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Coordinates: 50°20′17″N 7°42′38″E
Bad Ems
Bad Ems is a town in Rheinland Pfalz, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the
Rhein-Lahn rural district and is well known as a spa on the river Lahn. Bad Ems is
the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde (administrative community) Bad Ems. The town
has around 9,000 inhabitants.
Bad Ems
Contents
Geography
History
Mining
Economy
Mineral springs
Infrastructure
Transport
Governance
Mayor
Town twinning
Notable people
Sons and daughters of the town
Personalities who are associated with the city
Notes
References
External links
A Water tower built in Bad Ems in 1907
Coat of arms
Geography
The town is located on both banks of the River Lahn, the natural border between the
Taunus and the Westerwald, two parts of the Rhenish Slate Mountains. The town
and its outer districts are situated within the Nassau Nature Reserve.
Bad Ems
History
In Roman times, a castrum was built at Bad Ems as part of the Upper Germanic
Limes, but today not much of the structure remains. In the woods around the town,
however, there are distinct traces of the former Roman border .
The town was first mentioned in official documents in 880 and received its town
charter in 1324. The Counts of Nassau and Katzenelnbogen rebuilt the bath and
used it together with other noble visitors. [2] In the 17th and 18th centuries Bad Ems
was considered one of Germany's most famous bathing resorts. It reached its
heyday in the 19th century when it welcomed visitors from all over the world and
became the summer residence of various European monarchs and artists, including
Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany, Tsars Nicholas I and Alexander II of Russia, Richard
Wagner, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Vasili Vasilyevich Vereshchagin, etc.
Location of Bad [show]
Ems within Rhein-
Lahn-Kreis district

In 1870, the town, then part of Prussian Hesse-Nassau, became known as the place
where the Ems Dispatch originated, instigating the Franco-Prussian War.
In 1876, in the Haus Vier Türme (Four Tower House), the Ems Edict was signed by
Alexander II of Russia, banning the use of the Ukrainian language. Today, a
monument at the spot commemorates this historical event.
Mining
In the 19th and 20th centuries a lot of mining for metal ores took place in the town,
concentrated on lead, silver, zinc and copper. The Romans had already dug for ores
using open cast mining, which continued throughout the Middle Ages. The many
indentations on Blöskopf Hill bear witness to this period of history. As time went
by, the method changed from open cast mining to underground mining with tunnels
and shafts. Mining of this kind is first mentioned in a document dated 1158, and it
continued on into the 18th century, although with long interruptions.
The advent of the Industrial Revolution led to the expansion of the mine, which
from 1871 operated under the name of Emser Blei- und Silberwerk AG (Bad Ems
Lead and Silver Works, Inc.). In 1909 the company was taken over by what later
became the Stolberger Zink AG (Stolberg Zinc Inc.) and mining continued until the
end of the Second World War brought things to a halt in 1945. After the war, the
mine no longer received any subsidies, but until 1959, stockpiled ore and ore from
other mines were sorted at the central preparation plant in Silberau.
Today, the mine is still known as "Mercur", the collective name for various
individual pits. Since 1996, the mine has been set up as a museum.
Economy
Industry in Bad Ems is mainly limited to companies related to its spa status, but
nonetheless fairly varied, including medicine, electrical engineering and tourism.
Mineral springs
Natural Ems salt is produced from local mineral water. The spring's mineral water,
noted for its very high mineral content, is also marketed separately for drinking and
inhalation purposes; when inhaled using a vaporizer, the water has a beneficial
effect on sore throats. [3]
Coordinates: 50°20′17″N 7°42′38″E
Country
State
District
Municipal
assoc.
Government
• Mayor
Germany
Rhineland-
Palatinate
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis
Bad Ems
Bernard Abt (SPD)
Area
• Total 15.36 km 2
Elevation
(5.93 sq mi)
80 m (260 ft)
Population (2015-12-31) [1]
• Total 9,229
• Density 600/km 2
Time zone
(1,600/sq mi)
CET/CEST
(UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes 56130
Dialling codes 02603
Vehicle
EMS
registration
Website
www.bad-ems.de
Infrastructure
Transport
The town is linked to a view point at the Bismarckturm (Bismarck tower) by the
Kurwaldbahn funicular railway. Bad Ems station lies on the Lahn Valley Railway.
Governance
Bad Ems from the Concordia heights
Mayor
The mayor of Bad Ems is Bernard Abt (SPD).

Town twinning
Bad Ems is twinned with:
Droitwich Spa (United Kingdom)
Lubin (Poland)
Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire(France)
Blankenfelde-Mahlow (Germany)
Notable people
Bad Ems from the River Lahn
Sons and daughters of the town
1888: Max Jacob, puppeteer and founder of the Hohnsteiner Puppenbühne
1898: Adolf Reichwein, German educator, economist and cultural politicians,
resistance fighter during the Third Reich, died 1944
Personalities who are associated with the city
1811: Joseph Derenbourg, orientalist, died 1895
1819: Jacques Offenbach, composer, last stay in Bad Ems, many operettas
listed here, died 1880
1841: John Naish, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, died in Bad Ems while taking
a cure in 1890 and is buried there
1944: Botho Strauss, writer and playwright, born in Naumburg, schooling
through high school in Bad Ems
1952: Thomas C. Breuer, writer and comedian, born in Eisenach, schooling
in Bad Ems
1974: Josef Winkler, born in Koblenz, former member of parliament (Alliance
90/The Greens)
Plaque dedicated to Ems Ukaz in
Bad Ems.
Notes
1. "Gemeinden in Deutschland mit Bevölkerung am 31. Dezember 2015"(http://ww
w.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1033_201522_hj_G.pdf)(PDF).
Statistisches Bundesamt(in German). 2016.
2. The History of the County of Katzenelnbogen and the First Riesling of the World
(http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de/)
3. http://www.emser-kraenchen-tafelwasser.de/informationen.html
Adolf Reichwein in 1944
(Volksgerichtshof)
References
Stella Ghervas, « Spas' political virtues : Capodistria at Ems (1826) », Analecta Histórico
Médica, IV, 2006 (with A. Franceschetti).
Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Germanlanguage
Wikipedia article (retrieved September 5, 2005).
External links
Media related to Bad Ems at Wikimedia Commons
Jaques Offenbach
Historical footage of Bad Ems, 1914, filmportal.de
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Ems&oldid=845855919 "

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Barrow-in-Furness
Barrow-in-Furness /ˈbæroʊ ɪn ˈfɜːrnəs/ FUR-nəs, commonly known as Barrow, is a town and
borough in Cumbria, England. Historically part of Lancashire, it was incorporated as a municipal
borough in 1867 and merged with Dalton-in-Furness Urban District in 1974 to form the Borough of
Barrow-in-Furness. At the tip of the Furness peninsula, close to the Lake District, it is bordered by
Morecambe Bay, the Duddon Estuary and the Irish Sea. In 2011, Barrow's population was 57,000, the
second largest urban area in Cumbria, after Carlisle. Natives of Barrow, as well as the local dialect, are
known as Barrovian. [1]
Barrow-in-Furness
In the Middle Ages, Barrow was a small hamlet within the Parish of Dalton-in-Furness with Furness
Abbey, now on the outskirts of the modern-day town, controlling the local economy before its
dissolution in 1537. The iron prospector Henry Schneider arrived in Furness in 1839 and, with other
investors, opened the Furness Railway in 1846 to transport iron ore and slate from local mines to the
coast. Further hematite deposits were discovered, of sufficient size to develop factories for smelting
and exporting steel. By the late 19th century, the Barrow Hematite Steel Company-owned steelworks
was the world's largest. [2]
Barrow's location and the availability of steel allowed the town to develop into a significant producer
of naval vessels, a shift that was accelerated during World War I and the local yard's specialisation in
submarines. The original iron- and steel-making enterprises closed down after World War II, leaving
Vickers shipyard as Barrow's main industry and employer. Several Royal Navy flagships, the vast
majority of its nuclear submarines as well as numerous other naval vessels, ocean liners and oil tankers
have been manufactured at the facility.
Clockwise from the upper left: Central
Barrow with the skyline of Blackpool
also visible, Barrow Island, Walney
Bridge and Furness College, Furness
Abbey, Ramsden Square, Dock
Museum and DDH, Barrow Town Hall
and St. Mary's Church
The end of the Cold War and subsequent decrease in military spending saw high unemployment in the
town through lack of contracts; despite this, the BAE Systems shipyard remains operational as the
UK's largest by workforce and is undergoing a major expansion associated with the Dreadnought-class
submarine programme. [3] Today Barrow is a hub for energy generation and handling. Offshore wind
farms form one of the highest concentrations of turbines in the world. [4]
Contents
Toponymy
Nicknames
History
Early history
19th century
20th century
21st century
Governance
Geography
Islands
Climate
Demography
Population
Ethnicity and language
Religion
Economy
Shipyard and port
Energy generation
Tourism and leisure
Regeneration and redevelopment
Other
Employment
Coat of arms of Barrow-in-Furness
Barrow-in-
Furness
Barrow-in-Furness shown within
Cumbria

Transport
Road
Bus
Rail
Air
Sea
Sport
Football
Rugby
Golf
Other sports
Culture
Architecture
Arts
Media
Newspapers
Radio
Television
Dialect and accent
Nightlife
Food
Social issues
Lifestyle
Health
Crime
Education
See also
References
External links
Population 56,745 (2011
Census)
Demonym
OS grid reference
• London
District
Shire county
Region
Country
Sovereign state
Post town
Barrovian
SD198690
222 mi (357 km)
Barrow-in-
Furness
Cumbria
North West
England
United Kingdom
BARROW -IN-
FURNESS
Postcode district LA13, LA14
Dialling code 01229
Police
Fire
Ambulance
EU Parliament
UK Parliament
Cumbria
Cumbria
North West
North West
England
Barrow and
Furness
Toponymy
The name was originally that of an island, Barrai, which can be traced back to 1190. This was later renamed Old Barrow, recorded as Oldebarrey in 1537,
and Old Barrow Insula and Barrohead in 1577. The island was then joined to the mainland and the town took its name. The name itself seems to mean
"island with promontory", combining British barro- and Old Norse ey, but it is more likely that Scandinavian settlers simply accepted barro- as a
meaningless name, and so added an explanatory Old Norse second element. [5]
Nicknames
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Barrow was nicknamed "the English Chicago" because of the sudden and rapid growth in its industry, economic
stature and overall size. [6] More recently the town has been dubbed the "capital of blue-collar Britain" by the Daily Telegraph, reflecting its strong working
class identity. [7] Barrow is also often jokingly referred to as being at the end of the longest cul-de-sac in the country because of its isolated location at the
tip of the Furness peninsula. [8]
History
Early history
Barrow and the surrounding area has been settled non-continuously for several millennia with evidence of Neolithic inhabitants on Walney Island. Despite
a rich history of Roman settlement across Cumbria and the discovery of related artefacts in the Barrow area, no buildings or structures have been found to
support the idea of a functioning Roman community on the Furness peninsula. [9] The Furness Hoard discovery of Viking silver coins and other artefacts in
2011 provided significant archaeological evidenceof Norse settlement in the early 9th century. Several areas of Barrow including Yarlside and Ormsgill, as
well as "Barrow" and "Furness", have names of Old Norse origin. The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded the settlements of Hietun, Rosse and Hougenai,
which are now the districts of Hawcoat, Roose and Walney respectively.
In the Middle Ages the Furness peninsula was controlled by the Cistercian monks of the Abbey of St Mary of Furness, known as Furness Abbey. This was
located in the "Vale of Nightshade", now on the outskirts of the town. [10] Founded for the Savigniac order, it was built on the orders of King Stephen in
1123. Soon after the abbey's foundation the monks discovered iron ore deposits, later to provide the basis for the Furness economy. These thin strata, close
[11] [12]

to the surface, were extracted through open cut workings, [11] which were then smelted by the monks. [12]
The proceeds from mining, along with agriculture and fisheries, meant that by the 15th century the abbey
had become the second richest and most powerful Cistercian abbey in England, after Fountains Abbey in
Yorkshire. [13] The monks of Furness Abbey constructed a wooden tower on nearby Piel Island in 1212
which acted as their main trading point; it was twice invaded by the Scots, in 1316 and 1322. In 1327 King
Edward III gave Furness Abbey a licence to crenellate the tower, and a motte-and-bailey castle was built.
However Barrow itself was just a hamlet in the parish of Dalton-in-Furness, reliant on the land and sea for
survival. Small quantities of iron and ore were exported from jetties on the channel separating the village
from Walney Island. Amongst the oldest buildings in Barrow are several cottages and farmhouses in
Newbarns (now a ward of the borough) which date back to the early 17th century; as well as Rampside
Hall, a Grade I listed building and the best-preserved in the town from the 1600s. Even as late as 1843
there were still only 32 dwellings, including two pubs. [14]
Furness Abbey, one of England's
most powerful monasteries in the
Middle Ages
19th century
In 1839 Henry Schneider arrived as a young speculator and dealer in iron, and he discovered lar ge deposits
of haematite in 1850. He and other investors founded the Furness Railway, the first section of which
opened in 1846, to transport the ore from the slate quarries at Kirkby-in-Furness and haematite mines at
Lindal-in-Furness and Askam and Ireleth to a deep-water harbour near Roa Island. [15] The crucial and
difficult link across Morecambe Bay between Ulverston and Carnforth on the main line was promoted, as
the Ulverston and Lancaster Railway, by a group led by John Brogden and opened in 1857. It was
promptly purchased by the Furness Railway. [16][17]
Barrow Steelworks circa. 1877
transported by sea.
The docks built between 1863 and 1881 in the more sheltered channel between the mainland and Barrow
Island replaced the port at Roa Island. The first dock to open was Devonshire Dock in 1867, and Prime
Minister William Ewart Gladstone stated his belief that "Barrow would become another Liverpool". The
increasing quantities of iron ore mined in Furness were then brought into the centre of Barrow to be
The investors in the burgeoning mining and railway industries decided that greater profits could be made
by smelting the iron ore and converting the resultant pig-iron into steel, and then exporting the finished
product. Schneider and James Ramsden, the railway's general manager, erected blast furnaces at Barrow
that by 1876 formed the largest steelworks in the world. [18] Its success was a result of the availability of
local iron ore and coal from the Cumberland mines and easy rail and sea transport. The Furness Railway,
which counted local aristocrats William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshireand the Duke of Buccleuch as
investors, kick-started the Industrial Revolution on the peninsula. The railway brought mined ore to the
town, where the steelworks produced large quantities of steel. It was used for shipbuilding, and derived
products such as rails were also exported from the newly-built docks. [15]
Painting of the Barrow Jute Works in
1875
Barrow's population grew rapidly. Population figures for the town itself were not collected until 1871, [19] though sources suggest that Barrow's population
was still as low as 700 in 1851. [20] During the first half of the 19th century, Barrow formed part of the parish of Dalton-in-Furness, the population of which
shows some of Barrow's early growth from the 1850s:
Population of the Parish of Dalton-in-Furness [19]
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861
Population 1,954 2,074 2,446 2,697 3,231 4,683 9,152
In 1871 Barrow's population was recorded at 18,584 and in 1881 at 47,259, less than forty years after the railway was built. [19] The majority of migrants
originated from elsewhere in Lancashire although significant numbers settled in Barrow from Ireland and Scotland, which represented 11% and 7% of the
local population in the 1890s. [21][22] By the turn of the 20th century, the Scottish-born population had increased to form the highest portion anywhere in
England. In an attempt to diversify Barrow's economy James Ramsden founded the Barrow and Calcutta Jute Company in 1870 and the Barrow Jute Works
was soon constructed alongside the Furness Railway line in Hindpool. The mill employed 2,000 women at its peak and was awarded a gold medal for its
produce at the 1878 Paris Exposition Universelle. [23]
The sheltered strait between Barrow and Walney Island was an ideal location for the shipyard. The first ship to be built, the Jane Roper, was launched in
1852; the first steamship, a 3,000-ton liner named Duke of Devonshire, in 1873. Shipbuilding activity increased, and on 18 February 1871 the Barrow
Shipbuilding Company was incorporated. Barrow's relative isolation from the United Kingdom's industrial heartlands meant that the newly formed

