The basics of crystallography and diffraction (3rd Edition)

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$The basics of crystallography and diffraction (3rd Edition)$

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY TEXTS ON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY IUCr BOOK SERIES COMMITTEE J. Bernstein, Israel G. R. Desiraju, India J. R. Helliwell, UK T. Mak, China P. Müller, USA P. Paufler, Germany H. Schenk, The Netherlands P. Spadon, Italy D. Viterbo (Chairman), Italy IUCr Monographs on Crystallography 1 Accurate molecular structures A. Domenicano, I. Hargittai, editors 2 P.P. Ewald and his dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction D.W.J. Cruickshank, H.J. Juretschke, N. Kato, editors 3 Electron diffraction techniques, Vol. 1 J.M. Cowley, editor 4 Electron diffraction techniques, Vol. 2 J.M. Cowley, editor 5 The Rietveld method R.A. Young, editor 6 Introduction to crystallographic statistics U. Shmueli, G.H. Weiss 7 Crystallographic instrumentation L.A. Aslanov, G.V. Fetisov, J.A.K. Howard 8 Direct phasing in crystallography C. Giacovazzo 9 The weak hydrogen bond G.R. Desiraju, T. Steiner 10 Defect and microstructure analysis by diffraction R.L. Snyder, J. Fiala and H.J. Bunge 11 Dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction A. Authier 12 The chemical bond in inorganic chemistry I.D. Brown 13 Structure determination from powder diffraction data W.I.F. David, K. Shankland, L.B. McCusker, Ch. Baerlocher, editors 14 Polymorphism in molecular crystals J. Bernstein
INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY BOOK SERIES 15 Crystallography of modular materials G. Ferraris, E. Makovicky, S. Merlino 16 Diffuse x-ray scattering and models of disorder T.R. Welberry 17 Crystallography of the polymethylene chain: an inquiry into the structure of waxes D.L. Dorset 18 Crystalline molecular complexes and compounds: structure and principles F. H. Herbstein 19 Molecular aggregation: structure analysis and molecular simulation of crystals and liquids A. Gavezzotti 20 Aperiodic crystals: from modulated phases to quasicrystals T. Janssen, G. Chapuis, M. de Boissieu 21 Incommensurate crystallography S. van Smaalen 22 Structural crystallography of inorganic oxysalts S.V. Krivovichev 23 The nature of the hydrogen bond: outline of a comprehensive hydrogen bond theory G. Gilli, P. Gilli 24 Macromolecular crystallization and crystal perfection N.E. Chayen, J.R. Helliwell, E.H.Snell IUCr Texts on Crystallography 1 The solid state A. Guinier, R. Julien 4 X-ray charge densities and chemical bonding P. Coppens 7 Fundamentals of crystallography, second edition C. Giacovazzo, editor 8 Crystal structure refinement: a crystallographer’s guide to SHELXL P. Müller, editor 9 Theories and techniques of crystal structure determination U. Shmueli 10 Advanced structural inorganic chemistry Wai-Kee Li, Gong-Du Zhou, Thomas Mak 11 Diffuse scattering and defect structure simulations: a cook book using the program DISCUS R. B. Neder, T. Proffen 12 The basics of crystallography and diffraction, third edition C. Hammond 13 Crystal structure analysis: principles and practice, second edition W. Clegg, editor
Page 4 and 5: The Basics of Crystallography and D
Page 6 and 7: Preface to the First Edition (1997)
Page 8 and 9: Preface to Third Edition (2009) vii
Page 10 and 11: Contents X-ray photograph of zinc b
Page 12 and 13: Contents xi 6 The reciprocal lattic
Page 14 and 15: Contents xiii 11.4.1 Determining or
Page 16 and 17: X-ray photograph of deoxyribonuclei
Page 18 and 19: 1 Crystals and crystal structures 1
Page 20 and 21: 1.1 The nature of the crystalline s
Page 22 and 23: 1.2 Constructing crystals from hexa
Page 24 and 25: 1.3 Unit cells of the hcp and ccp s
Page 26 and 27: 1.4 Constructing crystals from squa
Page 28 and 29: 1.6 Interstitial structures 1.6 Int
Page 30 and 31: 2r A 1.6 Interstitial structures 13
Page 32 and 33: 1.6 Interstitial structures 15 a√
Page 34 and 35: 1.6 Interstitial structures 17 (a)
Page 36 and 37: 1.8 Representing crystals in projec
Page 38 and 39: 1.9 Stacking faults and twins 21 Fi
Page 40 and 41: 1.9 Stacking faults and twins 23 if
Page 42 and 43: 1.9 Stacking faults and twins 25 tw
Page 44 and 45: 1.10 The crystal chemistry of inorg
Page 46 and 47: 1.10 The crystal chemistry of inorg
Page 48 and 49: 1.11 Some more complex crystal stru
Page 50 and 51: 1.11 Some more complex crystal stru
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1.11 Some more complex crystal stru
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Exercises 53 (c) (b) (a) Fig. 1.42.
