De-Industrialization

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The northern cities experienced changes that followed the end of the war, with the onset of the outward migration of residents to newer suburban communities, and the declining role of manufacturing in the American economy. Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs in tradeable goods has been an important issue in the region. One source has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements. Anti-globalization groups argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries such as China which pegs its currency to the dollar and has much lower prevailing wages, forcing domestic wages to drift downward. Some economists are concerned that long-run effects of high trade deficits and outsourcing are a cause of economic problems in the U.S. with high external debt (amount owed to foreign lenders) and a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position (NIIP) (−24% of GDP). Some economists contend that the U.S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt. On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand. Since the 1960s, the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements have been less favorable to U.S. workers. Imported goods such as steel cost much less to produce in Third World countries with cheap foreign labor (see steel crisis). Beginning with the recession of 1970–71, a new pattern of deindustrializing economy emerged. Competitive devaluation combined with each successive downturn saw traditional U.S. manufacturing workers experiencing lay-offs. In general, in the Factory Belt employment in the manufacturing sector declined by 32.9% between 1969 and 1996. Wealth-producing primary and secondary sector jobs such as those in manufacturing and computer software were often replaced by much-lower-paying wealth-consuming jobs such as those in retail and government in the service sector when the economy recovered. A gradual expansion of the U.S. trade deficit with China began in 1985. In the ensuing years the U.S. developed a massive trade deficit with the East Asian nations of China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. As a result, the traditional manufacturing workers in the region have experienced economic upheaval. This effect has devastated government budgets across the U.S. and increased corporate borrowing to fund retiree benefits. Some economists believe that GDP and employment can be dragged down by large long-run trade deficits. A March 3, 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial claimed that, while Ohio lost 10,000 jobs in the past decade, Texas created 1.6 million new jobs. The editorial stated, "Ohio's most crippling handicap may be that its politicians—and thus its employers—are still in Page 30 of 112
the grip of such industrial unions as the United Auto Workers." A September 13, 2008 opinion column by Phil Gramm and Mike Solon stated, "Yes, Michigan lost 83,000 auto manufacturing jobs during the past decade and a half, but more than 91,000 new auto manufacturing jobs sprung up in Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia and Texas." Outcomes Francis Fukuyama considers the social and cultural consequences of deindustrialization and manufacturing decline that turned a former thriving Factory Belt into a Rust Belt as a part of a bigger transitional trend that he called the Great Disruption: "People associate the information age with the advent of the Internet, in the 1990s but the shift from the industrial era started more than a generation earlier, with the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt in the United States and comparable movements away from manufacturing in other industrialized countries. … The decline is readily measurable in statistics on crime, fatherless children, broken trust, reduced opportunities for and outcomes from education, and the like". Problems associated with the Rust Belt persist even today, particularly around the eastern Great Lakes states, and many once-booming manufacturing metropolises dramatically slowed down. From 1970 to 2006, Cleveland, Detroit, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh lost about 45% of their population and median household incomes fell: in Cleveland and Detroit by about 30 percent, in Buffalo by 20 percent, and Pittsburgh by 10 percent. It seemed that during the mid-1990s in several Rust Belt metro areas the negative growth was suspended as indicated by major statistical indicators: unemployment, wages, population change. However, during the first decade of the 21st century, a negative trend persisted: Detroit lost 25.7% of its population; Gary, Indiana – 22%; Youngstown, Ohio – 18.9%; Flint, Michigan – 18.7%; and Cleveland, Ohio – 14.5%. A steel plant in Bethlehem, PA. Though the blast furnaces themselves remain intact, part of the property was sold in 2007 and turned into the Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem. The Huber Breaker (in Ashley, Pennsylvania) was one of the largest anthracite coal breakers in North America. It was built in the 1930s; it closed in the 1970s. 2000–2016 Population Change In Rust Belt Cities City Population change 2016 population 2000 population Detroit, Michigan −29.3% 672,795 951,270 Gary, Indiana −25.6% 76,424 102,746 Flint, Michigan −22.1% 97,386 124,943 Youngstown, Ohio −21.6% 64,312 82,026 Saginaw, Michigan −20.7% 48,984 61,799 Page 31 of 112
Page 1 and 2: The e-Advocate Monthly …a Compila
Page 3 and 4: The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. Helpi
Page 5 and 6: Dedication ______ Every publication
Page 7 and 8: The Transformative Justice Project
Page 9 and 10: The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. Helpi
Page 11 and 12: Biblical Authority ______ Proverbs
Page 13 and 14: Table of Contents …a compilation
Page 15 and 16: I. Introduction De-Industrializatio
Page 17 and 18: Institutional arrangements have als
Page 19 and 20: General Explanation During deindust
Page 21 and 22: enormously. In the European Union,
Page 23 and 24: this too reflects the changing patt
Page 25 and 26: and the standardized nature of the
Page 27 and 28: II. The American Rust Belt The Rust
Page 29: Railroad in 1834, and the consolida
Page 33 and 34: evitalization. Among the successful
Page 35 and 36: III. Post-Industrial Society In soc
Page 37 and 38: The increasing importance of knowle
Page 39 and 40: emnants from its industrial history
Page 41 and 42: IV. Urban Decay Urban Decay (also k
Page 43 and 44: Historically in the United States,
Page 45 and 46: suburbs of Paris and areas like Vau
Page 47 and 48: V. Dutch Disease In economics, the
Page 49 and 50: sector. Because that economy had sm
Page 51 and 52: manufacturing sector from the early
Page 53 and 54: VI. The Resource Curse The Resource
Page 55 and 56: influenced the domestic economics o
Page 57 and 58: elatively high-wage employment in t
Page 59 and 60: Arabia, Iraq, Libya, Algeria. (Data
Page 61 and 62: Corrupt members of national governm
Page 63 and 64: Foreign Aid There is an argument in
Page 65 and 66: VII. Balance of Trade The Balance o
Page 67 and 68: more raw materials than they produc
Page 69 and 70: one another, this [absurd] doctrine
Page 71 and 72: imported into France, and was found
Page 73 and 74: imports are greater than exports, i
Page 75 and 76: VIII. Shrinking Cities in The U.S.
Page 77 and 78: IX. Re-Industrialization Reindustri
Page 79 and 80: X. References 1. https://en.wikiped
Page 81 and 82:
Notes _____________________________
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Attachment A Deindustrialization an
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1986 Dein
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1986 Dein
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1986 * De
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1986 9 De
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW June 1986 a De
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JARGONALERT Balance of Trade BY JES
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Attachment C The Re-Industrializati
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10 Journal of Public and Internatio
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Advocacy Foundation Publishers The
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XVI for Drug-Free Communities Landm
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Vol. VIII 2022 ComeUnity ReEngineer
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Vol. XV 2029 Inner-Cities Revitaliz
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The e-Advocate Monthly Review 2018
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The e-Advocate Quarterly Special Ed
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Legal Missions International Page 1
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Vol. V 2019 XVII Russia Q-1 2019 XV
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The e-Advocate Newsletter Genesis o
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Extras The Nonprofit Advisors Group
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About The Author John C (Jack) John
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De-Industrialization

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