Introduction - Ministério do Meio Ambiente

Introduction 

The vegetation is one of the most important biota components, 

since its conservation and connectivity status defines the existence of 

habitats for species, the maintenance of ecosystem services, or even 

the provision of goods that are essential for the survival of human 

communities. Sound knowledge on the current status of the vegetation 

cover in Brazil is therefore fundamental to establish environmental 

public policies in the country, such as the identification of conservation 

opportunities, the sustainable use of Brazilian biodiversity, and benefitsharing. 

However, the only large-scale vegetation mapping initiative covering 

the entire Brazilian territory (1:250,000 working scale; 1:1,000,000 

publication scale) was conducted between 1970 and 1985 by 

RadamBrasil Project, based on radar images and extensive field work. 

Considering individual Brazilian biomes, only the Amazon and parts of 

the Atlantic Forest are subject to permanent programs for monitoring 

changes in vegetation cover, starting at the end of the 1980’s and 

based on the interpretation of Landsat satellite images. 

Due to changes in the occupation pattern of the Brazilian territory, 

primarily motivated by the strong inland focus of the last three decades, 

the RadamBrasil vegetation maps no longer reflected reality. To fill this 

knowledge gap, and to broaden existing knowledge on the Brazilian 

biomes already subject to vegetation monitoring, the Ministry of the 

Environment (MMA), through the Conservation and Sustainable Use 

of the Brazilian Biological Diversity Project (PROBIO), launched two 

public bids in 2004 for the selection of subprojects to map the country’s 

vegetation cover according to the biome limits defined by the Brazilian 

Biomes Map (IBGE, 2004). 

The six selected subprojects – one for each of the Brazilian continental 

biomes – had the objectives of mapping vegetation cover, diagnosing 

mapping initiatives, and filling existing knowledge gaps on this subject. 

Vegetation was mapped based on Landsat images generated primarily 

during 2002, provided to subprojects by MMA. 

The mapping methodology was defined by the executing institutions, 

and varied according to the particularities of each biome. The technical 

mapping and label standards for all subprojects were defined with the 

fundamental technical support provided by the Brazilian Institute of 

Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Some of these standards are: 1) 

minimum mapping unit (UMM) of 40 to 100 ha, considering a 1:250,000 

final scale; 2) verifiable digital data compatible, at least, with the 

1:100,000 scale; 3) classification accuracy (thematic accuracy) with 

a minimum threshold of 85% correct; 4) output shape-files with

topologic consistency (no overlapping polygons, no space between 

polygons, no zero-area polygons, no loops in arches, no polygon without 

classification, etc.); 5) classification of vegetation types according to 

the IBGE technical manual on vegetation. 

It is important to note that, according to MMA determination, areas 

with predominant native vegetation, even if presenting a certain 

degree of human use, were accounted for and mapped as a native 

vegetation type. On the other hand, areas converted to planted 

pastures, agricultural crops, forest plantation, mining activities, urban 

occupation, and other similar uses in which the native vegetation 

is no longer dominant, were accounted for and classified as human 

use areas. Another important basic criterion defined by MMA is that 

secondary vegetation in advanced development stage was accounted 

for and mapped as native vegetation. 

The following outputs were produced by the mapping subprojects: 

• Final Maps with the cutout of IBGE 1:250,000 charts of the 

Brazilian territory. Format: paper (A0 size); electronic (SHP and PDF 

files). 

• Database with thematic bases in shape-files corresponding to 

the IBGE/DSG charts at the 1:250,000 scale. Format: electronic (SHP 

file). 

• Image charts of the chosen biome with the cutout of IBGE 

1:250,000 charts. Format: electronic (GEOTIFF and PDF files). 

• Summary map. Format: paper (A0 size); electronic (SHP file). 

• Technical Report, according to specific standard. 

The Ministry of the Environment has the pleasure of making available 

to the interested public the results of the subprojects on the vegetation 

mapping of the Brazilian biomes. These results may be consulted and 

downloaded through the Brazilian Biodiversity Portal – PortalBio/MMA, 

at the following address: www.mma.gov.br/portalbio.

Amazon Biome 

Executing institution: Spatial Sciences, 

Applications and Technology Foundation – 

FUNCATE. 

