Literature Review on Childhood Obesity Sample
Hello! We have prepared for you literature review on childhood obesity. Check it out here: https://www.literaturereviewwritingservice.com/
Hello! We have prepared for you literature review on childhood obesity. Check it out here: https://www.literaturereviewwritingservice.com/
- No tags were found...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
LITERATURE<br />
REVIEW ON<br />
CHILDHOOD<br />
OBESITY<br />
SAMPLE
<strong>Childhood</strong>obesity-anew multidisciplinary<br />
problem lookingforpreventi<strong>on</strong>programs<br />
Withthedevelopmentofmoderndiagnoscandtherapeucpossibilies,theindicators<br />
ofvitalstascs,thecauseofmorbidityandmortalityofthepopula<strong>on</strong>,arechanged,<br />
withtheincreaseoftheso-caledchr<strong>on</strong>icNIH n<strong>on</strong>-communicablediseases(Rhodes&<br />
Ludwig,2007).<strong>Obesity</strong>becomesan increasinglyimportantpublichealth problem<br />
becauseofthedrascincreaseinitsincidence,not<strong>on</strong>lyinadultsbutinchildrenandadolescents,whichdirectlyandindirectlyaffectsmorbidity,thelifeexpectancy,andalsothe<br />
mortalityofpopula<strong>on</strong>(Bibbins-Domingoetal.,2007;Reuseretal.,2008).<strong>Obesity</strong>in<br />
childrenandadolescentscausesaen<strong>on</strong>asadiseaseitself,butalsobecauseofitssec<strong>on</strong>daryinfluences(Bessesen,2008).Geneinheritance,familyenvir<strong>on</strong>ment,socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omicandculturalc<strong>on</strong>di<strong>on</strong>s,everydayhabitsaffecttheappearanceofobesitythrough<br />
mutualinterac<strong>on</strong>.Theprogram forthepreven<strong>on</strong>ofobesitygainincreasedaen<strong>on</strong><br />
duetothelimitedpossibiliesofitsmedica<strong>on</strong>andsurgicaltreatmentguidelinesin<br />
children(Spearetal.,2007).Byreviewingtheliterature,itmaybenotedthattheviews<br />
<strong>on</strong>obesitypreven<strong>on</strong>programsaredivided.Someauthorsbelievethatobesitypreven-<br />
<strong>on</strong>programs,beginningwithchildhood,arekeytocounteracngthis"pandemicofthe<br />
new milennium"(Goldschmidtetal.,2008;Bovetetal.,2008)whileothersques<strong>on</strong>the<br />
effecvenessandusefulnessofsuchprograms(Bo<strong>on</strong>&Clydesdale,2005;Krukowskiet<br />
al.,2008).<br />
Dataknowledgeofobesityinaparcularpopula<strong>on</strong>isthestarngpointforplanning<br />
andimplemenngprogramsforitspreven<strong>on</strong>.However,itshouldbepointedoutthatit<br />
isoenrelavelydifficulttocomparetheresultsofepidemiologicalstudiesfrom differentgeographicareas,astheydiffersignificantlyinthechoiceofmetabolicanddiagnosc<br />
indicatorsofobesitybutalsobased<strong>on</strong>thevalues ofthereferenceorstandardvalues<br />
withwhichtheyarecompared.Anincreaseintheprevalenceofobesityatanearlyage,<br />
bothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,raisesthec<strong>on</strong>cernofsocietyasawhole<br />
becauseofitsdirectandindirectimpact<strong>on</strong>popula<strong>on</strong>healthanditssignificant<br />
ec<strong>on</strong>omicc<strong>on</strong>sequences.Changesinthewaylifeandfunc<strong>on</strong>ingofmodernfamiliesas<br />
welasposiveseculargrowthinbodymass,heightandbodymassindex(ITM)favored<br />
theincreaseinobesityinchildhood.Duringthelasttwentyyearsinthedevelopedworld,<br />
inthemajorityofobesity,nearly10% oftheworld'schildrenareobeseorobesefor<br />
obesity(Bessesen,2008).AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganiza<strong>on</strong>(WHO)worldwide,<br />
1.7trili<strong>on</strong>peopleareatriskfordevelopingobesityand310mili<strong>on</strong>areobese.<br />
(Hp:/www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/).Infact,obesityisanincreasinglyprevalent<br />
problem inthepre-schoolage,especialyintheMiddleEast,NorthandLanAmerica,<br />
withanaverageprevalenceof3.3%.