Barrow's shipyard circa. 1890
company included several capabilities that would usually be subcontracted to other establishments. In
particular, a large engineering works was constructed including a foundry and pattern shop, a forge, and an
engine shop. In addition, the shipyard had a joiners' shop, a boat-building shed and a sailmaking and
rigging loft. [24]
During these boom years, Ramsden proposed building a planned town to accommodate the large
workforce which had arrived. There are few planned towns in the United Kingdom, and Barrow is one of
the oldest. Its centre contains a grid of well-built terraced houses, with a tree-lined road leading away from
a central square. Ramsden later became the first mayor of Barrow, [25] which was given municipal borough
status in 1867, and county borough status in 1889. [26] The imposing red sandstone town hall, designed by W.H. Lynn, was built in a neo-gothic style in
1887. [27] Prior to this, the borough council had met at the railway headquarters: the railway company's control of industry extended to the administration of
the town itself.
The Barrow Shipbuilding Company was taken over by the Sheffield steel firm of Vickers in 1897, by
which time the shipyard had surpassed the railway and steelworks as the largest employer and landowner
in Barrow. The company constructed Vickerstown, modelled on George Cadbury's Bournville, on the
adjacent Walney Island in the early 20th century to house its employees. [28] It also commissioned Sir
Edwin Lutyens to design Abbey House as a guest house and residence for its managing director,
Commander Craven. [29]
20th century
Map of Barrow dated 1890 showing
no development on Walney Island
and little north of the Furness Line
Abbey House was commissioned by
Vickers and designed by Sir Edwin
Lutyens
By the 1890s the shipyard was heavily engaged in the
construction of warships for the Royal Navy and also for export. The Royal Navy's first submarine,
Holland 1, was built in 1901, [30] and by 1914 the UK had the most advanced submarine fleet in the world,
with 94% of it constructed by Vickers. Vickers was also famous for the construction of airships and airship
hangars during the early 20th century. Originally constructed in a large shed at Cavendish Dock,
production later relocated to Barrow/Walney Island Airport. HMA No. 1, nicknamed the Mayfly is the
most notable airship to have been built in Barrow. The first of its kind in the UK it came to an untimely
end on 24 September 1911 when it was wrecked by wind during trials. Well-known ships built in Barrow
include Mikasa, the Japanese flagship during the 1905 Russo-Japanese War, the liner SS Oriana and the
aircraft carriers HMS Invincible and HMAS Melbourne. It should also be noted that there was a significant
presence of Vickers' armament division in Barrow with the huge Heavy Engineering Workshop on
Michaelson Road supplying ammunition for the British Army and Royal Navy throughout both world
wars. World War 1 brought significant temporary migration as workers arrived to work in the munitions
factory and shipyard, with the town's population reaching to an estimated peak of around 82,000 during
the War. [19] Thousands of local men fought abroad during World War I, 616 were ultimately killed in
action. [31]
Cornmill Crossing in 1895 (a former
goods-depot on the Furness
Railway), a retail park now exists on
the site
During World War II, Barrow was a target for the German air force looking to disable the town's
shipbuilding capabilities (see Barrow Blitz). [32] The town suffered the most in a short period between
April and May 1941. During the war, a local housewife, Nella Last, was selected to write a diary of her
experiences on the home front for the Mass-Observation project. Her memoirs were later adapted for
television as Housewife, 49 starring Victoria Wood. The difficulty in targeting bombs meant that the
shipyards and steelworks were often missed, at the expense of the residential areas. Ultimately, 83 people
were killed and 11,000 houses in the area were left damaged. To escape the heaviest bombardments, many
people in the central areas left the town to sleep in hedgerows with some being permanently evacuated.
Barrow's industry continued to supply the war effort, with Winston Churchill visiting the town on one
occasion to launch the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable. [33] Besides the dozens of civilians killed during
World War II, some 268 Barrovian men were also killed whilst in combat. [31]
Barrow's population reached a second peak in of 77,900 in 1951, [34] however by this point the long decline of mining and steel-making as a result of
overseas competition and dwindling resources had already begun. The Barrow ironworks closed in 1963, [35] three years after the last Furness mine shut.
The by then small steelworks followed suit in 1983, [36] leaving Barrow's shipyard as the town's principal industry. From the 1960s onwards it concentrated
its efforts in submarine manufacture, and the UK's first nuclear-powered submarine, HMS Dreadnought was constructed in 1960. HMS Resolution, the
Swiftsure, Trafalgar and Vanguard-class submarines all followed. The last of these are armed with Trident II missiles as part of the British government's
Trident nuclear programme.

The end of the Cold War in 1991 marked a reduction in the demand for military ships and submarines, and
the town continued its decline. The shipyard's dependency on military contracts at the expense of civilian
and commercial engineering and shipbuilding meant it was particularly hard hit as government defence
spending was reduced dramatically. [37] As a result, the workforce shrank from 14,500 in 1990 to 5,800 in
February 1995, [38] with overall unemployment in the town rising over that period from 4.6% to 10%. [3]
The rejection by the VSEL management of detailed plans for Barrow's industrial renewal in the mid-tolate
1980s remains controversial. [39] This has led to renewed academic attention in recent years to the
possibilities of converting military-industrial production in declining shipbuilding areas to the offshore
renewable energy sector. [40]
Barrow-built Mikasa was the Imperial
Japanese Navy's flagship during the
Russo-Japanese War
21st century
In a 2002 outbreak of legionellosis in the town, 172 people were reported to have caught the disease, of
whom seven died. This made it the fourth worst outbreak in the world in terms of number of cases and
sixth worst in terms of deaths. The source of the bacteria was later found to be steam from a badly
maintained air conditioning unit in the council-run arts centre Forum 28. [41]
HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark
undergoing fitting out in 2002 at BAE
Systems Marine in Barrow
At the conclusion of the inquest into the seven deaths, the coroner for Furness and South Cumbria
criticised the council for its health and safety failings. [42] In 2006, council employee Gillian Beckingham
and employer Barrow Borough Council were cleared of seven charges of manslaughter. Beckingham, the
council senior architect was fined £15,000 and the authority £125,000. Following the trials the contractor
responsible for maintaining the plant settled a £1.5 million claim by the Council for damages. [43] The
borough council was the first public body in the country to face corporate manslaughter char ges. [44]
2006 saw the construction of Barrow Offshore Wind Farm which has acted as a catalyst for further investment in offshore renewable energy. Ormonde
Wind Farm and Walney Wind Farm followed in 2011, the latter of which became the largest offshore wind farm in the world. The three wind farms are
located west of Walney Island and are operated primarily by DONG Energy, contain a total of 162 turbines and have a combined nameplate capacity of
607 MW providing energy for well over half a million homes. West of Duddon Sands Wind Farm was commissioned in 2014 and is currently the largest of
the four wind farms.
Governance
Barrow is the largest town in the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness [45] and the largest settlement in the
peninsula of Furness. The borough is the direct inheritor of the municipal and county borough charters
given to the town in the late 19th century. [46] Historically it is part of the Hundred of Lonsdale 'north of
the sands' in the historic county boundariesof Lancashire. [47] Since the local government reforms enacted
in England in 1974 the town has been within the administrative county of Cumbria. It still forms a part of
the Duchy of Lancaster. The Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council forms the 'lower' tier of local
government under Cumbria County Council. [48] Since the 2011 local election, the Labour Party has had
overall control of the Borough council, while the Borough elected 10 Labour and 1 Conservative Party
councillor at the 2013 Cumbria County election. The town, along with Walney Island, is unparished and
forms the bulk of the wards which make the entire borough's area. The Mayor and Deputy Mayor of
Barrow are elected annually, and hold the roles of chairman and Vice-Chairman of Barrow-in-Furness
Borough Council. [49] The borough and former county borough of Barrow-in-Furness have been served by
107 mayors, beginning with Sir James Ramsden in 1867 and continuing through to incumbent 2015/16
mayor Ann Thomson. [49]
Barrow's Grade II* listed town hall
viewed from Schneider Square
The Barrow-in-Furness UK Parliament constituency first came into existence during the 1885 United
Kingdom general election, with David Duncan of the Liberal Party becoming the first MP for the town. The seat was won by the Conservative Party in
1892, before being won for the first time by Labour in 1906. In the subsequent forty years the seat swung between Conservative and Labour , but since 1945
it has been generally considered a Labour safe seat. [50] In 1983, the constituency was expanded to include several commuter towns such as Dalton-in-
Furness and Ulverston and was renamed Barrow and Furness. It was subsequently won by the Conservatives, with the victory attributed to Labour's stance
against the nuclear-powered submarines that werebeing constructed in Barrow. [50] Following a change in Labour policy the party won Barrow and Furness
in 1992. John Woodcock has been the MP for the constituency since the 2010 general election.
Council/ Electoral wards of Barrow-in-Furness
Barrow Island | Central | Hawcoat | Hindpool | Newbarns | Ormsgill | Parkside | Risedale | Roosecote | Walney North | Walney South

Geography
Barrow is situated at the tip of the Furness peninsula on the north-western edge of Morecambe Bay, south of the Duddon Estuary and east of the Irish Sea.
Walney Island, to the west of Barrow, surrounds the peninsula's Irish Sea coast and is separated from Barrow by the narrow Walney Channel. Both
Morecambe Bay and the Duddon Estuary are characterized by large areas of quicksand and fast-moving tidal bores. Areas of sand dunes exist on coasts
surrounding Barrow, particularly at Roanhead and North Walney. The town centre and major industrial areas sit on a fairly flat coastal shelf, with hillier
ground rising to the east of the town, peaking at 94 metres (310 ft) at Yarlside. Barrow sits on soils deposited during the end of the Ice Age, eroded from
the mountains of the Lake District National Park, 10 miles (15 km) to the north-east. Barrow's soils are composed of glacial lake clay and glacial till, while
Walney is almost entirely made up of reworked glacial morraine. [51][52] Beneath these soils is a sandstone bedrock, from which many of the town's older
buildings are constructed. [52]
Barrow town centre is located to the north-east of the docks, with suburbs also extending to the north and east, as well as onto Walney. The towns of
Dalton-in-Furness and Askam-in-Furness are the other sizable settlements of the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness. Barrow is the only major urban area in
South Cumbria, with the nearest settlements of a similar size being Lancaster and Morecambe. Other towns nearby include Ulverston, Millom, Grangeover-Sands,
Kendal and Windermere.
Map of Barrow Aerial view of Barrow and Walney Island Barrow within North West England
(top left)
Islands
The town is sheltered from the Irish Sea by Walney Island, a 14 mile (22.5 km) long island connected to the mainland by the bascule type Jubilee bridge.
About 13,000 live on the isle's various settlements, mostly in Vickerstown, which was built to house workers in the rapidly expanding shipyard. Another
significant island which lay in the Walney Channel was Barrow Island, but following the filling of the channel to create land for the shipyard it is now
directly connected to the town. Other islands which lie close to Barrow are Piel Island, whose castle protected the harbour from marauding Scots, Sheep
Island, Roa Island and Foulney Island.
Climate
Barrow on the west coast of Great Britain has a temperate maritime climate owing to the North Atlantic Current and tends to have milder winters than
central and eastern parts of the country. The town lies in Hardiness zone 9 and has an average yearly temperature of 10.4 °C.

Climate data for Barrow-in-Furness, England, United Kingdom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high
°C (°F)
13
(55)
14
(57)
19
(66)
22
(72)
27
(81)
31
(88)
33
(91)
33
(92)
27
(80)
23
(74)
16
(61)
14
(57)
33
(92)
Average
high °C (°F)
7
(44)
8
(46)
9
(49)
12
(53)
15
(59)
17
(62)
19
(66)
19
(67)
17
(63)
14
(57)
10
(50)
7
(45)
13
(55)
Average low
°C (°F)
4
(39)
4
(39)
4
(40)
6
(43)
8
(47)
11
(52)
13
(56)
13
(56)
12
(53)
9
(49)
7
(44)
4
(39)
8
(46)
Record low
°C (°F)
−10
(14)
−9
(16)
−9
(15)
−4
(24)
−2
(29)
2
(36)
4
(39)
3
(37)
0
(32)
−5
(23)
−7
(20)
−11
(12)
−11
(12)
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
71.1
(2.80)
67.3
(2.65)
63.5
(2.50)
54.1
(2.13)
55.1
(2.17)
61.5
(2.42)
56.4
(2.22)
68.3
(2.69)
86.1
(3.39)
110.5
(4.35)
91.9
(3.62)
85.3
(3.36)
871.1
(34.3)
Source: MSN W eather [53]
Demography
Population
The Barrow council district, which includes adjacent urban areas, had a population of around 69,100 according to the 2011 census. This is 4% less than the
2001 figure of 71,900, and the highest percentage population loss in the country between 2001 and 2011. [54][55] The Office for National Statistics states
Barrow's population as being in long term decline with a projected population of around 65,000 by 2037. This is largely a result of negative net
migration. [56]
Ethnicity and language
The 2011 census states 96.9% of Barrow's population as White British, and ethnic minority populations in Barrow stood at 3.1%. [57] Other ethnic groups in
Barrow include Other White 1.3%, Asian 1.0%, Mixed Race 0.5%, Black 0.1%, Arab 0.1% and all other ethnic groups represented 0.1% of the population.
The first people to settle in what is now Barrow were the Celts and Scandinavians followed by the Cornish. Most Barrovians however are descended from
immigrants from Scotland, Ireland and other parts of England who arrived from the late 19th century onwards. Barrow has significant Chinese (in
particular those originating from Hong Kong), Filipino, Indian, Thai and Kosovan communities as well as a Polish population which partly dates back to
World War II, however in general Barrow has a much lower proportion of ethnic minorities than national average. [57]
Barrow's Chinese connections were the subject of a documentary on Chinese state television in 2014. [58] The programme covered diplomat Li
Hongzhang's fact finding mission to the town's steelworks and shipyard in 1896 as well as the 2012 discovery of a hoard of Chinese coins discovered in
Barrow dated around a similar time that have been suggested as having been brought over by sailors or labourers. [58] The Society for Anglo-Chinese
Understanding is a charity with a branch based in Barrow that aims to develop relations with the British Chinese community and the general British
population. It was established in 1975 and publishes the quarterly China Eye magazine.
In 2011 93.2% of the borough's population was born in England, 2.6% in Scotland, 0.6% in Northern
Ireland and 0.5% in Wales. 3.1% of the town's 2011 population were born elsewhere in the world, 1.3% of
which were born in the European Union. The five most common foreign countries of birth were Poland,
the Republic of Ireland, Germany, the Philippines and India. [59]
According to the 2011 census, 98.8% of Barrovians spoke English as a main language, although around 40
languages are spoken in the town with Polish, Chinese, and Tagalog prevailing as the second, third and
fourth most common main languages (0.3%, 0.2% and 0.1% of the population respectively). [60] Of the
797 Barrovians who had a main language other than English, 82.9% can speak English well to very
well. [61]
Religion
In the 2011 census 70.7% of Barrow's population stated themselves as being Christian. People stating no
religion or chose not to state totalled 28.4% combined. Other religious groups represented 0.9% of the
population, with Islam and Buddhism prevailing as the first and second most common groups. [62]
St. James' Church, the largest place
of worship in Barrow

