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76 Challenges BOX 4: ONLY ONE GLOBALLY THREATENED MUSHROOM SPECIES? NOT ANY MORE Natural populations of animals, fungi and plants face similar threats. Nonetheless, between 2006 and 2015 a relative of the cultivated oyster mushroom, white ferula mushroom (Pleurotus nebrodensis subsp. nebrodensis), was the only non-lichenised fungus to be included on the global IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [8,58] . It was originally listed as a species, P. nebrodensis, but since its reclassification as a subspecies it is no longer included in the IUCN species totals. Fortunately, the misleading conservation message that there was only one globally threatened mushroom species is now being addressed and corrected (see Box 3). A total of 56 species of non-lichenised and lichenised fungi have been evaluated and 43 are currently listed by the IUCN as threatened. A global effort is underway to rapidly increase the number of species evaluated to ensure threatened species are listed and afforded appropriate protection.
Conservation Invasive species of fungi 77 BOX 5: CHILEAN MYCOLOGY, CONSERVATION AND THE LAW In 2010, fungi were incorporated into Chile’s Environmental Law (N o .19,300, General Bases of the Environment, 1994) such that the Ministry of Environment must ensure fungi are classified in a national inventory using scientific and IUCN Red-Listing criteria. In addition, regulations must be developed to design management, conservation and recovery plans for species under threat. In late 2013, the Environmental Impact Assessment System Regulation came into effect, which ruled that fungi be included in both environmental impact assessments and declarations in all terrestrial ecosystems. In effect, every terrestrial project seeking an environmental permit must include fungal baseline studies and analyse the threats posed to the species found. This was partly possible because of The Fungi Foundation – a Chilean non-governmental organisation (NGO) working exclusively for the conservation, research, and promotion of fungi – who took it upon themselves to trigger, defend and develop the legal inclusion. This is already resulting in increasing numbers of mycologists and taxonomists being employed in Chile to satisfy demand. Loyo (Butyriboletus loyo) is a highly esteemed wild edible mushroom associated with southern beech (Nothofagus spp.) in the temperate southern rainforests of Chile. It is of cultural importance to the Mapuche people but is now nationally assessed as Endangered and under threat from habitat loss and overharvesting.
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State of the World’s Fungi 2018
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4 Describing the world’s fungi De
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20 Describing the world’s fungi C
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24 Positive interactions and insigh
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Page 74 and 75: 72 Challenges THERE IS A STRIKING T
Page 76 and 77: 74 Challenges FIGURE 2: COUNTRIES W
Page 80 and 81: 78 Contributors and references Cont
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Page 90 and 91: 88 Acknowledgements Acknowledgement
Page 92: The staff and trustees of the Royal
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