<strong>Childhood</strong>obesity-anew multidisciplinary<br />
problem lookingforpreventi<strong>on</strong>programs<br />
Interesngly,studiesshow agreatercumulaveincidenceofmalnutri<strong>on</strong>andobesity<br />
thanpre-schoolchildrenfrom socialydeprivedintheenvir<strong>on</strong>mentwithappropriate<br />
socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omicopportuniesinwhichchildrengrow up(9.5% to6.9%)(Armstr<strong>on</strong>get<br />
al.,2003).<br />
Analysisofthepresenceof<strong>on</strong>eormoreriskfactorsforobesitydevelopmentisanecessarystepinplanningaprogram<br />
forobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>.Itisknownthattheinheritance,<br />
reindeermass,thelengthofbreaseeding,theageatwhichthefeedingwasintroduced<br />
andtheso-caledsitedwayofourlivesaffectstheappearanceofobesechildren.<br />
Althoughnumerousgenelocusandknownhereditaryobesitymechanisms(lepnmuta-<br />
<strong>on</strong>s,lepnreceptors,neuropepdeY,proopiomelanocorn,prohorm<strong>on</strong>ec<strong>on</strong>vertase1,<br />
melanocornreceptorMCR4 .)havebeendiscovered,theinterpreta<strong>on</strong>ofgenec<br />
obesityresearchisslverycomplex.M<strong>on</strong>ogenousobesity,aswelassec<strong>on</strong>daryobesity<br />
thatappearsaspartofsomeendocrinedisorders(hypothyroidism,Cushing'ssyndrome,<br />
corcosteroid therapy,lackofgrowth horm<strong>on</strong>e,hyperinsulinis,type2 diabetes,<br />
pseudohipoparataireoidism,centralnervoussystem lesi<strong>on</strong>s(tumorsHypothalamus)or<br />
syndrome(Prader-Wili,Laurence-Mo<strong>on</strong>-Biedlsy,Alstrom syndrome,Mauriac<br />
syndrome,Cohensyndrome .),occurrelavelyrarely.From apublichealthpointof<br />
view,aen<strong>on</strong>isdrawntobafflingobesity,whichaccountsformorethan95% ofits<br />
overalprevalence.Analyzingthepathophysiologicalbackgroundforobesitydevelopment,butalsotheresp<strong>on</strong>seofanindividualtotheinterven<strong>on</strong>measurestaken,theinvesgator'saen<strong>on</strong>isparcularlyc<strong>on</strong>ducivetotheinterplayofgenecpredisposi<strong>on</strong>and<br />
envir<strong>on</strong>mentalfactors.Theliteraturedescribesasignificantassocia<strong>on</strong>betweenobesityof<br />
parentsandchildren(Magarey,2003),whichisexplainedbythemutualac<strong>on</strong>ofhereditary<br />
andsocio-ec<strong>on</strong>omicfactors.Childrenwhoseobstetricsareobese,especialyiftheirweightis<br />
greaterthan4000grams,needenhancedsurveilanceinthesenseofpreven<strong>on</strong>forobesity,<br />
asshownbytheresultsofLakeetal.(1997).<br />
ComprehensivereviewworkbyBairdetal.based<strong>on</strong>theresultsof24studies,suggeststhat<br />
thevalueofreindeermass,theform inwhichthechildgrowsduringchildhood,especialythe<br />
rateofgrowth,affectstheappearanceofobesityduringchildhoodbutalsoofadulthood<br />
(2005).Earlyeanghabitsmayalsoaffectobesityinchildrenandadolescents,although<br />
somestudiesd<strong>on</strong>otcorelatetheeffectofbreaseeding<strong>on</strong>thelevelofobesity.<br />
ThestudybyGilmanetal.showedthatbreaseedingandbreastlengthhaveaprotecveeffect<strong>on</strong>obesityduringchildhoodandadolescence(2001).AccordingtoProcter,<br />
theprotecveeffectofl<strong>on</strong>g-term breaseeding<strong>on</strong>theriskofdevelopingobesityatage<br />
4isenhancedbytheac<strong>on</strong>ofculturalyandgeneralyfavorableenvir<strong>on</strong>mentalfactors<br />
(2008).
