May 2019 WCN Digital Edition

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CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE START OF IRRIGATION IN WALNUTS By LUKE MILLIRON | UCCE Farm Advisor for Butte, Tehama, and Glenn Counties ALLAN FULTON | UCCE Irrigation and Water Resources Advisor, Tehama, Shasta, Glenn, and Colusa Counties. ONE OF THE MOTIVATIONS for making good water management decisions early in the growing season is to reduce the risk of root and crown diseases that can eventually kill walnut and other tree species. These diseases need three elements to infect and damage a tree: a susceptible host plant, a pathogen, and favorable environmental conditions. Early season water management influences the environment where roots grow by affecting soil temperature and aeration and can be pivotal in how much tree decline occurs. Trees are expensive. The money and effort spent to establish them is lost, more costs lie ahead to replace them, and production is lost. Figure 1. Schematic showing how water potential is measured in a severed leaf and stem (petiole) using a hand-held pump-up pressure chamber. Source: Adapted from Plant Moisture Stress (PMS) Instrument Company. Magnifying glass Foil-laminated bag Metal chamber 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Pressure gauge Air pressure in chamber forces water to cut surface of stem Only One Direct Indicator Each season you need to decide when to start irrigating. It can be difficult to choose the best time to start irrigation. There are a lot of different information sources you can use to make this decision. You can copy practices that you observe around you, evaluate soil moisture, consider the weather and evapotranspiration loss of the crop (ETc), or take a plant-based approach. Utilizing multiple information sources is highly recommended. However, utilizing the plant-based monitoring approach of stem water potential readings with a pressure chamber has a distinct advantage over the others. The pressure chamber directly Air pressure determines the water status experienced by the trees, while the other sources, such as ET or soil moisture, although helpful, are indirect. The pressure chamber gauges the amount of positive gas pressure (in pressure units, e.g. bars) required to balance the level of water tension in a plant sample (e.g. leaf; see Figure 1). The level of water tension in a leaf expresses the degree of effort utilized to pull water all the way through the tree from the soil. Relying on an indirect information source, particularly an approach like beginning irrigation when your neighbor does, when the surface soil has dried out, or irrigating on the first hot day, could result in irrigating too soon. To learn more about the pressure chamber, stem water potential, the fully watered baseline, and how to go about getting equipment and taking measurements, check out our series at: sacvalleyorchards.com/manuals/ stem-water-potential/ Continued on Page 20 18 West Coast Nut May 2019
PMS Instrument Company Plant Based Irrigation Scheduling GROWER FAVORITE Model 615 Pressure Chamber · Fine tune your irrigation schedule! · Minimize water usage and pump cost! · Optimize nut size and quality! PMS Instrument Company T. 541-704-2299 | F. 541-704-2388 info@pmsinstrument.com | pmsinstrument.com 1725 Geary Street SE | Albany, OR 97322 Contact Us Today May 2019 www.wcngg.com 19
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