can contribute to the 

incorrect of the analysis results. Generally, ordinary least square estimation (OLS) is most 

frequently used for estimation of the parameters in the model. Unfortunately, OLS cannot 

produce the best result when the data are contaminated with outliers. To remedy this 

problem, robust regression is an alternative to OLS when data are contaminated with 

outliers. The purpose of this study is to detect the presence of outliers in blood pressure 

data. The blood pressure data will be modeling by using the robust regression model. 

Least Trimmed Square (LTS) and MM-estimation were used to develop the best fit model 

by using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4. 


The Mathematical Model of Robust Regression for 

Body Mass Index (BMI) Using MM Estimation 

Siti Adawiah Binti Md Yusop 

Supervisor: Pn. Nor Azlida Binti Aleng @ Mohamad 



In medical statistics research, there are many methodologies used to investigate and to 

model the relationship between two or more variables. The existence of an outliers makes 

a model fails to fit the data. The use of least squares method would not be appropriate 

in solving problem containing outliers. Robust regression is the most popular method that 

has been used to detect outliers and to provide resistant results in the presence of outliers 

in the data set. In this study, MM estimation is used to develop a best fit regression model 

using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The purpose of this study is to detect outliers in 

Body Mass Index (BMI) data. This approach is extremely useful in identifying outliers and 

assessing the adequacy of a fitted model. 


Investigating the Ability of Gold as Hedging Tool Against Inflation in 

Malaysia by Using Markov Switching-Vector Error Correction Model 

Siti Hajar Binti Nankir @ Abdul Rahim 




This study analyzes the ability of gold as hedging tool against inflation particularly in 

Malaysia. The monthly data of Consumer Price Index (CPI), Producer Price Index (PPI) 

and gold prices are observed starting from January 2010 until January 2016. Johansen 

Cointegration Test is used to check the existence of cointegrating relation between the 

price of gold with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Producer Price Index (PPI). An 

approach of Markov Switching-Vector Error Correction Model (MS-VECM) is also used in 

the transition probabilities at two regimes switching dependent states. Results found that 

gold has the ability to be a useful tool to hedge against inflation since there is 99% of 

the total sample size are recorded in the growth state. 


First Passage Time Derivation for Wave Perturbation by 

Skew Brownian Motion 

Siti Noranisa Seiril Emyza 

Supervisor: Dr. Ilyani Binti Abdullah 



The skew Brownian motion behaves like Brownian motion except use an independent 

Bernoulli random variable of parameter p to choose the sign of each excursion. This study 

was conducted to determine the derivation of first passage time using the skew Brownian 

motion method. The derivation of the first passage time is used to determine the effect 

of perturbation on the movement of the ocean waves. The skew Brownian motion is 

constructed with consideration of one-dimensional Brownian motion. The transition 

probability density function of skew Brownian motion is solved using the fundamental 

solution of the absorbing boundary to obtain the derivation of the first passage time. As 

a result, the first passage time can be formed using the skew Brownian motion method. 

Therefore, the time taken by a sea wave to approach the endpoint with the presence of 

disturbance can be determined by this derivation. 


Modeling the Blood Alcohol Concentration in the Body 

by using 2-Compartment Model 

Siti Norzulaikha Binti Suhaimi 

Supervisor: Puan Siti Madhihah Binti Abd Malek 



Alcohol or ethanol is a substance found in liquor that can cause drunkenness. Alcohol 

causes many adverse effects on the mind and the human body. In this study, the 

movement of alcohol in the body is represented in the mathematical model. The general 

solution equation for the model depends on two free parameters which are the initial 

alcohol concentration in the stomach after ingestion, and the rate of alcohol absorption 

into the bloodstream. A two compartment model was developed to indicate the change 

in the alcohol concentration, which initially being ingested into the stomach, then being 

absorbed into the bloodstream. Separation of variables and integrating factor method 

were used to solve the model. The result of this research showed that the alcohol 

concentration in the stomach decreased over time. However, in the bloodstream, the 

alcohol concentration increased initially and then decreased over time. 


Application of Robust Regression Model on Soybean Data 

Siti Nur Aisyah Binti Ismail 




The soybean is economically the most crucial bean in the world, providing ingredients for 

hundreds of chemical products and vegetable protein for millions of people. In regression 

analysis, the use of least squares method would not be appropriate in solving problem 

containing outlier. So we need a parameter estimation method which is robust where the 

value of the estimation is not much affected by small changes in the data and provide 

results that are resistant to the outliers. The aim of this research is to construct a robust 

regression model for predicting the production of soybean by using S-estimator, LTSestimator, 

M-estimator, and MM-estimator. The data used are soybean data obtained 

from BPS in Indonesia. Not all factors are suspected to affect soybean production 


availability in Indonesia. Then, the comparison value of R 2 has been implemented 

between the estimators to get the best robust estimator. 

Financing Structure and Insolvency Risk Exposure of Islamic 

Banks in Malaysia Using Hausman Test 

Siti Nurhidayat Binti Musa 




Risk management has become an important function in the operations of the bank as 

there are some banking crises nowadays. However, we find few studies on risk 

management and lack of empirical investigation on factors affecting the risk of Malaysian 

banks. Therefore, this study analyzes the impact of financing structure on Islamic banks’ 

insolvency risk exposure and to identify the factors that affecting the risk of Islamic banks 

in Malaysia. In this study, two models are tested that is fixed effects model and random 


effects model. Besides, to apply the likelihood ratio test and the Hausman test. Hausman 

test are used to test economic models based on the comparison of two different 

estimators of model parameters. The result shows that factors that influence the risk 

exposure of Islamic banks in Malaysia are real estate sector, inflation, index of 

specialization and others. 

Application of Robust Regression Model on Mortality Rate Data 

Siti Nursuhana Binti Ramli 




Human mortality rate caused by diseases, accidents and others that affect the people in 

the United States. This research was carried out to add findings of the use of death rate 

data in mathematics. The data used is death rate data from USA Life Expectancy. 

Mortality rate data in fifty countries in the US are selected based on the several causes 

as an independent variable which are diabetes, kidney disease, stroke, accident, lung 

disease, Alzheimer and influenza pneumonia. Robust regression methods are introduced 


to detect the outliers in the data. In this study, the M, S, MM and LTS of robust regression 

estimator were used in this study to make a comparison between estimators and to build 

the best model. Then, the data were contaminated to determine the robustness of the 

model. The result showed that the model is robust even though the data were 

contaminated. 

To Study the Volatility of Samsung’s Stock Price Using 

Stochastic Time Series Models 

Siti Nursyafikah Binti Roslan 




Samsung is multinational company which its headquarters is located in Samsung town, 

Seoul. The daily stock price data from 11 th May 2007 until 11 th February 2017 was applied 

in this study, in order to track the daily return of Samsung’s stock price. Moreover, the 


Lagrange Multiplier Test was employed as to examine the ARCH effect in the Samsung’s 

stock price data and it shows that there is existence of ARCH effect in the return data 

series. Moreover, GARCH (1,1) model and TGARCH (1,1) model were applied in this study. 

From the comparison of the AIC and SBC, it shows that TGARCH (1,1) yield the smallest 

error compare to GARCH (1,1). Therefore, it can be conclude that TGARCH (1,1) is the 

best model for forecasting the volatility the Samsung’s stock price. 

Choquet Integral and Frank Bonferroni Mean Operators Based on 

Fuzzy Set and their Applications in Building Sustainability 

Sitinur Batrisyia Binti Mohamad Jamil 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd. Lazim Bin Abdullah 




Nowadays, building sustainability is an important issue in this world due to the 

environmental concerns. There were many criteria must be considered such as the usage 

of water, usage of energy, materials used to build the building and many other criteria in 

order to have a sustainable building. This paper describes about the sustainable building 

based on Fuzzy measure-Choquet Integral, ranking of criteria based on Frank Bonferroni 

mean operator and the comparison of measurement between Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, 

United States and United Kingdom. The collection of data in this research was conducted 

by interviewing the experts of this course. Some calculations that were needed in this 

paper was calculated by using Fuzzy measure-Choquet Integral Calculation System and 

Super Decisions software. The result shows that Malaysia is still behind from the other 

developed countries in the term of building sustainability criteria. 

The Application of Robust Regression Model on Poverty Rate Data 

Sumaiyah Binti Saidin 





The poverty in Malaysia is commonly caused by a few factors such as birth rate, income 

rate, inflation rate, population and unemployment. From the Department of Statistics and 

Economy Planning Unit (EPU), the data on rate of poverty and the factors that lead to 

this issue can be found monthly and also annually. In this study, the data is collected 

annually using 50 years of data from 1966 to 2016. The objective of this study is to detect 

outliers and compare the robustness between four estimators which are M-estimator, 

MM-estimator, S-estimator and Least Trimmed Square (LTS) estimator. The robust 

estimator that remains unaffected and give result that is resistant to outliers will be 

selected as the best model in this study. Hence, LTS estimator was selected since it does 

not breakdown easily and robust in the presence of outliers. 

Analyzing Factors Affecting the Trade Balance: 

Multiple Linear Regression Model 

Tan Jie Ying 





Trade balance (TB) is difference between the value of exports with the value of imports 

in a country. TB can affect a country's economic strength. Therefore, this study aims to 

identify the relationship of factors affecting TB in Malaysia. Data for 32 years (1985 – 

2016) collected from the Malaysian Statistics Department, World Bank, economics trading 

and Index Mundi. Next, this data was analyzed by using Pearson correlation and multiple 

linear regression. Analysis correlation shows that FDI, REX, GEXP, HCEXP and MGR have 

correlation to TB. It is found that the GEXP and HCEXP factors have multicollinearity 

problems. Hence these two factors will be analyzed using two different regression models. 

The best model was found by involving several independent variables to have significant 

impact on TB which are FDI, REX, GEXP and MGR. The results of this study are expected 

to be used as reference for researchers in relevant field. 

Forecasting of Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price by using ARIMA 

Model With and Without Discrete Wavelet Transform 

Tan Pui Man 


Supervisor: Dr. Hassilah Binti Salleh



Natural gas, as the cleanest burning fossil fuel leads to increasingly importance of its 

price forecasting due to growing concern about pollution. Hence, combination of wavelet 

approach and time series forecasting are tested in this research to predict natural gas 

price. ARIMA is implemented as the forecasting model but it can be easily affected by the 

noise in time series without pre-processing the original data. Therefore, discrete wavelet 

transform (DWT) is used as a pre-processing technique for denoising. DWT decomposes 

the original signal into series of approximation and detail components then reconstructed 

them by filtering of threshold value. The Henry Hub natural gas (HHNG) weekly spot price 

as a benchmark for US market, are used for this study. The forecasted results of ARIMA 

with and without DWT are compared. Finally, the result indicates that the employment of 

DWT is capable in improving the performance of HHNG weekly spot price forecasting. 

An Improved Neighborhood Search of Simulated Annealing 

for the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) 

Tan Rui Yao 





Quadratic Assignment Problem is one type of combinatorial optimization problems that 

we face in our real life from many fields, such as social science, engineering, economic 

or even on vacation planning. So far, Simulated Annealing is known as one of the most 

suitable methods to solve the Quadratic Assignment Problem by obtaining a good solution 

in a short period. But in fact, it still has a lot of room for improvement. In this research, 

we try to propose an improvement in the neighborhood search of Simulated Annealing, 

which is to use the 3-exchange neighborhood to obtain a better quality solution in a 

shorter time. In the end of this research, it was expected that the outcomes would be an 

improved Simulated Annealing algorithms. It will bring a great success if the 

implementation of Simulated Annealing can be further optimized and improved, so that 

more combinatorial problem can be solved with more effectively and efficiently in the 

future. 

Fuzzy Delphi based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Data 

Envelopment Analysis in Evaluation of Stock Market 

Tan Xin Jin 





Evaluation of stock plays a significant role in selecting a stock from the stock market since 

there are many criteria which affect the stock market. In this study, Fuzzy Delphi based 

on intuitionistic fuzzy sets is used to study the rank of standards that affect the stock 

market and classify the best stock. Besides, five qualified experts have ensured the logic 

of the collected information. The results show that the most critical factor that affect the 

stock market and the best stock are identified. Meanwhile, the efficiency of stock market 

was discussed in this research by using Data Envelopment Analysis. The results show 

that few stocks that are most efficiency can be recommended to the investors. An 

implication for evaluating the stock market is that the importance of addressing the 

standards and paying close attention to the criteria that affect the stock market to avoid 

losses. 

Analysis of Factors Affecting Number of Employed Persons 

in Malaysia: Multiple Linear Regression Approach 


Tang Mei Hui




Unemployment has become a serious issue in Malaysia, thus a study should be carried 

out. This study aims to investigate factors affecting the number of employed persons in 

Malaysia. The methodology of this study is multiple linear regression. Among the variables 

involved in this study are dependent variable that is number of employed persons and 

independent variables that are zone, ethnicity, level of education achievement and crude 

oil prices. Dummy variable has been applied to categorize data of number of employed 

persons in Malaysia according to 5 zones that are north, east, south, central and Borneo. 

Results of study also show that factors of zone, ethnicity, level of education achievement 

and crude oil prices affect number of employed persons. Through multiple linear 

regression approach, it shows the influence of factors of zone, ethnicity, level of education 

achievement and crude oil prices to the number of employed persons. 

Application of Robust Regression in Body Fat Percentage 

Tee Xing Yi 





In regression model, the dataset which contaminated with outliers can bring a big 

distortion to Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator and bring an unstable or unreliable 

result. An outlier is a point which lies far away from others in a random population sample. 

If a model successful to fit the data then it will extremely useful in multiple regression 

model. In this research, we introduce a robust regression estimator to detect outliers in 

a contaminated dataset and provide a reliable result which has different type of 

estimators that can be used in investigating the relationship between two or more 

variables such as M estimator, S estimator, MM estimator and LTS estimator. Besides 

that, the efficiency of estimators will be analysed and we expect that the robust M 

estimation is an alternative approach in dealing with outliers in a real life dataset and 

provide a resistant result. 