<strong>Childhood</strong>obesity-anew multidisciplinary<br />
problem lookingforpreventi<strong>on</strong>programs<br />
Pubertyisaperiodduringwhichvariousriskfactorsaregroupedtofavortheenre<br />
rangeoffeedingdisorder,rangingfrom obesitytootherextremiessuchasanorexiaand<br />
bulimia.Itiswelknownthatchildrenareobesetothoselookingforl<strong>on</strong>gertelevisi<strong>on</strong>or<br />
playingcomputergamesthanthosewhod<strong>on</strong>othavethathabit.Byspendinghoursin<br />
fr<strong>on</strong>toftheTV,childrenusualytakealargeamountof"snacks"and"fast"food,andat<br />
thesamemedoesnotc<strong>on</strong>sumeenergyduetophysicalinacvity,whichc<strong>on</strong>tributesto<br />
theappearanceofobesityatalages .<br />
Primaryobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>isfocused<strong>on</strong>theindividual,butalso<strong>on</strong>theenrepopula<strong>on</strong>withanappropriatebodymassforprom<strong>on</strong>g,educangandadopnghealthy<br />
eanghabitsandthegeneralwayoflife.(ITM of18.5to24.9kg/m2foradults,or<br />
equivalentbyageandsexforchildrenorbetween5.and85percentbodyweightofITM<br />
forageandgender).Atthepopula<strong>on</strong>levelaspartofprimaryobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>,popula<strong>on</strong>educa<strong>on</strong><strong>on</strong>theeffectofexcessivebodymass,i.e.obesity<strong>on</strong>theoccurenceof<br />
earlycardiovascularandmetabolicdiseases,aswelas<strong>on</strong>theeffectofobesity<strong>on</strong>the<br />
reduc<strong>on</strong>ofexpectedlifeexpectancyandmortalityofthepopula<strong>on</strong>.Intheulmate<br />
sense,targetgroupsofprimaryobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>arepregnantwomen,pre-schooland<br />
schoolchildren,whoshouldbetaughtthroughl<strong>on</strong>g-lasngeduca<strong>on</strong>withinthedifferentlevelsofhealthandeduca<strong>on</strong>systemstohelptheirfamiliesandcommuniesin<br />
growinguptoadoptpropereanghabitsandageneralyhealthywayoflife.Prenatal<br />
age,earlychildhoodandparcularlyadolescentageduringwhichtheriskfactorsare<br />
grouped,butalsochangesinbehaviorsandthegeneralwayoflifeareknowntoberisky<br />
periodsofobesity.Primaryobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>actualybeginspre-c<strong>on</strong>cep<strong>on</strong>and<br />
duringtheantenatalperiod,educangpregnantwomenabouttheeffectofherbody<br />
weightgain<strong>on</strong>pregnancy<strong>on</strong>obesity.Starngfrom theunderstandingoftheprotecve<br />
effectofbreaseeding<strong>on</strong>childhoodobesity,primarypreven<strong>on</strong>shouldincludeacvi-<br />
estofurthersmulateandpromoteexisngprogramstosmulatebreaseedingand<br />
introducecomplementarydietsaccordingtoexisngexpertadvice.<br />
Primaryobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>duringpre-schoolageisfocused<strong>on</strong>:-Adopnghealthy<br />
nutri<strong>on</strong>habitsandahealthywayoflife:regularityofmeals(threemainandtwosnacks),<br />
Thisisaparcularlycomplexproblem becausethec<strong>on</strong>sequencesofviolencearetransferednot<strong>on</strong>lytootherfamilymembers,buttothenextgenera<strong>on</strong>s,whichisless<br />
comm<strong>on</strong>intheresearchfocusthanthetransferofviolencefrom worktofamilyandvice<br />
versa.<br />
Aggressi<strong>on</strong>andviolencearesocialphenomenathatarehighlycorelated,causally-c<strong>on</strong>sequentlyrelatedt<strong>on</strong>umeroussocio-pathologicalphenomena:
<strong>Childhood</strong>obesity-anew multidisciplinary<br />
problem lookingforpreventi<strong>on</strong>programs<br />