The Amazon is the largest Brazilian biome, 

encompassing an area of 4,196,943 km 2 in Brazil 

(IBGE, 2004). This inventory of the native vegetation 

types and human occupation of the biome was 

conducted through the interpretation of 198 Landsat 

images (58% from 2002) in a geo-referenced database, using Spring 

software. An image interpretation key was developed, where land 

use and vegetation types were associated to the images’ photointerpretation 

characteristics. Additionally, a videography was made in 

2005, obtaining thousands of lateral images and photographs. These 

latter were incorporated to the database and used to resolve difficulties 

in image interpretation. 

The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed and electronic 

index map, which includes the major existing mapping efforts for the 

biome; 2) consolidated database containing the obtained thematic and 

cartographic data; 3) 261 image charts at 1:250,000 cutout and one 

image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale (Figure 1), 

all in electronic format; 4) 261 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 

scale, and one chart of the final vegetation mosaic (Figure 2) at the 

1:5,000,000 scale, all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report. 

Precision of this mapping effort was calculated by comparing it to the 

mapping conducted by the Amazon Vigilance System (SIVAM – Brazil), 

obtaining a precision index of 92.65%. 

The predominant vegetation in the Amazon is the Broadleaf Evergreen 

Forest, which occupies 41.67% of the biome. Approximately 12.47% 

of the Brazilian Amazon were altered by human activities, of which 

2.97% are currently recovering (secondary vegetation) and 9.50% are 

under agricultural or livestock activities. All land cover classes obtained 

under this study were grouped in the following categories: Native 

Forest Vegetation; Native Non-Forest Vegetation (Pioneer Formations, 

Ecological Refuges, Bush and Grass-Woody Campinaranas, Park and 

Grass-Woody Savanna, Steppe Park Savanna, and Steppe Grass- 

Woody Savanna), Human Use Areas, Secondary Vegetation, and Water 

(Table 1).

Figure 1. One of the 261 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale generated 

for the Amazon biome.

Results were also presented by political-administrative units of the 

Amazonian States. The percentage of remaining unaltered forests in 

each Brazilian Amazonian State varies widely, from 23.82% in Maranhão 

State to 92.84% in Amazonas State. 

Table 1. Characterization of the Amazon biome by Grouped 

Phyto-ecological Region. 

Grouped Phyto-ecological Region Area (km 2 ) % 

Native Forest Vegetation 3,416,391.23 80.76 

Native Non-Forest Vegetation 178,821.18 4.23 

Human Use Areas 401,855.83 9.50 

Secondary Vegetation 125,635.01 2.97 

Water 107,787.52 2.55 

Total 4,230,490.77 100.00 

Figure 2: (A) Image mosaic of the Brazilian Amazon. (B) Final mosaic 

generated by the Brazilian Amazon vegetation mapping effort. 

Results obtained by this mapping effort are compatible to those 

published by the National Spatial Research Institute (INPE) as part 

of the Amazon Deforestation Estimate Project (PRODES), which 

inventoried the deforested areas of broadleaf evergreen forest in the 

Brazilian Legal Amazon in 2002. 

Small differences between the results of both efforts are related 

to methodological differences. For example, PRODES has the Legal 

Amazon 1 as reference area, an area approximately 825,000 km 2 larger 

than the Amazon biome. In addition, PRODES aimed at mapping human 

use over forested phyto-physiognomies, while the present effort had 

the objective of mapping human use and vegetation cover regardless 

of phyto-physiognomy, thus also mapping human use present in nonforest 

phyto-physiognomies. Another important difference is the fact 

that PRODES does not include mapping of secondary vegetation, which 

was included in the present effort. 

1 The Legal Amazon is an administrative area comprised by the following Brazilian States: Acre, 

Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and parts of Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Maranhão.

Pantanal Biome 

Executing institutions: Embrapa Agricultural and 

Livestock Informatics, Embrapa Beef Livestock, 

National Spatial Research Institute – INPE, and 

Pantanal Environment Institute – IMAP/SEMA - 

MS. 