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2 Two-dimensional patterns, lattice
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2.2 Two-dimensional patterns and la
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R 2.3 Two-dimensional symmetry elem
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2.4 The five plane lattices 61 mirr
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R R R R R R R R R R 2.4 The five pl
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2.7 Symmetry in art and design: cou
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(b) p1 pg p2 cm pm p2mm p2mg p2gg c
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What is the highest order of rotati
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2.7 Symmetry in art and design: cou
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2.8 Layer symmetry and examples in
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2.8 Layer symmetry and examples in
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2.9 Non-periodic patterns and tilin
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2.9 Non-periodic patterns and tilin
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Exercises 81 Fig. 2.20. A plane pat
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Exercises 83 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f
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3.2 The fourteen space (Bravais) la
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3.2 The fourteen space (Bravais) la
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3.3 The symmetry of the fourteen Br
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System Bravais lattices Axial lengt
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3.4 The coordination or environment
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Exercises 95 Fig. 3.10. Epidermal c
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4 Crystal symmetry: point groups, s
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4.2 The thirty-two crystal classes
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4.3 Centres and inversion axes of s
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4.3 Centres and inversion axes of s
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4.4 Crystal symmetry and properties
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4.5 Translational symmetry elements
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4.5 Translational symmetry elements
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4.6 Space groups 111 the optical ac
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4.6 Space groups 113 P b a 2 C 8 2y
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4.6 Space groups 115 (b) 5 P 2 1 /c
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4.6 Space groups 117 that the coord
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4.7 Bravais lattices, space groups
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4.8 The crystal structures and spac
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4.9 Quasiperiodic crystals or cryst
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4.9 Quasiperiodic crystals or cryst
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5 Describing lattice planes and dir
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5.3 Indexing lattice planes—Mille
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5.3 Indexing lattice planes—Mille
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5.5 Lattice plane spacings, Miller
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5.6 Zones, zone axes and the zone l
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5.7 Indexing in the trigonal and he
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5.8 Transforming Miller indices and
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5.8 Transforming Miller indices and
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5.10 A simple method for inverting
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Exercises Exercises 149 5.1 Write d
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6.2 Reciprocal lattice vectors 151
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6.3 Reciprocal lattice unit cells 1
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6.3 Reciprocal lattice unit cells 1
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6.4 Reciprocal lattice cells for cu
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6.5 Proofs of some geometrical rela
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Hence: 6.6 Lattice planes and recip
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6.7 Summary 163 with their normal a
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7 The diffraction of light 7.1 Intr
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7.2 Simple observations of the diff
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7.3 The nature of light: coherence,
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7.4 Geometry of diffraction pattern
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7.5 The resolving power of optical
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Exercises 191 pattern (see Figs. 1.