socialdiseases(somac,mental,psychosomac);individualandsocialdisorganiza-<br />
<strong>on</strong>sanddysfunc<strong>on</strong>s(pre-mariage,extra-maritalandmaritalcommunies,family,<br />
school,spiritualinstu<strong>on</strong>s,narow andwidersocialcommunity),socio-pathological<br />
phenomena(smoking,alcoholism,drugaddic<strong>on</strong>,sexualabuseandviolence,aggressi<strong>on</strong>-destruc<strong>on</strong>,murderandsuicide)andcrime.Childrenwhoexperienceviolencemore<br />
oenaremoreviolenttowardsotherchildren.Thisisimportantforunderstandingthe<br />
psychologicalaspectofthephenomen<strong>on</strong>ofviolence,aswelasfordeterminingthe<br />
cause-effectrela<strong>on</strong>shipbetweenexperiencedandcommiedviolence.Interven<strong>on</strong>s<br />
thatpromoteasafe,stableandgentleassocia<strong>on</strong>ofachildwiththeirparentsatanearly<br />
agecanpreventaggressi<strong>on</strong>(WHO,2010).Acvies,rolesandrela<strong>on</strong>shipswithother<br />
peoplewithinthec<strong>on</strong>textoflifedeterminethedevelopmentofanindividualbyspreadingc<strong>on</strong>texts(e.g.school,localcommunity,state,etc.)causingchangesinthepers<strong>on</strong>'s<br />
system,andchangingthesystem leadstoachangeofbehavior.(Br<strong>on</strong>fenbrenner,2005).<br />
Inthetheoryofecologicalsystems,Br<strong>on</strong>fenbrenner(2005)c<strong>on</strong>cludesthattherearefive<br />
ecologicalsystems(biosystem,microsystem,mesosystem,ecosystem andmacrosystem)<br />
betweenwhichthereisacomplexinterac<strong>on</strong>andstr<strong>on</strong>ginterdependenceandacrucial<br />
influence<strong>on</strong>thedevelopmentoftheindividual.Thecharacteriza<strong>on</strong>ofaggressiveness<br />
asanecologicalphenomen<strong>on</strong>istheemphasisandemphasis<strong>on</strong>thecomplexinterac<strong>on</strong><br />
ofintraindividualandinterindividualvariables.Violenceisnotanisolatedphenomen<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Itaffectseverythingthathappensinanarowerandwiderenvir<strong>on</strong>ment,andinorderto<br />
understandit,alaspectsofitsorigin,manifesta<strong>on</strong>andpersistencemustbetakeninto<br />
account.Individualcharacteriscsareinfluencedbydifferentecologicalc<strong>on</strong>texts,such<br />
asschools,peergroups,thewidercommunity,andso<strong>on</strong>.(Br<strong>on</strong>fenbrenner,2005),andits<br />
keysourceiscertainlythefamilyinitsbasicdefini<strong>on</strong>ofexistenceandbiological,psychologicalandsocialfunc<strong>on</strong>ing.Intheorecalc<strong>on</strong>sidera<strong>on</strong>s,asintheprevious<br />
researchplans,severalgroupsoffactorsc<strong>on</strong>sideredasriskyforviolentbehaviorcanbe<br />
observed:familyandgenecfactors,disruptedsocialcogni<strong>on</strong>,socio-ec<strong>on</strong>omicstatus<br />
ofthefamily,waterasadrink,twocupsofmilkaday,wholegrainbread,n<strong>on</strong>-fatmeat,<br />
bluefish,freshseas<strong>on</strong>alfruitsandvegetables,vegetableoilextracts(olive,wheat,corn<br />
oil.)introduceavarietyofnutri<strong>on</strong>,takingintoaccountthechild'senergyandnutri<strong>on</strong>al<br />
needsduringthatgrowthanddevelopmentperiodPrevenngdietaryhabitsinfamiliesand<br />
pre-schoolinstu<strong>on</strong>stoencourageeverydayphysicalacvity,mec<strong>on</strong>straints<strong>on</strong>watching<br />
TV,playingvideogamesandcomputergames.Primarypreven<strong>on</strong>ofobesityduringthe<br />
schoolage:Bychoosingtherightchoiceandquantyoffoodstomeettheincreasedenergy<br />
andnutri<strong>on</strong>alneedsduringthisperiodofintensegrowthandmaintainingdevelopmentand
<strong>Childhood</strong>obesity-anew multidisciplinary<br />