Within Brazil, the Pantanal covers an estimated 

area of 150,355 km 2 (IBGE, 2004). A total of 16 

Landsat images, all generated in 2002, were used to map the biome’s 

vegetation. The preparation of the vegetation cover charts at a 

1:250,000 scale followed these methodological procedures: gathering 

of existing materials; data systematization; field work; inclusion of 

the maps in the geo-referenced database; and preparation of the final 

report. SPRING software was used to structure the geo-referenced 

database. Field work included eight field trips, most of which counted 

with a field team comprised of three botanists and two geo-technology 

experts. The classification and characterization of mapped phytophysiognomies 

were developed based on floristic, structural, and 

environmental composition data obtained during field work. Field work 

was thus fundamental to verify questionable information on the limits 

of vegetation classes in draft maps, allowing the necessary adjustments 

and corrections for consolidating the map on current vegetation cover. 


index map at the 1:1,000,000 scale, containing the previous mapping 

efforts for the Pantanal biome; 2) ArcMAP database; 3) 20 image 

charts at the 1:250,000 cutout and one image chart of the final mosaic 

at the 1:1,000,000 scale (Figure 3); 4) 20 vegetation charts at the 

1:250,000 scale, all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report. 

Data obtained by this sub-project indicate that the Pantanal biome 

is still mostly conserved (based on 2002 data), with 86.77% of native 

vegetation cover, against 11.54% of human use areas (Table 2). 

The forest phyto-physiognomies (Seasonal Semideciduous Forest and 

Seasonal Deciduous Forest) represent 5.07% of the biome area, while 

non-forest phyto-physiognomies (Savanna [Cerrado], Steppe Savanna 

[Chaco], Pioneer Formations, and Ecological Transition Areas or

Vegetation Contact Areas [Ecotones and Enclaves]) represent 81.70% 

of the Pantanal area. The Savanna (Cerrado) is predominant in 52.60% 

of the biome, followed by Ecological Transition Areas, which occur in 

17.60% of the area. Concerning human use areas, it was observed 

that agriculture is not a significant activity in the biome (0.26%), 

being replaced by extensive cattle ranching on planted pastures, which 

represent 10.92% of the biome area and occupy 94.68% of the human 

use area. 

Table 2. Characterization of the Pantanal biome by Grouped 



Native Forest Vegetation 7,662.00 5.07 



Water 2,557.30 1.69 

Total 151,186.20 100.00 

Some differences observed between this mapping effort and the 

one conducted under the Conservation Plan of the Upper Paraguai 

River Watershed – PCBAP (Pott et al., 1997) should be noted. Some 

areas mapped by PCBAP as 

belonging to the Cerrado 

Phyto-ecological Region were 

mapped here as Chaco in the 

Nabileque sub-region; areas 

mapped as Chaco (Td) by 

PCBAP were mapped here as 

ecotones between Deciduous 

Forest and Chaco in the 

Porto Murtinho sub-region; 

in constantly flooded areas, 

Pioneer Vegetation areas 

were mapped here where 

PCBAP mapped Grasslands 

and Woody Cerrado; and, due 

to flooding, pioneer species 

penetrated other phytoecological 

regions, mapped 

in this effort as ecotones. 

This mapping refinement was 

possible because the present 

project obtained a larger 

amount of field data. 

Figure 3. Image chart of the final mosaic 

of the Pantanal biome in 2002.

Cerrado Biome 

Executing institutions: Embrapa Cerrados, 

Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Federal 

University of Goiás – UFG, and Research and 

Agribusiness Support Foundation – FAGRO. 

The Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil, 

covering an area estimated as 2,036,448 km 2 within the 

national territory (IBGE, 2004). A total of 114 Landsat 

images were analyzed, all from 2002, and most of which were obtained 

in the months of August, September and October, corresponding to 

the dry season. Due to cloud cover problems, analysis of 33% of the 

images required the combination of two images of the same area, 

obtained in different months. SPRING software was used to process 

image segmentation, and the segments were converted to shape-files. 

Each segment was visually associated to a land cover class on the 

computer screen, by overlapping the image cutout with the vectorial 

segmentation map, using a mapping scale of approximately 1:50,000. 

Polygons smaller than 40 ha were combined to the largest adjacent 

class. 

To minimize eventual mapping errors, images taken at multiple times 

by the Terra/MODIS sensor, as well as contour lines of the biome, and 

field work, were also applied in the analyses. Field verifications of the 

southern portion of the biome were conducted in two field expeditions 

with average duration of seven days each. Six shorter expeditions (1 

to 3 days) were conducted in the northern portion of the biome, to the 

agricultural regions of Barreiras (Bahia State), PAD (Federal District), 

and to the region surrounding the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park 

(Cavalcante, Goiás State), where native vegetation is predominant. 

