Article - Energy and environmental potential of solid waste in Brazil, Năng lượng và môi trường tiềm năng của chất thải rắn ở Brazil (Vietsub)

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F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502 3501 Brazil is occupying the third position between countries with the largest annual reductions of the emissions of greenhouse effect gases. Also Brazil occupies the third world wide position with a reduction of 6% of the total world reduction amounting to 46,800 t CO 2e /year. The first position is for China with 52% or 395,820 t CO 2e /year while India occupies the second position with a reduction of 19% amounting to 141,984 t CO 2e /year (MCT (Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia), 2009). As far as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Brazil is the third country in terms of the number of registered projects after China and India. Until 2012, it is expected that Brazil can contribute with a reduction of 322 million t of CO 2 . In this context, Brazil can offer an important contribution in mitigation of gases of the greenhouse effect. With the negotiation for the second period, the called ‘‘after 2012’’, apparently the CDM will continue to occupy an important role in the international effort to minimize the global heating of the planet (MCT, 2009). Brazil has both the climate conditions and the technologies necessary to occupy a leading position in emission reduction and carbon capture. To achieve this, it is necessary to avoid large scale forest devastation and burning, promote reforesting and optimize the energy consumption. 4.4. Socioeconomic aspects of recycling in Brazil Generally the waste separation is done according to the type of recyclable and then submitted to some amelioration processes to increase its selling value such as pressing and baling and packing to facilitate handling, storing and transport. The prices are mostly dictated by the buyers or by the interested companies. To calculate the financial gains from selling the recyclables, the authors had to use the prices practiced in 2005, since these prices suffered marginal variations. In 2005 the average price per ton of recyclables mix in Campinas is estimated as R$ 312.5 or (US$ 177.40). This value was the result of price investigation among the cooperative units operating in Campinas. In a recent contact with these cooperative units they confirmed the same price/t of mix within a margin of 10%. The estimated financial gain is only from 1.96% of the potential of recyclables generated in Campinas. Considering that the commercial value per ton of recyclables mix in February 2010 did not change much from its value in 2005, and correcting the waste collector salary to the reference value of the minimum national salary of R$ 500 or (US$ 283.85) the quantity of useful recyclables necessary to guarantee the new adjusted salary, must not be less than 1.6 t/month. The cooperative waste collectors received a salary for their work which amounts to R$ 500 corrected according to the official index. Considering the potential of all available recyclables in Campinas, the funds generated from its selling are divided by R$ 500 to determine the number of waste collectors who can be benefitted. A similar calculation is done for the case of Brazil. The Brazilian government instituted a program with socioeconomic objectives to try to alleviate the misery and poverty of the population and include them in an emergency way into the society. This program is called ‘‘Family Grant’’ and is dedicated for the poor families with kids matriculated in public schools, with the explicit objective of eliminating the infantile labor (used by poor families as an instrument to increase the family income). The value of the government ‘‘Family Grant’’ is R$ 200. The authors tried to illustrate the potential of using the funds from selling the recyclables to generate additional Family Grants and attend more poor families. The funds from selling the recyclables in Campinas are divided by R$ 200 to determine the number of additional Family Grants. The same is done in the case of Brazil. In the present work, the authors addressed this point to show that selective collection and recycling can be used to increase the Table 4 Evaluation of the socioeconomic potential of recycling. Description Campinas Brazil Financial gain from selling recyclables 87,188 31,772,813 (R$/month) a Number of included workers with a salary 174 64,000 of R$ 500 b Financial gain potentially available from 2,517,656 366,796,875 selling recyclables (R$/month) Maximum number of socially included 5035 733,594 waste collectors Maximum number of equivalent PTC, (R$ 200) 12,588 1,833,984 a Considering an average value of R$ 312.50/t of commercialized recyclables. b Minimum national salary. number of Family Grants and hence the number of families benefitted, as in Table 4. If all the potential of the recyclables in Campinas and in Brazil is reutilized, the estimated revenue obtained from selling the recyclables, could be used to benefit about 1.3% of the population in Campinas and in the case of Brazil the potential could benefit 0.95% of the population in Brazil each receiving a salary equivalent to a ‘‘Family Grant’’ or US$ 113.54/month. In Brazil, in 2010, about 15.7 millions families were inscribed in program ‘‘Family Grant’’, of this total about 12.4 millions families were benefitted (Brasil, 2010). 5. Conclusions From the discussion and analysis of the results and information presented in this study, it is possible to make some comments and recommendations: 1. It is found that the landfill gas or biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of organic municipal solid waste collected from the households of the nearly 160 million Brazilians living in urban areas can constitute a power supply of the order of 42 MW. 2. Comparing the generated power from the landfill gas to the energy consumed by a Brazilian middle class family, one can find that the 42 MW corresponds to the consumption of 120,000 households or about 480,000 inhabitants. 3. It is important to mention that the solid waste deposited in landfills without treatment Impacts on the public health due to the proliferation of disease vectors, generation of bad odors, contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater. 4. The anaerobic degradation of the organic matter to produce biogas alleviate the ambient from the CO 2 and CH 4 (the major contributors to the greenhouse effect) emissions otherwise liberated to the atmosphere. 5. Additionally another important contribution to reduce the emissions is the recycling of the urban solid waste which is the focus of the present study. Considering the fact that fossil based energy utilization produces CO 2 emissions, the return of the recyclable solid waste (paper, cardboard, plastic, glass and metal) to the production sector as a substitute of raw material reduces the energy and raw material consumption and hence alleviates CO 2 emission problem. 6. The quantity of economized energy due to recycling in Brazil can avail to the carbon market about 62,887.66 CER which can be converted to funds for financing pro ambient projects and for intensification of selective collection and recycling activities.