problem lookingforpreventi<strong>on</strong>programs<br />
prom<strong>on</strong>ghealthyeanghabits,restricngtheimplementa<strong>on</strong>ofrestricvedietsinthe<br />
senseofprevenngsome<strong>on</strong>efrom eangdisorders,especialyforgirls,daily,recrea<strong>on</strong>alphysicalacvityofatleast30to60minutes<strong>on</strong>theday,preven<strong>on</strong>ofsmoking,<br />
alcohol,narcoc,unhealthy,unc<strong>on</strong>troleddietarysupplements.<br />
Primaryobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>isal<strong>on</strong>g-lasng,comprehensiveprocessofthesocial<br />
communityasawhole.Thesuccessofprimarypreven<strong>on</strong>requiresthesupportof<br />
variousministries(MinistryofHealthandSocialWelfare,MinistryofEduca<strong>on</strong>,Ministry<br />
ofTransportandCommunica<strong>on</strong>s),butalsotheacvityofn<strong>on</strong>-governmentalorganiza-<br />
<strong>on</strong>sandsociees("OurChildren","HealthyCies"etc.).Primaryobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>is<br />
anextremelydemandingprogram foralparcipantsbecauseitisfounded<strong>on</strong>the<br />
l<strong>on</strong>g-term,immediateworkofhealthandeduca<strong>on</strong>workers,includingthemediawith<br />
individualsaswelaswiththepopula<strong>on</strong>.Theresultsofprimaryobesitypreven<strong>on</strong>can<br />
<strong>on</strong>lybec<strong>on</strong>sideredinthel<strong>on</strong>gterm,whichmaybeitsmainlimita<strong>on</strong>asregardsthe<br />
problem ofsustainingthemova<strong>on</strong>ofalitsparcipants(Stenderetal.,2005).<br />
Theunderlyingsec<strong>on</strong>darypreven<strong>on</strong>ofobesityisthedefini<strong>on</strong>ofriskgroupsfor<br />
obesitydevelopment.Sec<strong>on</strong>darypreven<strong>on</strong> programsincludechildren andyoung<br />
peoplewho,based<strong>on</strong>theirinheritance,anamnesisaboutthefamily'stendencyto<br />
obesity,thesedentarymodeoflifehaveapredisposi<strong>on</strong>tobecomeobese.Sec<strong>on</strong>dary<br />
obesitypreven<strong>on</strong>programsincludechildrenandyoungpeoplewhoseobesityis<strong>on</strong>eof<br />
thedeterminantsoftheunderlyingdisease(endocrinopathy,syndrome).Sec<strong>on</strong>darypreven<strong>on</strong>isdirectedattheindividual,i.e.thepopula<strong>on</strong>oftargetpredisposingagegroups,<br />
whichhasanITM of85to95percenleforageandgender,coresp<strong>on</strong>dingtoanequivalentof25to29.9kg/m2byageandsex.Thedefinedriskgroupsaretaughtaboutthe<br />
importanceofc<strong>on</strong>trolandmaintenanceofbodymasstopreventthedevelopmentof<br />
somechr<strong>on</strong>icdiseasesassociatedwithobesity,whichcansignificantlyaffectnot<strong>on</strong>ly<br />
thelengthbutalsothequalityoftheirfurtherlife.Adopngknowledgeabouttheimportanceofc<strong>on</strong>trolingappropriatebodymassisaprerequisiteformovanganindividual,<br />
butalsoforafamilyenvir<strong>on</strong>ment.Childrenandadolescentsbel<strong>on</strong>gingtothegroupof<br />
obesity-inducedobesityarel<strong>on</strong>gitudinalym<strong>on</strong>itoredbyclinicalandlaboratorym<strong>on</strong>itoringofthebasicparameters(bloodpressure,bloodglucoselevel,lipidogra,hepatogram,<br />
CRP,urine .),whichcouldpointtothedevelopmentofsomediseasesthatmayariseas<br />
aresultofobesity.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sideringtheproblem ofobesityinchildrenintermsofitsdynamics,itisslanopen<br />
ques<strong>on</strong>inwhichcasesandatwhatagetheprimaryhealthcarepediatricianshouldreferthe<br />
obesechildtosubspecialistsformoredetaileddiagnoscandtherapeucprocedures.
