The Economic Consequences of Opioid Addiction in America

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incarceration drug treatment programs are more cost effective (Hucklesby, 2010). If there is more value in the drug court programs than in traditional court sentences and that value comes with double-digit reduction in offender recidivism then the case is strong for drug courts being better equipped to meet the goal of reducing crime and slowing drug addiction. Another common argument for typical incarceration is that people cannot use drugs while in prison and it can be seen as a kind of forced sobriety. Unfortunately there are several serious problems with the idea that locking offenders up keeps them away from the drug. The first problem is that there are plenty of drugs in prison and heroin users are much more likely to continue to use the drug in prison than cocaine or methamphetamine addicts (Strang et al., 2006). Studies also show consistently that up to 15 percent of all those incarcerated in the United States have an opioid addiction (Gordon et al., 2013; Mitchell et al., 2009). The bottom line of this debate is that the traditional court sentences see treatment as just one goal among many but there is debate about whether or not the traditional treatment programs are run effectively as to give the offender a chance to complete it successfully. Drug courts see rehabilitation and treatment as the primary goal of the justice system in a way that sees the addiction as the root cause of the problems. Finally, drugs exist in prisons and it is easy for the prisoners to continue their use while incarcerated so mere incarceration does not succeed like it should in preventing offenders from using drugs. There are other treatment options for opiate users besides incarceration that could potentially be paired with drug court programs for a better outcome in the fight against drug addiction. Treatment Methods Understanding why people choose to use opiates and how the drug affects them is an important consideration in developing any plan to combat addiction. Emotions play a major role in a heroin addict’s life and many heroin addicts have been found to fall into similar categories of mental health. Studies have shown that many people who become heroin addicts suffer from high anxiety and depression prior to becoming addicted to heroin and that heroin usage quickly becomes their way of coping with negative emotions like sadness and anger (Blum et al., 2013). Heroin addicts also face a great deal of social stigma such as stereotyping, separation, and discrimination which then leads to an increase in anxiety and depression symptoms (Frischknecht, 2013). Those findings demonstrate that incarcerating heroin addicts means putting them in a place where they will be separated from society, and clearly incarceration is some form of discrimination even if it is justified. This in no way means that people should be free to break the laws of the country or face no ramifications for their illegal actions but understanding what incarceration does for the heroin dependent offender is crucial to solving the problem. There are options during incarceration involving treatment for heroin addict offenders. Australia and some countries in Western Europe provide treatment during incarceration aimed at reducing overdose deaths, the spread of HIV, Page 60 of 159
and criminal recidivism (Mitchell et al., 2009). Knowing that the risk of drug usage remains during incarceration and the fact that there is a high rate of needle sharing in prison the World Health Organization recommends some form of opioid treatment in prisons especially because the sudden detoxification that can occur during incarceration can increase the risk of overdose death from the same dose the offender was using before incarceration (Mitchell et al., 2009). There are two primary kinds of treatment options for opioid addicts; one is called methadone maintenance treatment and the other is called heroin-assisted treatment (Blanken et al., 2012). Methadone maintenance treatment uses methadone or a drug called buprenorphine as a kind of replacement therapy for heroin addicts that is Page 61 of 159
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Turning the Improbable Into the Exc
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6. 1 We disseminate Quarterly publi
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Page 16 and 17: The White House says the true cost
Page 18 and 19: o Something that makes these number
Page 20 and 21: Data from the CDC analyzing opioid
Page 22 and 23: President Donald Trump has declared
Page 24 and 25: Criminal Justice The U.S. spent nea
Page 26 and 27: The study also found that reduced e
Page 28 and 29: NSC initiative. “And so today, we
Page 30 and 31: Employer ‘cost calculator’ help
Page 32 and 33: Some 4.3 million people say they’
Page 34 and 35: The Opioid Crisis Spills Into The W
Page 36 and 37: And there's no guarantee that new h
Page 38 and 39: The Substance Use Cost Calculator l
Page 40 and 41: "It is showing up in the cost of he
Page 42 and 43: Statistics, 15.3%, 14.9%, and 28.4%
Page 44 and 45: eceptors in the body to relieve pai
Page 46 and 47: 2017, the US Department of Health a
Page 48 and 49: found that 25% to 66% of deaths wer
Page 50 and 51: justice reform, and (6) overdose re
Page 52 and 53: Economic Burden of Opioid Epidemic
Page 56 and 57: Vicodin. Billy stated he liked it b
Page 58 and 59: States budget so much money for cor
Page 62 and 63: supposed to lessen opiate cravings.
Page 64 and 65: ________ Heroin and Opioid Policy C
Page 66 and 67: We can stop the pipeline from presc
Page 68 and 69: In addition to being underfunded, M
Page 70 and 71: funding for and access to Medicatio
Page 72 and 73: Invest in local, state, and regiona
Page 74 and 75: Sharon Wegscheider (USA) has pointe
Page 76 and 77: In an airplane, if the oxygen masks
Page 78 and 79: Community or Informal Screenings an
Page 80 and 81: Devon reported, however, that the m
Page 84 and 85: As a local government administrator
Page 86 and 87: an opioid overdose. Drug overdose a
Page 88 and 89: For those with children - should yo
Page 90 and 91: 4. Healthcare system resource utili
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Page 94 and 95: programs from competitive groups of
Page 96 and 97: Resources Policy & Additional Infor
Page 98 and 99: AFBF Annual Convention Panel Discus
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Page 102 and 103: The imposition of a tax will certai
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During that period, the reduction i
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Previously, three widely cited stud
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While there are many reasons the pr
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Applying Krueger’s research sugge
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2002 $49.6 $6.8 $11.5 $18.3 2003 $5
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As many of the costs are borne by s
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Why are whites experiencing a more
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IX. References 1. https://www.ameri
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Notes _____________________________
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The Underestimated Cost of the Opio
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mitigate. While there are a number
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and a maximum of $8.9 million (both
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group, fatality rates were much hig
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1) and non-fatality costs are $72.7
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References Aldy, J. and Viscusi, W.
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Viscusi, W., and C.J. Masterman. 20
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Combatting the Opioid Epidemic 2019
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Pain Medicine 2011; 12: 657-667 Wil
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Societal Costs of Prescription Opio
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Attachment D Healthcare Costs from
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TOP 10 STATES: TOTAL HEALTH CARE CO
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DISCUSSION The $25 billion estimate
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Advocacy Foundation Publishers Page
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Issue Title Quarterly Vol. I 2015 T
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Issue Title Quarterly Vol. V 2019 O
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LI Nonprofit Confidentiality In The
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Vol. XVIII 2032 Public Policy LXXVI
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Racial Profiling June 2019 Mass Col
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The e-Advocate Journal of Theologic
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Issue Title Quarterly Vol. I 2015 I
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The e-Advocate Juvenile Justice Rep
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2018 - The Theological Law Firm Aca
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www.TheAdvocacyFoundation.org Page
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The Economic Consequences of Opioid Addiction in America

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