Conishead Priory, the first Kadampa Buddhist centre in the west, is home to around 100 Buddhists and is located off the Barrow to Ulverston Coast Road
within the South Lakeland district. [63] Historically Barrow was home to a notable Ashkenazi Jewish community that peaked in size during the 1930s with a
synagogue in the town. Despite this it closed in 1974 and only a dozen Jews were recorded by the 201 1 census. [64]
Economy
Historically Barrow's economy was dominated by the manufacturing sector, with the Barrow Hematite
Steel Company and Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering being amongst the most important global
companies in their respective fields during the 20th century. In the present day, manufacturing remains the
largest employment sector in the town with BAE Systems being the single largest employer. However, like
most of the UK, employment trends have greatly diversified since the 20th century and there are no other
predominant employment sectors in Barrow.
An Astute-class submarine underconstruction
inside Devonshire Dock
Hall in 2013
Barrow has played a vital role in global ship and submarine construction for around 150 years. Ottoman
submarine Abdül Hamid was built in the town in 1886 and became the first submarine in the world to fire
a live torpedo underwater, while oil tanker British Admiral became the first British vessel to exceed
100,000 tonnes when launched in 1965. The vast majority of all current and former Royal Navy submarines were constructed in Barrow as well as
numerous Royal Navy Fleet Flagships.
Shipyard and port
The BAE Systems Maritime – Submarinesshipyard at Barrow is the largest in the UK by workforce ahead
of BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships in Govan, Cammell Laird in Birkenhead and Harland and Wolff
in Belfast. It was expanded in 1986 by construction of a new covered assembly facility, the Devonshire
Dock Hall (DDH), completed by Alfred McAlpine, on land that was created by infilling part of the
Devonshire Dock with 2.4 million tonnes of sand pumped from nearby Roosecote Sands. [65] DDH is the
tallest building in Cumbria at 51 m. With a length of 268 m (879 ft), width of 51 m (167 ft) and an area of
25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft) it is one of the largest shipbuilding construction complex of its kind
in Europe. [66]
The DDH provides a controlled environment for ship and submarine assembly, and avoids the difficulties
caused by building on the slope of traditional slipways. Outside the hall, a 24,300 tonne capacity shiplift
allows completed vessels to be lowered into the water independently of the tide. Vessels can also be lifted
out of the water and transferred to the hall. [67] The first use of the DDH was for construction of the
HMS Invincible pictured in Florida in
2004 is one of the most famous ships
to have been built in Barrow
Vanguard-class submarines, and later vessels of the Trafalgar class were also built there. The shipyard is currently constructing the Astute-class
submarines, the first of which was launched on 8 June 2007. [68] BAE Systems is currently studying the design of a new class of ballistic missile
submarines. BAE Systems also has orders for submarine pressure domes for the Spanish Navy. [69]
The shipyard has been awarded contracts for the construction of submarines which will carry nuclear missiles in a successor programme to the current
Vanguard class containing the Trident system. [70] BAE Systems is investing £300 million in Barrow's shipyard to construct buildings capable of
manufacturing and assembling the new class of submarines. This major development is the lar gest in 25 years at the shipyard and will see thousands of new
jobs created, further cementing its place as the UK's largest shipyard and one of the few to have seen continuous contracts since founding over a century
ago. [70]
The most recent surface vessels to be constructed in Barrow were Wave-class tanker RFA Wave Knight
and Albion-class amphibious assault ships HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark in the early 2000s when the
shipyard was part of BAE Systems Marine division. It also undertook fitting out and commissioning of
helicopter carrier HMS Ocean in the mid-1990s after the ship was built by Kvaerner Govan in Glasgow.
Barrow Offshore Wind Farm
Associated British Ports Holdings owns and operates the Port of Barrow which can berth vessels up to
200 m (660 ft) long and with a draught of 10 m (33 ft). The four main docks include Buccleuch Dock,
Cavendish Dock, Devonshire Dock and Ramsden Dock, with the latter handling almost all of the port's
cargo. Buccleuch and Devonshire Docks are utilised primarily by BAE Systems, while Cavendish Dock
the largest by surface area is now a reservoir. Principal traffic includes the export of condensate by-product
from the production of gas at the Rampside Gas Terminal, wood pulp and locally quarried limestone
which is exported to Scandinavia for use in the paper industry. The port, which has deep water access, also handles the shipment of nuclear fuels and
radioactive waste for BNFL's nearby Sellafield plant. [71]

James Fisher & Sons, a service provider in all sectors of the marine industry and a specialist supplier of engineering services to the nuclear industry in the
UK and abroad, [72] was founded in Barrow in 1847. [73] It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is the largest company to have its headquarters
situated in Cumbria. [74] Annual revenue stood at £307 million in 2012 (up 15% from £268 million in 2011), as well as staff numbers standing at over 1,500
worldwide, with 120 of those in the Barrow headquarters. [74][75] Numerous vessels are registered at the Port of Barrow, with the majority being owned by
James Fisher & Sons and International Nuclear Services/Pacific Nuclear Transport Limited.
Energy generation
In 1985, gas was discovered in Morecambe Bay, and to this day the products have been processed onshore
at Rampside Gas Terminal in south Barrow. [76] The complex is operated jointly by Centrica and
ConocoPhillips. Directly adjacent to Rampside Gas Terminal is Roosecote Power Station which was the
first CCGT power station to supply electricity to the United Kingdom's National Grid. Although originally
coal-fired, the station became gas-fired until it was mothballed in 2015.
Barrow and its wider urban area form part of 'Britain's Energy Coast', [77] and has one of the highest
concentrations of wind farms in the world, the vast majority are located offshore and have been built
during the early 2010s. All four of these wind farms are located off the coast of Walney Island, including
the 108 turbine West Duddon wind farm, 102 turbine Walney Wind Farm, 30 turbine Barrow Offshore
Wind Farm and 30 turbine Ormonde Wind Farm. Walney Wind Farm was the largest offshore wind farm
in the world upon completion, in 2015 it received Government consent to be trebled in size. DONG
Energy and Scottish Power maintain a wind farm operations base with 30 full-time staff members at the
Port of Barrow. [78]
West Shore Beach at Earnse Bay
with Black Combe visible in the
distance
Sellafield and Heysham nuclear power stationsare also located within 25 miles (40 km) of Barrow.
Tourism and leisure
South Lakes Safari Zooon the
outskirts of the borough is one of
Cumbria's top tourist attractions
Although it is at the end of a peninsula, Barrow is only around 20 minutes from the Lake District, [79]
Barrow has been referred to as a "gateway to the lakes" and "where the lakes meets the sea", [80] a status
which could be enhanced by the new marina complex and planned cruise ship terminal. [81]
Barrow itself has several tourist attractions that support just over 1,000 jobs; the town saw a higher growth
in tourist expenditure during the 2000s than Cumbria as a whole and had about 2.3 million overnight stays
during 2008. [82] Barrow's most popular free-entry tourist attraction is the Dock Museum. The museum
tells the history of Barrow (including the steelworks industry, the shipyard and the Barrow Blitz), as well
as offering gallery space to local artists and schoolchildren. It is built upon and around an old graving
dock. [83] Walney Island has two world-renowned nature reserves (the 130 hectare (0.5 sq mi) South
Walney Nature Reserve [84] and the 650 hectare (2.5 sq mi) North Walney Nature Reserve). [85] Both nature
reserves have Site of Special Scientific Interest designation, as do the Duddon Estuary and Sandscale
Haws to the north of the borough. Barrow has a number of beaches which are popular in the summer with
sunbathers, kitesurfers and caravanners. They include Earnse Bay, Biggar Bank, Roanhead and Rampside. The first two of these provide views of the Isle
of Man and Anglesey on exceptionally clear days. The wider borough has more than 60 km of coastline. [86] The Park Leisure Centre is a fitness suite with
a pool, set in the 45-acre (18 ha) Barrow Park. [87] The historic ruins of Furness Abbey and Piel Castle, which are both managed by English Heritage, are
also popular tourist destinations. South Lakes Safari Zoo is one of Europe's leading conservation zoos and has been voted Cumbria's best tourist attraction
in five non-consecutive years although it has a checkered history; it lies within the borough of Barrow-in-Furness on the outskirts of Dalton. The zoo
underwent a multi-million pound expansion during the mid-2010s. It now holds thousands of animals and covers an area of 51 acres (21 ha) making it one
of the Northern England's largest such parks. [88]
Barrow has been described as the Lake District's premier shopping town, with 'big name shops mingling
with small local ones'. [87] The town centre is home to a large indoor market [89][90] and Portland Walk
Shopping Centre. [91] Barrow has many retail and leisure parks for a town of its size, including Cornmill
Crossing, Cornerhouse Retail Park, Hollywood Park, Hindpool Retail Park and Walney Road Retail
Park. [92][93] Between them they host a number of supermarkets, electrical, home furnishing, clothing and
discount stores, gyms, restaurants and Cumbria's largest cinema. Other modern visitor attractions in
Barrow include the growing leisure destination at James Freel Close (consisting of an indoor kart racing
complex, bowling alley, indoor skate park, trampoline centre and gym), as well as 'Lazer Zone' in
Hindpool Road's former Custom House and a similar lazer quest, 'escape room' and play centre in the
former Hitchens Building on Buccleuch Street.
Piel Island and castle are a popular
attraction in Barrow

Regeneration and redevelopment
Urban regeneration has been ongoing in Barrow since the 1990s. Portland Walk Shopping Centre opened
in 1998 anchored by Debenhams as part of a major reconstruction of Barrow town centre. Around the
same time the Hindpool Retail Parks and Dock Museum were constructed over various former industrial
sites in Barrow, including the dry dock, the Barrow Jute Works and the Barrow Steel Works. [94] Recent
construction projects in the town also include the £43 million expansion of Furness College's Channelside
campus, [95] £22.5 million Furness Academy new build, [96] £14.5 million central Barrow flood relief
scheme, [97] £8.5 million Barrow police station, [98] £5 million town centre redevelopment scheme, [99] £4
million Scottish Power Wind Farm operations centre [78] as well as the North Central Renewal Area, shake
up of the town's residential and retirement homes and a number of large-scale hotel schemes catering for
the influx of contractors working for BAE Systems. [100]
The Waterfront is an ambitious ongoing £200 million Dockland regeneration project, which began in
2007. The project includes a new 'Barrow Marina Village' which will incorporate an £8 million 400-berth
marina, 650 homes, restaurants, shops, hotels and a new state of the art bridge across Cavendish Dock. A
large watersports centre is also proposed, with the possibility of a cruise ship terminal. Some cruise ships
are already scheduled to dock in Barrow, mainly for tourists to visit the Lake District, although there is no
official cruise ship terminal yet. [101] Developments have stalled since 2010 when the Northwest Regional
Development Agency was disbanded and essential government funding was lost. Despite this Barrow
Borough Council has since purchased land needed to make the development a reality and currently
controls 95% of the site. [102] The executive director of the council has stated construction of the
Waterfront could resume by 2017 as economic prospects improve and has pledged funds to conduct a
market testing exercise. The allocation of Growth Deal investment (2014 - 2021) will make improvements
to the Barrow Waterfront Enterprise Zone far more secure [102] In 2014 a £300 million investment into the
shipyard was announced by BAE Systems, in anticipation of the new generation of UK nuclear
submarines. [70][103] Construction will take up to eight years and create thousands of new jobs at the
shipyard thereafter. [70] Amongst proposals are an extension to the DDH complex and new buildings in the
central yard area off Bridge Road on Barrow Island (a site formerly mooted for a huge construction hall for the construction of Queen Elizabeth-class
aircraft carrier sections which the yard failed to win contracts for), these will house pressure hull units ready for shot blasting and painting, and be a place
for joining submarine equipment modules. [103] Redevelopment of the 5.8 hectare central yard area commenced in 2016. It is to be dominated by the
Central Yard Complex Facility which upon completion will measure 178 m (584 ft) long, 94 m (308 ft) wide and 41 m (135 ft) tall, only 10% smaller than
the volume of the pre-expansion Devonshire Dock Hall.
The Central Yard Facility,
photographed in July 2017, is at the
centre of BAE Systems' £300 million
redevelopment
Duke of Edinburgh Hoteland Emlyn
Hughes House
Other large scale developments associated with BAE include a 30,000 m 2 (320,000 sq ft) logistics centre which was constructed in the Waterfront Business
Park in 2015 and a 8,100 m 2 (87,000 sq ft) central training facility which is proposed at Buccleuch Dock Road.
Other
Other major employers include the National Health Service, through Furness General Hospital, which employs 1,800 staff, [104] the Kimberly Clark paper
mill which has 400 employees, [105] BAE Systems' Land and Armaments division, Furness Building Society which is one of the twenty largest of its kind,
Cumbria County Council and Barrow Borough Council. Amongst many retailers that have established themselves in Barrow, the furniture store Stollers is
noted as being one of the largest shops of its kind in the UK.
Employment
According to the 2011 census, 78.2% of males aged 16–64 and females aged 16–59 in Barrow were economically active. This figure is higher than the
North West and England averages. [106] 73.8% of the population was employed, which again is higher than regional and national averages; the
unemployment rate stood at 5.6% which is lower than both averages. [106] Despite this the percentage of people claiming key benefits, which is
independent of the unemployment figure, is much higher than both averages at 21.0%, or almost a quarter of all Barrovians of working age. [106] The most
common form of benefit received was the Incapacity Benefit, claimed by 11.0% of the adult population, while 4.0% claimed Jobseeker's Allowance, which
is on a par with the national average. [106]
The list below shows how many people were employed in certain sectors according to the 2011 census. Little change has occurred over the 10-year period
since the previous census; Barrow still has a much higher percentage of workers in the manufacturing sector than the national average, ranking third in
2011 behind Corby, Northamptonshire and Pendle, Lancashire. [107][108] South West Cumbria has one of the UK's most self-contained workforces, and
Barrow itself has the sixth lowest proportion of people who travel outside of the country for work. [109] In 2001, 76% of the working age population in
Barrow commuted within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) for work, when compared to the England average of 54%. [110] A significant proportion of the town's
population are employed at the Sellafield nuclear facility and at the GlaxoSmithKline plant in Ulverston.

Manufacturing: 6,570 employed (21.0% of the town's working population)
Wholesale and retail trade: 4,728 (15.1%)
Human health and social work: 4,539 (14.5%)
Construction: 2,387 (7.6%)
Education: 2,381 (7.6%)
Accommodation and food service activities: 1,962 (6.3%)
Public administration and defence: 1,913 (6.1%)
Transport and storage: 1,296 (4.1%)
Administrative and support service: 1,055 (3.4%)
Professional, scientific and technical: 1,000 (3.2%)
Information and communication: 496 (1.6%)
Financial and insurance: 492 (1.6%)
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply: 441 (1.4%)
Water supply: 264 (0.8%)
Real estate: 221 (0.7%)
Mining and quarrying: 165 (0.5%)
Agriculture, forestry and fishing: 122 (0.4%)
Other: 1,225 (3.9%)
Craven House is headquarters of
James Fisher & Sons, the only
Barrow company on the London
Stock Exchange
Transport
Road
Barrow's principal road link is the A590. This runs to Barrow from the M6 motorway via Ulverston,
skirting the southern Lake District. [111] Just north of Barrow is the southern end of the A595, linking the
town to West Cumbria. [111] The A5087 connects Barrow's southern suburbs to Ulverston via a scenic
coastal route. Abbey Road is the principal road through central Barrow, whilst Walney Bridge connects
Barrow Island to Walney Island.
Tesco is a significant employer, with
several outlets across Barrow
The possibility of a bridge link over Morecambe Bay is occasionally raised, and feasibility studies have
been carried out. [112]
Bus
Bus services within the town are operated by Stagecoach North West. There is no specifically designated
bus station, although many bus routes start and end near the town hall. The original bus station, since
demolished, was known for its role in a 1970s television commercial for Chewits sweets. [113] As well as
local suburban and village services, longer distance buses run to Millom, Ulverston, Bowness,
Windermere and Kendal.
Walney Bridge (officially Jubilee
Bridge) links Barrow Island to Walney
Island
Rail
Barrow-in-Furness railway station provides connections to Whitehaven, Workington and Carlisle to the
north, via the Cumbrian Coast Line, and to Ulverston, Grange-over-Sands and Lancaster to the east, via
the Furness Line – both of which connect to the West Coast Mainline. Numerous daily trains run to
Manchester. The station handles over 600,000 passengers annually. Barrow has a second railway station,
Roose, which serves the suburb of the same name.
Barrow-in-Furness railway station
viewed from Abbey Road
Furness Abbey, Barrow's third main line station, closed in 1950. There was also a station on Barrow
Island, for commuters between the shipyard and nearby towns served by the Furness Railway. This
railway link was severed in 1966 when the famous cradle bridge across the docks was closed permanently
for safety reasons. There were also stations at Piel, Rabbit Hill, Rampside, Ramsden Dock and Strand.
Between 1885 and 1932, the Barrow-in-Furness Tramways Company operated a double-decker tram
service over several miles, primarily around central Barrow, Barrow Island and Hindpool.
Air