The Effect of Overfishing of Tuna towards the Population of the Tuna 


Ummi Nur Ezzaty Binti Ropa 

Supervisor: Puan Siti Madhihah Binti Abdul Malik 



Fishery activities play an important role in Malaysia's social and economic development. 

The production of tuna from Malaysian waters has decreased due to widespread fishing 

activities resulting in decreased and threatened tuna population. Excessive fishing takes 

place as fisheries is a source of income for fishermen and fish is a source of protein in a 

daily diet of humans. Furthermore, fishing activities are increased drastically due to the 

development of sophisticated fishing gear. This will further encourage fishermen to 

continue fishing activities with a lot of catches. Therefore, indirectly fish populations will 

be affected and increasingly threatened. Logistics equation is used to model the 

population growth of tuna. Overfishing model of the tuna populations is solved by 

separation of variables. The result shows that two value of equilibrium point, which are 

zero that referred to the extinction of tuna population. Another point is 1,000 that referred 

to the sustainable value. 

Predict the volatility of Coffee Price using Time Series Models 


Wan Fitriah Binti Wan Jusoh 




Coffee is actually is very healthy drink and widely used in the world. It is loaded with 

antioxidants and beneficial nutrients that can improve your health. The aim of this study 

is to analyze the best model to expect the volatility of the coffee price by using the time 

series models. The weekly data taken from the US Coffee C Futures Historical Data was 

used started from January 4, 1986 until October 1, 2017. The autocorrelation effect was 

tested using Durbin Watson test and ARCH effects are exist through the Lagrange 

Multiplier test (LM) therefore GARCH (1,1) and EGARCH (1,1) model was applied in this 

study. Hence, the empirical results show that EGARCH (1,1) model seems to be better 

describing the volatility of the coffee price. 

The Application of Fuzzy Soft Set Decision Making in Indentifying 


the Preference of Fast Food among UMT Students 

Wan Nor Aina Syazwani Binti Wan Ghazali 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gobithaasan Rudrusamy 



This study is conducted to identify the preference of fast food by UMT students using 

Fuzzy Soft Set theory. There is a huge increase of Malaysians against fast food who claims 

these foods are unhealthy. The complexity of data makes it difficult for Malaysians to 

choose fast food. Before a student makes a decision, he/she will look into several factors 

to choose fast food. This study will use Fuzzy Soft Set theory to represent student factors 

into choosing fast food. To complete the study, a questionnaire was conducted on a 

number of students at (UMT). Furthermore, the problem solving in Fuzzy Soft Set for 

decision making is computed to identify the main factors that influence student choice. 

Finally, the identification of these factors can help Malaysian fast food companies be more 

vigilant to customers’ decision making factors and thus increasing the country's economic 

value to a higher global level. 


Portfolio Optimization for Heavy Tailed Assets 

by Using Markowitz Model 

Wong Ghee Ching 




The theory of portfolio optimization together with Capital Asset Pricing Theory (CAPM) 

provides the building blocks in portfolio management. This study poses what is the exact 

return distribution, diversification ratio of portfolio, and portfolio’s performance 

benchmarked against a relevant market. Therefore, a study is conducted to investigate 

the statements to maximize expected returns correspondent with individually acceptable 

levels of risk by using Markowitz model. Using historical data from 2007 to 2016, a 

backtesting study of the portfolio optimization is performed to find an optimal portfolio. 

CAPM is used to measure the portfolios’ performance by associating its comparison with 

a relevant market driven benchmarked. Thus, the portfolio shows an optimal weight 

structure for investments. The evaluation result indicated that the minimum variance 

portfolio optimization may substantially improve the investment performance. 

Consequently, this model could help investors and financial institutions to construct an 

optimal portfolio with multiple assets by diversifying asset allocation. 


Comparison between BFGS Method and RMAR Method 

Wong Poh Mee 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Fadhilah Binti Ibrahim 



In optimization, there are many methods that can solve the unconstrained nonlinear 

optimization problems. Hence, it is very important to determine which method is the most 

effective to solve the problems. In this research, BFGS method and RMAR method will be 

compared by finding the optimal minimizer. The objectives of this research are to 

compare both methods in term of number of iterations and running time, to determine 

which method is the most effective, and to identify the similarities and differences 

between the two methods. The algorithms of the two methods were tested by using 

different test functions. The MATLAB software was used to compute the results. As a 

conclusion, the result in this research is that the BFGS method is the most effective 

method in solving the unconstrained optimization problems. The similarities and the 

differences of the two methods were identified. 


The Comparison between Different Versions of 

Conjugate Gradient in Minimization Problems 

Yan Lai Lee 




Optimization is widely used in many fields such as mathematics, economics and 

engineering. One of the useful mathematical technique is the conjugate gradient method. 

However, different conjugate gradient methods correspond to different versions of the 

parameter β k . The different versions of the parameter have different rate of convergence. 

Besides that, the Polak-Ribiere-Polyak (PRP) method is generally regarded to be one of 

the most efficient conjugate gradient methods. This research aims to compare the three 

different modified PRP method which are β k BZAU , β k SRMI , β k 

MRM 

with exact line search in 

minimization problem, to determine which version is the most efficient conjugate gradient 

version as well as to identify the similarities and differences between the versions of the 

parameter β k . In this research, the algorithm of conjugate gradient is used to solve 

optimization problems and compared by changing the parameter β k which are β k BZAU , 

β k SRMI , β k MRM . The number of iterations and Central Processing Unit (CPU) time per second 

for each of the β k will be computed by the MATLAB. The results showed that β k 

BZAU 

is 

the most efficient version of modified PRP Moreover, the similarities and difference 

between the versions of the parameter β k were identified after comparing both methods. 


The Effect of International Trade in Malaysia’s Economy Growth 

Yii Yuann Chi 




International trade consists of inflows (imports) and outflows (exports) of goods and 

services in the country and associated with economic growth. In addition, trade openness 

is also expected to have an impact on economic growth due to its definition of total 

exports and imports compared to the GDP ratio. So this study aims to identify the 

relationship between exports, imports and trade openness with gross domestic product 

(GDP) in Malaysia. The method used in this study is Pearson correlation coefficient and 

multiple regression method. Data used was 1967-2016 has been found on websites such 

as World Bank and Global Economics. Based on the analysis, all independent variable 

have a correlation with GDP and also have a significant relationship with GDP in Malaysia. 

The further research can be carried out to include other factors like labor force and foreign 

direct investment (FDI) that can bring effect to GDP. 


A Portfolio Selection based on Hybrid of Interval 

Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and TOPSIS 

Zarith Sofea Binti Othman 




Portfolio selection is a complex process which involves the analysis of financial markets 

under uncertainty. The existence of various types of investors with different preferences 

also contributes to its complexity. Therefore, in this study, the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic 

(IT2FL) model with TOPSIS is proposed to handle the complexity and uncertainty in the 

portfolio selection problem. The proposed model is tested on 25 companies listed on main 

board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE). The input data is analyzed using 

MATLAB software with the IT2FL toolbox. It is shown that the hybrid model of IT2FL and 

TOPSIS is successfully applied in portfolio selection process to handle the aforementioned 

problems. Lastly, the significance of the study is to ease the investors in analyzing and 

ranking and decision strategies for worthy investments. 



Investigation of Total Domination Number in Tree Graph 

Aeisyah Nabila Bt Hilmey 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslan Bin Hasni 

Bachelor of Science (Computational Mathematics) 


A graph is made up of vertices called vertex and lines called edge. Graph can be defined 

as a set of V vertices and set E of edges. A total dominating set of G with no isolated 

vertex is a set S of vertices of G such that every vertex is adjacent to a vertex in S. The 

total domination number of G denoted by γ t = γ t (G) is the minimum cardinality of a total 

dominating set. In this project, we will focus on determining the total domination number 

in tree graphs. Besides, we will find the comparison between the total domination number 

and the domination number of cycle, tree, complete and star graphs. 

Bachelor of Science 

(Computational Mathematics) 


Mathematical Model of Drug Dissolution of Carbidopa & Levodopa Tablets 

Ahmad Murshidi Bin Mohd Zulkifli 




This research is mainly about mathematical analysis on drug dissolution of Carbidopa and 

Levodopa tablets. Drug dissolution is a process which a solid drug enters in to a solution. 

In this research, a model that consider the physical changes to the drugs is acknowledged 

and studied, aimed to calculate in-vitro drug release of a spherical drug with the 

assumptions that the drug still maintained its spherical shape as it dissolved. At the same 

time, real data of the same drug dissolutions from in-vivo testing is recorded for 

reference. The first objective is to evaluate the unknown parameters of Carbidopa and 

Levodopa drug releases in Hixson-Crowell model based on real in-vitro laboratory data. 

The second is to manually determine the drug dissolution of both tablets. At the end of 


this research, Hixson-Crowell model can be considered to calculate the real-life drug 

dissolution as the data of both drugs releases calculated using the model are close to the 

real in-vivo data. 

Application of Integer Linear Programming Model 

for Profit Maximization in an Organization 

Aisyah Humairah Najihah Binti Nor Alias 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aidya Hanum Binti Aizam 



Profit maximization is fundamental and crucial for any organization. An analytical and quantitative 

method on how an organization could gain maximal profit with least cost is seldom used. 

Qualitative decisions is obviously risky and time consuming with the uncertainties to be inspected. 

As for the reason, this study aims to develop a mathematical model in order to reduce the risk 

and the time spent to guarantee the revenue of a company risen with least possible cost of 


management. Linear programming model will be formulated to solve the problem with Python 

programming and Microsoft Excel. The solutions are then compared to ensure that the developed 

Python program is verified to be applied in a chosen organization. The results of ideal financial 

worth of resources are determined. This could be benefial for the organization to apply the model 

to their management activities. 

Domination Subdivision Number in Some graphs 

Aisyah Kimiko Binti Mohd Azlan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslan Bin Hasni 



A set S of vertices of a graph G = (V, E) is a dominating set if every vertex of V(G)/ S 

is adjacent to some vertex in S. The domination number is the minimum cardinality of a 

dominating set of G. The domination subdivision number of G is the minimum number of 

edges that must be subdivided (where each edge in G can be subdivided at most once) 


in order to increase the domination number. In this project, we will investigate the 

concept of domination number and domination subdivision number for some standard 

graphs including path, cycle, tree and star. 

Modelling the Secondary Students’ Eating Behaviour in Terengganu by Using 

Structural Equation Modelling(SEM) 

Alif Azizi Bin Parlan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sabri bin Ahmad 




A study is made to find out whether environment, emotion and school’s approach will 

affect the awarness of students’ eating behaviour. The objectives of the study is to find 

out the factors that affect awarness of students, behaviour and to build up SEM that 

involve factors that affect the awareness of students. The study involved 201 Sekolah 

Menengah Sheikh Abdul Malik students by using questionnaire forms. From the pilot 

Cronbach’s Alpha is about 0.911. The secondary students’ eating behaviour modelling is 

developed by Structural Equation Modelling method. RMSEA value obtained is 0.079 

which is smaller than 0.080. Chi-Square/df is 2.236 which is smaller than 5.00. The results 

obtained which are the measurement model is significant and corresponds to the study 

data. The findings of the study show that there are three factors that affect the eating 

behaviour of secondary school students which are the environment, emotion and the 

school’s approach. 

Solving Nonlinear 1 st - order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using 

Higher-Order Adams-Moulton Methods (AM) 

Amira Natasha Binti Ismail 

Supervisor: Dr. Loy Kak Choon 




In this project, we proposed the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd - order Adams-Moulton methods to solve 

nonlinear 1 st - order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These methods are chosen 

since they are more stable than the explicit methods and can deal with stiff problems. 

However, the disadvantage of using such implicit methods is that Newton’s method is 

required to solve the resulting fixed point problems. We used two test cases comprised 

of one test problem and one manufactured solution for the numerical illustration such as 

to analyze the error and to reproduce the order of convergence as well as identifying the 

L error 

2 

to ensure the solution exist. Finally, we captured the Central Processing Unit 

(CPU) time to quantify the efficiency of AM methods of various order of convergence with 

different step sizes by using Octave. 

Modelling of Shallow Water Equations by Using Implicit Higher-Order 

Compact Scheme with Application to Dam-Break Problem 

Amirah Binti Azharuddin 


Supervisor: Dr. Ilyani Binti Abdullah



This study discusses the method of solving the non-linear shallow water equation of two 

dimensional space in the form of conservation with numerical simulation of dam-break 

problem. The scheme involved in this numerical method is a higher order compact 

scheme for inviscid and incompressible flow. Higher order compact scheme produces 

precision and strong features in the solution of finite difference methods. Additionally, 

these schemes use small stencils to calculate errors from governing equation and produce 

better solution. To solve the algebraic system, the method used is Bi-CGSTAB (Bi- 

Conjugate Gradient Stabilized) with preconditioning. The resulting model is a good 

alternative to solve the shallow water equation by replacing the existing method of the 

Mac-Cormack explicit method or Beam and Warming method. 

Application of Linear Programming in Penaeus Monodon Feed Formulation: 

Growth, Survival and Colour Enhancement 

Anis Syahirah Binti Rosli 


Supervisor: Dr Nur Aidya Hanum Binti Aizam 



The commercial farming of P. monodon in Malaysia was initiated in late 70s. Even so, 

nutritional requirements of P. monodon for growth, survival and colour enhancement 

show a knowledge gap for sufficient diet due to lack of evidence and diseases caused by 

genus Vibrio. The existed commercial feeds using conventional methods by farmers might 

be reliable however, are costly to fulfil P. monodon daily feed routine. This project was 

conducted to create a linear programming as to minimize the cost and time consumption 

as well as to provide sufficient nutrients in P. monodon feed with the help of Advanced 

Interactive Multidimensional Modelling System (AIMMS). The results obtained consist of 

combination of different ingredients and supplements which contain essential and 

sufficient nutrients for P. monodon. The formulation produced is beneficial to shrimp 

farmers by providing cheaper and improved shrimp feed to overcome the existence 

problems regarding P. monodon farming. 