Cultivated pastures were segregated from native pastures through 

visual analysis of images, where cultivated pastures present a more 

regular geometric pattern than native ones, and through municipal 

data obtained by the IBGE Agricultural and Ranching Census. Despite 

being seven years old, the Agricultural and Ranching Census is the only 

official set of data discriminating cultivated from native pastures at a 

scale compatible with the effort of mapping the Cerrado. 

The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed and 

electronic index map of the major existing mapping efforts for the 


cartographic data; 3) 172 image charts at the 1:250,000 cutout and 

one image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in 

electronic format; 4) 172 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, 

and one chart of the final vegetation mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, 

all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report.

Results obtained by this sub-project indicate that the Cerrado area 

covered by the various phyto-physiognomies of native vegetation 

represents 60.42% of the biome in Brazil (Figure 4), according to 2002 

data. The predominant Phyto-ecological Region is the Woody Savanna, 

corresponding to 20.42% of the Cerrado, followed by Park Savanna, 

which covers 15.81% of the biome. The area covered by the various 

forest phyto-physiognomies encompasses 36.73% of the biome, while 

the non-forest area covers 23.68% of the biome. The remaining area 

(38.98%) corresponds to human use areas, where cultivated pasture 

is the predominant category (26.45% of the biome), and to water 

(0.60%) (Table 3). 

Table 3. Characterization of the Cerrado biome by Grouped 






Water 12,383.88 0.60 

Total 2,047,146.35 100.00 

Results from this mapping exercise showed a larger percentage of 

Cerrado native vegetation cover than previous studies. This difference 

is primarily explained by the inclusion, in this mapping effort, of 

approximately 28 million hectares of native pastures in the native 

vegetation category. If this area was accounted as human use area, 

as in previous studies, the 

percentage of area covered 

with native vegetation 

obtained in this effort would 

be reduced to 46.74%. 

This difference can also be 

explained by differences 

in spatial resolution of the 

satellites generating the used 

data. The study conducted by 

Conservation International 

(Machado et al., 2004), for 

instance, was based on the 

analysis of satellite images 

with a spatial resolution of 1 

km, much coarser than the 

30-meter resolution of the 

Landsat satellite images used 

in this mapping effort. 

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of areas 

occupied by native vegetation (green), 

human use areas (pink), and water (blue) in 

the Cerrado biome.

Caatinga Biome 

Executing institutions State University of 

Feira de Santana - UEFS, Plantas do Nordeste 

Association – APNE, Embrapa Soils, Embrapa 

Semi-arid, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, 

Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, 

Rural Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, 

Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB, Bahia 

Environmental Resources Center – CRA, and 

Bahia State Secretariat of Environment and Water 

Resources - SEMARH. 

The Caatinga is the only Brazilian biome entirely within the national 

territory, covering an area of 844,453 km 2 (IBGE, 2004). A total of 

54 Landsat images (all generated in 2002) were processed to map 

the biome’s vegetation. The following activities were executed: 1) 

Inventory of the mapping initiatives for the biome; 2) Electronic 

processing of satellite images; 3) Validation of interpretation and 

classifications; 4) Data integration; 5) Vectorization and editing of 

the final cartographic products. The maps result from computerassisted 

image classification and geo-processing of electronic land 

models produced by NASA. Preliminary results were validated by field 

teams composed by experts on flora, phyto-physiognomy, and phytosociology 

characterization, who inspected areas selected by probability 

criteria to provide a representativeness level compatible with the 

mapping scale. The following final outputs were generated: 1) printed 

and electronic index map of the major existing mapping efforts for the 



one image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all in 

electronic format; 4) 48 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, and 

one chart of the final vegetation mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 scale, all 

in printed and electronic format; 5) final report.

Results obtained by this mapping effort indicate that the Caatinga 

presents an area of 518,635 km 2 covered with native vegetation, 

which corresponds to 62.69% of the mapped biome (Figure 5). 

This estimate includes the following phyto-physiognomies: Caatinga 

(Steppe Savanna according to the adopted classification, 35.90%), 

enclaves of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest phyto-physiognomies possible 

to map (8.43%), as well as ecological transition areas (ecotones and 

enclaves not possible to map, 18%). These calculations considered all 

well-preserved areas larger than 40 ha and those with signs of human 

activity, but which present, according to the project team’s evaluation, 

significant chances of regenerating or possibility of co-existence with 

low-impact interventions. 