Barrow/Walney Island Airport (IATA airport code: BWF, ICAO: EGNL) is a former commercial airport and Royal Air Force base currently owned by BAE
Systems who operates two Beechkraft Kingair B200 and one B250 aircraft which fly to various destinations across the UK every weekday, including
Bristol, Glasgow, London and Manchester. The airport's runways take on a triangular form, the longest runway is almost 4,000 feet (1,200 m). In 2016
BAE Systems and DONG Energy submitted plans to redevelop and expand the airport, although the latter has since built a new separate heliport off Park
Road, Ormsgill. Manchester Airport is the closest major airport, with direct links to Barrow railway station and about two hours away by road.
Sea
Despite being one of the UK's leading shipbuilding centres, the Associated British Ports' Port of Barrow is only a minor port. Historically, the Isle of Man
Steam Packet and the Barrow Steam Navigation Company(a subsidiary of the Furness Railway and later London, Midland and Scottish Railway) operated
a number of steamers and passenger ferry services between Rampside and Ramsden Dock and Ardrossan (Scotland), Belfast (Northern Ireland), Blackpool,
Douglas (Isle of Man), Fleetwood and Heysham. [114] All services had ceased operation by the mid-20th century .
For a short period during the early 1880s transatlantic travel was possible from the town. The Anchor Line operated a fortnightly service utilising three of
its steamships, Alexandria, Caledonia and Columbia, between Barrow and New York City via Dublin. There are proposals to construct a cruise ship
terminal in Barrow as part of the Waterfront redevelopment project. [115]
Sport
Football
Barrow A.F.C. are in the Conference National division of English football. [116] The team, founded in
1901, are nicknamed "the Bluebirds" and play their home games at the Holker Street stadium. [117] The
side were members of the Football League until they failed to be re-elected in 1972. [117] In 1990, they
won the FA Trophy beating Leek Town 3-0 in the final at Wembley Stadium, London. [118] Twenty years
later, on 8 May 2010, Barrow repeated the feat, beating Stevenage Borough 2-1 after extra time. [119]
Barrow were bought by Texas-based businessman Paul Casson in 2014 with a 5-year plan of returning the
team to the Football League and completely redeveloping Holker Street, including the addition of three
new stands.
Holker Street, the home of Barrow
A.F.C.
Football players born in Barrow include England internationals Emlyn Hughes [120] and Gary
Stevens, [121] as well as Harry Hadley, [122] and Vic Metcalfe. [123] Of current professional footballers, Wayne Curtis, [124] Morecambe striker, and Iran
Under-20 and Hibernian winger Shana Haji [125] both hail from the town.
Holker Old Boys F.C., based at Rakesmoor Lane, are the town's second most successful football team, and they play in the North West Counties Football
League Division One.
Rugby
Craven Park, the home of Barrow
Raiders
Rugby league is a well-established sport and the town is considered as one of the game's traditional
heartlands at professional and amateur levels. [126] The professional team, Barrow Raiders, whose home
games are at Craven Park, played in the Championship until 2011 but as of 2012, they now operate in the
league below, known as Championship One. In the 1950s the side played in three Challenge Cup finals,
winning the last of these against Workington Town. In the 1997 reorganisation of the sport the original
Barrow RLFC team merged with Carlisle Border Raiders to form Barrow Border Raiders, [127] with the
word "border" later dropped. Players who were born in the town and played at a professional level include
brothers Ade [128] and Mat Gardner [129] and Willie Horne. [130] The latter captained Barrow to their
Challenge Cup victory and represented Great Britain at an international level. He was inducted into the
"Barrow Hall of Fame" along with former Barrow players Phil Jackson and Jimmy Lewthwaite. [131]
At a local level, eight amateur rugby league teams participate in the Barrow & District League. They
include Askam, Barrow Island, Dalton, Hindpool, Milliom, Roose Pioneers, Ulverston and Walney
Golf
Barrow is home to two large golf clubs. Barrow Golf Club, founded in 1922, is situated in Hawcoat and covers some 6,209 yards (5,678 m) with 18
holes. [132] Furness Golf Club, founded in 1872, is the sixth oldest golf club in England and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is located on Walney
Island, just 50 yards (46 m) from the Irish Sea. It also offers an 18-hole course, a shop and other facilities. [133] The Furness Golf Centre is located on the

outskirts of Barrow close to Roanhead and is home to a 14-bay driving range, golf shop, swing studio and the Fairway Hotel. [134] The hoaxer Maurice
Flitcroft, known as the "world's worst golfer" lived and worked in the town. [135]
Other sports
Barrow has staged speedway racing at three venues since the pioneer days in the late 1920s. The first track was at Holker Street. This venue had a revival
for a short spell in the early to mid-1970s being utilised by the short-lived Barrow Bombers. In 1930 the sport moved to Little Park but this a somewhat
hazy venue. The sport had a revival in 1978 at Park Avenue Industrial Estate but this was relatively short lived. Barrow is home to the Walney Terriers
American Football club, formed in 2011 the club originally trained at Memorial Fields on Walney Island before establishing training grounds elsewhere in
Barrow and Ulverston. The Terriers play in the North West conference of the BAFA's National League alongside the likes of the Manchester Titans and
Merseyside Nighthawks.
One of the town's most notable annual sporting events is the Keswick to Barrow (K2B), a 40-mile (60 km) walking and running event that has taken place
every year since 1967 between Keswick and Barrow. The event has raised millions for charity and regularly sees in excess of 3,000 participants. [136]
Culture
Barrow, although one of the country's smallest local authorities contains a wealth of natural and built heritage assets, which includes 274 Listed Buildings
and four SSSIs. The 2015 Heritage Index formed by the Royal Society of Arts and the Heritage Lottery Fund placed the borough as seventh highest of 325
English districts with especially high scores relating to nationally important landscape and natural heritage assets and industrial heritage assets. [137]
Architecture
View of Barrow looking south from the Slag Bank including (left to right) Fells of the Lake District, Thorncliffe Crematorium, Ormsgill,
Holker Street, Hindpool, St. James' Church, Piel Castle, the Town Hall, BAE Systems Central Yard Facility and Devonshire Dock Hall, the
new Barrow Police Station, Furness College, Walney Bridge and Walney Channel, Vickerstown, the Irish Sea, Walney and Ormonde Wind
Farms and Barrow/Walney Island Airport
View of Barrow looking east across Walney Channel including (left to right) Fells of the Lake District, Slag Bank, Furness College, St.
James' Church, the Dock Museum, Devonshire Dock Hall, BAE Systems Central Yard Facility and Walney Bridge
Barrow is one of Britain's few planned towns and the spacious tree-lined avenues within parts of the town centre are more akin to the layout of a much
larger city. [138] The town centre is distinguished by its Victorian and Edwardian era civic buildings, such as the Town Hall, Main Public Library, former
Technical School, former Central Fire Station, Salvation Army Building, Custom House, National Westminster Bank, The Duke of Edinburgh Hotel, St.
George's Church, St. Mary's RC Church and St. James' Church. Oppositely, several distinctive buildings have been demolished in Barrow since the mid-

20th Century as a result of neglect or war damage, amongst the most iconic are Abbots Wood, Barrow
Central Railway Station, Infield House, North Lonsdale Hospital, Scotch Buildings and the Waverley
Hotel. Lancaster architects Sharpe, Paley and Austin were prolific throughout the development of Barrow.
A number of Barrow's landmark buildings were constructed from locally sourced sandstone, evident from
the high number of brown and red coloured stone buildings in the town. Similar materials were used in a
number of local buildings in the early 20th Century, and often accompanied by terracotta. There are also
an increasing number of modern office buildings as well as the shipyard's construction halls which
dominate much of Barrow's skyline. Despite much of Barrow having been constructed from the late 19th
to mid 20th centuries, architectural styles vary greatly across the town from the Art Deco John Whinnerah
Institute to the Byzantine style St. John's Church, Neo-Elizabethan Abbey House and Tudor Revival
Vickerstown estate.
Vickerstown, a model village built on
Walney Island around 1900
Barrow has 8 Grade I listed buildings, 15 Grade II* and 249 Grade II buildings. The majority of Grade I
listed buildings and structures are in and around the Furness Abbey complex while many Grade II* listed
buildings in the town are 19th century tenements on Barrow Island including the Devonshire
Buildings. [139] There are a number of Conservation Areas across Barrow named as such for their
architectural or historical significance, they include Barrow Island, Biggar, Central Barrow, Furness
Abbey, North Scale, North and South Vickerstown and St. George's Square. [140] Historically Barrow's
skyline was dominated by shipyard cranes and industrial chimneys, although little evidence of this remains
in the present day with the last hammerhead crane – the iconic yellow crane of Buccleuch Dock – being
dismantled in 2011, despite calls for listing status like the smaller Titan Clydebank in Glasgow. The tallest
building in Barrow is Devonshire Dock Hall at 51 metres (167 ft). Also worth of note are the turbines of
Ormonde Wind Farm located just off the coast of Barrow which stand at 152 metres (499 ft).
In terms of housing, the majority of dwellings in Barrow are Victorian terraces. At 47.0% of local housing
stock in 2011, the figure is much higher than England's average of 24.5%. 29.7% of dwellings are semidetached,
12.09% detached and 10.2% flats, maisonettes or apartments. [141] Great variety in housing styles is a feature across central Barrow, Barrow
Island, Hindpool, and Vickerstown. Most were built around a grid design in accordance with plans drawn up by James Ramsden.
Red brick and terracotta were
popular building materials at the turn
of the 20th century in Barrow - a style
which is imitated to this day
Arts
Music
Barrow has produced several musical performers of note. They include Thomas Round, a singer and actor in D'Oyly Carte productions of Savoy Opera [142]
as well as Glenn Cornick, the original bass guitarist in the rock band Jethro Tull. [143] Paul MacKenzie, bass player with 1980s Preston-based thrash metal
band Xentrix, is from Barrow. [144] More recently, hip-hop DJ and record producer Aim has had considerable commercial success. [145]
Expressive arts
Several notables in Art and Literature have come from Barrow. Artist Keith Tyson, the 2002 Turner Prize
winner, was born in nearby Ulverston, attended the Barrow-in-Furness College of Engineering and worked
at the then VSEL shipyard. [146] Constance Spry, the author and florist who revolutionised interior design
in the 1930s, and 1940s, moved to the town with her son Anthony during World War I to work as a welfare
supervisor. [147] Peter Purves, later a Blue Peter presenter, began his acting career with 2 years as a
member of the Renaissance Theatre Company at the town's Her Majesty's Theatre. [148]
The Forum, Barrow's largest theatre
and arts venue
is the only cinema in the town.
During the mid-20th century, Barrow contained a wealth of theatres/cinemas including the Coliseum,
Electric Theatre, Essoldo, Her Majesty's Theatre, Hippodrome, Pavilion, Ritz, Roxy, Royalty Theatre and
Tivoli. All but the Pavilion and Roxy have since been demolished, most recently in 2004 with the
demolition of the Apollo (formerly the Ritz). The Canteen Media & Arts Centre – known simply as "The
Canteen" – and The Forum are now the main venues for theatre, while the Vue Cinema in Hollywood Park
Literature
In fictional works, Barrow and Vickerstown on Walney Island featured in children's show The Railway Series, which developed into Thomas the Tank
Engine, as the point where the fictional Island of Sodor connected to mainland Britain and the national rail network. [149]
A number of the Lake Poets have referred to locations in present day Barrow, with one notable example being William Wordsworth's 1805
autobiographical poem The Prelude which describes his visits to Furness Abbey. The Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa wrote a series of sonnets called
"Barrow-on-Furness" (sic). His "heteronym" Álvaro de Campos lived in Barrow when he was studying ship engineering, but Pessoa himself had never
visited, and mistakenly assumed that "Furness" was the name of a river. [150] According to narrative exposition in Chapter five of Dorothy L. Sayers' 1926

novel Clouds of Witness, Inspector Charles Parker, Lord Peter Wimsey's friend and eventual brother-in-law, attended Barrow-in-Furness Grammar School.
Renowned novelist D. H. Lawrence was in Barrow during the outbreak of World War I and wrote about his experiences in the town. The 2015 novel
Career of Evil by J. K. Rowling's pseudonym Robert Galbraith was parially set in Barrow. [151]
Media
Newspapers
There is one paid-for evening daily paper, the North West Evening Mail. There is also a weekly freesheet
called the Advertiser, which is delivered to most households in the Furness area. Both are owned by
independent publisher the CN Group, formerly Cumbrian Newspapers. [152]
Radio
Barrow is served by one commercial radio station, Heart North Lancashire and Cumbria, which broadcasts
from Lancaster and serves the area around Morecambe Bay. Another commercial station, Abbey FM,
ceased broadcasting in February 2009 when it went into administration. [153] The BBC's local radio service
is BBC Radio Cumbria, who have studio facilities in the town. [154]
Portland Walk, one of Barrow's
primary retail areas
Television
Barrow lies in the Granada TV – North West England region with the main signal coming from the Winter Hill transmitter near Bolton. There is also a
relay transmitter at Millom whose signal can be received in the northern end of the town.
Various television personalities were born in the district. Dave Myers was a biker born in Barrow, and found fame as one half of television cookery duo the
Hairy Bikers. [155] Karen Taylor is a TV comedian best known for her BBC Three sketch show Touch Me, I'm Karen Taylor. [156] Steve Dixon is a
newsreader for Sky News, [157] while Nigel Kneale was a well-known film and television scriptwriter. [158] The UK's top Thai demo chef and celebrity
'Chef Ooy' has also lived and worked in Barrow for the last 25 years.
Wartime diarist and local housewife Nella Last's memoirs were adapted for television, with parts of the
town used in filming. The resulting programme, Housewife, 49, written by and starring comedian Victoria
Wood, was broadcast by ITV in 2006. It won two BAFTA awards – one for Best Single Drama, the other
for Best Actress (Victoria Wood). [159][160] CITV children's show The Treacle People had two villains
named Barrow and Furness. [161] Myles Wright also was born in Barrow and lived in the nearby village of
Marton.
Barrow-in-Furness is the connection between England and the fictional Island of Sodor in the Thomas the
Tank Engine TV series, as well as in the Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry, on which the TV
series is based.
Barrow has a large number of public
works of art, including statues of
prominent political figures and
sporting personalities
Dialect and accent
In general the Barrovian accent tends to drop certain letters (including H and T).
Furness is unique within Cumbria and the local dialect and accent is fairly Lancashire-orientated. Until
1974 Furness was an exclave of Lancashire. As with Liverpool for example however, the Barrovian
dialect has been influenced by large numbers of settlers from various regions. During the town's rapid
growth from 1860 onwards, thousands came to Barrow from Scotland, Ireland, Wales and elsewhere in
northern England. As Glaswegian and Geordie dialects mingled in Barrow numerous more migrated from
Lancashire and other parts of England which in effect created the noticeably Northern Barrovian dialect.
Nightlife
There are many pubs and working men's clubs in Barrow. Barrow has fourteen of the latter, one of the highest number per capita of any British town. [162]
There are also many bars and clubs found primarily in Barrow town centre on Duke Street and Cornwallis Street. Popular venues on Duke Street include
the following bars: Jefferson's, the Buddha Bar, Bar Cairo and the Drawing Room. They did have a Yates's but the building was deemed unsafe and has
since been demolished. Cornwallis Street – often dubbed the "Gaza Strip" by locals – is currently undergoing a multi-million pound renovation with the
former Martini's being the flagship renovation into Club M. Other clubs on Cornwallis Street include: Kavanna's, O'Sullivan's and Skint. Between 2004 and
2010 Barrow was home to one of North West England's largest nightclubs, the 2,500 capacity Blue Lagoon occupied the entire hull of the former Danish
ferry Princess Selandia which has now left the town. [163] Barrow's largest nightclub is now Manhattans which opened on Cavendish Street in late 201.