DEMATEL and VIKOR Method Based on Single Valued Neutrosophic Set for 

Managing Renewable Energy Sources in Malaysia 


Boon Pei Ni 




The usage of renewable energy sources (RESs) has become popular in order to avoid 

insufficient of non-RESs materials. Nowadays most of the countries have replaced RESs 

as their main sources energy for nation development. In this research, we develop causes 

and effects factors that influence RESs and find out the ultimate RESs. VIKOR method 

was used for ranking and figure out the optimal RESs, while DEMATEL method was 

applied to find out the causes and effects among 10 factors. The data was collected 

through questionnaire and online database from SEDA websites for analyse. MATLAB 

software was chosen to test the efficiency of the model. From the results, social 

acceptability, social benefits, investment costs, and reliability factors are the causes that 

affect RESs. Solar energy was the ultimate renewable energy systems among RESs. This 

research could be valuable references for sustainable energy development of countries. 

Timetabling Problem by Integer Linear Programming Approach to University 

Course Timetabling in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 


Candy Loh Siew Yen 




This research was conducted to prove that the general basic model, which is formulated 

using standard Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) proposed by previous research, 

is applicable for the University Course Timetabling (UCT) problem. In order to construct 

a valid timetabling for university course problem, a raw data was collected from public 

university, which consists of 27 group of programmes, 449 core courses, 59 rooms and 

70 timeslots. The data are analysed and verified to the model constructed. A 

mathematical software, AIMMS with CPLEX solver has been used to obtain the results 

besides testing the efficiency of the model. The optimal result obtained have proven that 

the model is applicable and a valid timetable is produced which fulfils the preferences of 

each party involved such as students and lecturers. The outcome of this research would 

indirectly assist the administrative staffs in charge in producing an effective course 

timetable for university. 


Determinacy of Concurrent Generalised Reachability Games 

Chai Joo Khang 

Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Termimi Ab Ghani 



In this paper, we focus on the concurrent stochastic games on graphs, more specifically 

is infinite two-person games played on finite graphs with imperfect information. Firstly, 

we study on the concept of generalised reachability games. Then, we study on the 

determinacy the game and also the optimal and ɛ-optimal strategies in this game. We 

also proved in showing the existence of memoryless and randomized ɛ-optimal strategy 

for Player I and memoryless and randomized optimal strategy for Player II in any 

reachability games. We are concerning to give simple expressions of value of this game 

by defining a limit value and the value is same as the value of this game. 


( G′ 

)-Expansion Method for Solving Korteweg-de Vries Equation 

G 

Chai Yong Xin 

Supervisor: Dr. Azwani Binti Alias 



In this research, we focused on nonlinear partial differential equation (NLPDE), especially 

for the traveling wave phenomena. Traveling wave can be modeling into mathematical 

modeling, namely Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. NLPDE can be solved numerically 

and analytically, it is easier and faster to get the approximate traveling wave solutions 

numerically but that is too complicated to get the exact traveling wave solutions 

analytically. However, ( G′ 

)-expansion method is an analytical method to solve KdV 

G 

equation easily and directly by transforming the NLPDE to second order ordinary 

differential equation (ODE). By using the ( G′ 

)-expansion method to solve the KdV 

equation, a set of traveling wave solutions are expressed by hyperbolic, trigonometric 

and rational functions. Thus, the obtained results will be analysed and showed graphically 

by using Mathematica. 

G 


Investigation of Geometric-Arithmetic (GA) Index of 

V-Phenylenic Nanotubes and Nanotori 

Chong Pey Yee 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslan Bin Hasni @ Abdullah 



Let G be a simple graph with vertex set, V(G) and edge set, E(G). Geometric-arithmetic 

(GA) index is one of the topological indices based on degrees of vertices. This index is 

considered by Vukičević et al. (2009) and is defined as follow: 

GA (G) = ∑ 

2√d u d v 

uv∈E(G) 

d u + d v 

in which du is the degrees of vertices u and dv is the degrees of vertices v. V-Phenylenic 

Nanotubes and Nanotori are examples of carbon nanostructures that comprise cycles with 

length four (C4), six (C6) and eight (C8). This research is aimed to investigate the GA 

index of V-Phenylenic Nanotubes and Nanotori. As a result, the GA index of V-Phenylenic 

Nanotubes and Nanotori with different numbers of atoms in their structures are 

computed. 


Designing of Stool by using Partial Differential Equation 

Fatin Alina Binti Zulkifli 




Designing of 3D object have been used in generating various models and objects. In 

Computer Aided Design (CAD), surface generation with suitable conventional method are 

Bezier surface and B-spline. These methods have many control points to produce an 

object. Hence, we need long time to generate object. Thus, Partial Differential Equation 

(PDE) is used as PDE are able to control the size and shape of object by considering a 

small set of design variables or parameters. The purpose of this project is to generate 

the smoothies object of stool. The methodology are to extract boundary point from the 

stool using Autodesk Maya and to convert point to boundary curve by using the Fourier 

coefficient solved using the MatLab. Hence, the fourth order of PDE need to be solved in 

order to generate a stool. As a result, smooth PDE surface of stool can be produced. 

Otherwise, difference diameter of stool will be produced. 


Stabilize the Oscillations using Leapfrog Method 

Fatin Amierah Binti Zailani 




Oscillations occur not only in physical systems but also in biological systems and in human 

society. The simplest mechanical oscillating system is a mass, subject to the force of 

gravity, attached to a linear spring. Thus, not all the oscillations are stable. To stabilize 

the oscillations, leapfrog method was used to solve this problem. The leapfrog method 

which is second order, is closely related to a modification of the Euler method called 

Euler-Cromer. However, the Euler method is an energy increasing method. This means 

that as iterate over time, the sequence of solutions will produce an increasing numerical 

oscillations. Since each updated solution will have more and more oscillations, the energy 

of the system will increase artificially. This method is popular because it is more accurate 

over a longer time-iteration range. We call this a stable method. 


The Combination of Exponential Integrator and Multistep Methods for 

1 st -order Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 

Fatin Farehah Binti Zamri 




We proposed an Exponential Integrator method (EIM) combining with Adams Bashforth 

approach to solve the nonlinear 1 st – order ODEs. We investigated the property of the 

numerical error, convergence and efficiency of the resulted methods. For instance, they 

were thoroughly assessed using test problems. EIM is more stable than many explicit 

methods since the methods solve the linear part using exact integration and the 

interpolation strategy only for the nonlinear part. High – order Adams Bashforth methods 

are also combined with EIM to produce higher-order schemes for better accuracy to the 

numerical solution. These numerical schemes are implement using Octave programming 

language. The major contribution of this research project is to introduce more stable 

methods while still being explicit to solve various models associating with first-order 

nonlinear ODEs. 


Hopf Bifurcation in A New Chaotic System via Hybrid Control Strategy 

Fatin Najwa Binti Rahim 




Hopf Bifurcation is a critical point where a system's stability switches. We investigate an 

existence of Hopf Bifurcation of the system, find out the control strategy and behaviour 

in the controlled model. The three objectives are to analyse the existence of Hopf 

Bifurcation, to test the control strategy and behaviour of Hopf Bifurcation and to 

investigate the direction and stability of bifurcating periodic solution. The existence of 

Hopf Bifurcation can be prove by using two equilibrium points which are E O (0,0,0) and 

E 1 (b, gb 

, b) . The design a hybrid control strategy to control Hopf Bifurcation is by using 

b−c 

both state feedback and parameter control added to the model. Parameter φ 2 determines 

the direction, parameter β 2 determines the stability while parameter τ 2 determines the 

period of periodic solution. By using normal form, the direction and stability are analysed. 

The numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the three methods for three 

objectives. 


Deriving Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion 

Fazhlen Binti Mohd Sabri 

Supervisor: Dr. Ruwaidiah Binti Idris 



The purpose of this research is to derive Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion. Kepler’s Law 

of Planetary Motion are three scientific laws that describing the motion of planet around 

the Sun. First, we use Newton’s Gravitational Law to derive the Kepler’s First Law which 

states that planets move around the Sun in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus. Deriving 

Kepler’s Second Law by proving that the line connecting the Sun to a planet sweeps equal 

area in equal times. Finally, by showing that the squares of the orbital period of a planet 

is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit, we achieved the derivation 

of Kepler’s Third Law. We get the derivative of the Kepler’s Law by showing that derivation 

of each of the laws are based on it description. 


DEMATEL Method and Choquet Integral Based on Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets in 

Evaluation of Solid Waste Management 

Goh Pin Xin 




Solid waste problem caused tremendous pressure on the local environment. Design of 

solid waste management system (SWMS) should take into consideration of multiple 

alternative solutions and evaluation criteria. However, designing an excellent SWMS 

which considered all criteria are challenging. The purpose of this research is to determine 

the causes and effects criteria of solid waste management (SWM) using Pythagorean 

Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (PFDEMATEL) method and rank 

the SWMS between two cities by comparing Pythagorean Fuzzy Choquet Integral (PFCI) 

value. Data used in this research were collected from related website. Matlab software is 


used to obtain the casual diagram of criteria while Fuzzy Measure-Choquet Integral 

Calculation System is used to obtain PFCI value. The result shows that the causes and 

effects criteria of SWM can be determined by PFDEMATEL while the result of comparing 

the PFCI value shows the difference in current SWMS between two cities. 

Factors Affecting Diabetes using Multiple Logistic Regression 

Haikal Dzulkanain Bin Ibrahim 

Supervisor: Puan Nor Azlida Binti Aleng@Mohamad 



The number of people with diabetes mellitus is increasing all over the world. Diabetes 

mellitus was a disease that sufferred by the people when their glucose level in the body 

were higher than normal glucose level. Normal glucose level were from 4.0 to 5.9 

mmol/L(before meal) and under 7.8 mmol/L(at least 90 minutes after meals). In this 

study, a multiple logistic regression model is used to fit the risk factors of diabetes. The 

current study aimed to analyze factors that can influence diabetes mellitus. The 


independent variable in this study are age, height, weight, Body Mass Index(BMI), 

gender, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and serum fasting glucose. 

Statistical Package For The Social Sciences(SPSS) 24 is applied for describing and 

interpreting the results. 

Frieze Group Concept in Woven Technique 

Halimahtul Sadiah Binti Sulaiman 




Generally, people see that mathematics only deals with numbers and calculations. 

Without they realize, mathematics also involves matters relating to arguments, logic, 

data, modelling and so on. Most mathematical use is seen in engineering, science and 

technology branches. Only a few can associate the use of mathematics in the art branch 


especially those that involve artwork such as braided rope, feather yarn and woven. In 

this study, a mathematical model for the art of interaction involves the theory of frieze 

group using translational and half turn. Each object has its own functions and values. 

From the study, it was found that using translation and half-turn method give perfection 

at the angle in the repetition process in curve to produce more tidy weaving. 

DEMATEL and VIKOR Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets for 

Public Transport in Kuala Lumpur 

Heng Zhen Fan 

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mohd Lazim Abdullah 




Economic growth brings prosperity, wealth, job opportunities and higher income for the 

population. However, overwhelming traffic challenges exist in major cities. Kuala Lumpur 

is facing an uphill task to confront the rising number of vehicles. This is due to less citizen 

widely used the public transport. Therefore, the purpose of this research are to identify 

the factors that encourage citizen to use public transports and rank the alternatives 

respectively using decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method 

and VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method based on 

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets. Data is collected from experts’ opinion by questionnaire survey. 

The result revealed that “cost”, “time”, “comfort” and “availability” are the cause’s factors 

while “cost” is the most important criterion and “LRT” is the best alternative to overcome 

the issue. This research is suitable for Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) to increase the 

users of public transport and to avoid the redundancy of public transport. 

Equation Using Exp-Function Method 

Hew Vee Nee 





Schwarzian Korteweg-de Vries (SKdV) equation is studied to obtain the exact travelling 

wave solutions by means of Exp-function method. SKdV equation is a nonlinear wave 

equation, where its nonlinear term is modified by introducing Schwarzian derivative into 

the basic Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. It is known that most researchers prefer 

numerical method in solving nonlinear problem due to its simple operations. However, 

analytical method is used to obtain exact solutions as numerical method will only obtain 

approximate solutions. This research is aimed to solve SKdV equation analytically using 

Exp-function method and the behavior of exact solutions of SKdV equation is analysed. A 

straightforward analytical method called Exp-function method is proposed as the 

methodology of this research. This approach provides rational combination of exponential 

functions as an ansatz. The families of exact solutions of SKdV equation is the expected 

result of the research where solitary and periodic waves can be constructed. 

Mathematical Modelling for Flower Petals 

Iqbal Hakim Bin Robaen 





In this research a general model to plots roses petals will be develop using polar 

coordinate systems. The relation between cartesian coordinate and polar coordinate 

system also in discussion. From the result we visualise even and odd petals of roses using 

Maplesoft. 

DEMATEL and VIKOR Method Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and 

Neutrosophic Sets in Application of Wastewater Treatment 

JASMINE FU MING YEE 





Wastewater treatment is mostly being used by most developing countries. However, 

failure of costly system on wastewater treatment may happen due to several reason such 

as sustainability or unsuitable due to geological and hydrological conditions. Suitable 

alternatives on wastewater treatment should find out to reduce the failure of costly 

system. In this paper, intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL is used to identify the causes and 

effects factors of selection of wastewater treatment alternatives. Expert’s opinions play 

an important role in the selection of wastewater treatment alternatives. Four system of 

wastewater treatment have been evaluated from each criterion weighed by expert’s 

opinions. Neutrosophic VIKOR method is used to determine the most suitable wastewater 

treatment alternatives. At the end of this research, we will be able to find out the most 

important criteria use to determine which alternative of wastewater treatment to choose. 