Table 4. Characterization of the Caatinga Biome by Grouped 






Water 7,817.00 0.95 

Total 825,750.00 100.00 

In 1990, UNDP/FAO/IBAMA quantified native vegetation in four 

States as 41.5%, compared 

to approximately 65% in 1984 

(RadamBrasil data). RadamBrasil 

was concluded in 1985, but the 

project’s data were collected 

throughout two decades. Therefore, 

this number reflects changes over a 

longer period, instead of a sudden 

reduction of the vegetation cover. 

The trend obtained with these 

estimates indicates a rate of 500,000 

ha per year for loss of vegetation 

cover in the biome. Compared to 

trends found in previous mapping 

efforts, which indicate an estimated 

projected vegetation cover of 30% 

to 34%, the present results were 

considered compatible, suggesting a 

small decrease in the deforestation 

rate for the biome. However, 

these numbers may also represent Figure 5. Vegetation cover map of 

methodological differences in the the Caatinga biome. 

quantification of native vegetation 

cover.

Atlantic Forest Biome 

Executing institutions: Geosciences Institute 

of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, 

Geography Department of the Fluminense Federal 

University – UFF, and Socio-environmental Studies 

Institute of the South of Bahia – IESB. 

The Atlantic Forest covers an area of 1,110,182 

km 2 in Brazil (IBGE, 2004). A total of 96 images were 

processed to map its vegetation cover, 72% of which were generated 

between 2001 and 2003. Despite this flexible image generation period, 

it was impossible to obtain a complete biome cover free of cloud 

influence, especially for the northeastern region. The team chose to 

use 90 Landsat images and, for mapping the northeastern region, one 

SPOT 4 (2004) and 5 CCD/CBERS (2005) additional images were used, 

all with a 20 m spatial resolution. Field work involved 7 to 8-day ground 

expeditions with teams of 3 to 4 people, dividing the biome in 12 areas. 

Travel routes were selected to cover the broadest geomorphological 

diversity and to approach the main differentiated spectral response 

standards. Sampling followed a stratified random approach, with 

an average collection of 1,000 points per area. Analyzed images 

were segmented with eCognition software. Supervised classification 

preferably used fuzzy modeling with the assistance of target spectral 

behavior analysis (defined by training areas obtained in the field) 

to group similar objects. The electronic classification was submitted 

to a visual editing process (based on field data, secondary data and 

image interpretation), followed by manipulation with spatial analysis 

integration function. The following final outputs were generated: 1) 

printed and electronic index map of the major existing mapping efforts 

for the biome; 2) consolidated database containing the obtained 

thematic and cartographic data; 3) 86 image charts at the 1:250,000 

cutout and one image chart of the final mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 

scale, all in electronic format; 4) 86 vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 

scale, and one chart of the final vegetation mosaic at the 1:5,000,000 

scale, all in printed and electronic format; 5) final report. Observation 

points obtained during field work and not consulted for the classification 

process were used to validate the final product. Considering the entire 

biome, the mapping effort obtained a precision index of 86.39%. 

The total area covered by native vegetation in the biome was 

calculated as 26.97%, of which 21.80% are composed by distinct forest 

physiognomies (Table 5, Figure 6). The Broadleaf Evergreen Forests 

(9.10%) are the main forest component of the biome, followed by 

Seasonal Semideciduous Forests (5.18%). The worst scenario belongs

to the Open Broadleaf Forests (with palm trees), which are almost 

extinct today (0.25% of the biome). Among the enclaves, the Grass- 

Woody Steppes (Pampas) are the most representative physiognomy in 

the biome (2.69% of the biome). 

Table 5. Characterization of the Atlantic Forest biome by 

Grouped Phyto-ecological Region. 




Pioneer Formations 14,051.26 1.33 


Water 15,364.13 1.45 

Unclassified 6,650.15 0.63 

Total 1,059,027.85 100.00 

Results found by this mapping effort differ from the numbers 

presented in the Atlas of the Atlantic Forest Remnants (Fundação SOS 

Mata Atlântica, 2002), being significantly greater. However, comparisons 

between these two studies should be regarded with caution, considering 

that: 1) there are differences concerning the biome limits adopted by 

each study (Brazilian Biomes Map – IBGE, 2004, versus limits of the 

Atlantic Forest domain defined in the IBGE Vegetation Map, 1993); 2) 

mapping scales are different (medium detail: 1:250,000 and macro 

detail: 1:50,000), being therefore necessary to verify if data sources 

used (image resolution) comply with the final analysis scale; 3) the 

present study includes non-forest phyto-physiognomies and all types of 

pioneer formations (including alluvial communities and sandy strips); 

4) Dense, Open, and Mixed 

Broadleaf Forest, and Seasonal 

Deciduous and Semideciduous 

Forest were included among 

forest formations. Also 

differently from the Atlas, 

the Woody Savannas, Woody 

Steppe Savannas, and all 

Areas of Ecological Transition 

were considered as forests; 

5) totals obtained include 

secondary vegetation in 

advanced development stage, 

as established by MMA. 

