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History of Hawaii’s<br />
Big Island<br />
The Big Island is the youngest among the islands<br />
of Hawaii. It is only half a million years old. The<br />
Big Island is said to have been first discovered<br />
by travelers from the Marquesas Islands of the<br />
Polynesian region. This was only about one<br />
thousand five hundred (1,500) years ago.<br />
Westerners began coming into the island when<br />
Captain Cook landed in 1778. After a year, the<br />
captain was killed at Kealakekua Bay by tribal<br />
warriors. Regardless, he opened the door for<br />
other travelers to set foot and settle in the island.<br />
At around this time, the Big Island had several<br />
political divisions (or chiefdoms). These chiefdoms<br />
were constantly at war, until they were united in<br />
1791. The unification of the Big Island tribes was<br />
due to the efforts of Kamehameha, who hailed<br />
from Kohala. He ruled the Big Island as king until<br />
1804. After that year, he moved to Oahu, only to<br />
return to the island in 1812, seven years before<br />
he died. Kamehameha is credited as the greatest<br />
king to rule Hawaii.<br />
Western religions first came into the Big Island<br />
in 1820. This was through the efforts of the first<br />
missionaries in the island. They landed in Kailua-Kona, where they<br />
first began their missionary work.<br />
This was followed by other Western travelers. Some of the early<br />
voyagers introduced cattle and sugar into the local agriculture.<br />
This was the roots of Parker Ranch, perhaps one of the oldest and<br />
definitely one of the largest cattle ranches in the Big Island. Sugar<br />
plantations also found a home, later on blooming into one of the<br />
prime industries of Hilo.<br />
To date, the Big Island is at the forefront of Hawaiian industry and<br />
culture. The island’s rich culture and history is now the backdrop<br />
of a very active tourism industry. At the same time, much of the<br />
island’s ancient practices are kept alive because of the modern<br />
traveler’s interest in them.<br />
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<strong><strong>HI</strong>LO</strong><br />
Hilo is the largest town and census-designated<br />
place (CDP) in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United<br />
States, which encompasses the Island of Hawaiʻi.<br />
The population was 43,263 at the 2010 census.<br />
Hilo is the county seat of the County of Hawaii<br />
and is in the District of South Hilo. The town<br />
overlooks Hilo Bay, at the base of two shield<br />
volcanoes, Mauna Loa, an active volcano, and<br />
Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano and the site of<br />
some of the world’s most important groundbased<br />
astronomical observatories. Much of the<br />
city is at some risk from lava flows from Mauna<br />
Loa. The majority of human settlement in Hilo<br />
stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka, on the<br />
flanks of Mauna Loa.<br />
Hilo is home to the University of Hawaii at Hilo,<br />
ʻImiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaii, as well<br />
as the Merrie Monarch Festival, a week-long<br />
celebration of ancient and modern hula that takes<br />
place annually after Easter. Hilo is also home to<br />
the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, one<br />
of the world’s leading producers of macadamia<br />
nuts. The town is served by Hilo International<br />
Airport.<br />
History<br />
Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants arrived,<br />
bringing with them Polynesian knowledge and<br />
traditions. Although archaeological evidence is<br />
scant, oral history has many references to people<br />
living in Hilo, along the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers<br />
during the time of ancient Hawaii. Oral history<br />
also gives the meaning of Hilo as “to twist”.<br />
Originally, the name “Hilo” applied to a district<br />
encompassing much of the east coast of the<br />
island of Hawaiʻi, now divided into the District of<br />
South Hilo and the District of North Hilo. When<br />
William Ellis visited in 1823, the main settlement<br />
in the Hilo district was Waiākea on the south<br />
shore of Hilo Bay. Missionaries came to the<br />
district in the early-to-middle 19th century,<br />
founding Haili Church, in the area of modern<br />
Hilo.<br />
Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in the<br />
surrounding area created new jobs and drew<br />
in many workers from Asia, making the town a<br />
trading center.<br />
A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the<br />
first decade of the 20th century and completed<br />
in 1929. On April 1, 1946, a 7.8-magnitude<br />
earthquake near the Aleutian Islands created a<br />
46-foot-high (14 m) tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9<br />
hours later, killing 160 people. In response,<br />
an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami<br />
Warning Center, was established in 1949 to<br />
track these killer waves and provide warning.<br />
This tsunami also caused the end of the Hawaii<br />
Consolidated Railway, and instead the Hawaii<br />
Belt Road was built north of Hilo using some of<br />
the old railbed.<br />
On May 22, 1960, another tsunami, caused by a<br />
9.5-magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile<br />
that day, claimed 61 lives, allegedly due to the<br />
failure of people to heed warning sirens. Low-lying<br />
bayfront areas of the city on Waiākea peninsula<br />