It may be useful in realistic scenarios for future reference. 

Critical Pathway Method (CPM) for Construction Planning 

in University Malaysia Terengganu: Makmal Sains Nautika 

Ko Foo Weng 





This research is to solve a construction project problem using Critical Pathway Method 

(CPM). CPM plays an important in controlling and monitoring the whole construction 

project as to ensure the construction schedule is on the right track. A construction project 

often facing problems of not completing on time due to poor scheduling. Therefore, the 

aim of this project is to minimize the duration of completing a construction project and 

to try decrease the delays of completion time by providing a well arrange construction 

plan. The construction project used for this particular study is on Makmal Sains Nautika, 

which located in University Malaysia Terengganu. The Master Programme of Work is 

obtained from Pusat Pembangunan dan Harta to calculate the CPM and Microsoft Office 

Project is used to improve the accuracy of calculation. The complete results with further 

discussions and suggestions are presented together in this research. 

Selection of Criteria on Coastal Erosion Problem using 

Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process 

Lau Poh Xia 


Supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Termimi Bin Ab Ghani 



Coastal erosion is one of the global problems which also one of the nation’s environments 

major concerns. This is because coastal area plays a main role and it will give a grave 

impact on tourism, ecology, the agriculture indirectly. Thus, this study aims to investigate 

eight selected alternatives that associate with coastal erosion problem using Interval 

Type-2 Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (IT2-FAHP). To compute the relative weight and 

ranking all the alternatives, there are seven steps of IT2-FAHP to determine. At the end 

of the study, the result of the highest risk factor that contributes coastal erosion is 

shoreline evolution with the highest percentage (15.243%) compared with another seven 

alternatives. 

DEMATEL and VIKOR Methods Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets in 

Evaluating Sustainable Agricultural Practice 


Lau Sze Ying 




The modern farming technologies nowadays utilized by farmers to increase the 

agriculture productivity have induced a serious impact to the environment. A sustainable 

agricultural practice (SAP) is vital to preserve the environment while increasing the 

agriculture productivity. Hence, this research aims to evaluate the interdependence 

among the criteria and determine the best crop commodities for SAP by using a 

combination approach that integrates intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS) with Decision-Making 

Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I 

Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) methods to reduce the ambiguity in human judgement. 

Based on literature review, ten comprehensive criteria related to SAP were selected. The 

results revealed that cultivation, crop value, crop demand and environmental condition 

are the causal group and oil palm is the best crop commodities for SAP. The findings of 

this study could provide a valuable reference for farmers in selecting the crop 

commodities for SAP. 

Analytical Solution of Korteweg-de-Vries-Burgers Equation using 

First Integral Method 


LIM HUI YUAN 




The Korteweg-de-Vries-Burgers (KdVB) equation has arises in many different physical 

contexts as a model equation merging the effects of dispersion, dissipation and 

nonlinearity. It can be widely applied to many physically significant fields such as the 

propagation of waves in an elastics tube filled with a viscous fluid. The KdVB equation 

has neither nontrivial bell-profile traveling solitary waves, nor periodic waves. Previously, 

analytical solution for KdVB equation is more complicated because of the nonlinear term 

appear in the equation. However, in this research, an analytical method which called first 

integral method is suitable to get the actual solution of equation and investigate the 

behavior of KdVB equation by applying the theory of commutative algebra. Propagation 

of traveling waves with different effects has been studied in this research. At the end of 

this research, a traveling wave solution of the KdVB equation is obtained by using first 

integral method. 

Investigation of Atom-Bond Connectivity (ABC) Index of 


Carbon Nanocones 

Lim Pei Xuan 


Bachelor of Science ( Computational Mathematics ) 


A topological index of a chemical graph G is numeric quantity attributed to G. One of the 

famous topological indices is atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index, which was proposed 

by Ernesto Estrada (1998). ABC index is based on the degrees of vertices of graphs. The 

ABC index is defined as follow, 

d(u) + d(v) − 2 

ABC(G) = ∑ √ 

d(u)d(v) 

uv∈E(G) 

where E(G) is the set of edges, whereas d(u) and d(v) are the degree of terminal vertices 

u and v of edge uv in G, respectively. In recent years, nanostructures involving carbon 

have been the focus of an intense research activity, which is driven to a large extent by 

the quest for new materials with specific applications. The simplest example of the 

nanostructured carbon is carbon nanocones, which were discovered by Ge and Sattler 

(1994). Therefore, the purpose of this project is to investigate ABC index for some simple 

graphs and carbon nanocones. 


An Extension of Dematel-Based Method for Coastal Erosion 

Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets 

Lim Su Chin 




Nowadays, coastal erosion is a major problem that everyone concern about it. In most 

cases, coastal erosion occurs due to natural effects but there are cases of erosion due to 

human-induced factors. The environmental changes such as sea level rise, tidal wave, 

and climate change may affect the coastal zone. In addition, the rapid development 

activities also imply a pressure on the natural environment resulting in the case of coastal 

erosion. This study intends to investigate the risk factors related to coastal erosion 

problems using a decision model based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2-FS) and 

Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. This method is 

proposed to test the four identical of criteria and its sub-criteria that contributes to the 

coastal erosion. The result indicates that the most influential factors is wave condition, 

followed by climate change, relative sea level rise, and shoreline changes/ evolution. 


Mathematical Modelling of Atherosclerosis-affected Artery with Forced 

Korteweg-de-Vries-Burgers (fKdVB) Equation 

Lim Yong Zhi 




The forced Korteweg-de-Vries-Burgers (fKdVB) equation is a nonlinear evolution equation 

that can be used for mathematical modelling of Atherosclerosis-affected artery. 

Atherosclerosis is a disease which plaque builds up inside the arteries and will cause 

various diseases according to which artery is affected. The analytical solution cannot be 

used to solve this equation due to the forcing term that breaks those symmetries 

associated with the unforced systems. Thus, the semi-implicit pseudospectral method is 

being used to develop a numerical scheme to solve the fKdVB equation with arbitrary 

forcing. This research focused on different type of forcing that represent the size of 

plaque in the artery. We analyze the numerical results to understand the propagation of 

blood flow with the presence of different size of plaque in artery. The propagation of 

blood flow in the arteries should be different as the presence of various size of plaque in 

the artery. 


Using Social Network Analysis to Elucidate UMT Students Network 

Lingeswaran A/L Ramachandran 




Social network analysis is used to study the structure of the graph or pattern that contains 

two basic components of individual vertex (students) and edges (connections between 

students). The aim of this study is to identify individual, intermediate, group measures 

and reciprocity between UMT students. The objectives are to identifying class 

representative, to identify subgroups which can be used to divide the students into 

groups for completing assignments and to find the reciprocity between students. The 

collected data is represented in the form of adjacency matrix from UMT 3rd year 

computational mathematics students for subject geometric modelling by survey form and 

UCINET 6/ Netdraw are employed to measure for centrality, Girvan Newman and 

cohesion. We identify class representative using in-degree, betweeness whereas outdegree, 

in-closeness and out-closeness not suitable. We identify subgroups by doing 

clustering using Girvan Newman to identify academic standard of students in groups. We 

identify reciprocity by visualise student network. 


Study of Network Games with Many Attackers and Defenders 

Mak Jia Le 




In network games with two types of players, attackers and a defender, Mavronicolas et 

al. (2008) introduced that network game as an undirected graph which vertices are 

attacked by attackers whereas the edges are selectively protected by a defender. They 

showed that unless the graph is trivial, a graph-theoretic network game has no pure Nash 

equilibrium. In this research, we discuss the network games with many attackers and 

defenders with interchange the roles of player. In addition, the objective of this research 

is to prove the existence of Nash equilibrium in the new model of network games. In the 

graph-theoretic network games, if attacker caught by the defender, it will receive 0 and 

1 otherwise. We provide a graph-theoretic characterization of Nash equilibrium of our 

new model, in particular we study the properties of new model and prove the existence 

of Nash equilibrium in the new model of network games. 


Designing of Pan using Partial Differential Equation 

Maziah Binti Mohamad 




Free-form surface is used in creating designs assisted by Computer-Aided Design (CAD) 

and Computer-Aided Geometry Design (CAGD). Other methods such as B-Spline, Bezier 

surfaces and Non Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) also can be used to generate a 

design. However, spline method prevents spline surfaces from being fully utilized in 

design application because control point and related weight distributed across the surface 

unevenly. So, the purposed of this project to use Partial Differential Equation (PDE) to 

generate a smooth surface of pan. This method starts with finding boundary points of 

pan by using Autodesk Maya and records the coordinates in term of xyz. Then, change 

the boundary points to boundary curves by using coefficient of Fourier series and use 

fourth-order elliptic PDE to generate a pan. As a result, smooth PDE surface of pan can 

be produced. Then, the difference types of size and depth of pan can be generate. 


Multi-Soliton Solution of The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) Equation 

using Hirota Method 

Mazrina Binti A. Rahim 




The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) 

that has a nonlinearity and dispersion effects that can produces solitary wave known as 

soliton.The purpose of this research is to obtain the multi-soliton solutions of KdV 

equation by using Hirota bilinear method.Before seking solutions for multi-soliton 

solution,the KdV equations will undergo bilinearization with involvement of identities and 

properties of the Hirota D-operator.After obtaining the bilinear form for KdV 

equation,multi-soliton solution is produced.Hirota method is used to produce multi-soliton 

solution which are more simpler,and easier way to be understand compared to other 

complicated method such as Inverse Scattering Transform method (IST).Besides,Hirota 

bilinear method is the fastest in finding a soliton solutions.Finally,the Mathematica 


software is used in obtaining the 1D graphs and surface plot graphs and the interaction 

between solitons can be observed. 

Case Study about Personal Sharing Between Two Different Groups in 

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) 

Mohd Aiman Bin Abdul Halim 




Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model 

pairwise relations between objects. Formally, a graph is a pair of sets (V, E) where V is 

the set of vertices and E is the set of edges, formed by pairs of vertices. In this study, 

we discuss the concept of reciprocity in social network. The concept taken for the study 

is personal sharing among two different groups of students in Universiti Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT). The data collected is presented as a directed graph in which an arc 

from one node to another node represents the existence of personal sharing between the 

students. An analysis of these directed graph is carried out and the pattern of personal 


sharing between male and female students reveals difference of behaviour between two 

different groups of students. 

Comparison of Attractors in Dynamical Systems 

with Attractors in Skew Product Dynamical Systems 

Mohd Tirmizi Bin Mohd Lutfi 




Most dynamical systems occur in real life are chaotic and crucial to solve analytically. A 

better understanding of the behaviour of the systems is required to analyse the systems 

itself. This project focuses on a concept of attractors in both usual dynamical system and 

skew product dynamical system. In particular, we consider and prove the notion of 

attractors, basin of attraction, compactness and invariance of the attractor in both 

systems. In the next part of the thesis, we compare both systems in term of the attractors 


and provide examples from Ashwin (1996) and Keller (2014) to visualize more about the 

attractors in both systems. This study is important to characterize the attractors in skew 

product dynamical system especially the existence of invariance graph where the 

invariant concept in skew product system is different from the invariance in usual 

dynamical system. 

Production of Carpet Patterns Using Forbidden Symmetry 

Muhammad Ambia Bin Abdullah 




Forbidden symmetry is one of our methods of determining unstable symmetry using real 

vision. Symmetrical basic methods such as rotation, translation, reflection and symmetry 

are applicable to the production of carpet patterns studied in this study. So as 

appreciating an art can be seen art of carpet pattern is able to step deep in the production 

of patterned concept of basic symmetry. Using a 3-fold symmetry method and a 5-fold 


symmetry over the original image, the new pattern for the carpet can be generated. 

These new patterns can be shown to have similarity with the original image through oneto-one 

mapping. This has proven that mathematics is also capable of producing an 

impressive art. 

Mathematical Models for Drug Diffusion through the Compartments of Blood 

and Tissue Medium 

Muhammad Faeiz Adzfar Bin Hisham 





This research is a study to develop mathematic models in understanding the distribution 

of drugs in the human’s body through oral and intravenous route. Two models were 

considered based on a diffusion process using Fick’s principle and law of mass action. 

The rate constants for the law of mass action were used based on the drug efficiency on 

different surfaces. The solutions obtained upon solving the ordinary differential equations 

considering the rate of change of concentration in different compartments by using the 

eigenvalue methods. Numerical parameters have been used in computing the drug 

concentration in the different compartments. Upon illustrating the variation of drug 

concentration with respect to time, the graphs were plotted using Maple software. Based 

on the graph, the drug concentration in the first compartment are decreasing whereas 

the drug concentration gradually increases in other compartments. 

Solution of 1D Wave Equation in Polar Coordinates using 

Cubic B-Spline Quasi Interpolation 

Muhammad Faqihul Ajmal Bin Hakimin 





In this research, the cubic B-splines Quasi Interpolation method is considered for solving 

one dimensional wave equation in polar coordinates. This research was conducted to 

solve 1 dimensional wave equation in polar coordinates using cubic B-spline Quasi 

Interpolation and compare the results of numerical experiments with analytical solutions. 

A typical forward difference approach had been used to discretize the time derivative 

while the cubic B-spline Quasi Interpolation is applied as an interpolation function in the 

spatial derivative where these two methods are applied to singular hyperbolic equation. 

The accuracy of the method for both equations is discussed. The efficiency of the method 

is illustrated by some test problems. The results of numerical experiments are compared 

with analytical solutions by calculating root-mean-square error L 2 and maximum error 

L ∞ . From the test examples, we can say that the B-spline Quasi Interpolation scheme is 

feasible and the error is acceptable. 