Food
A traditional favourite food in Barrow is the pie and particularly the meat and potato pie. [164] Pie shops
are common, and Green's of Jarrow Street is noted as a favourite of Barrow-born celebrity chef Dave
Myers [165] and journalist Martin Tarbuck who declared them to be Britain's best pies in a book dedicated
to the subject. [166]
Barrow was also the home of soft-drink company Marsh's, which produced a distinctive sarsaparilla
flavoured fizzy drink known as Sass. [167] Marsh's was purchased by Purity Soft Drinks of Birmingham in
1993, and the company stopped producing Sass in 1999. Remaining bottles have subsequently sold for
high prices as a collector's item. [168] A new product, labelled "Barrow Sass", was launched in 2014 in a
bid to replicate traditional Sass. [169] The coasts around Barrow have rich cockle beds from which cockles
have traditionally been gathered, although numbers have been low following intensive gathering during
the early 2000s, in the run up to the 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster. [170][171] One of England's few remaining Oyster farms can also be found
located in the Biggar area of Walney. Traditional Cumberland sausages are less associated with Barrow itself than the rest of Cumbria, but are readily
available from the surrounding rural area. [172] Cumbria has produced a number of famed dishes and is home to countless Michelin Guide restaurants, one
of which is located in Dalton.
The Crow's Nest on Barrow Island, a
typical Victorian era public house
Social issues
Lifestyle
Having emerged as mixture of working class cultures from across Britain and Ireland in the 19th Century,
subsequent low levels of migration and a continued tradition of industrial employment mean that Barrow's
culture still reflects many of the traditions of the British Working Class. [173] In September 2008, Barrow
was named as the most working class location in the United Kingdom, based on a series of measures
devised to judge the lifestyle of the people. [174] The research was carried out by Locallife.co.uk which
determined that there is a fish and chip shop, working men's club, bookmakers or trade union office for
every 2,917 people (Crewe, Doncaster, Wolverhampton and Preston completed the top five of 'the most
working class places in Britain'). [175] This is in direct contrast to the 1870s when a developing Barrow had
more aristocrats per head of the population than anywhere else in the country . [174]
In the 2015 Indices of Deprivation, Barrow was ranked as the 44th most deprived district in England (out
of a total of 326). [176] The equivalent figures for 2007 and 2010 stood at 29th most deprived and 32nd
most deprived respectively. [177] The Indices of Deprivation is based on income, employment, education,
The majority of housing within the
town is terraced, built for working
class families
health, crime and barriers to housing and services and living environment. Within these subcategories, most notably Barrow ranked as the 5th most
deprived in terms of health deprivation and disability, and in huge contrast, 324th most deprived in terms of access to housing and services (i.e. 3rd least
deprived). [176] In the 2010 Indices of Deprivation, the majority of areas in Barrow Island, Central, Hindpool, Ormsgill were amongst the 3% most deprived
areas in the country, while large parts of suburban Barrow including Newbarns and Roose were amongst the 25% of least deprived areas in England. [177]
Health
Furness General Hospital, the
primary hospital for Barrow and
South West Cumbria
The principal hospital in Barrow is Furness General Hospital, operated by the University Hospitals of
Morecambe Bay NHS Trust and located on the outskirts of the town. As of July 2010 there were 12 NHS
GP practices/doctors' surgeries and 5 NHS dental surgeries in Barrow. [178] The life expectancy for males
in Barrow is 77.1 years (compared to the England average of 79.5) and 81.5 years for females (compared
to the national average of 83.2). [179] A 2016 NHS in depth publication on health in Barrow indicated that
the population of Barrow is by most measures in a worse state than the national average. [179] Indicators
such as hospital stays for alcohol related harm, excessive weight, diabetes, smoking related death and self
harm are significantly worse than the England average. However, a number of indicators are similar to the
average or are significantly better, including rates of homelesness, STI transmission and road deaths." [179]
Barrow has the tenth worst rate of Incapacity Benefit claimants for mental illness in the country.
Crime
Policing is by Cumbria Constabulary, which alongside the county of Cumbria was formed in 1974. Previously the town was policed by Barrow-in-Furness
Borough Police. Barrow previously had one full-time police station in Market Street in the Central ward. A new multi-million pound building was built on
James Freel Close on Channelside in Hindpool and is the town's only police station, with extra jail cells and improved facilities. Several consecutive annual

publications by Cumbria Constabulary entitled the 'Cumbria Community Safety Strategic Assessment'
have stated that overall crime in Barrow is declining, with some indicators far better than the national
average. [180] Despite this, crime levels as a whole are higher than the national average: 2013 statistics
show crime levels in the borough as the 16th worst in the UK; most notably, Barrow has amongst the
worst rates of alcohol misuse in the country. [181] Between July and December 2013 Barrow saw an
average of 7.39 crimes per 100 of the population; the UK average was 6.57. [181] Incidents of anti-social
behaviour stood at 7.83 per 100 in Barrow, cf 5.02 in the UK. [181] Burglary averaged 0.53 per 100 in 2013
while the national average was 1.00 per 100. Robbery averaged 0.02 in Barrow and 0.07 nationwide,
shoplifting 0.72 and 0.53 and vehicle crime at 0.31 and 0.58. [181] Violent crimes and sexual offences
occurred at a rate of 1.70 per 100, significantly higher than UK average of 1.06 and ranking the area as the
29th worst out of 348 in the country. [181] Crime rates remain the highest in deprived areas of inner wards
such as Central and Hindpool. [180]
Barrow's new main police station
(under construction) in June 2015
Education
Education in the state-funded sector includes fifteen primary schools, five infant schools, five junior
schools and many nurseries. The three secondary schools in the town are: Furness Academy, St. Bernard's
Catholic High School and Walney School. Chetwynde School is an all-through school for children aged 4
to 18. Formerly an independent school, Chetwynde became a state-funded free school in 2014.
In the further education sector there is one college, Furness College. Furness College merged with Barrow
Sixth Form College in 2016 forming the largest college in Cumbria [182] . Technical and professional
qualifications are delivered at the Channelside campus, with A' levels delivered at the Rating Lane
campus, the home of the former sixth form college. Although there is no higher education institution based
in Barrow, Furness College offers several higher apprenticeships, foundation degrees, Bachelor's and
Master's programmes accredited by the University of Cumbria, University of Lancaster and the University
of Central Lancashire. [183]
The town's main library is the Central Library in Ramsden Square, situated near the town centre. [184] The
library was established in 1882 in a room near the town hall, and moved to its current premises in 1922. A
branch of the County Archive Service, opened in 1979 and containing many of the town's archives, is
located within adjoining premises, [185] whilst until 1991 the library also housed the Furness Museum, a
forerunner of the Dock Museum. [186] Smaller branch libraries are currently provided at Walney, Roose
and Barrow Island. Known librarian Michael Wilson originates in Barrow-in-Furness. Michael Wilson is
currently leader of the Collection Logistics Alpha Team at Cambridge University Library. [184]
See also
The Copper Box building at Furness
College's Channelside campus
Furness Academy was established in
2009 and opened a new site in 2013
Barrovian
Borough of Barrow-in-Furness
Barrow and Furness (UK Parliament constituency)
List of people from Barrow-in-Furness
List of ships and submarines built in Barrow-in-Furness
Listed buildings in Barrow-in-Furness
List of places of worship in Barrow-in-Furness
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External links
Media related to Barrow-in-Furness at Wikimedia Commons
Barrow-in-Furness travel guide from Wikivoyage
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrow-in-Furness&oldid=849476838 "
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Coordinates: 51°14′53″N 22°34′13″E
Lublin
Lublin (Polish: [ˈlublʲin] ( listen); Latin: Lublinum) is the ninth largest city in Poland and the second largest city
of Lesser Poland. It is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 349,103
(March 2011). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River and is approximately 170 kilometres (106
miles) to the southeast of Warsaw by road.
Lublin
One of the events that greatly contributed to the city's development was the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo in
1385. Lublin thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius
and Kraków; the inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lublin
Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lublin witnessed the early
stages of Reformation in the 16th century. A Calvinist congregation was founded and groups of radical Arians
appeared in the city, making it an important global centre of Arianism. At the turn of the centuries, Lublin was
recognized for hosting a number of outstanding poets, writers and historians of the epoch. [2]
Until the partitions at the end of the 18th century, Lublin was a royal city of the Crown Kingdom of Poland. Its
delegates and nobles had the right to participate in the Royal Election. In 1578 Lublin was chosen as the seat of
the Crown Tribunal, the highest appeal court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and for centuries the city
has been flourishing as a centre of culture and higher learning, with Kraków, Warsaw, Poznań and Lwów.
Although Lublin was not spared from severe destruction during World War II, its picturesque and historical Old
Town has been preserved. The district is one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii),
as designated May 16, 2007, and tracked by the National Heritage Board of Poland. [3]
The city is viewed as an attractive location for foreign investment and the analytical Financial Times Group has
found Lublin to be one of the best cities for business in Poland. [4] The Foreign direct investment ranking (FDI)
placed Lublin second among larger Polish cities in the cost-effectiveness category. Lublin is noted for its green
spaces and a high standard of living. [5]
Contents
History
Jagiellonian Poland
World War II
Geography
Climate
Population
Economy and infrastructure
Media
Transport
Roads
Culture and tourism
The arts
Museum
Cinema
Theatres
Galleries
Old Town
Pubs and restaurants
City of festivals
European Capital of Culture
Sports
Education
Politics
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
Gallery
Notable residents
See also
References
External links
Left to right: Panorama of the Old Town ·
Mannerist tenements· Lublin Castle ·
General view of Lublin· Market Square ·
Parish Square: Plac Po Farze
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto(s): Fidelitatem et Constantinam (in
Latin)
Wiernością i Stałością (in Polish) [1]
Lublin
Lublin
Coordinates: 51°14′53″N 22°34′13″E

History
Archaeological finds indicate a long presence of cultures in the area. A complex of settlements started to develop
on the future site of Lublin and in its environs in the 6th-7th centuries. Remains of settlements dating back to the
6th century were discovered in the center of today's Lublin on Czwartek ("Thursday") Hill.
The period of the early Middle Ages was marked by intensification of habitation, particularly in the areas along
river valleys. The settlements were centered around the stronghold on Old Town Hill, which was likely one of the
main centers of Lendians tribe. When the tribal stronghold was destroyed in the 10th century, the center shifted to
the northeast, to a new stronghold above Czechówka valley and, after the mid-12th century, to Castle Hill. At
least two churches are presumed to have existed in Lublin in the early medieval period. One of them was most
probably erected on Czwartek Hill during the rule of Casimir the Restorer in the 11th century. [6] The castle
became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224 but was quite possibly present
from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from
1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier. [6]
The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. During the first half
of the 13th century, Lublin was a target of attacks by Mongols, Ruthenians and Lithuanians, which resulted in its
destruction. [6] It was also ruled by Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302. [6] Lublin was founded
as a town by Władysław I the Elbow-high or between 1258 and 1279 during the rule of prince Bolesław V the
Chaste. [6] Casimir III the Great, appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and
encircled the city with defensive walls. [7] From 1326, if not earlier, the stronghold on Castle Hill included a
chapel in honor of the Holy Trinity. A stone church dated to the years 1335-1370 exists to this day . [6]
Country
Voivodeship
County
Poland
Lublin
Lubelskie
Established before 12th century
Town rights 1317
Government
• Mayor
Area
• City
Krzysztof Żuk
147 km 2 (57 sq mi)
Population (2009)
• City 349,103
• Density 2,400/km 2 (6,200/sq mi)
• Metro 664,000
Time zone
• Summer (DST)
CET (UTC+1)
CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 20-001 to 20-999
Area code(s) +48 81
Car plates
Website
LU
http://www.um.lublin.pl/
http://www.lublin.eu/en
Jagiellonian Poland
In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from king Władysław II Jagiełło. With the coming of peace between
Poland and Lithuania, it developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the countries. In 1474
the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship, the third
voivodeship of Lesser Poland.
Neogothic façade of Lublin Castle
During the 15th century and 16th century the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth were held in Lublin. During the 16th century the noble parliaments sejm) ( were held in Lublin several times.
On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania. The
Lithuanian name for the city is Liublinas. Lublin as one of the most influential cities [6] of the state enjoyed voting rights
during the royal elections in Poland.
Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian
Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578 the Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Lesser
Poland region, was established in Lublin. [6]
Castle courtyard with a fortified keep
Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation
of Polish Brethren was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was established in Lublin
around this time. [6] Jews established a widely respected yeshiva, Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery and education centre
(kahal) and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life
until the Holocaust, during which they were relocated to the infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered. [6]
The yeshiva became a centre of learning of Talmud and Kabbalah, leading the city to be called "the Jewish Oxford." [6]
In 1567, the rosh yeshiva (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal
to those of the heads of Polish universities.
In the 17th century, the town declined due to a Russo-Ukrainian invasion in 1655 and a Swedish invasion during the
Northern Wars. After the third of the Partitions of Poland in 1795 Lublin was located in the Austrian empire, then since
1809 in the Duchy of Warsaw, and then since 1815 in the Congress Poland under Russian rule.
At the beginning of the 19th century new squares, streets and public buildings were built. In 1877 a railway connection
to Warsaw and Kovel and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew
from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews). [8]
Union of Lublin, painting by Jan Matejko at
the Lublin Museum
Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, the first government of
independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were
established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublinwas founded
in 1918.
World War II

After the 1939 German and Soviet invasion of Poland the city found itself in the General Government territory
controlled by Nazi Germany. The population became a target of severe Nazi repressions focusing on Polish Jews. An
attempt to "Germanise" the city led to an influx of the ethnic Volksdeutsche increasing the number of German minority
from 10–15% in 1939 to 20–25%. Near Lublin, the so-called 'reservation' for the Jews was built based on the idea of
racial segregation known as the "Nisko or Lublin Plan". [9]
The Jewish population was forced into the newly set Lublin Ghetto near Podzamcze. The city served as headquarters
for Operation Reinhardt, the main German efort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto
inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942.
The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at the outskirts of the
city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland.
Great Fire of Lublin (1719)
After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and
reestablished a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most left Poland for Israel
and the West. [10]
On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Sovietcontrolled
communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as
basis for a puppet government. The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet
westward offensive.
In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable
scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. A large
Automobile Factory FSC was built in the city.
Geography
Cracow Gate in the Old Town is among
the most recognisable landmarks of the
city.
Climate
Lublin has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold, damp winters and warm summers.
Climate data for Lublin (1936−2011)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high
°C (°F)
Average
high °C (°F)
Daily mean
°C (°F)
Average low
°C (°F)
Record low
°C (°F)
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
Average
precipitation
days
Average
relative
humidity (%)
Mean
monthly
sunshine
hours
18.0
(64.4)
−0.7
(30.7)
−3.1
(26.4)
−5.9
(21.4)
−32.2
(−26)
22.7
(0.894)
16.2
(61.2)
0.4
(32.7)
−2.5
(27.5)
−5.7
(21.7)
−31.1
(−24)
25.9
(1.02)
22.0
(71.6)
5.7
(42.3)
1.6
(34.9)
−2
(28)
−30.9
(−23.6)
27.3
(1.075)
27.2
(81)
12.7
(54.9)
7.8
(46)
3.0
(37.4)
−7.2
(19)
42.4
(1.669)
35.7
(96.3)
18.4
(65.1)
13.1
(55.6)
7.7
(45.9)
−4.1
(24.6)
51.1
(2.012)
33.9
(93)
21.4
(70.5)
16.2
(61.2)
10.7
(51.3)
0.0
(32)
66.6
(2.622)
35.0
(95)
23.3
(73.9)
17.9
(64.2)
12.5
(54.5)
2.0
(35.6)
71.5
(2.815)
37.0
(98.6)
23.0
(73.4)
17.4
(63.3)
12.0
(53.6)
0.0
(32)
64.0
(2.52)
33.2
(91.8)
18.1
(64.6)
12.9
(55.2)
8.2
(46.8)
−4
(25)
55.5
(2.185)
25.0
(77)
12.3
(54.1)
7.9
(46.2)
4.0
(39.2)
−7.6
(18.3)
40.6
(1.598)
18.9
(66)
5.4
(41.7)
2.6
(36.7)
0.0
(32)
−17.9
(−0.2)
36.7
(1.445)
15.0
(59)
0.8
(33.4)
−1.4
(29.5)
−3.9
(25)
−23.9
(−11)
33.6
(1.323)
37.0
(98.6)
11.8
(53.2)
7.6
(45.7)
3.5
(38.3)
−32.2
(−26)
537.9
(21.177)
23.3 19.5 18.4 13.1 13.0 11.8 12.3 9.3 11.2 13.3 18.1 20.8 184.1
88.7 85.9 79.8 68.9 71.9 73.7 75.1 74.4 79.8 84.0 89.4 90.2 80.1
53 73 115 174 226 237 238 248 165 124 48 37 1,738
Source: Climatebase.ru [11]
Population
The diagram shows population growth over the past 400 years. In 1999, the population of Lublin was estimated to 359,154, the highest in the city's history .