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8.2 Laue’s analysis of X-ray diff
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8.3 Laue’s analysis of X-ray diff
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8.3 Bragg’s analysis of X-ray dif
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8.4 Ewald’s synthesis: the reflec
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8.4 Ewald’s synthesis: the reflec
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9 The diffraction of X-rays 9.1 Int
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9.1 Introduction 205 (a) u u u u f
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9.2 The intensities of X-ray diffra
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9.3 The broadening of diffracted be
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9.4 Fixed θ, varying λ X-ray tech
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9.5 Fixed λ, varying θ X-ray tech
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[010] 9.5 Fixed λ, varying θ X-ra
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9.5 Fixed λ, varying θ X-ray tech
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9.6 X-ray diffraction from single c
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9.6 X-ray diffraction from single c
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9.7 X-ray (and neutron) diffraction
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9.7 X-ray (and neutron) diffraction
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9.8 Practical considerations: X-ray
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9.8 Practical considerations: X-ray
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Exercises 241 of the reciprocal lat
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10 X-ray diffraction of polycrystal
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10.2 X-ray diffraction 245 (a) S D
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10.2 X-ray diffraction 247 effect,
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10.2 X-ray diffraction 249 Square r
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10.2 X-ray diffraction 251 Focusing
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10.3 Applications of X-ray diffract
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10.3 Applications of X-ray diffract
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10.4 Preferred orientation and its
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10.5 X-ray diffraction of DNA: simu
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10.5 X-ray diffraction of DNA: simu
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10.6 The Rietveld method for struct
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10.6 The Rietveld method for struct
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Exercises 271 Given that the X-ray
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11 Electron diffraction and its app
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11.2 The Ewald reflecting sphere co
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11.3 The analysis of electron diffr
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11.3 The analysis of electron diffr
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11.4 Applications of electron diffr
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11.5 Kikuchi and electron backscatt
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220 11.6 Image formation and resolu
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11.6 Image formation and resolution
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Exercises 293 and hence, using the
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Exercises 295 11.5 Given the lattic
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12.1 Introduction 297 Fig. 12.1. A
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12.2 Construction of the stereograp
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12.2 Construction of the stereograp
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12.3 Manipulation of the stereograp
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12.4 Stereographic projections of n
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12.5 Stereographic projections of n
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12.5 Applications of the stereograp
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13 Fourier analysis in diffraction
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13.1 Introduction—Fourier series
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13.2 Fourier analysis in crystallog
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13.2 Fourier analysis in crystallog
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13.3 Analysis of the Fraunhofer dif
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13.4 Abbe theory of image formation
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13.4 Abbe theory of image formation
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Appendix 1 Computer programs, model
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Appendix 1 335 CRYSTALS is availabl
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Appendix 1 337 Fig. A1.2. Models sh
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Appendix 2 Polyhedra in crystallogr
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Appendix 2 341 Fig. A2.2. The five
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Appendix 2 343 Of these thirteen po
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Appendix 2 345 (a) (b) (c) Fig. A2.
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Appendix 2 347 next Brillouin zone
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Appendix 3 Biographical notes on cr
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Appendix 3 351 it did nevertheless
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Appendix 3 353 Lawrence. Gwen immer
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Appendix 3 355 mathematics and phys
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Appendix 3 357 Martin Julian Buerge
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Appendix 3 359 Fourier’s main ach
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Appendix 3 361 of high humidity) ha
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Appendix 3 363 dome covering the Fo
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Appendix 3 365 Christiaan Huygens 1
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Appendix 3 367 Cambridge was purcha
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Appendix 3 369 Kathleen Lonsdale (a
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Appendix 3 371 Isaac Newton was bor
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Appendix 3 373 optical activity, cr
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Appendix 3 375 Jean Baptiste Louis
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Appendix 3 377 In 1925 Wulff died a
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Appendix 3 379 both from boyhood as
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Appendix 3 381 the Royal Society as
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Appendix 4 383 Hexagonal: cos ρ =
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Appendix 5 A simple introduction to
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Appendix 5 387 3b r b a 5a Fig. A5.
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Appendix 5 389 (all the other terms
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Appendix 5 391 ’imaginary’ axis
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Appendix 6 393 Fig. A6.1. Writing d
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these two values in the structure f
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Table A6.1 Appendix 6 397 Extinctio
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Appendix 6 399 etc. in the row thro
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Answers to exercises Chapter 1 1.1
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Answers to exercises 403 common clo
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Answers to exercises 405 (c) p = 61
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Answers to exercises 407 Diffractio
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Answers to exercises 409 C/C * rota
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Answers to exercises 411 11.5 In Fi
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Answers to exercises 413 -x Small c
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Further Reading 415 Books which cov
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Further Reading 417 Williams, D. B.
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Further Reading 419 impressions is
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Index Note: Illustrations are indic
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Index 423 point group symbols for 1
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Index 425 Hanawalt groups 254 Hanaw
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Index 427 model building 5, 337-8 m
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Index 429 rotation-reflection (mirr
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Index 431 stacking sequence (in clo
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