The Relationship between Attitudes and Perceptions of Academic 

Achievement in Sport with Sport Behavior in High School Using Structural 

Equations Modelling(SEM) 

Muhammad Hafiz Bin Ibrahim 




Schools of Informatics and Applied Mathematics 

The school system that is very concerned about academic achievement is also a 

contributor to drowning the talent of the sport that is in the student. This study is to 

model the relationship between sports involvement and their influencing factors to 

engage in sports such sports involvement, their perceptions and attitudes. Data were 

collected using questionnaire and 330 respondents are from Bukit Kepayang National 

High School, Negeri Sembilan and Pelindung National High School, Kuantan Pahang. The 

method for this study is used by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and using two 

statistical software, Statistical Packages for Social Sciences(SPSS) and Analysis of Moment 

Structure (AMOS) . The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) value 

obtained is 0.071, which is smaller than 0.08 and Degrees of Freedom for Chi-Squared 

Test (Chi-Square / df) is 2.665 which is smaller than 5. Thus, the results obtained are 

the measurement model are significant and corresponds with the study data. The result 

show that three factors of the sports behavior of secondary school students are significant 

with sports reasons, perceptions and attitudes towards sports. 

The Edge Version of Atom-bond Connectivity Index 

of Nanotori 

Muhammad Harith Bin Azhar 





Topological indices is one of the newest branches of mathematics. An example of 

topological indices is the edge version atom-bond connectivity (ABC e ) index. The purpose 

of this research are to obtain a new formula for ABC e index of L(C 4 C 6 C 8 [p , q]) and 

L(TC 4 C 8 (S) [p , q] ) nanotori where p and q denoted as column and row. In the first part, 

we explain the concept of line graph and the ABC e index. In the second part, we compute 

each line graph of nanotori given and compare each nanotori is correlating toward ABC e 

index. As a result, the new general formula for ABC e index of L(C 4 C 6 C 8 [p , q]) and 

L(TC 4 C 8 (S) [p , q] ) nanotori had obtained. We found that the increase of p and q, the 

more sensitive it will correlate toward ABC e index. Hence, we end this thesis by 

highlighting some open problem for further investigation. 

Adaptive Projective Lag Synchronization of 

Uncertain Complex Dynamical Networks with Delay Coupling 

Muhammad Ilyas Bin Rosli 





This research investigates the problem of projective lag synchronization behavior with 

delayed coupling in drive-response dynamical networks model with identical and nonidentical 

nodes. An adaptive control method is designed to achieve the projective lag 

synchronization with constant time delay and with time-varying coupling delay. In 

addition, the model harbors fully unknown parameters and disturbances. By using 

Lyapunov stability theory and adaptive laws, the unknown parameters are estimated. In 

addition, the unknown bounded mismatch and disturbance terms are also overcome by 

the proposed control. Finally, the simulation results reveal that the states of the dynamical 

network with delayed coupling can be asymptotically synchronized onto a desired scaling 

factor under the designed controller. Additionally, the results prove the validity of the 

proposed method. 

Production of Merbok Batik Patterns Using 

Basic Symmetry and Fourier Series 


Muhammad Irfan Bin Albany 




In this study, a new Batik Merbok pattern was produced using the symmetry and Fourier 

Series method. From the Fourier and the symmetry analysis of the curves that have been 

carried out on the original image of the burung Merbok, a pattern of Batik Merbok in the 

form of wave which it shape are wavy and symmetrical was produced. This new pattern 

is similar to the original image of the Merbok by one-to-one mapping. 

Modelling Level of Environmental Care Awareness among Secondary 

Students: Approach of Structural Equation Modelling Method (SEM) 


Muhammad Nabil Hakim Bin Mohamad Yusof 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr Sabri Bin Ahmad 



In one study, although environmental subject had applied in the teaching of school 

curricular in Malaysia but its importance cannot be achieve, as students did not try to 

relate what they had learned in their daily life (Evalyn, 2003). Thus, this study has 

conducted to model the level of environmental care awareness among secondary 

students. Data are collect through a questionnaire. About 269 secondary students in 

Perak have selected in this study. Pilot study has conducted and found that the 

Cronbach Alpha value is 0.850. This study uses Structural Equation Modelling method 

(SEM) as approach. Through this method, a model has developed. The results, found 

that RMSEA value is 0.077 which is smaller than 0.08. While the ChiSq/df value is 2.605 

which is smaller than 5.0. The study show that the knowledge factors have a significant 

effect on students’ awareness while education factors have no significant effect towards 

students’ awareness. 

Application of Grey Model in Gross Domestic Product 


Nabila Fudzha Binti Mahfudz 




Grey theoretical model GM (1,1) is one of the model system that analyse mathematical 

system with less complete data or incomplete information and associated with time series. 

This study aims to apply Grey Model in country economic forecast which is in Malaysia. 

It was applied on Gross Domestic Product. Gross Domestic Product is a value of goods 

and services produced by all factors within a country for a period of one year. The data 

used is the country account data obtained from the website of Department of Statistics 

in Malaysia which is from year 1959 to 2016. Means Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is 

used to measure the accuracy of every forecasting. Different sample size will influence 

the forecasting and determine the value of MAPE. Based on this study, the results showed 

that the sample data size affects the resulting value and the accuracy of predicted value 

depends on the value of MAPE. 


Analyzing Tourism Industry in Kuala Terengganu by Sentiment Analysis of 

Facebook and TripAdvisor 

Nadhirah Atiqah Binti Zunaidi 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhamad Safiih Bin Lola 



Various online travel websites nowadays show the review of previous travelers but does 

not show the traveler’s exact feelings. Therefore, this research will help tourist to find out 

the overall review of Kuala Terengganu’s tourism industry based on three different 

categories such as hotels, tourist attraction, and food and beverages outlet. By applying 

Sentiment Analysis to social media review on these places, the overall satisfaction can be 

found whether it is positive, negative or neutral. The analysis will extract user’s feelings 

and the percentage of satisfaction. The sentiment percentage of each review is analyzed 

by an online text analysis tool named ParallelDots. It can be concluded that most travelers 

were satisfied with the tourism industry of Kuala Terengganu with some ideas for 

improvement by each category. Therefore, the tourist satisfaction information model 

obtained may help tourist to plan their vacation wisely in order to improve their 

satisfaction. 


Runge-Kutta Methods for Solving 

First-order Nonlinear Odes. 

Ng Boon Wang 




Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are encountered in various fields for solving 

specific numerical problem. Numerical methods are used to understand and determine 

the approximation solution close to exact solution of nonlinear ODEs. Runge-Kutta 

methods (RK methods) are multistage methods which can efficiently produce high order 

of accuracy or small magnitude of error. However, RK methods require relatively large 

CPU time when achieve higher stage. We find two suitable test cases of numerical 

illustration and calculate the CPU time to compare whether these methods are suitable 

to solving nonlinear ODEs. When test problem from manufacturer solution, RK methods 

achieve small error and higher order of convergence which is important to do error 

analysis. When implementation of one exact solution and one manufacturer factor, we 

proved the uniqueness for these two ODEs to ensure the solution exists. We implement 

the code of two test cases comprise of test problem to analyse error. 


Study on Shortest Path Problem: 

A Case Study in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Ng Yoke Ching 




Shortest path problem is that path in which the sum of weighted or the included edges 

is minimum. Apply the shortest path algorithm in a routing system can solve a lot of 

problems that happen on road for example traffic jam, lack of parking place, etc. All these 

problems occurred in many places including Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). 

Hence, due to these reasons, bicycle lane is suggested to implement along the road in 

UMT. Bicycle’ routing is the priority problem while travelling from one place to another 

place in communication networks. The shortest path or shortest distance between place 

to place can be found through studied a few algorithms. For example Dijkstra’s Algorithm 

and Bellman-Ford Algorithm. In the end of this research, Dijkstra algorithm, Bellman-Ford 

algorithm and Floyd-Warshall algorithm will be studied, investigated and compared to 

find the most suitable shortest path algorithm that can be applied for bicycle lane in UMT. 


Operational Planning of Routes and Schedules for A Fleet of 

Fuel Supply Vessels at Kuala Kemaman, Terengganu 

Nik Nur Akmalaili Binti Mohd Yusoff 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. (Muhamad Safiih Bin Lola) 



Ship is the most common transport used in trading and carrying worldwide items that are 

being serviced. However, these shipping things cost a lot than any other transports in 

fuel supply or time consumed. This is because the paths the ships take are long and far. 

Therefore, the objectives of this research are to describe the operational planning 

problem of designing routes and schedules for a fleet of fuel supply vessels providing fuel 

to customer ships and also to minimize the total time consumed and the cost of fuel 

supply by the ships operated. We are able to design routes and schedules for the supply 

ships which is the route B. We are also able to minimize the total time consumed and the 

cost of fuel supply because the cost of fuel increases inversely proportional with the total 

time taken. 


Modelling the Causal Relationship of Risk Factors Associated to 

Coastal Erosion Using Dematel Method 

Noor Syazwani Binti Mohd Hisham 




Malaysia is known for its coastal resources and these areas are often used as socioeconomic 

developments. However, these activities give effects such as coastal erosion. 

There are many factors related to coastal erosion, so the objective of this study is to 

investigate the most influence risks factor to coastal erosion problems. We have used 

Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to solve this 

problem. It is because its ability to gathers collective information to capture the causal 

relationship between potential criteria and visualize them into diagraphs. We have 

identified four dimensions and fourteen criteria as critical factors contributing to the 

erosion. Then, we obtained that shoreline changes and relative sea level rise are net 

causes while wave condition is the most influence risks factor to coastal erosion problems. 

Last but not least, hopefully this research could be beneficial to others. 


Modelling Students Soft Skills Through Uniform Bodies in University Malaysia 

Terengganu (UMT): Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) 

Nor Afiqa Binti Yunus 




This study was written to examine the effectiveness of the uniformed body in shaping 

soft skills among the members of the Kor Suksis University Malaysia Terengganu and 

modeling student soft skills that developed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). 

The elements of soft skills studied are communication skills, teamwork skills, critical 

thinking skills and problem solving, leadership skills and ethical and moral skills. A total 

of 168 members of Kor Suksis were selected to participate as respondent. Structural 

Equation Modeling was used to analyze this study using AMOS and SPSS software. The 

result of this study is there is a significant relationship between leadership skills and 

teamwork skills and there is a significant relationship to the communication skills and 

ethical and moral skills. This study proves that student’s participant in uniformed bodies 

could lead in nurturing the soft skills within themselves. 


Cubic Trigonometric Bezier Curves with a Single Shape Parameter 

Nor Aimie Fazliza Binti Kamarudin 




This project aims to reproduce cubic trigonometric Bezier curves with single shape 

parameter. To note traditional Bezier curves cannot be used to represent conic sections 

without inserting weights for each control points. The objectives of this project are to 

identify the basic function and characteristic of the cubic trigonometric Bezier curves with 

a shape parameter and to generate various shapes of cubic trigonometric Bezier curves 

with Mathematica. The shape parameter gives the control to create various shapes thus 

its has high potential for design environment. The first part delves with the identification 

of its the basic functions and the characteristics of the curve. The second part delves with 

various shape design. It is evident that the cubic trigonometric Bezier curve with the 

shape parameter are closer to its control polygon than the traditonal cubic Bezier curve 

which can be useful during design intent. 


Improving the Accuracy of Primary Productivity from Satellite Imaginary 

(MODIS) using Hybrid Partial L-Moment and Bootstrap Method in Kuala 

Terengganu Offshore, Terengganu, Malaysia. 

Nor Arine Binti Ab.Rahman 




The use of Vertical Generalized Production Model (VGPM) is exposed to larger error value, 

which may affect the accuracy of the results. Therefore, this project attempts to hybridize 

bootstrap approach with Partial L-Moment to obtain accurate estimation results. The 

proposed model is applied to the data from the satellite imaginary (MODIS) in Setiu. The 

findings indicate that the Partial L-Moment with bootstrap approach is the best model 

compared to the Vertical Generalized Production Model since the error produced are 

smaller. This shows that the proposed model is best to use in the measurement. It can 


e concluded that the application of Partial L-Moment with bootstrap method is very 

useful to provide more accurate decisions. Therefore, the measurements obtained may 

provide useful information for policy makers and researchers in the field of marine. 

The Well-being of the Children of Coastal Community using 

Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) 

Nor Asikin Binti Mohamad Shaifuldin 




In East and West states such as Terengganu and Selangor, the coastal community 

inhabits a special place in their history. The objective of this study is to model the wellbeing 

of coastal communities which are the psychological and spiritual well-being also life 

satisfaction as well as to see the relevance between motivation, self-esteem and social 

support. The questionnaire was distributed to 175 students comprise the East Coast and 

West Coast selected secondary school. This study uses the Structural Equation Modeling 


(SEM) method. The result shows that social support affect the well-being of the children 

of the coastal community, namely psychological well-being, spiritual well-being and 

satisfaction. While two other factors which is self-motivation and self-esteem do not 

directly affect the well-being of the coastal community. Generally, self-motivation, selfesteem 

and social support are important to the well-being of the community. 

Hybridization of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Multiple Linear 

Regression (MLR) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) for Prediction 

of Chlorophyll-a Water Quality in Sri Manjung Perak 

Nor Azaliah Binti Rozali 




Chlorophylls represent in our daily life with their natural colour of earth, green. It is 

greenish pigments that found in plant to absorb energy. Objectives of this research are 

to develop new model artificial neural network (ANN) with multiple linear regression 


(MLR) and principal component regression (PCR) method for prediction of chlorophyll-a 

water quality and to test the effectiveness of the model developed in by using 

hybridization ANN with MLR and PCR. Issues highlighted here are to develop the best and 

most accurate method to predict the chlorophyll-a in water quality and to determine the 

comparison between hybridization of ANN with MLR and PCR methods. The results of this 

comparison methods show that only one method is chosen to develop the new model of 

ANN. It can be concluded, once the model developed from the method chosen, the ANN 

model able to gain the new data set. 