Maria Curie-Skłodowska
University
Economy and infrastructure
The Lublin region is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe.
Despite the fact that Lublin is one of the closest neighbour cities for Warsaw, the investition inflow in services from the Polish capital has secured a steady growth due to
relatively fast connection, while external investitions are progressing, enabling nearby satellite municipality Świdnik for large-scale industrial investitions, seamlessly testing
the capacity of the agglomeration. The close cooperation with Warsaw is significant to the regional economy, bringing quality cultural events inshore, yet the proximity of
Warsaw is an underestimated asset.
Lublin is a regional center of IT companies. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical
Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters here. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A.,
Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of the educated specialists.
There is a visible growth in professionals eager to work in Lublin, due to reasons, like quality of life, culture management,
the environment, improving connection to Warsaw, levels of education, or financial, because of usually higher operating
margins of global organizations present in the area.
The large car factory FSC (Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych) seemed to have a brighter future when it was acquired by
the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian
financial crisis, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy. [6] Efforts to restart its van
production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. [6] With the decline of Lublin
as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries. Currently, the largest
employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University(UMCS).
Polish MPs in the PZL Świdnik
helicopter factory
The price of land and investing costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area has to be one of the main beneficiaries of the EU development funds. [12]
Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the
European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said:
In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of the EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total,
we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country . [13]
In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” — the
European Economic Development area. [14] At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol and
Perła Browary Lubelskie. [15] At the same time, the energy giant Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices
in Lublin.
Modern shopping centers built in Lublin like Tarasy Zamkowe (Castle Terraces), Lublin Plaza, Galeria Olimp, Galeria Gala, the largest shopping mall in the city, covering
33,500 square meters of area. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new underground gallery ("Alchemy") between and
beneath Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets. [16]
Media
There is a public TV station in the city: TVP Lublin which owns a 104-meter-tall concrete television tower. [17] The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent
years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info.

The radio stations airing from Lublin include 'Radio eR - 87.9 FM', Radio 'Eska Lublin' - 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of the Polish Radio) - 102.2 FM, [ Radio
Centrum (university radio station)] - 98.2 FM, Radio 'Free' (city station of the Polish Radio) - 89,9 FM, and Radio 'Złote Przeboje' (Golden Hits) Lublin - 95.6 FM.
Local newspapers include Kurier Lubelski daily, regional partner of the national newspaper Dziennik Wschodni daily, Gazeta Wyborcza [ Lublin Edition] daily (regional
supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza), [ Metro] (daily, free) and Nasze Miasto Lublin weekly (free).
Transport
From Lublin railway station, ten trains depart each day to Warsaw, and three to Kraków, as in other major cities in Poland. Lublin has also direct train connections with
Rzeszów, Szczecin, Gdynia and other Polish cities and towns in the region as Nałęczów, Chełm or Zamość. Long-distance buses depart from near the Castle in the Old Town
and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. The express train to Warsaw takes about two and half hours. [18] The Lublin Airport is located in Świdnik, about
10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin. There is a direct train link from the airport to downtown.
Roads
As of 2009 no motorways or expressways connect the city with the rest of Poland. In the coming decade the construction of
expressways S12, S17 and S19 will improve road access to the city. On 17 December 2009 the bidding process for the
construction of S17 expressway around Lublin was started. The construction began in 2010 and was finished in 2014. The
project included a high capacity bypass road around Lublin, removing most of the through traffic from the city streets and
decreasing congestion.
Lublin is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot and ychy). T [19]
Lublin Train Station
Culture and tourism
Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since then, many important international events have taken place here,
involving Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Russian and Belarusian artists, researchers and politicians. The frescos at the Holy Trinity Chapel in Lublin Castle are a mixture of Catholic
motifs with eastern Russian-Byzantine styles, reinforcing how the city connects the West with the East.
The arts
Museum
The premier museum in the city is the Lublin Museum, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland, as well as the Majdanek State Museum with 121,404
visitors in 2011. [20]
Cinema
Lublin is a city with filmmaking past. A few important films were recorded here, e.g., Oscar-winning The Reader was partially filmed at the Nazi Majdanek concentration
camp, in the boundaries of nowadays Lublin area. [21]
In 2008, Lublin in cooperation with Ukrainian Lviv, filmed promotional materials, to promote them as cinematic cities. Films were handed out between filmmakers present at
Cannes Festival. [22] Action was sponsored by the European Union. There are movie theaters in Lublin including Cinema City (multiplex), Cinema Bajka, Cinema Chatka
Żaka, and Cinema Medyk.
Theatres
There are many cultural organizations in Lublin, either municipal, governmental and/or non-governmental. Among the
popular venues are municipal theatres and playhouses such as:
Musical Theatre in Lublin - Teatr Muzyczny w Lublinie, opera, operetta, musical, ballet
Henryk Wieniawski Lublin Philharmonic - Filharmonia Lubelska
Juliusz Osterwa Theatrein Lublin - Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy w Lublinie]
Hans Christian Andersen Theatre - with puppet programmes for children
Fringe theatres:
Centrum Projekt Pracovnia Maat
Centrum Kultury w Lublinie
Ośrodek Praktyk Teatralnych – Gardzienice
Ośrodek „Brama Grodzka - Theatre NN”
Old Theatre in Lublin, opening night
Galleries
There are numerous art galleries in Lublin; some are run by private owners, and some are municipal, government, NGO, or associations' venues. The Labyrinth Gallery,
formerly "BWA", is the Artistic Exhibitions Ofice (Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych).
Old Town

Lublin, by some tourists can be called "a little Krakow", and this is true by the citizens sharing a number of Lesser Poland
traditions, historic architecture and a unique ambiance, especially in the Old Town. Catering to students, who account for
35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene [23] Lublin has many theatres and museums and a
professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic. [24][25][26][27] Old buildings, even ruins, create a magic and unique
atmosphere of the renaissance city. Lublin’s Old Town has cobbled streets and traditional architecture. Many venues around
Old Town enjoy an architecture applicable for restaurants, art galleries, and clubs. Apart from entertainment this area has
been designed to place small businesses and prestigious of fices. The Church of St. Josaphat was built in 1786.
Pubs and restaurants
Crown Tribunal in the Old Town
The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square is surrounded by burgher houses and winding lanes. [28][29][30] In the
Old Town and the immediate environs there are over 100 restaurants, cafes, pubs, clubs and other catering outlets, with cuisine of all kinds, ranging from haut cuisine to
takeaways
City of festivals
Lublin would like to be known as "the Capital of Festivals". [6] Every year a new festival appears. The most significant of them
include:
Karnawał Sztuk-Mistrzów - Carnival Arts-Masters.
Noc Kultury - Culture Night - usually the first Saturday night of June, hundreds of events in the whole city , cultural
manifestation of city's potential; admission is free. [31]
OpenCity Festival - outdoor performances festival, international artists and performers, make art installations in public
places in Lublin. [32]
Museum Night - like in whole world, Lublin's museums, are opened for visitors.
Jarmark Jagielloński - Jagiellonian Trades - every year, about 100k tourists, arrive in Lublin to feel a middle-age
atmosphere.
Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej - an annual students' holiday , usually celebrated for about three weeks between
May and June, students holiday in Lublin, are the longest in Poland.
Słowo daję - Festiwal Opowiadaczy - I give you my word. Storytellers Festival
A street fair in the Old Town
Rozstaje Europy - International Festival of Document Film
Mikołajki Folkowe - International Folk Music Festival("St. Nicholas Folk Day") - organized by the Maria
Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin.
Strefa Inne Brzmienia ("Different Sounds Area" International Music Festival , which connects Lublin and Lviv
citizens together.
Lublin. Miasto Poezji - Poetry Festival organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" and Polish
Literature Institute of Catholic University in Lublin.
Noc z Czechowiczem - A Night with Czechowicz- walking the trace, from "Poem about the City of Lublin"
written by Józef Czechowicz at first full moon at July, organized by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"
Najstarsze Pieśni Europy - The oldest songs of Europe- Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation.
Future Shorts - World Short Film Label
Międzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów Tańca - International Lublin Dance Festival
Lithuanian Square
Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje" - International Theatre Festival "Confrontations"
Festiwal Kultury Alternatywnej "ZdaErzenia" - Festival of Alternative Culture in Lublin
Sąsiedzi - Festiwal Teatrów Europy Środkowej - Neighbours - Central European Theatres Festival
Festiwal "Prowokacje" - Young Polish Fashion Creators Festival
Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje - Polish Students' Theatre Festival
Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka - International Folk Dance Festival
Lubelska Scena Rockowa - Lublin Rock Scene
Taniec Znaku - first in Poland Internet Theatre, project of Lublin Maat Theatre, [33]
Scena Młodych - Youth Scene, music festival
Zwierciadła - Mirrors - High School Theatres Revision
Zaduszki Jazzowe - Jazz All Souls' Day - it takes place in Dominican Order Monastery
Grand Hotel
"Invitro" Scena Prapremier -"Invitro" Pre-première Scene [34]
Solo życia - Classical Music Festival - creator of this festival is composer Mieczysław Jurecki
Letnia Strefa Muzyki - Summer Music Area - Young Polish musicians, promotion, on thesmall scene,
organizers: Akwarela Cafe and Lublins' President Council
European Capital of Culture
In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture. Lublin won
through to shortlisting and was considered a dark horse of that competition. Ultimately Wrocław was chosen.
Lublin is the city that symbolises European idea of integration, universal heritage of democracy and tolerance
and the idea of dialogue between the cultures of the West and East. Lublin is a unique place where the
cultures and religions meet. Here the East meets West, and the European Union meets Belarus and Ukraine.
It is the perfect place of cooperation for European artists living within and outside the European Union.
Lublin is a city open to artists, a place where unique initiatives and activities take place. Lublin means the
experience of hundreds of years of rich history and cultural heritage which constitutes endless source of
inspiration for new generations.
Lublin Town Hall

European Culture is not only modern museums and enormous festivals, but first of all people and their
activities, aims, aspirations, possibilities, potential and the desire for development. The development of
culture and being granted the title of European Capital of Culture is a chance for development of one the
poorest regions of the European Union." [35] — Adam Wasilewski, President of Lublin
Since 2007, there are special meetings, enter2016, which anyone could take part in. The city's Marketing Office have created a website: Lublin2016.eu, available in Polish,
English, Ukrainian, Spanish and Portuguese. Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.
Sports
Start Lublin – men's basketball team, 12th in Era Basket Liga in 2003–04 season.
MKS Lublin – women's handball team playing in Polish Ekstraklasa Women's Handball League: 2nd place in
2003–04 season: also a winner of Women's EHF Cup in season 2000-01.
Motor Lublin – professional football team competing in the Polish 3rd league (as of 2016).
Lublinianka – men's football team competing in the Polish 4th league (as of 2016).
Budowlani Lublin – a local rugby union team competing in the Polish, and surrounding district league.
Speed Car Motor Lublin– speedway club competing in the Polish league (first division).
LSKT – Lublin's Taekwon-do sport club.
Tytani Lublin – semi-professional American football team
Arena Lublin
Education
There are five public schools of higher education:
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University(UMCS)
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin(KUL)
Medical University of Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Politechnika Lubelska
Lublin is home to private higher education establishments.
University of Economics and Innovationin Lublin
Lubelska Szkoła Biznesu
Wyższa Szkoła Nauk Społecznych z siedzibą w Lublinie
Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Administracji
Vincent Pol University in Lublin
Faulty of Biotechnology, KUL
Politics
Members of Parliament elected from District 6 which consists of the City of Lublin. [36]
Joanna Mucha (43 459)
Włodzimierz Karpiński (10 260)
Wojciech Wilk (6 348)
Jakub Kulesza (15 058)
Elżbieta Kruk (43 432)
Gabriela Masłowska (23 287)
Sylwester Tułajew (17 289)
Artur Soboń (16 643)
Jarosław Stawiarski (15 807)
Krzysztof Michałkiewicz (15 806)
Lech Sprawka (15 713)
Krzysztof Głuchowski (9 924)
Krzysztof Szulowski (9 019)
Jerzy Bielecki (8 510)
Notable Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Lublin constituency:
Zyta Gilowska, PiS
Stanisław Głębocki, Samoobrona
Arkadiusz Kasznia, SLD-UP
Elżbieta Kruk, PiS
Grzegorz Kurczuk, SLD-UP
Robert Luśnia, LPR
Andrzej Mańka, PiS
Gabriela Masłowska, LPR
Krzysztof Michałkiewicz, PiS
Wiktor Osik, SLD-UP
Zdzisław Podkański, PSL
Tadeusz Polański, PSL

Izabella Sierakowska, SLD-UP
Zygmunt Jerzy Szymański, SLD-UP
Leszek Świętochowski, PSL
Marian Widz, Samoobrona
Józef Żywiec, Samoobrona
Members of the European Parliament elected from the Lublin constituency include Lena Kolarska-Bobińska.
International relations
Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural cities programme. [37]
Twin towns — sister cities
Lublin is twinned with: [38]
Alcalá de Henares, Spain [38]
Brest, Belarus [38][39]
Debrecen, Hungary [38]
Delmenhorst, Germany [38]
Erie, Pennsylvania, United States [38]
Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine [38][40]
Lancaster, United Kingdom [38] Lublin, Wisconsin, United States [38]
Luhansk, Ukraine [38]
Lutsk, Ukraine [38]
L'viv, Ukraine [38]
Münster, Germany [38][41]
Nancy, France [38]
Nykøbing Falster, Denmark [38]
Panevėžys, Lithuania [38] Pernik, Bulgaria [38]
Nilüfer, Turkey [38]
Rishon LeZion, Israel [38][42]
Starobilsk, Ukraine [38]
Sumy, Ukraine [38]
Tilburg, Netherlands [38]
Viseu, Portugal [38]
Windsor, Canada [38][43]
Gallery
Another characteristic building in
Lublin is the Royal Castle
Juliusz Osterwa Theatre Lublin Cathedral Interior of the Cathedral
Courtyard of the Dominican Abbey UMCS Botanical Gardens 14th-century Holy Trinity Chapel Frescoes inside the chapel
Grodzka Gate
A folk music concert during the
Lublin Graffiti Festival
Kozienalia, Lublin Days of Student
Jagiellonian Fair
Culture, beginning with a street
parade

440th anniversary of the Union of
Lublin
Arena Lublin Zemborzyce Lake DZT Honker produced in Lublin by
the DZT Tymińscy factory
The first part of a bypass road
around Lublin
Radio & TV tower in Lublin A trolleybus in the centre of the city Lublin Airport
Notable residents
Biernat z Lublina, (~1465-~1529) Polish poet, fabulist, translator and physician
Franciszka Arnsztajnowa(1865-1942), nee Meyerson, poet, playwright, translator
Jacek Bąk, Polish footballer and captain of Poland during World Cup 2006
Józef Czechowicz, (1903-1939), poet, writer, editor
Katarzyna Dolinska, contestant on Cycle 10 of America's Next Top Model, came in 5th place
Rabbi Jacob ben Ephraim (unknown-1648), "The Gaon Rabbi Jacob of Lublin"
Rabbi Joshua Falk (1555–1614), also known as Joshua ben Alexander HaCohen Falk
Rabbi Shneur Zalman Fradkin(1830-1902), "The Toras Chessed"
Rabbi Aryeh Tzvi Frumer (1884-1943), "The Kozhiglover Rav", Holocaust victim
Rafał Gan-Ganowicz (1932-2002), mercenary, journalist, and activist
Jacob Glatstein (1896–1971), literary critic
Alter Mojze Goldman (1909–1988), resistance fighter
Rabbi Zadok HaKohen Rabinowitz (1823-1900)
Kitty Hart-Moxon (1926-), Holocaust survivor
Rabbi Moses Isserles (1520-1572), "Rema"
Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812-1887), Polish writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, political activist, painter and author
Anna Langfus (1920-1966), nee Anna Szternfinkiel, writer , Prix de Goncourt winner in 1966
Felix Lembersky (1913-1970), artist, painter
Janusz Lewandowski(1951-), MEP, former minister of privatisation
Rabbi Solomon Luria (1510-1573), "The Maharshal"
Wincenty Pol (1807-1872), poet and geographer
Rabbi Jacob Pollak (1460-1541)
Stanisław Kostka Potocki(1755–1821), Polish nobleman, politician and writer
Rabbi Sholom Rokeach (1781-1855), "Sar Sholom", the first Belzer Rebbe
Yitzhak Sadeh (born Isaac Landsberg; 1890-1952), a founder of the Israel Defense Forces
Rabbi Shalom Shachna (unknown-1558)
Rabbi Meir Shapiro (1887-1933), "The Lubliner Rav"
Rabbi Joel Sirkis (1561-1640), also known as Joel ben Samuel Sirkis
Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880), violinist; born in Lublin
Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin (1745–1815), "The Seer of Lublin"
Rabbi Mordecai Yoffe (1530-1612), "The Levush"
Wladyslaw Zmuda, Polish footballer and four-time World Cup participant
Johann Hermann Zukertort, chess grand master
Henio Zytomirski (1933-1942), Holocaust victim
See also
Lublin Department (Polish: Departament Lubelski): a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland's Duchy of Warsaw, 1806–15
Lublin Holocaust Memorial
Old Jewish Cemetery, Lublin
Tourism in Poland
Union of Lublin (painting)
Missionary Church and Monastery, Lublin