<strong>Childhood</strong>obesity-anew multidisciplinary<br />
problem lookingforpreventi<strong>on</strong>programs<br />
References<br />
Rhodes,E.T.,Ludwig,D.S.(2007).<strong>Childhood</strong>obesityasachr<strong>on</strong>icdiseasekeepingthe<br />
weightoff.JAMA298,p.1695-6.<br />
Bibbins-Domingo,K.,Coxs<strong>on</strong>,P.,Pletcher,M.J.,Lightwood,J.,Goldman,L.(2007)Adolescentoverweightandfutureadultcor<strong>on</strong>aryheartdisease.NEJM<br />
357,p.2371-9.<br />
Reuser,M.,B<strong>on</strong>neux,L.,Wilekens,F.(2008)Theburdenofmortalityofobesityatmiddle<br />
andoldageissmal.AlifetableanalysisoftheUSHealthandRerementSurvey.EurJEpidemiol23,p.601-7.<br />
Bessesen,D.H.(2008).Update<strong>on</strong><strong>Obesity</strong>.JClinEdocrinolMetab93,p.2027-34.<br />
Spear,B.A.,Barlow,S.E.,Ervin,C.,Ludwig,D.S.,Saelens,B.E.,Schetzina,K.E.,Taveras,E.<br />
M.(2007).Recommenda<strong>on</strong>sfortreatmentofchildandadolescentoverweightandobesity.<br />
Pediatrics120,p.254-88.<br />
Goldschmidt,A.B.,Aspen,V.P.,Sint<strong>on</strong>,M.M.,Tanofsky-Kraff,M.,Wilfley,D.E.(2008)Dis-<br />
orderedeangatudesandbehaviorsinoverweightyouth.<strong>Obesity</strong>(SilverSpring)16,p.257-<br />
64.<br />
Bovet,P.,Chiolero,A.,Paccaud,F.(2008)Epidemiologyandpreven<strong>on</strong>ofoverweightin<br />
childrenandadolescents.RevMedSuisse12,p.654-6.<br />
Bo<strong>on</strong>,C.S.,Clydesdale,F.M.(2005)Areview ofchildhoodandadolescentobesityinterven-<br />
<strong>on</strong>s.CritRevFoodScienNutr45,p.511–25.<br />
Krukowski,R.A.,West,D.S.,Siddiqui,N.J.,Bursac,Z.,Philips,M.M.,Raczynski,J.M.<br />
(2008)Nochangeinweight-basedteasingwhenschool-basedobesitypoliciesareimplemented.ArchPediatrAdolescMed162,p.936-42.<br />
Armstr<strong>on</strong>g,J.,Dorosty,A.R.,Reily,J.J.(2003)ChildHealthInforma<strong>on</strong>Team.Coexistence<br />
ofsocialinequaliesinundernutri<strong>on</strong>andobesityinpreschoolchildren:popula<strong>on</strong>based<br />
crosssec<strong>on</strong>alstudy.ArchDisClild88,p.671-5.<br />
Magarey,A.M.,Daniels,L.A.,Boult<strong>on</strong>,T.J.,Cockingt<strong>on</strong>,R.A.(2003)Predicngobesityin<br />
earlyadulthoodfrom childhoodandparentalobesity.IntJObesRelatMetabDisord27,p.505<br />
-13.<br />
Lake,K.L.,Power,C.,Coleb,T.J.(1997)Childtoadultbodymassindexinthe1958Brish<br />
birthcohort:associa<strong>on</strong>swithparentalobesity.ArchDisChild77,p.376-80.<br />
Baird,J.,Fisher,D.,Lucas,P.,Kleijnen,J.,Roberts,H.,Law,C.(2006)Beingbigorgrowing<br />
fast:systemacreview ofsizeandgrowthininfancyandlaterobesity.BMJ,331,p.929.<br />
Gilman,M.W.,Rifas-Shiman,S.L.,Camargo,C.A.Jr.,Berkey,C.S.,Frazier,A.L.,Rocke,H.<br />
R.,Field,A.E.,Colditz,G.A.(2001)Riskofoverweightam<strong>on</strong>gadolescentswhowerebreased<br />
asinfants.JAMA285,p.2461-7.<br />
Procter,S.B.,Holcomb,C.A.(2008)Breaseedingdura<strong>on</strong>andchildhoodoverweight<br />
am<strong>on</strong>glow-incomechildreninKansas,1998-2002.Am JPublicHealth98,p.106-10.<br />
Stender,S.R.,Burghen,G.A.,Malare,J.T.(2005)Therole ofhealthcareprovidersinthe<br />
preven<strong>on</strong>ofoverweightandtype2diabetesinchildrenandadolescents.DiabetSpec18,p.<br />
240-8.
Change language