Property Land Processes using Radial Basis Neural Network Methods 

Nor Syazwani Binti Shaharin. 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Safiih Bin Lola 



Heavy rainfall and critical infrastructures are the reason why landslide can happen. 

However, the danger of landslides can be mitigated if the hazard zone is predictable and 

mapped before any arming activities are carried out. So to assist in reducing the incidence 

of landslides, this study was conducted to build a model using the RBFNN method. Test 

the model that has been built using the RBFNN, whether the method is effective in 


calculating errors in data. Radial Basis neural network (RBFNN) is the mapping 

mechanism of a multivariate information space to another. It can help finding the right 

value of correlation between the factor of soil collapse and soil displacement. Therefore, 

the results of this study show that the RBFNN method is the best way to overcome the 

problem of landslide because this method is able to estimate vulnerable areas to 

landslides using space databases for certain areas. 

Solving Nonlinear First-order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using 

Backward Differentiation Formulae (BDF). 

Noramira Binti Mohd Ezi 





Backward Differentiation Formulae (BDF) methods are categorised as linear multistep 

methods. BDF methods are fully implicit, thereby increasing the overall stability of the 

schemes. Higher-order BDF methods are popular used to solve stiff nonlinear first-order 

ODEs without relying on a very small step size. While gaining better accuracy by using 

test problems, for fisrt, second and third order BDF methods are reproduce the order of 

convergence using Octave programming language. BDF methods with higher-order of 

accuracy are exceptionally accurate but are less efficient than explicit and semi-implicit 

methods since they require Newton’s method to be computed at each step size. The 

significance of output from this research project is a proper understanding of BDF 

methods and to know how to compute first-order nonlinear ODEs especially involving stiff 

nonlinear ODEs problems. 

Geometry Design of a Dining Table by Using 

Partial Differential Equation 

Norhaniza Binti Mohd 





Free-form surface is widely used to generate a design with the help of Computer-Aided 

Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). Other methods are B- 

Spline, Bezier surfaces and non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS). However, these 

methods have their disadvantages, for Bezier surfaces, its do not provide local controls 

which can affect the overall shape of the patch. Therefore, this study proposed to use 

Partial Differential Equation (PDE) to generate a smooth surface of the dining table. 

Generally, the study begins by extracting the boundary points of the object using 

Autodesk MAYA software and record the points in term of xyz-coordinates. Next, change 

the boundary points to boundary curves by using the coefficient of the Fourier series. 

Finally, use the fourth-order elliptic PDE to generate the dining table. As a result, a smooth 

PDE surface of the dining table can be produce. Then, the shape can be manipulated with 

different diameters. 

Quadratic Trigonometric Polynomial Curves with a Shape Parameter 

Norsafiqah Binti Mohd Rahimi 





Quadratic trigonometric polynomial (QTP) curves with a shape parameter have its own 

basis function that can be described with trigonometric functions. Curved objects can be 

found everywhere which always need for mathematical fidelity, high precision, artistic 

freedom and flexibility which can helped by Computer-aided geometric design (CADG). 

Work on curve design of QTP have different in closeness to the given control polygon 

compared to B-spline, QTP have C 2 continuity which is non-uniform knot vector and 

quadratic B-spline have C 1 continuity. There are some advantages of using a shape of 

QTP curve. The purpose of this research are to determine the properties of the QTP 

curves with a shape parameter and discuss the about the shapes the curve using 

Mathematica and how benefits for design intent. Furthermore, we use Mathematica 

explicitly to show the characteristics of the trigonometric basis function which enables 

QTP as a suitable curve for design intent. 

Solving Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations by 

Reduced Differential Transform Method (RDTM) 

Norshahirah Binti Mohamad Sopi 



Bachelor of Science (Computational Mathematics)


Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) are normally more difficult to solve, compared to 

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), mainly for nonlinear PDEs. Nonlinear PDEs 

involves one or more partial derivatives of one or more variables with nonlinear terms. 

An analytical method will be focused to solve nonlinear PDEs, in particularly for Advection 

equation for single equation and then, proceed with Coupled Burger’s equation for 

coupled system. Reduced Differential Transform Method (RDTM) is an analytical methods 

in solving nonlinear PDEs. This method is applied in a direct way and does not require 

any linearization or discretization. Therefore, RDTM will be applied for Advection and 

Coupled Burger’s equation in this research. In conclusion, exact solutions for both 

equations will be presented, and the solutions will be analyzed using Maple. 

Solving the Advection Equation using Semi Lagrangian Technique 

Norsyamira Binti Nasaruddin 


Supervisor: Dr. Ilyani Binti Abdullah



The semi Lagrangian method is a combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian methods. 

Weather models affect long-term weather forecasts when tested at larger levels. Failure 

in Eulerian schemes causes difficulty in achieving stability and simulated precision with a 

longer time step. Semi Lagrangian uses a larger time step in identifying the trajectory of 

a particle. The essential feature of semi Lagrangian numerical models is that the total, or 

material derivatives, in the equations of motion are treated directly by calculating the 

departure points of fluid parcels. The departure point of a particle are chosen in such a 

way that they always surround the departure point. The method used in this study is the 

semi Lagrangian method. The outcome of this study is that the advection equation can 

be solved using the semi-Lagrangian method and the stability of the semi-Lagrangian 

method can be determined. 

Comparison between Penalty Method and Barrier Method 

for Constrained Optimization 

Nur Affikah Binti Zulkifli Jusbron 





Constrained optimization is one of complicated parts in optimization which is defined by 

the process of optimizing an objective function with the presence of constraints. In order 

to solve the problem of constrained optimization, we transformed the constrained 

optimization into the unconstrained optimization form. There are several methods to solve 

the constrained optimization but we only consider two methods which are Penalty and 

Barrier method. As for Penalty method, we solve the method on infeasible region while 

Barrier method is solving in feasible region. From this result, we get to compare the 

number of iterations and the accuracy of optimal solution for both method. 

Methods to Test for Equality of Two Normal Distributions 

Nur Ain Binti Md Yusof 





Most statisticians use statistical tests for two independent samples under normal 

assumption as a routine. However, many studies have shown that statistical tests do not 

necessarily will get the accurate answers. The aims of this research are to introduce twosample 

model with equal variances and to introduce two-sample test and the F test for 

equality of variance where the test problem for the equality of two normal distributions 

are identified and the test is apply to a set of actual data to illustrate the result of the 

test. This study describes the information about the procedure of test that used to test 

the equality of two normal distributions which are likelihood ratio test and combination 

of p values. The result of this study is the minimum method since the minimum method 

is the closest to a diagnostic test and it is corresponds to the Bonferroni correction. 

The Use of Fuzzy Logic in Reducing the Rate of 

Juvenile Delinquency at Terengganu 


Nur Alya Syuhada Binti Mohd Riduan 

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Fatah Bin Wahab 



The purpose of this study was to identify factors that contributed to the rising rate of 

juvenile delinquency and to predict the effectiveness in using fuzzy logic for reducing 

crime rates among the teenagers. There are 150 randomly selected respondents among 

Terengganu’s people to answer the questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into 

two parts where Part A is about the background of the respondents and Part B need 

respondent’s responses for the factor that contribute the juvenile. There are five factors 

that have been studied such as family factor, peer, education, economic and 

environmental. SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Science) and MATLAB are used to 

process and analyze the data obtained. The results of this study show that economy 

factor is the factor that makes the rate of juvenile delinquency increase. Lastly, the 

responsible party must make faster move to solve the problem in juvenile delinquency. 

Modeling the Well-Being of the Fisherman Community: 

Structural Equation Modeling 


Nur Amira Shafikah Binti Ab Jamal 



School of Informatics and Applied Mathematic 

This research is aimed to model the Fisherman's Wellbeing in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 

Several factors such as fishery attribute, government role and community role are tested 

to see the significant relationship of factors with fisherman’s wellbeing. Data was collected 

from the questionnaires that were distributed to fisherman in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. 

Each factor in the measurement model was analyzed. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 

was used to find the result with the assistance of SPSS 22.0 and AMOS software. The 

result shows that fisherman attribute, government and community greatly influence the 

wellbeing of fisherman communities. This research proved that fisherman attribute, 

government and community show a significant relationship with fisherman’s wellbeing. 


Student Satisfaction about Car-Free Day

in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 

Nur Fathiah Binti Rosli 




The car-free day is a program where vehicles are prohibited to enter at certain zones 

around Universiti Malaysia Terengganu(UMT). One of the objectives of this program is to 

tell student about the importance of the environment by encouraging students to walk or 

bike. Therefore, this study was made to identify the satisfaction of UMT students on this 

program. The study involved 100 respondents comprising UMT students and was 

analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) method. Quantitative methods 

were used to analyze questionnaires with 26 items which contained UMT students' 

satisfaction factors on car-free day. This study had been analyzed using SPSS and SPSS 

Amos software. The finding of this study is a model for student satisfaction on car-free 

day. The result shows that the three factors which are health, environmental and reduce 

traffic jam are not significant with students’ satisfaction on car-free day. 


Personal Sharing in Small Groups Among 

Computational Mathematics and Fisheries Students 

Nur Fatin Atiera Binti Maliki 




Graph theory is a study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model 

pairwise relations between objects. In this research, we focused on the concept of 

reciprocity in the social network. The concept taken for the study is personal sharing in 

small groups among third year undergraduate programme of Computational Mathematics 

and Fisheries in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Reciprocity is a social norm of 

responding to a positive action with another positive action and it creates various social 

bonds. Social network refers to the articulation of a social relationship among individuals 

and groups. The data collected is represented as a directed graph where an arc from one 

vertex to another vertex represents the existence of the personal sharing. An analysis of 

the directed graph is carried out and the pattern of the personal sharing are identified. 

Thus, the pattern reveals a substantial difference of behaviour among the students from 

the two different courses. 


Hybrid Approaches Based on ARIMA, ANN and Bootstrap Method for 

Wind Speed Time Series in Terengganu, Malaysia 

Nur Fatin Najwa Binti Abdul Nasir 




Hybrid Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Network 

(ANN) model is widely used, especially to improve the accuracy of the forecasting model. 

However, this hybrid model can become more accurate by constructing the standard 

error. In this research, new model of ARIMA and ANN with bootstrap method was 

developed and test the effectiveness using data wind speed in Kuala Terengganu. In 

order to investigate, the single ARIMA, single ANN and hybrid model with bootstrap 

method was developed. The result shows that hybrid model with bootstrap method is the 

best alternative to reduce the error for forecasting wind speed time series. Therefore, 

this hybrid model with bootstrap method becomes alternative in order to make a model 

more accurate as well as efficiency. 


The Edge Version of Geometric-arithmetic Index of Nanotubes 

Nur Hafiza Azwani Binti Mohd Saidi 




Topological indices are numerical values associated with chemical constitutions for the 

purpose of correlating chemical structure with various properties such as physical 

properties, chemical reactivity or biological activity. Three major classes of topological 

indices such as distance based, degree based and counting related polynomials and 

indices of graphs. The edge version of geometric-arithmetic, GA e index is one of the index 

in degree based of topological indices. It’s introduced based on the end vertex degree of 

edges of their line graphs from the geometric-arithmetic, GA index. In this dissertation, 

we focused on the concept of GA e index used to apply and discuss for L(TUC 4 C 6 C 8 [m, n]) 

and L(TUSC 4 C 8 (S)[m, n]) nanotubes. As a result, we produce the general formula for 

GA e index and the comparison between GA e index for L(TUC 4 C 6 C 8 [m, n]) and 

L(TUSC 4 C 8 (S)[m, n]) nanotubes. Then, we investigated the comparison between the 

correlation of GA e index for L(TUC 4 C 6 C 8 [m, n]and L(TUSC 4 C 8 (S)[m, n]nanotubes. This 

shows that TUSC 4 C 8 (S)[m, n] are most sensitivity to GA e index. 


Dynamics Analysis on A Modified Leslie-Gower 

Predator-Prey Interaction Model 

Nur Hafizah Binti Nor Azlan 




In this project, we study the population of predator and prey in the ecology system. 

Therefore, we consider a modified Leslie-Gower predator-prey model in order to 

investigate the dynamics of interacting species of predator and its prey. The objectives 

of this project are to determine the stability of the equilibrium points of the interacting 

species of predator and its prey using stability analysis and to investigate the changes of 

stability in this model by changing the values of parameter in the model. From the 

eigenvalues that we get from equilibrium points that we consider, we found that three of 

equilibrium points are unstable while one of them is stable. This is for fixed values of 

parameters in the model. Next, by changing the values of a parameter in the model, the 

results show that there are three types of stability which are asymptotically stable, saddle 

and unstable. 


A Malaria Mathematical Model with Treatment 

Nur Suziana Binti Abd Manah 




Malaria disease that is caused by Plasmodium parasites is a life-threatening disease if 

proper treatment or medication does not taken at the early stage of infection. Human 

can get infected by malaria disease via the bites of sick female Anopheles mosquitoes. In 

this project, we would like to investigate the malaria transmission in both mosquito and 

human populations via a compartmental model that is governed by nonlinear ordinary 

differential equations. The existence of equilibrium point is investigated and stability of 

the model is analyzed. We discover that there is a disease-free equilibrium and endemic 

equilibrium exist in the model and, under certain conditions, these two equilibria achieve 

local stability. Moreover, numerical simulations are performed to validate our analytical 

results. 