References
1. "Interpelacja w sprawie mozliwosci i stanu realizacji postulatow"(http://bip.lublin.eu/radydzielnic/index.php?t=210&id=196894)(pdf) (in Polish).
Przewodniczago Rady Miasta Lublin. August 19, 2013.
2. "Local history - Information about the town - Lublin - Virtual Shtetl" (http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/lublin/3,local-history/?action=view). Retrieved
20 March 2017.
3. RP, Kancelaria Sejmu. "Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych"(http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20070860574).
4. Lublin, UM. "Why Lublin? / Lublin – investment destination / Investors / Business / Lublin City Of fice" (http://lublin.eu/en/business/investors/lublin--investm
ent-destination/why-lublin/). Retrieved 20 March 2017.
5. Lublin, UM. "Standard of living in Lublin / Lublin – investment destination / Investors / Business / Lublin City Of fice" (http://lublin.eu/en/business/investors/l
ublin--investment-destination/standard-of-living-in-lublin/) . Retrieved 20 March 2017.
6. Andrzej Rozwałka, Rafał Niedźwiadek, Marek Stasiak (2006). 'Origines Polonorum': Lublin wczesnośredniowieczny. The medieval urban complex of
Lublin. A study of its spatial development . TRIO / FNP. pp. 199–203. Summary translated by Philip Earl Steele(https://web.archive.org/web/20160225165
050/http://hellostudio.eu/polonorum/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Lublin_summary .pdf) (PDF).
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_06.2009.pdf) (PDF). Lublin City Council. 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original (http://www.lublin.eu/images/media/1246528127_informator_angielski_P
OPRAWKI_06.2009.pdf) (PDF) on 20 April 2015.
8. Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&pg=PA16&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=HS_3SZ2-NITyzQSUtaWtBQ)
9. Diemut Majer; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2003). "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in
Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 (https://books.google.com/books?id=w-IQu7nWQwQC&pg
=PA759). JHU Press. p. 759. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
10. Helena Ziemba neé Herszenborn; Irena Gewerc-Gottlieb (2001). "Ścieżki Pamięci, Żydowskie Miasto w Lublinie – Losy , Miejsca, Historia (Path of
Memory. Jewish Town in Lublin - Fate, Places, History)". 1. Mój Lublin Szczęśliwy i Nieszczęśliwy; 2. W Getcie i Kryjówce w Lublinie(http://biblioteka.teat
rnn.pl/dlibra/Content/20604/sciezki_pamieci_1.pdf)(PDF file, direct download 4.9 MB)(in Polish). Rishon LeZion, Israel; Lublin, Poland: Ośrodek "Brama
Grodzka - Teatr NN" & Towarzystwo Przyjaźni Polsko-Izraelskiej w Lublinie. pp. 24, 27, 29 , 30.
11. "Climatological Normals for Lublin, Poland"(http://climatebase.ru/station/12495/?lang=en) . Retrieved November 27, 2013.
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Paiz.gov.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
14. Marcin Bielesz (2007-09-27)."Lublin fetuje specjalną strefę ekonomiczną"(http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html) . Miasta.gazeta.pl.
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15. http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html , http://ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona
16. opracowali: tn, dil, msa, ms, jb, pr, wa (2007-01-01). "Taki był 2006 rok" (http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,36651,3823552.html) . Miasta.gazeta.pl. Retrieved
2009-05-05.
17. "Przegląd obiektów z emisjami"(http://emi.emitel.pl/EMITEL/obiekty.aspx?obiekt=DODR_E1L). Emi.emitel.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
18. "Lublin - Rozkład jazdy pociągów PKP, autobusów PKS oraz komunikacji miejskiej dla miasta Lublin"(http://www.rozklad.mortin.pl/lublin.html).
Rozklad.mortin.pl. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
19. "Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Lublinie"(http://www.ztm.lublin.eu/?sid=34&lng=en).
20. "Statystyki" (http://www.majdanek.com.pl/obozy/majdanek/pmm_statystyki.html). Frekwencja zwiedzających. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku. 2011.
Retrieved 2013-04-28.
21. "The Reader" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0976051/trivia). 30 January 2009 – via IMDb.
22. "Lublin, Lwów | miasto filmowe - Aktualności"(http://www.film.lublin.eu). Film.lublin.eu. 2008-04-08. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
23. "Lublin-Lubelski Serwis Informacyjny-lublin"(http://www.lsi.lublin.pl/de/deptak1.htm). Lsi.lublin.pl. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
24. http://www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070818090846/http://www.teatr-osterwy.lublin.pl/) 2007-08-18 at the Wayback
Machine.
25. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071108014338/http://www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.galeria.pl/no
minacja.htm) on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
26. Fortuna(grafika), Kamil Resztak(php) & Grzegorz. "Filharmonia im. H. Wieniawskiego w Lublinie, filharmonia lubelska, filharmonia w Lublinie, orkiestra
symfoniczna, koncerty, muzyka kameralna, zespoły :: Strona główna"(http://filharmonialubelska.pl/).
27. http://zamek-lublin.pl/index.php?l=pl&r=1
28. "Lubelski Serwis Informacyjny"(http://www.lsi.lublin.pl/stm/stmia.htm). Retrieved 20 March 2017.
29. Polska, Wirtualna. "Wirtualna Polska - Wszystko co ważne - www.wp.pl" (http://hucal-jacek.webpark.pl/galery_files/smiasto1.htm) .
30. "Lublin - Foto Galeria - Strona główna - Fotografie Lublina"(http://www.lublin-art.pl/thumbnails.php?album=14).
31. http://www.nockultury.pl
32. "Festiwal Otwarte Miasto"(http://www.opencity.pl).
33. "Theatre Maat" (http://di.com.pl/news/19616,1,0,Taniec_znaku_w_teatrze_internetowym_takze_mobilnie.html) . Di.com.pl. 2008-02-29. Retrieved
2010-10-03.
34. "TVP o Scenie InVitro" (http://ww6.tvp.pl/3173,20080105632771.strona) . Ww6.tvp.pl. 2010-09-29. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
35. "Why Lublin?" (http://kultura.lublin.eu/wiadomosci,1,2391,Dlaczego_Lublin.html?locale=pl_PL) . Kultura.lublin.eu. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
36. Skomra, Sławomir. "Nowi posłowie z Lubelszczyzny. To ich wysłaliśmy do Sejmu (ZDJĘCIA)"(http://www.kurierlubelski.pl/aktualnosci/art/9032032,nowi-p
oslowie-z-lubelszczyzny-to-ich-wyslalismy-do-sejmu-zdjecia,id,t.html) . Retrieved 20 March 2017.
37. Council of Europe (2011). "Intercultural city: Lublin, Poland"(http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/lublin_en.asp). coe.int. Retrieved
22 May 2011.

38. "Miasta Partnerskie Lublina"(https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171020/http://lublin.eu/Miasta_partnerskie_Lublina-1-443-3-413_436.html) [Lublin -
Partnership Cities] (in Polish). lublin.eu. Archived from the original (http://www.lublin.eu/Miasta_partnerskie_Lublina-1-443-3-413_436.html)on 2013-01-
16. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
39. Побратимские связи г. Бреста (https://web.archive.org/web/20090418161507/http://city .brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31)(in Russian).
City.brest.by. Archived from the original (http://city.brest.by/article_in.php?id=1464&tc=26&tc2=31) on 2009-04-18. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
40. Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська (http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/). mvk.if.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 March 2010.
41. "Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte"(https://web.archive.org/web/20130509134659/http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html).
Stadt Münster. Archived from the original (http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html)on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
42. "The Municipality of Lublin City"(https://web.archive.org/web/20090423004815/http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896) . Um.lublin.eu.
1992-10-01. Archived from the original (http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40896) on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
43. "Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities"(https://web.archive.org/web/20110720165658/http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909) . The
Municipality of Lublin City. Archived from the original (http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
External links
Lublin official website (in Polish)(in English)
Official site Lublin the City of Inspiration (English version)
Lublin Municipality oficial website (in Polish)(in English)
Lublin, Poland at JewishGen
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lublin&oldid=848203714"
This page was last edited on 30 June 2018, at 12:09(UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use
and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Coordinates: 38°03′N 23°48′E
Marousi
Marousi or Maroussi (Greek: Μαρούσι, also Αμαρούσιο
Amarousio) is a suburban city in the northeastern part of the Athens
agglomeration, Greece. Marousi dates back to the era of the ancient
Athenian Republic; its ancient name was Athmonon (Ἄθμονον) and it
represented one of the 10 Athenian sub-cities. The area held a main
ancient temple, where Amarysia Artemis, the goddess of hunting,
was adored, and the city's modern name derives from that of the
goddess, Amarysia, which denotes the origin of the worship back in
Amarynthos, Euboea.
Marousi
Μαρούσι
Contents
Geography
Economy
Education
Sports
Historical population
Twin cities
Notable people
Gallery
See also
References
External links
From top left:Kifisias avenue, Syntrivaniou
square, Neoclassical houses, The Square at the
Train Station
Geography
Marousi is situated 13 km (8 mi) northeast of Athens city centre. The
municipality has an area of 12.938 km 2 . [2] The built-up area of
Marousi is continuous with those of the neighbouring suburbs Pefki,
Kifisia, Vrilissia and Halandri. Within Marousi lies the biggest forest
in urban Athens, "Dasos Syngrou" (also "Alsos Syggrou"). The
Athens Olympic Sports Complex, the largest sports complex in
Greece, built for the 2004 Summer Olympics, is located in the
southwestern part of the municipality.
The main thoroughfare is Kifisias Avenue, which connects Marousi
with central Athens and the northern beltway Motorway 6. Marousi
has 3 stations on Athens Metro Line 1, and two suburban
(Proastiakos) commuter railway stations: Nerantziotissa station and
Kifisias railway station.
Marousi is also home to a number of prestigious public (Peiramatiko
Lyceum Anavryton) and private educational institutions.
Flag
Marousi
Location within the region
[show]

Economy
Marousi's favourable infrastructure (Motorway 6, Athens Metro,
Proastiakos suburban railroad) has led to strong economic growth.
The main offices of the Greek subsidiaries of several multinational
corporations, including Kodak, Bayer, Kimberly-Clark, Siemens,
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Microsoft and Nestlé, and the
ANT1 television studios are located in Marousi. The managing office
of Consolidated Contractors Company, a large Middle Eastern and
International EPC Contractor, is located in Marousi. The Mall
Athens, one of the largest shopping centres in southeastern Europe, is
situated in the southwestern part of Marousi.
Vivartia has its head office in Marousi. [3]
Google Athens is headquartered in Marousi. [4]
Education
The new building of Greek Ministry of Education is located in
Marousi, in the district Neratziotissa. In the same district is located
the School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, a Greek
university. The German School of Athens is also located in
Marousi. [5]
Sports
Maroussi is the place of Greek Olympic Sport Center. It is located in
the southwest of the suburb, in an area that is named Kalogreza.
Maroussi has also some sport gymnasium such as Dais Indoor Hall [6]
and Maroussi Indoor Hall [7] that are used by local teams. Local teams
are Maroussi B.C. with long-time presence in A1 Ethniki Basketball
Country
Administrative
region
Regional unit
Government
• Mayor
Coordinates: 38°03′N 23°48′E
Greece
Attica
North Athens
Giοrgos Patoulis (ND)
Area
• Municipality 12.938 km 2
Elevation
(4.995 sq mi)
230 m (750 ft)
Population (2011) [1]
• Municipality 72,333
• Municipality 5,600/km 2
density
(14,000/sq mi)
Time zone
• Summer (DST)
Postal code
151 xx
Area code(s) 21
Vehicle registration Z
Website
EET (UTC+2)
EEST (UTC+3)
www.maroussi.gr
and A.C. Doukas with many titles in Handball and Futsal. The Olympic Stadium is used as home stadium by famous clubs of Greek
football, currently by AEK and in the past by Panathinaikos and Olympiacos.
Sport clubs based in Maroussi
Club Founded Sports Achievements
Maroussi B.C. 1950 Basketball 2001 European cup in Basketball.
A.C. Doukas 1979
Basketball, Handball, Futsal and other
sports
Panhellenic titles in Handball and
Futsal
Niki Maroussi 1991 Basketball Presence in Beta National basketball
Triton Maroussi 1994 Water Polo Presence in A1 National women
Marousi 2004 1998 Baseball Panhellenic titles in baseball
Historical population

Year
Population
1981 48,150
1991 64,092
2001 69,470
2011 72,333
Twin cities
Marousi is twinned with the following cities:
Faenza, Italy
Niš, Serbia
Lakatamia, Cyprus
Notable people
Spiridon Louis (1873–1940), a Greek shepherd who won the first modern-day Marathon at
the 1896 Summer Olympics, thereby becoming a national hero
Prince Michael of Greece(1938–), also known as Michel de Grece, son of Prince Christopher
of Greece and grandson of King George I of the Hellenes. Prince Michael lived in Marousi
from his marriage to Marina Karella in 1965, since late 1970s.
Aimilia Tsoulfa, Golden Medalist in Sailing, Athens Olympic Games 2004
Aliki Vougiouklaki (1934–1996), movie star and singer who appeared in 42 movies, mostly
musicals
Vicky Kaya (1978–), fashion model and actress
Labis Livieratos, singer
Spiros Louis
Gallery

Sunset view of the OAKA
Complex.
Nerantziotissa station at
Marousi.
Agia
neighbourhood
Marousi
Filothei
at
Pindou Square
Mount Hymettus from
Marousi
See also
List of cities in Greece
References
1. "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός"(http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/12105
03/resident_population_census2011rev.xls) (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
2. "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)"(https://web.archive.org/web/2015092121204
7/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf)(PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of
Greece. Archived from the original (http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf)(PDF) on 2015-
09-21.
3. "Contact (http://www.vivartia.com/?page_id=2624&lang=en)" (Archive (https://www.webcitation.org/6Q7vCLHvW?url
=http://www.vivartia.com/?page_id%3D2624%26lang%3Den)). Vivartia. Retrieved on 6 June 2014. "VIVARTIA 10,
Ziridi str 15123 – MAROUSI" - Address in Greek (http://www.vivartia.com/?page_id=615)(Archive (https://www.webc
itation.org/6Q7w4clz1?url=http://www.vivartia.com/?page_id%3D615): "VIVARTIA ΣΥΜΜΕΤΟΧΩΝ Α.Ε. Ζηρίδη 10
15123 – ΜΑΡΟΥΣΙ-ΑΘΗΝΑ"
4. "Google locations (https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/)." Google. Retrieved on May 25, 2016.
"Google Athens 7 Fragoklissias St, 2nd floor Marousai Athens 151 25, Greece "
5. "Kontakt (http://www.dsathen.gr/de/kontakt)." German School of Athens. Retrieved on 17 January 2015. "Dimokritou
6 & Ziridi GR 151 23 Maroussi"
6. "Dais Indoor Hall" (http://sports.daiscenter.gr/gr/indoor-sports-hall). daiscenter.gr. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
7. "Κλειστό Αμαρουσίου" (http://www.stadia.gr/marousi/marousi-gr.html). stadia.gr. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
External links
Municipality of Amarousion