Figure 6. Vegetation cover map of the Atlantic Forest biome (Southeast 

Region).

Pampas Biome 

Executing institutions: Federal University 

of Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Support 

Foundation of the Federal University of Rio 

Grande do Sul – FAURGS, Embrapa Temperate 

Climate, and Embrapa Livestock South. 

The Pampas biome comprises the grasslands of 

Missions and of the southern portion of Rio Grande do 

Sul State, covering an approximate area of 176,496 km 2 ( I B G E , 

2004). For mapping the Pampas vegetation 22 Landsat images were 

used, all generated in 2002. A mosaic was formed with the images 

to produce a single file for the entire biome. For interpretation, this 

mosaic was divided into 23 image charts based on systematic mapping 

at the 1:250,000 scale. For each map window, two false-color images 

were generated, using bands 3, 4 and 5. Soil cover classes were 

obtained through visual on-screen interpretation, with the assistance 

of CartaLinx software. Areas covered with Pampas original vegetation 

were identified on the colored composites enlarged on-screen to the 

1:50,000 scale. Each classification was verified on the ground by eight 

field expeditions with an average duration of four days, covering the 

various physiognomies of the Pampas. Image interpretation sought 

to identify categories indicating a forest or grassland physiognomic 

domain, or indicating the degree of human pressure on the specific 

vegetation formation. Both the grassland and forest formations 

present some degree of alteration in comparison to their original 

characteristics. Alteration degree was used as a criterion to decide if a 

given vegetation cover should be classified as native vegetation. 


index map, which includes the major existing mapping efforts for the 



one image chart of the final mosaic, all in electronic format; 4) 23 

vegetation charts at the 1:250,000 scale, and one chart of the final 

vegetation mosaic (Figure 7), all in printed and electronic format; 5) 

final report.

This mapping of the Pampas biome vegetation cover identified three 

types of vegetation formation: Grasslands, Forests and Transition Areas. 

A total of 41.32% of the Pampas biome present native vegetation cover, 

while 48.70% are modified by human use (Table 6). 

Table 6. Characterization of the Pampas Biome by Grouped 




Native Grassland Vegetation 41,054.61 23.03 

Native Vegetation - Transition 23,004.08 12.91 


Water 17,804.57 9.98 

Total 178,243.01 100.00 

Figure 7. Final mosaic of the 

Pampas biome vegetation mapping. 

References 

Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica & Instituto 

Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – 

INPE. 2002. Atlas dos Remanescentes 

Florestais da Mata Atlântica: período 

1995-2000. Relatório Final. 

IBGE. 2004. Mapa de Biomas do Brasil, 

primeira aproximação. Rio de Janeiro: 

IBGE. Acessível em www.ibge.gov.br. 

Machado, R. B., M. B. Ramos Neto, P. G. P. 

Pereira, E. F. Caldas, D. A. Gonçalves, 

N. S. Santos, K. Tabor, & M. Steininger. 

2004. Estimativas de perda da área do 

Cerrado brasileiro. Brasília: Conservação 

Internacional. 23p. Acessível em 

www.conservation.org.br/arquivos/ 

RelatDesmatamCerrado.pdf. 

Pott, A., J. S. V. Silva, M. M. Abdon, V. J. 

Pott, L. M. Rodrigues, S. M. Salis & G. 

G. Hatschbach. 1997. Vegetação. In: 

PLANO DE CONSERVAÇÃO DA BACIA 

DO ALTO PARAGUAI – PCBAP/Projeto 

Pantanal. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 

dos Recursos Hídricos e da Amazônia 

Legal - Subcomponente Pantanal. 

Diagnóstico dos meios físico e biótico. 

Brasília: MMA/SEMAM/PNMA. 194p

Introduction - Ministério do Meio Ambiente

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