Social Network Analysis as A Tool for The Study of Port Competitiveness 

Papers of Three Selected Journals from 2015 – 2017 

Nur Syafiqin Binti Mohd Ramle 


Bachelor of Science Computational Mathematics 


The focal point of this research is to study about Social Network Analysis (SNA) as a tool 

to find the main reference paper for each journal in the port competitiveness area from 

2015-2017. These papers are concentrated on three academic journals that is journal of 

transport geography, marine policy and transportation research part A. The objectives of 

this research are to identify main reference papers of port competitiveness in three 

selected journals from 2015-2017 and to use UCINET in SNA to analyze collected data of 

port competitiveness papers and explain the relationships. In methodology, the data will 

be interpreted by basic, centrality and intermediate measures. The expected outputs that 

I expect from this research are that we got the clear understanding of the importance of 

SNA in measuring the main references of port competitiveness papers for each journal 

and obtain high-quality results from UCINET software. 


Solution of Heat Equation using Explicit Scheme 

Nurhamizatul Aqmal Binti Zulkafli 




Sea breeze is the one of natural phenomena that always related in human daily life. This 

phenomenon can affect human activities caused by movement of wind between sea and 

land. Then, heat equation is used to assume an increase in temperature during day. 

Explicit scheme is used in this research to solve heat equation in one-dimensional. The 

objectives of this research are to solve heat equation using explicit scheme and to show 

that time influenced by heat at the sea during day time. The obtained numerical results 

showed that the weather of the breeze change over time with the approximate solution. 


Modelling and Optimizing Bread Production in Harold Bread Bakery using 

Linear Programming 

NurHazimah Binti Yahya 




Linear programming is a mathematical modelling technique for solving optimization 

problem. It has been used to solve optimization problem in many industrial areas such 

as manufacturing, time tabling, transportation and many others. The purpose of this 

study is to formulate a Linear Programming model for maximizing the profit of Harold 

Bread Bakery. Other aspects such as, processing time, the raw material, workers 

working hour and other global factor such as economic problem will be considered to 

gain the maximum profit. This study also focuses on the sensitivity analysis due to 

change of the cost of each ingredient. The optimum result will be obtained by using the 

Microsoft Excel solver. This study will beneficial to Harold Bread Bakery and other similar 


manufacturing company by introducing the approximate way to estimate their company 

daily profit in production of bread. 

Construction of Healthy and Palatable Diet for Adolescents at Taman Desa 

Rakyat using Linear Programming 

NurHazirah Binti Razhan 




One of the factors influencing the healthy food choices is socioeconomic statue. The 

unhealthy diets usually happened among the lower-income families since they consume 

cheaper food which are highly in fat. This unhealthy eating patterns would lead to health 

problems such as obesity and malnourishment for the children. Therefore, planning a 

healthy diet menu is important for them to have the sufficient nutrients, energy and 

achieving full growth potential. The purpose of this project is to construct a balanced diet 

model with a minimum cost for adolescents of low-cost flats at Taman Desa Rakyat by 

using Linear Programming. The data on nutrients requirement, number of food 


equirement according to the food groups, nutrition contents of each meals and food 

price will be gathered. Simplex method will be used to solve the model by using MS Excel. 

By formulate the model, hopefully they can prepare based on foods available that 

affordable. 

Personal Sharing in Small Group among Mathematics and 

Computer Students 

Nurul Afiqah Binti Nor Azahan 




Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model 

pairwise relations between objects. This research is focused on the concept reciprocity in 

social network. Reciprocity refers to exchange problem between two or more students, 

generally for personal sharing. The concept is applied to personal sharing in small group. 

Personal sharing is referred to the flow of the relationship in social network. Social 


network approach addresses the structure of relationship and mutual interplay between 

the individual and groups. It views social relationships in terms of network theory 

consisting of vertices and edges. The data collected is represented as a directed graph 

which arc from one vertex to another vertex represents the existence of personal sharing. 

An analysis of these directed graphs is carried out and the patterns of the graph are 

identified. Thus, the pattern of personal sharing reveals a substantial difference of 

behaviour among the two different courses. 

Semi-implicit Backward-Difference Formulae (SBDF) Methods for First-Order 

Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 

Nurul Amira Eliana Binti Mohd Rahimi 




We proposed SBDF methods to solve nonlinear 1 st -order ordinary differential equations 

(ODEs). SBDF methods which treat the linear term implicitly and the nonlinear term 

explicitly are known to be more stable than fully explicit methods and at the same time 


avoiding Newton’s method. However, they are less stable than the implicit methods. SBDF 

methods are very efficient ODE solvers with a properly chosen step size. We found two 

suitable well-posed test cases (test-problem and manufactured-solution) for the purpose 

of numerical illustration. We derived SBDF methods using Taylor’s expansion and showed 

the order of convergence theoretically. The exact solutions of the two test cases are 

available for numerical benchmarking. We implement the numerical schemes using 

Octave for two test cases using SBDF methods with 1 st -, 2 nd - and 3 rd -order of accuracy. 

Also, the order of convergence was reproduced numerically and the CPU time for each 

SBDF method is compared for efficiency analysis. 

Solving Nonlinear 1 st -Order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) using 

Adams-Bashforth Methods 

Nurul Atikah Binti Ruslan 





Numerical method are viable mathematical tools to solve the ordinary differential 

equations (ODE) that appears in various modelling problems. We proposed fully explicit 

Adams-Bashforth (AB) methods are to solve the nonlinear 1 st -order ODEs. AB methods 

are very efficient and easy to implement since they do not require Newton’s method. AB 

methods on the other hand are conditionally stable and less robust to handle stiff 

problem. We derived the AB methods and showed the order of convergence theoretically. 

We used two test cases comprises of one test problem and one manufactured solution 

for the purpose of numerical illustration. We solved two test cases using AB methods with 

1 st -, 2 nd -, and 3 rd -order of accuracy via Octave. Lastly, we analyzed the error, reproduced 

the order of convergence and captured the CPU time for efficiency analysis. 

Hydrogel Drug Delivery: Diffusion Models 

Nurul Atiqah Binti Muhammad Amin 

Supervisor: Dr. Shalela Binti Mohd. Mahali 




Hydrogel is three-dimensional structure that consists of cross-linked polymer that allow 

the polymer structure to swell when it is imbibe with fluid. In this research, we will 

elucidate the drug release characteristics of diffusion and swelling system. Hydrogel drug 

delivery involve in diffusion and swelling controlled system. We will focus on the solute 

release characteristics of diffusion and swelling system. This model shows the drug 

release in one dimensional. Diffusion model can be solve using advection-diffusion 

equation. The equation cannot be solved analytically because of the presence of an 

advection term and the moving boundary of hydrogel. Therefore, the Landau 

transformation is used to simplify the problem. Three types of growth function that we 

studied were linear, exponential and logistic growth. At the end of this research, we will 

obtain the results using MATLAB software to compare the analytical results with numerical 

simulations. 

Two Solitons Solution of Kadomtsev – Petviashvili Equation 

by Hirota Bilinear Method 

Nurul A’zimah Binti Arifin 



Bachelor in Science (Computational Mathematics)


The purpose of this study is to observe the pattern of the interaction between 2 solitons 

of Kadomtsev – Petviashvili (KP) equation. Generally, KP equation is the extension of 

Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. KP equation is two dimensional which is more realistic 

compared to one dimensional KdV equation. Hence, it is more difficult to obtain the exact 

solution. The general form of KP equation is 

(u t + 6uu x + u xxx ) x ± 3u yy = 0 . 

where subscripts denote the derivatives of the corresponding variables, which are t is 

time, x and y is space coordinate in the direction of propagation. In this study, Hirota 

Bilinear Method were used in order to obtain the solution of soliton of the KP equation. 

The pattern produced by the interaction of two solitons were a triad, a quadruplet and a 

cross. All the movement of triad, quadruplet and cross are move independently. 

Comparison between Weighted Sum Method and ε-Constraint Method in 

Multi-objective Optimization Problems 

Nurul Fatin Nabila Binti Muhamad 




School of Informatics And Applied Mathematics 

The purpose of this research is to compare between weighted sum method and ε- 

constraint method to find an optimal solution in multi-objective optimization problem 

(MOPs). MOPs is a problem that having infinite numbers of Pareto optimal and there are 

conflicts among objectives. The decision maker (DM) need to choose a solution that 

satisfied his/her requirement and preference. These two methods are converting MOPs 

into a single objective where weighted sum method multiplying each objective function 

by a weighting factor meanwhile ε-constraint method transforming one of the objective 

functions into a constraint. From the result, we conclude that ε-constraint method is more 

preferable method compare to the weighted sum method because a lot of runs are 

redundant that there can be a lot of combination of weights that result the same efficient 

extreme solution while ε-constraint method able to produce a different efficient solution 

almost at every run. 

On the Complexity of Economic Dynamics: 

An Approach through Topological Entropy 

Nurul Hasni Binti Che Daud 





Topological entropy is constant of topological dynamical systems or nonnegative number 

which measures the complexity of the system. Is topological entropy can be compute 

with prescribed accuracy to analyse the chaotic behaviour of dynamical systems given by 

some economic models? We focus on piecewise monotone maps which often appear as 

dynamical models in economy. Our aim is to show that when topological entropy can be 

approximated up to a given error, it is a useful tool to examine the chaotic dynamics in 

one dimensional models. An algorithm is presented for computing the topological entropy 

of a piecewise monotone map of the interval which having three monotone pieces. The 

accuracy of the algorithm is discussed and some graphs of the topological entropy 

obtained using the algorithm are displayed. Some of the ideas behind the algorithm have 

application to piecewise monotone functions with more than three monotone pieces. 

Dynamics Analysis for Earth’s Climate System 

Nurul Nadhirah Binti Ag Ahmad 





It is well known that climate system is complex, unpredictable and chaotic. In this project, 

we consider a Lorenz system namely the Earth’s Climate System (ECS) model on how it 

related to the climate change. The objectives of this project are to investigate the 

behaviour of ECS model over time by using time series, to examine the stability of 

equilibrium point at ECS model by using stability analysis, and to study the sensitive 

dependence on initial condition of the model. Our results showed that the time series plot 

obtained for ECS model can be used to predict the behaviour of climate system. Thus, 

for stability analysis results, we obtained that the equilibrium points are saddle and thus 

unstable. Finally, we have shown that ECS model is sensitive to different initial condition 

and this indicates that this model has chaotic behaviour. 

Comparison between Karmarkar’s Method and Simplex Method 

in Linear Programming. 


Nurul Syafieqal Amira Binti Mohd Sidi




Linear Programming is mathematical technique that has been used in modelling to 

achieve maximum profit or minimum cost in many problems that happen around us. A 

business field is one of the example. Every company’s goal is to obtain profit in sales of 

their product. To achieve the goal, we have to minimize the raw material of a product 

while getting the maximum profit. In this research, Karmarkar’s Method and Simplex 

Method had been used to find the most efficient and accurate optimal solution to solve 

this kind of problem. The result has shown that, Karmarkar’s method is suitable to be 

used for large linear programming while Simplex Method is suitable for simple problem. 

Social Network Analysis of Small Group 

using Friendship Network 


Nurul Syaheera Binti Din 




Social network is a social structure that made up of nodes, ties, given weights, directions 

and signs. Individual, intermediate and group measures provides overall social behavior 

and interaction. UCINet is social network analysis software used draw and analyze 

collected data that allows elucidating complex networks that describing real data. This 

research describes the sociality of a batch of Computational Mathematics students and 

their interaction that lead to a complex relationship and social structure. The objective is 

to investigate the basic principles of social network analysis in terms of relationships and 

structures, to identify the differentiation of the group of Computational Mathematics 

students by adding few attributes and to use mathematical and graphical techniques to 

analyze the collected data and clarify their relationships. The collected data is represented 

as a directed graph to measure centrality, subgroup, and cohesion. Results indicate that 

Malaysian students mingle based on their gender and religious background which reflects 

their grades. 

Symmetry Concept in Parametric Curve Equations using 


Congruent Modulo

Nurzuliana Binti Zulkifli 




Parametric equation are usually used to denote coordinate points that form a geometric 

objects such as curves or surfaces. Meanwhile, symmetry means the image of an object 

does not change their shape after any transformation such as reflection, rotation and 

translation. This research was conducted to study the use of symmetry concepts in 

parametric curve equations and polar coordinates. The parametric curve equation and 

polar coordinates are used to track the movement of the point that complete a circle with 

the intervals from 0 to 2π, which is aided with congruent modulo to obtain a symmetrical 

pattern in the results. From this research, it can be concluded that the symmetry curve 

can be obtained from the parametric curve equations and polar coordinates using 

congruent modulo. 


The Effect of Non-Uniform Basic Temperature Profile to the Onset of Benard- 

Marangoni Convection in Micropolar Dielectric Fluid 

Oh Joo Yik 




Linear stability theory has been perform to study the effect of non-uniform basic 

temperature gradient to onset of Benard-Marangoni convection in horizontal layer of 

micropolar dielectric fluids. Three combination boundary conditions will be consider in 

this study which is free-free, free-rigid and rigid-rigid for adiabatic and thermal 

temperature conduction are considered. The influence of various parameters to the onset 

of convection has been analyse using single term Galerkin technique. The possibility of 

delaying the onset of convection by the application of a cubic basic state temperature 

profile is demonstrated. 


Semi-implicit Finite Difference Method for 

One Dimensional Shallow Water Equation 

Ong Sin Yi 




The aim of this research is to solve the one-dimensional shallow water equation in the 

semi-implicit scheme. Shallow water equation is widely implemented in handling fluid flow 

problem. However, shallow water equation is difficult to solve by an analytical approach. 

Thus, the method used in this research is the semi-implicit scheme finite difference. The 

shallow water equation is discretized by using finite difference and Crank-Nicolson 

scheme to form the equation in the semi-implicit scheme. Besides that, the objectives of 

this research are to solve the one-dimensional shallow water equation by using semiimplicit 

finite difference methods and calculate the height of water wave and the product 

of depth-averaged velocity and water velocity. At the end of this research, the shallow 

water equation is solved by using semi-implicit finite difference method and the height of 

water wave and the product of depth-averaged velocity and water velocity are calculated. 