Peiramatiko Lyceum of Anavryta (Greek)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marousi&oldid=836238641 "
This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 14:47(UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Coordinates: 40°57′N 17°18′E
Monopoli
Monopoli (Italian: [moˈnɔːpoli]; Monopolitano: Menòpele [məˈnɔpələ]) is a
town and municipality in Italy, in the province of Bari and region of Apulia.
The town is roughly 156 square kilometres (60 sq mi) in area and lies on the
Adriatic Sea about 40 kilometres (25 miles) southeast of Bari. It has a
population of 49.246 (2014) [1] and is important mostly as an agricultural,
industrial and tourist centre.
Monopoli
Comune
Città di Monopoli
Contents
History
Geography
Overview
Frazioni
Demographics
Main sights
Sport
Notable residents
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
View of Monopoli from the city beach of
Cala Porta Vecchia
Coat of arms
History
Monopoli within the Province of Bari
Map of the fortifications of Monopoli
in the 16th century
Monopoli
The area was first settled in about 500 BC as a fortified Messapian city.
In order to improve communication with the East, between the years 108 and
110 AD, the Emperor Trajan ordered the construction of a Via Publica which
was named after him. Monopoli is the city in Apulia that has the longest

stretch of the Via Traiana. This is one of the most important Roman roads of
the Empire. In 2012 the city of Monopoli created an archeological park around
the remains of this ancient road. The difference between this new road and the
Appian Way was the shorter distance between Benevento and Brindisi. The
Appian Way started in Rome, reaching Benevento and continuing on to
Taranto, and from there the road continued to Brindisi, from which port people
could take ship for Greece, the Orient and the Balkans. The Via Traiana,
which followed an older route, began in Benevento and crossing the flat
tableland up to Canosa continued on to Ruvo, where a fork in the road led in
two different directions. The inland road went to Modugno, Ceglie del Campo,
Capurso, Rutigliano and Conversano, while the coastal road went to Bari,
Polignano, and Monopoli. These two roads joined again at Egnazia, from
where the road continued to Brindisi. This road which Emperor Trajan had
constructed became the route of choice to reach Brindisi because it was shorter
than the Appian Way. It was travelled by military troops, merchants, slaves,
pilgrims and, after the fall of Rome, even by hordes of barbarians. There is
another important road on the other side of the Adriatic Sea which seems to be
the continuation of this road. It is called the Egnazia Way and starts in
Dyrrachium (Durazzo), in Albania, crossing a mountainous area to reach
Thessaloniki (Salonica) and continuing on to Constantinople (Istanbul).
After the destruction of Gnathia by the Ostrogoth king Totila in 545, its
inhabitants fled to Monopoli, from which it derives its name as "only city". In
the following centuries the area would be controlled by the Byzantines,
Normans and Hohenstaufen, and was a starting point for naval Crusades
expeditions, living in that period the peak of its splendour. Later it was a fief
under Angevine and Aragonese feudal lords.
In 1484 the city came under Venetian control and saw an economic upswing as
a seaport on the Adriatic Sea as a base between Bari and Brindisi, as well as
through trading its own agricultural goods. It was frequently attacked by
Muslim pirates in the following decades. These continuous threats forced
Monopoli to build strong fortifications which allowed them in 1529 to resist
against the Armada of Charles V for three months, forcing the Spaniards to
abandon the siege. However, the next year, Monopoli passed under Spanish
rule, but remained a free city.
Location of Monopoli in Italy
Coordinates: 40°57′N 17°18′E
Country Italy
Region Apulia
Metropolitan Bari (BA)
city
Frazioni
Government
• Mayor
See list
Emilio Romani
(Popolo delle
Libertà)
Area
• Total 157.89 km 2
(60.96 sq mi)
Elevation
9 m (30 ft)
Population (31-12-2014) [1]
• Total 49,246
• Density 310/km 2
Demonym(s)
Time zone
• Summer (DST)
(810/sq mi)
Postal code 70043
Dialing code 080
Monopolitani
CET (UTC+1)
CEST (UTC+2)
Patron saint Madonna della
Madia
Saint day December 16
Website
Official website
It became part of the newly unified state Kingdom of Italy in 1860.
The city, lying in the south of Italy Mezzogiorno, enjoyed a certain economic
development during the 1960s, thanks to the opening of a Tognana (an
important Italian ceramic manufacturer) industrial plant. The closure of this
plant in the end of the 1990s certainly worsened the city's economy;
Monopoli's economic recovery in the latest year has mostly been due to new
industries (the most important is the MerMec, which produces railway
material) and the development of tourism, especially in the coast and the
countryside.
Old port
Geography

Overview
Located in the south-eastern corner of its province, near the borders with the
one of Brindisi, and by the Adriatic Coast, Monopoli borders with the
municipalities of Alberobello, Castellana Grotte, Fasano (BR) and Polignano a
Mare. [2] The town is 15 km from Fasano, 33 from Martina Franca, 44 from
Bari, 64 from Taranto and 75 from Brindisi.
Frazioni
The territory outside the walled city counts 99 hamlets (frazioni) and localities
named contrade. Some of them, which merged with the urbanized area of the
town, were suppressed and became outer wards. The others are mostly rural
localities, mainly composed by some scattered farmhouses.
The 99 contrade are: Antonelli, Aratico, Arenazza, Assunta, aione, Balice,
Barcato, Bellocchio, Belvedere, Cacaveccia, Capitolo, Cardillo, Carmanna,
Carluccio, Carrassa, Casale, Cavallerizza, Cervarulo, Chianchizza, Chiesa dei
Morti, Ciminiera, Ciporelli, Conchia, Corvino, Cozzana, Cristo Cozzana,
Cristo delle Zolle, Cristo Re, Due Torri, Gorgofreddo, Gravina, Grotta
dell'Acqua, Guadiano, Guidano, Impalata, Laghezza, Lama di Macina,
Lamalunga, Lamammolilla, Lamantia, Lamarossa, Lamascrasciola, Losciale,
Macchia di Casa, Macchia di Monte, Mazzone, Monte Scopa, Moredifame,
Mozzo, Nispole, Padresergio, Pagliericci, Pantano (inurbata), Parco di Tuccio,
Paretano, Passarello, Passionisti (inurbata), Peroscia, Petrarolo, Piangevino,
Pilone, Romanelli, Samato, Sant' Andrea, Sant' Antonio d'Ascula, San
Bartolomeo, San Francesco da Paola, San Gerardo, San Luca, San Lucia, San
Nicola, Sant' Oceano, Sant' Oronzo, Santo Stefano, Santa Teresa, San
Vincenzo, Scarciglia, Sicarico, Sorba, Spina, Stomazzelli, Tavanello,
Terranova, Tormento, Torichiano, Torre d'Orta, Torricella, Tortorella, Vagone,
Virbo, Zampogna, Zecca and Zingarello.
Demographics
The Charles V castle behind the
cannons of the bastion S.Maria
Cannons of The Charles V castle
Castle/Abbey of St. Stephen
Rock church of St. George

Bastione Santa Maria
Main sights
Castle of Charles V. Finished in 1525, it has a pentagonal plan. It is located on a promontory which was originally
separated from the medieval city. It was restored and enlarged in the 17th century. Starting from the early 19th
century, it was used as a jail, a status it kept until 1969. It is currently the seat of art exhibition and cultural events.
Coastal castle of St. Stephen, built by the Norman lord Godfrey of Conversano in 1086. It was subsequently turned
into a Benedictine monastery.
Jerusalem Hospital, founded in 1350 by the Hospitaller
Monopoli Cathedral -18th century, minor basilica
Palazzo Palmieri (18th century)
Monte San Nicola (Mount St.Nicholas) faunal reserve. The reserve, lying on the summit of hill, 290 metres (950 ft)
high in the Murge plateau, is important for the presence of some endemic plants.
Sport
The local football club is the S.S. Monopoli 1966. Its home ground is the Stadio Vito Simone Veneziani.
Notable residents
Giorgio Lapazaya (ca. 1495 – ca.1570), mathematician and musician
Giacomo Insanguine (1728–95), composer
Domenico Morgante (1956), musicologist, organist and harpsichordist
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
Monopoli is twinned with:
Lyss, Switzerland [3]
Romania Lugoj, Romania

See also
Albania Vlorë, Albania
Monopoli railway station
References
1. (in Italian) Source (http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2014gen/index.html) : Istat 2014
2. 40804 (https://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/40804)Monopoli on OpenStreetMap
3. Conseil des Communes et Regions d'Europe(http://www.asccre.ch/N193/berne-bern-berna/?M=216) Archived (http
s://archive.is/20120722095847/http://www.asccre.ch/N193/berne-bern-berna/?M=216)2012-07-22 at Archive.is (in
French) accessed 27 April 2011
Bibliography
Francesco Antonio Glianes, Monopoli nel Medioevo e nel Rinascimento, Schena Editore.
L. Finamore Pepe, Monopoli e la Monarchia delle Puglie, Monopoli, 1897.
Sebastiano Lillo, Monopoli sintesi storico geografica, Grafiche Colucci Monopoli, 1976.
Stefano Carbonara, Monopoli nel Secondo Novecento, Schena Editore.
Domenico Cofano, Monopoli nell'età del Rinascimento, Biblioteca Comunale Prospero Rendella.
Giuseppe Andreassi, Mare d'Egnazia, Schena Editore.
Domenico Capitanio, Il sistema difensivo e la città, Monopoli nel suo passato vol.5, Comune di Monopoli,
Grafischena s.r.l., Fasano. 1992.
External links
(in Italian) Monopoli official website
(in Italian) Office of tourism of Monopoli
(in Italian) Meteo and city webcam of Monopoli
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monopoli&oldid=840563196 "
This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 17:49(UTC).
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Coordinates: 45°26′N 13°31′E
Umag
Umag (Croatian pronunciation: [ûmaɡ]; Italian: Umago) is a coastal city in Istria,
Croatia. The city hosts a yearly ATP tennis tournament on clay courts.
Contents
Umag
City
City of Umag
Grad Umag – Città di Umago [1]
Geography
Population
History
Economy
Sport
Towns and villages in municipality
References
External links
Umag town center
Geography
It is the westernmost city of Croatia, and the municipality includes Bašanija,
the westernmost point of Croatia.
Flag
Population
Umag has a population of 7,769 (2001), for a total municipal population of
13,064 (2001). Like many other towns in Istria, Umag has a multi-ethnic
population. Croats comprise an absolute majority with 59.6%; Italians 18.3%,
Serbs 3.8%, Slovenes 2.2%, Bosniaks 1.7%, Albanians 1.3% and those
regionally declared (as Istrians) make up the final 1.57%.
[2]
Umag
History
Location of Umag within Croatia
Coordinates: 45°26′N 13°31′E
Country Croatia
County Istria
Mayor House
Government
• Mayor
Area
• Total
Vili Bassanese
(SDP)
87 km 2 (34 sq mi)
Umag was mentioned for the first time in the 7th century by an anonymous
citizen from Ravenna, but already existed in Roman times. Proof of that is
found in the numerous remains of Roman retreats, the so-called villa rustica
Elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population (2001)
• Total 13,467
• Density 150/km 2

Northern waterfront
uncovered all along the coast.
The town's history is closely
linked to the settlement of
Sipar whose ruins can be
found on the narrow cape, six
kilometres north of Umag. In
the 9th century, the fortified
Time zone
• Summer (DST)
(400/sq mi)
Postal code 52 470
Area code(s) 052
Website
CET (UTC+1)
CEST (UTC+2)
grad-umag.hr
settlement of Sipar was devastated by invaders, the Neretva pirates. However, after
this unfortunate incident Umag grew in significance thanks also to its location, a
small islet separated from the mainland with a narrow channel. It was actually this
location that safeguarded the settlement from the continuous invasions throughout
the centuries. The Roman period of relative prosperity was substituted by one of insecurity caused primarily by frequent invasions,
outbreaks of plague, cholera, and malaria. The number of its dwellers declined rapidly. Umag became part of the reigns of Odoacer,
Theodoric, and was also ruled by the Langobards.
From the 6th to the 8th centuries it fell under Byzantine dominion, followed by the rule of the Lombards in 751 and Francs in 774.
The period to come was marked by insecurity and frequent changes of government from the Patriarchs of Grado and Aquileia to the
Bishops of Trieste. However, the increasingly powerful Venetian Republic imposed its rule over Istria, forcing Umag and other
western Istrian towns to swear loyalty to Venice. Actually, in 1269, the Commune of Umag promised loyalty to Venice which from
that time all through 1797 was to appoint governors of Umag from among its nobility . This period was by no means a peaceful one.
Century old clashes with Genoa brought about more destruction and looting. In 1370 the Genovese navy attacked Umag, destroying
the town's archive. The outbreaks of plague that decimated the dwellers forced the Venetian authorities to consider colonising the area
with new settlers, mainly from the territories threatened by Turkish invasions. The harbour of Umag was utilised for loading
agricultural surplus from the hinterland. Up to the collapse of Venice Umag had lived like other Istrian towns. Its communal
arrangement was guaranteed in the Statute from 1541.
With the fall of the Venetian Republic, Umag, like the entire eastern Adriatic coast, came under the rule of France until 1815 when it
passed over to Austria until 1918. With the end of World War I Istria became part of Italy. After World War II, the flaring up of the
Trieste crises resulted in the establishment of the Free Territory of Trieste, while Umag became part of Zone B governed by the
Yugoslav Army, and eventually became part of SR Croatia within SFR Yugoslavia in 1954. After Umag became part of Yugoslavia,
there was an exodus of many Italians from the city, who until then constituted the majority of its population.
In 1993 with the establishment of the new local rule Umag became an independent municipality (općina), and in 1997 was awarded
the status of town or city (grad).
Economy
The natural features of the area have considerably influenced the development of the
economy as a whole. The geographical location of Umag, in particular, has ensured
an intensive and dynamic growth of the tourist industry after World War II, which
has been expanding rapidly ever since. The closeness of big west European markets
and the rise in standard of East European countries have both accounted for the
expansion of this economic branch which is tightly linked to other economic
resources in the region the most significant being agriculture. The best fertile soil
and the vast arable land in the area have fostered the production of traditional
Mediterranean crops present in the region for thousands of years, with particular
emphasis on olive growing and wine growing.
Croatia Open stadium Stella Maris

The latter accounts for a successful winemaking industry and the emer ging in recent years of a number of highly renowned local wine
makers that can be traced in the wine chart of Istria. Linked with agriculture is the rapidly expanding tourist branch agro-tourism
which has not only enriched the tourist offer but is also committed to preserving the old-world values of the region. Apart from that,
mention must be made of the "Podravka" food factory in Umag where huge quantities of tomatoes are processed. In fact, the food
industry started in Umag in the early 20th century with the opening of the "Arrigoni" plant for packing fish and tomatoes and the
building of a flour mill, the predecessor of today's bakery and biscuit factory .
Today new factories have grown up in two industrial zones (Ungarija and Kravlji rt), which are provided with the necessary
infrastructure continuously rebuilt and enlarged. The economic growth of Umag is based on the stimulation and support of small and
medium- sized firms and the establishment of business zones. For this purpose, the town authorities have set apart 355,200.00 kuna
for the program aimed at stimulating the growth of agriculture and businesses for the year 2002. Besides, Umag is the founding
member of the "Istarska razvojna agencija" IDA (Istrian Development Agency), with its seat in Pula.
Sport
Umag hosts a 250-level ATP men's tennis tournament in July. [3]
Towns and villages in municipality
The list of town and villages in the municipality. [4]
Babići / Babici
Bašanija / Bassania
Crveni Vrh / Monterosso
Čepljani / Ceppiani
Đuba / Giubba
Finida / Finida
Juricani / Giurizzani
Katoro / Cattoro
Kmeti / Metti
Križine / Cresine
Lovrečica / San Lorenzo
Materada / Matterada
Monterol / Monterol
Murine / Morino
Petrovija / Petrovia
Savudrija / Salvore
Seget / Seghetto
Sveta Marija na Krasu / Madonna del Carso
Umag / Umago
Valica / Valizza
Vardica / Vardizza
Vilanija / Villania
Zambratija / Zambrattia
Historical population
of Umag–Umago
Year Pop. ±%
1880 4,536 —
1890 5,071 +11.8%
1900 5,689 +12.2%
1910 6,548 +15.1%
1921 6,858 +4.7%
1931 7,704 +12.3%
1948 7,103 −7.8%
1953 6,896 −2.9%
1961 7,554 +9.5%
1971 8,160 +8.0%
1981 9,936 +21.8%
1991 12,348 +24.3%
2001 12,901 +4.5%
2011 13,467 +4.4%
Source: Naselja i stanovništvo
Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS,
Zagreb, 2005
References
1. The official site (http://www.grad-umag.hr/index.html), see also the statute in Croatian (http://www.grad-umag.hr/pdf/s
tatut-hr.pdf) and Italian (http://www.grad-umag.hr/pdf/statut-it.pdf)language.
2. Population by ethnicity, census 2001 (http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/Census2001/Popis/E01_02_02/E01_02_02_z
up18.html)
3. Tournament article on the ATP site (http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/tournaments/umag.aspx)

4. Names defined in the municipal statute in Croatian (http://www.grad-umag.hr/pdf/statut-hr.pdf) and italian (http://ww
w.grad-umag.hr/pdf/statut-it.pdf)language, see also the narodne-novine list (http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzb
eni/dodatni/129139.htm)(ref. to [1] (http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/127788.html) )
External links
Umag travel guide from Wikivoyage
Umag official site
Official Tourist Board Umag
Map of Umag
First portal of Umag
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umag&oldid=848110555"
This page was last edited on 29 June 2018, at 21:04(UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.