gom1

More documents

Recommendations

Info

38 Positive interactions and insights FIGURE 2: PIPELINE FOR ENDOPHYTE DISCOVERY AND APPLICATION The fungal endophytes of crop wild relatives are relatively poorly studied and may hold the potential to provide benefits to crops. A pipeline approach can help to accelerate the discovery of useful endophytes. Endophytic fungi are isolated from crop wild relatives, cultured in vitro for identification and later scaled up for seed-coating and field trials. [Adapted from [38] ] Crop wild relative Isolation of endophytes by surface sterilisation and culture of roots/shoots/seeds Identification and selection of promising endophytes (glasshouse trials, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics) Scaling up for production Field trials Coating seeds with spores RESPONSE TO GLOBAL CHANGE In the face of global environmental change, endophytes and mycorrhizas can act as useful tools in helping plants to respond to stresses such as increased temperature and drought. For example, interaction with these fungi can result in increased tolerance to drought and salinity [16,47–49] . A metaanalysis of 434 studies has demonstrated that the presence of endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi can enhance plant biomass under drought conditions [50] by either decreasing water consumption or by increasing water absorption and mobilising water from deeper layers of soil (in the case of mycorrhizas) [51,52] . An innovative study has shown that plants inoculated with liverworts harbouring mycorrhizal fungi can cope better with the effects of flooding [53] . Environmental stress trials are demonstrating that endophytes may also be useful ameliorators of the effects of heat and drought stress for some crops; including grasses, wheat, sweetcorn, cotton and mung bean [45,54] . Advances in mycorrhizal and endophyte agricultural applications therefore have the potential to translate into improved food security, environmental sustainability and increased production revenues. As global change continues to affect ecosystems and agricultural systems worldwide, the beneficial interactions of plant–fungal symbioses provide resilience and the opportunity to survive and adapt. SYMBIOTIC FUNGI HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY
Positive plant–fungal interactions 39 BOX 2: ORCHID MYCORRHIZAS Orchids, representing around 7% of plant species, are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for germination and survival. Orchid seeds lack food reserves, so they rely on orchid mycorrhizal fungi for both carbon and nutrients during germination and early development [59–61] . The orchid mycorrhizal fungi (see Table 1 and Box 1) also support further growth and successful orchid establishment [62–64] . Orchids are more threatened than any other flowering plant family. Culturing and identifying orchid mycorrhizal fungi is therefore critical, to augment populations in the wild. This involves the use of mycorrhizal fungi to germinate orchid seeds and produce seedlings that can be reintroduced into the wild [64,65] . BOX 3: RESTORATION OF HEATHLANDS Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (see Table 1 and Box 1) colonise the root cortical cells of Ericaceae (e.g. heathers, blueberries, cranberries) and extend into the soil, unlocking nutrients for their host plants in exchange for sugars. They are diverse, globally distributed and play a major role in carbon and nutrient cycling in ecosystems with harsh soil environments, such as heathlands, tundra and boreal forests [56] . Heathlands, where nitrogen and phosphorus are extremely limited, are habitats of global conservation importance. By associating with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi in these challenging environments, ericaceous plants can access organic forms of nitrogen, allowing them to bypass competition for inorganic nitrogen [57] . Recent research demonstrated a nutritionally mutualistic symbiosis between a non-vascular plant (a liverwort) and an ericoid mycorrhizal fungus [58] , opening up the possibility of using mycorrhizal fungi hosted by non-vascular plants in threatened lowland heathland restoration to facilitate heather growth and resilience [53] .
Page 1: State of the World’s Fungi 2018
Page 4 and 5: 2 Introduction to State of the Worl
Page 6 and 7: 4 Describing the world’s fungi De
Page 8 and 9: 6 Describing the world’s fungi TH
Page 10 and 11: 8 Describing the world’s fungi My
Page 12 and 13: 10 Describing the world’s fungi S
Page 14 and 15: 12 Describing the world’s fungi F
Page 16 and 17: 14 Describing the world’s fungi H
Page 18 and 19: 16 Describing the world’s fungi 2
Page 20 and 21: 18 Describing the world’s fungi N
Page 22 and 23: 20 Describing the world’s fungi C
Page 24 and 25: 22 Describing the world’s fungi L
Page 26 and 27: 24 Positive interactions and insigh
Page 58 and 59: 56 State Challenges of the World’
Page 60 and 61: 58 Challenges FUNGI AND PLANT-FUNGA
Page 62 and 63: 60 Challenges FIGURE 2: FACTORS AFF
Page 64 and 65: 62 Challenges Climate change: Funga
Page 66 and 67: 64 Challenges Given the important r
Page 68 and 69: 66 Challenges OBSERVING HOW FUNGI R
Page 70 and 71: 68 Challenges FIGURE 2: POTENTIAL O
Page 72 and 73: 70 Challenges Conservation OF FUNGI
Page 74 and 75: 72 Challenges THERE IS A STRIKING T
Page 76 and 77: 74 Challenges FIGURE 2: COUNTRIES W
Page 78 and 79: 76 Challenges BOX 4: ONLY ONE GLOBA
Page 80 and 81: 78 Contributors and references Cont
Page 82 and 83: 80 Contributors and references Tibp
Page 84 and 85: 82 Contributors and references 5. P
Page 86 and 87: 84 Contributors and references (201
Page 88 and 89: 86 Contributors and references reve
Page 90 and 91:
88 Acknowledgements Acknowledgement
Page 92:
The staff and trustees of the Royal
show all

gom1

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?