3502 F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502 7. With reference to the energy aspect of recycling, the amount of recyclables collected and deposited in landfills in Brazil amounts to 286 GJ/month enough for the consumption of 318,000 families or 1.2 million inhabitants. 8. If all the potential of generated recyclables is used, the quantity of energy generated corresponds to more than half the installed capacity of Itaipu, the biggest hydroelectric power plant in Brazil, or the equivalent of energy consumption of 12,963,416 residences or 47,575,739 inhabitants. 9. If all the potential of the recyclables in Brazil is reutilized, the estimated revenue obtained from selling the recyclables could be converted to 1.833 million ‘‘Family Grants’’ of US$ 113.54/month. 10. Actually the amount of recyclables reused is relatively small, and hence an intensive campaign directed to the population, together with a small tax reduction as an incentive for selective collection adherence can contribute to possible massive adhesion which eventually benefits the state, the population and the environment. 11. This paper is based upon official data from IBGE, Municipality reports, well accepted data from the literature, Hekkert et al. (2000a, b) and McDougall et al. (2001) and collected data from the cooperative units. The analysis shows the dimensions of the energy, ambient and socioeconomic potential of the residential waste. Brazil faces two major problems, poverty and generated solid waste. Hence, the major contribution of this study is the demonstration of how to create alternative mechanisms and present possible solutions to these two problems by creating funds to allow for more social inclusion on one hand and alleviate the solid waste problem by generating and economizing energy, reduce ambient and health impacts on the other hand. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the CNPQ for the doctorate scholarship for the first author and the PQ Research Grant for the second author. References ABNT, Associac- ~ao Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, 2004. NBR-1004. Resíduos Sólidos: Coletânea de Normas. Rio de Janeiro. Brasil. Brasil, 2010. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate a Fome. Programa Bolsa Família. Relatórios e Estatísticas. Available in /http://www.mds.gov.br/ programabolsafamiliaS. Brito Filho, L.F., 2005. Estudo de Gases em Aterros. Casos: Nova Iguac-u eTerraBrava Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Dissertac- ~ao de Mestrado. Brasil, RJ. Cetesb,CompanhiaAmbientaldoEstadodeS~ao Paulo, 2001. Inventário Brasileiro de Gás Metano gerado por Resíduos. Available in /http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.brS. EPA, 2005. Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM). Research Triangle Park. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available in /http://www.epa.gov/ landfillsS. Gómez, M.F., Silveira, S., 2010. Rural electrification of the Brazilian amazon—achievements and lessons. Energy Policy 38, 6251–6260. González-Torre, P.L., Adenso-Díaz, B., Ruiz-Torres, A., 2003. Some comparative factors regarding recycling collection systems in regions of the USA and Europe. Journal of Environmental Management 69, 129–138. Hekkert, M.P., et al., 2000a. Reduction of CO 2 emissions by improved management of material and product use: the case of primary packaging. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 29, 33–64. Hekkert, M.P., Joosten, L.A.J., Worrell, E., 2000b. 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Article - Energy and environmental potential of solid waste in Brazil, Năng lượng và môi trường tiềm năng của chất thải rắn ở Brazil (Vietsub)

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