Single Valued Neutrosophic Set DEMATEL and Intuitionistic Fuzzy 

Set DEMATEL and Its Application: Factors Influencing 

Subcontractors Selection 

Ong Zhee Ching 




Subcontractors usually help general contractors to overcome problems that related to the 

need for special expertise, limitation in finances and shortage in resources. However, 

selecting a good subcontractor is not a trivial task as many criteria need to be wisely 

prioritized. The purpose of this research is to develop the causes and effects factors of 

subcontractors’ selection using Single Valued Neutrosophic Set DEMATEL method and 

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set DEMATEL method and also compare the results obtained by the 

two methods. In this research, data is collected from experts’ opinions by questionnaire 

survey and phone-call interview. MATLAB software is used to obtain the causal diagram 

that influenced the subcontractors’ selection. The results are then compared using the 

methods. The conclusion can be drawn that DEMATEL method is the most suitable 

method to find out the causes and effects factors of the subcontractors’ selection. Some 

recommendations will be presented in this research. 


The Investigation of Super Graceful Labeling in Graph 

Pang Poh Feng 




Let G = (V(G), E(G)) be an undirected graph with order p and size q. A bijection 

f ∶ V(G) ∪ E(G) → {1, 2, 3, … , p + q} such that f(uv) = |f(u) − f(v)| for every edge uv ∈ 

E(G) is a super graceful labeling. G is a super graceful graph if it admits super graceful 

labeling. In this study, we verified the super gracefulness of path graph, cycle graph, 

complete graph, the complete tripartite graphs K(1, 1, r) and some disjoint union graphs. 

We figured out the trend to label some of the graphs and it is discussed in this paper. We 

also apply three construction methods C1, C2 and C3 introduced by Lau et al. (2016) to 

those super graceful graphs to get new super graceful graphs. The construction C4 is 

verified with examples to show that it creates super graceful bipartite graph. 


On Numerical Methods for High-Order Nonlinear Ordinary Differential 

Equations (ODEs): A Reduction to a System of First-Order ODEs 

Puteri Nurul Fatihah Binti Mohamad Azli 




High-order ODEs can be found in many applications, e.g., motion of pendulum, vibrating 

springs, etc. We first convert the high-order nonlinear ODEs to a system of 1 st -order ODEs 

which is easier to deal with. Then, Adams-Bashforth (AB) method is used to solve the 

system of 1 st -order ODE. AB methods are chosen since they are explicit and more efficient 

in terms of shorter computational time. However, the step size h is more restrictive since 

these methods are conditionally stable. We find two test cases (one test problem and one 

manufactured solution) to be used to validate the AB methods. The exact solution for 

both test cases are available for error analysis and convergence later on. The 

implementation of 1 st -, 2 nd - and 3 rd -order AB methods are done using Octave. The error 

was computed to retrieve the order of convergence numerically and the CPU time was 

recorded to analyze their efficiency. 


The Relationship between Topological Entropy and 

Pseudo-Orbits in Uniform Spaces 

Ridzuwani Binti Abdul Rahim 




Topological entropy measures the maximal exponential growth rate of different forward 

orbits for an arbitrary topological dynamical systems and pseudo-orbits is it powerful 

tools. We predict the relationship between pseudo-orbits entropy and topological entropy 

and we describe the correlation between uniform spaces and topological entropy. Then, 

justify description about uniform spaces and topological entropy and analyse about 

pseudo-orbits and topological entropy. The methods are, let a uniform space be a set X 

equipped with a uniform structure, collection of X × X each of which contains the diagonal 

and some additional properties. The topological entropy of uniform spaces can be 

calculated in terms of growth rate of pseudo-orbits. Let T ∶ X → X be a continuous map 

of a compact uniform space (X, u) and we get h top (T) = h sep (T) = h span (T) and 

h top (T) = h ψ (T) (the number h ψ (T) will be called the pseudo-orbit entropy of T). Hence, 

the relationship between topological entropy and pseudo-orbits in uniform spaces are 

shown. 


Mathematical Modelling for Water Wave Propagation using 

One Dimensional Shallow Water Equation in Tsunami Model 

Siti Nur Syahirah Binti Rosli 




Shallow water equation can be used to describe the propagation of water waves in areas 

such as rivers, shoreline, drainage and others. Based on previous studies, various 

numerical methods have been used to solve the shallow water equation of one dimension 

but these methods have errors in calculations. In this study, the finite difference method 

was used to solve the shallow water equation using explicit scheme. This explicit scheme 

can improve the numerical stability of the solution. The finite difference equation is 

suitable for use as its properties are classified for fluid movement and are suitable for 

water wave propagation in the tsunami model. From this project, the explicit method can 

solve the shallow water equation and it can also gain stability. In other words, the 


propagation of water waves during the tsunami can be identified by simulating the 

tsunami model using the method described. 

Exploration of Friendly Index Set 

S’ng Yuan Nian 




Let G = (V, E) be a graph, where V be the vertex set, E be the edge set and let A be an 

abelian group. A labelling f: V → A that induces an edge labeling f ∗: E → A defined by 

f ∗ (xy) = f(x) + f(y). For I ∈ A, v f(i) 

= card{v ∈ V: f(v) = i} and e f (i) = card{e ∈ 

E: f ∗ (e) = i}. For all (i, j) ∈ A × A, a labelling f of a given graph G is said to be A-friendly 

if |vf(i) − vf(j)| ≤ 1 . When A = Z2, the set FI(G) = {| ef (1) - ef (0)| : f is friendly} is 

defined as the friendly index set of G. In this paper, we analyse the concept of friendly 

index set in path, complete, 2-regular, books, edge-gluing and bipartite graphs and 

determined which of them admit in friendly index set. 


Geometric Hermite Interpolation by a Family of 

Intrinsically Defined Planar Curves 

Sufia Binti Mohd Ramli 



School of Informatics and applied Mathematics 

This research delves about Geometric Hermite interpolation by a family of intrinsically 

defined planar curves. We investigate intrinsic curves by choosing the curvature radius 

function as polynomials in order to satisfy G 1 continuity. The main objective of this 

research is to generate an intrinsic curve satisfying G 1 continuity and at the same time 

satisfy given end curvatures thus satisfying G 2 continuity. An intrinsic equation of a curve 

is an equation that describes the radius of curvature and torsion of a curve as a function 


of its arc length. It is in the form of a differential equation of arc length with respect to 

the angle called tangent direction. Final results indicate that the tangent direction, arc 

length, and the curvature of an intrinsic curve can be easily obtained by expressing 

curvature function in the form of polynomials. The final section depicts numerical 

examples which clearly indicate its application for various design intent. 

Trajectory of Shuttlecock in Badminton Games Using Newton Second Law 

Suzie Surianti Binti Mohd Nasir 




Badminton is one of the famous games in the world. Shuttlecock is the main object in 

badminton games and it has small mass and large cross-sectional area so it decelerates 

fast as it moves in air. Shuttlecock’s characteristic make it has large drag force. 

Shuttlecock also produce high aerodynamic force and sharp flight trajectory. The purpose 

of this research is to find the equation of shuttlecock’s trajectory using Newton Second 


Law, f = ma which is used by finding the terminal velocity. Other objectives is to find the 

relationship between angle and velocity towards trajectory and plotted it by using Maple 

software. Resistance force is one of the factor that influence the shuttlecock’s trajectory 

and it can be modeled in two techniques which is proportional to object speed n = 1, or 

to the speed squared, n = 2. Throughout discussion we come to the conclusion that 

resistance force for n = 2 is the best for shuttlecock’s trajectory. 

A Linear Programming Model in Prawn Feed Formulation 

and Its Effectiveness for Macrobrachium Rosenbergi in Malaysia 

Tan Jia Theng 





The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is becoming an increasingly 

important species and considered to have the potential to increase the income among 

impoverished farmers in Malaysia. However, high cost of feed has been an important 

barrier to a forward expansion of its cultivation. Disease has also been considered as one 

of the important constraints in limiting the production of the prawn worldwide. This 

project innovated a formulation of a reduced-cost prawn feed that complies with the 

nutrient requirement of the prawn through a mathematical model using linear 

programming. The formulation consists of common ingredients used in feed production 

as well as incorporation of plant wastes which could be a protein substitute and helped 

further decreasing the cost of feed, but also has the potential to increase survival rate. 

This formulation has the potential to be commercialized which will thereafter solve many 

problems related to farming of giant freshwater prawn. 

Mathematical Modeling of Electric Power Flow on 

Two-Conductor Uniform Transmission Lines 

Tan Kok Ping 





Transmission lines transmit power or information from point to point along arbitrary paths 

with high efficiency. So, the mathematical model for the measurable electric power flow 

on transmission lines can be constructed. The main objective for doing this project is to 

construct a mathematical model for predicting the voltage and current at specific position 

and time on the transmission line. Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws are used to derive 

the model. By using differentiation and substitution, the telegraph equation then could 

be obtained. Two different instances of telegraph equations have been chosen which are 

linear and non-linear. The method for solving these two equations is reduced differential 

transform method (RDTM). The solutions for both equations are exponential functions 

which imply that the rate of change of voltage and current along the transmission line is 

proportional to their current value. 

Mathematical Model of Affinity-based Drug Delivery System 

by Using Partial Differential Equation 

Tan Li Chin 

Supervisor: Dr. Shalela Binti Mohd. Mahali 

Bachelor of Science (Computional Mathematics) 



Affinity-based drug delivery system have been developed to overcome the limitation of 

unmodified hydrogel. An example of an affinity is provided by the heparin-based but is 

not optimal for controlled released growth factors that have weak affinity for heparin. 

Thus, a peptide-based delivery system of mathematical model should be developed to 

represent how the affinity of a peptide can modulate the release of nerve growth factor 

(NGF). This study aims to develop a mathematical model to represent a peptide-based 

affinity drug delivery system and to evaluate the NGF release profiles based on the 

theoretical data. An explicit finite difference scheme is used to numerically integrate the 

mathematical model of peptide-based drug delivery system. At the end of the study, the 

graphs of the predicted fraction of total growth factor release and it has shown that the 

more the concentration of the peptide, the slower the fraction of growth factor released. 

Path Planning for Automatic Parallel Parking in One Trial 

Wan Nor Nabila Nadia Binti Wan Zuki 



Bachelor of Science (Computational Mathematics)


This study deals with path planning for parallel parking problem on the Parking Assist 

System and identify the minimum length of the parking space to park a car in one trial. 

This path planning method is based on a geometric approach such as minimal turning 

radii, which can be determined by the geometry of a vehicle and its maximum steering 

angle. The main strategy for parallel parking comes from retrieving a car from the parking 

slot and the process is reversible that can be used in parallel parking maneuvering. The 

fundamental of geometry of circular concept is used to form the s-shaped trajectory 

parking path by the two identical circles tangentially connected. As a conclusion, the 

proposed planning method is independent because it does not depend on the initial 

position of the car, but the car must be parallel with the parking space of standing car. 

Identifying the Research Trend of Asian Port Competition using 

Social Network Analysis 

Yung Ai Fung 





This study analysed research trends in port competition using a Social Network Analysis 

(SNA) approach. In particular to identify the changes and evolution trends related to port 

competition by exploring academic journals with keyword “port competition” limiting to 

Asian ports. 51 papers from 1990 to 2017 were collected from Scopus database and the 

network is constructed using UCINET software by visualizing divisions into three 

generations. In this study, the nodes represented ‘keywords’ and edges represented 

‘correlation’ which mean a mutual relationship or connection between two or more 

keywords in a research paper. The results were found that first period (1990-1999) mainly 

focused on “port competition”, “economic policy”, “policy choice” and “port authority”. 

Both “port competition” and “port operation” are two essential keywords for the second 

period (2000-2009). Finally for the third period (2010-2017), “port operation” had the 

highest degree and betweenness centrality which indicate that it is the most referred 

keyword thus roleplaying as the main driving factor of port competition for the upcoming 

years. 

Generic Mathematical Model for Cost Reduction with Optimized Nutrients in 

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Fertilizer Production: Effects on Growth 

Performance 


Zahidah Binti Mohd Zaulir 

Supervisor: Dr. Nur Aidya Hanum Aizam 



The mathematical model aims to reduce the cost of Citrullus lanatus fertilizer production 

and at the same time fulfilling all the nutrients requirements of the crops. Commercial 

fertilizers are commonly used, however it is costly and less affordable for farmers. 

Farmers usually obtains the commercial fertilizer due to lack of knowledge on producing 

homemade fertilizer. The generic mathematical model innovated from this project could 

help farmers to formulate and compose their homemade fertilizer that fulfills all the 

nutrients required by crops with a much cheaper cost comparing to commercial fertilizers. 

Linear Programming method was used to solve and evaluate the model developed with 

the assistance of Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modelling System (AIMMS). The 

usage of AIMMS along with the developed mathematical model can show that 

mathematical method can also be applied on agriculture industry. This model will be 

beneficial for farmers in enhancing Citrullus lanatus cultivation through minimal cost 

production. 

Generic Model for Timetabling Problems by Integer Linear Programming 

Approach: An Improvement of the Application towards the Examination 

timetabling Problem 


Zuliyana Farahi Binti Ismail 




This mathematical programming model is designed to improve the previous model for 

university examination timetable. The referred model has successfully implemented the 

general model developed made for all scheduling problem however disregarded the open 

elective courses. Therefore, we took this matter as an improvisation and further prove 

that the general model developed could also be applied to the altered examination 

scheduling model. Real data of a public university in Malaysia is used to test and verify 

the model with specific range of preferences value that represent their preferred 

assignment of examination to the slot and venue. The model is constructed using MILP 

and with Arima to predict the number of future enrolment. The result reported is analysed 

with AIMMS mathematical software with CPLEX solver. The study shows that the general 

model is proven applicable given an optimised solution in which led to the assignment of 

examinations to the most preferred slot and venue.

COMPLETE PPIMG

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