and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were<br />
rededicated as parks and memorials.<br />
Hilo expanded inland beginning in the 1960s.<br />
The downtown found a new role in the 1980s<br />
as the city’s cultural center with several galleries<br />
and museums being opened; the Palace Theater<br />
was reopened in 1998 as an arthouse cinema.<br />
Closure of the sugar plantations (including those<br />
in Hāmākua) during the 1990s led to a downturn<br />
in the local economy, coinciding with a general<br />
statewide slump.[citation needed] Hilo in recent<br />
years has seen commercial and population<br />
growth, as the neighboring District of Puna<br />
became the fastest-growing region in the state.<br />
Big Island: Essential Facts<br />
Learn these Big Island factoids and you will know more than most on your dream Hawaii vacation:<br />
• The Big Island of Hawaii is the youngest of the Hawaiian Islands, at just over one million years old. In fact, the daily lava<br />
flow keeps the island growing larger every day.<br />
• Hawaii is the name of the island as well as the state. To reduce confusion, the single island “Hawaii” is referred to as the<br />
“Big Island” (because it’s so big compared to other islands in the chain).<br />
• Earth’s most active volcano, Kilauea, is on the Big Island.<br />
• Mauna Loa, which last erupted in 1984, is the most massive mountain on earth, consists of 10,000 cubic miles of rock, and<br />
is 13,677 feet high.<br />
• The Big Island is 4,038 square miles (and still growing). All the other Hawaiian Islands could fit inside the Big Island with<br />
room left over.<br />
• From the southern tip to the northern tip the distance is 95 miles. From east to west it is 80 miles.<br />
• In the 1850s, John Palmer Parker and his Hawaiian princess wife amassed land to form Parker Ranch, which today sprawls<br />
225,000 acres and is two-thirds the size of the island of Oahu.<br />
• In 1946, a 56-foot tsunami hit the east side of the island.<br />
• In 1981, the Ironman Triathlon moved from Oahu to Kona.<br />
• The Big Island has the most diverse weather of any Hawaiian Island, including tropical, monsoonal, desert, and permafrost.<br />
• Just below the summit of Mauna Kea, inside a cinder cone, is Lake Waiau, the only glacial lake in the mid-Pacific. At 13,020<br />
feet above sea level, it is also one of the highest lakes in the world.<br />
• Hawaii Standard Time is in effect year-round. There is no daylight savings time. Hawaii is 2 hours behind Pacific Standard<br />
Time and 5 hours behind Eastern Standard Time. When daylight savings time is in effect on the mainland, Hawaii is 3 hours<br />
behind the West Coast and 6 hours behind the East Coast.<br />
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Things to do in Hilo<br />
There are plenty of things to do in Hilo, like<br />
going to see the lava, hiking to waterfalls,<br />
and even going to the beach.<br />
Akaka Falls / Kahuna Falls<br />
Anyone holidaying on the Big Island really<br />
should to try and drag themselves away<br />
from the glorious sandy beaches and<br />
explore just some of the many spectacular<br />
natural landmarks which are scattered all<br />
around Hawaii. The Akaka Falls is one such<br />
site and this enormous cascade of water is<br />
more than 134 metres / 440 feet in height,<br />
making it the second-highest waterfall<br />
on the island, and importantly, the most<br />
accessible. Located just 18 km / 11 miles<br />
north of Hilo and on the north-eastern side<br />
of the island, the Akaka Falls is one waterfall<br />
that you will be glad you found. Close by,<br />
if you have time, do also check out some<br />
of the other neighboring waterfalls, such as<br />
the Kahuna Falls, which although smaller, is<br />
still very quite special. The 6-km / 4-mile<br />
Pepeekeo Scenic Drive between Honomu<br />
and Hilo is also worth considering.<br />
Open hours: daily - 24 hours<br />
Admission: free<br />
Coconut Island<br />
Coconut Island, or Moku o Loʻe, is a 28-<br />
acre island in Kāne’ohe Bay off the island of<br />
Oahu in the state of Hawaii, United States.<br />
It is a marine research facility of the Hawaii<br />
Institute of Marine Biology (<strong>HI</strong>MB) of the<br />
University of Hawaii.<br />
History<br />
Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants<br />
arrived, bringing with them Polynesian<br />
knowledge and traditions. Although<br />
archaeological evidence is scant, oral history<br />
has many references to people living in Hilo,<br />
along the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers during<br />
the time of ancient Hawaii. Oral history also<br />
gives the meaning of Hilo as “to twist”.<br />
Originally, the name “Hilo” applied to a<br />
district encompassing much of the east<br />
coast of the island of Hawaiʻi, now divided<br />
into the District of South Hilo and the<br />
District of North Hilo. When William Ellis<br />
visited in 1823, the main settlement in<br />
the Hilo district was Waiākea on the south<br />
shore of Hilo Bay. Missionaries came to<br />
the district in the early-to-middle 19th<br />
century, founding Haili Church, in the area<br />
of modern Hilo.<br />
Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in the<br />
surrounding area created new jobs and<br />
drew in many workers from Asia, making the<br />
town a trading center.<br />
A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun<br />
in the first decade of the 20th century<br />
and completed in 1929. On April 1, 1946,<br />
a 7.8-magnitude earthquake near the<br />
Aleutian Islands created a 46-foot-high<br />
(14 m) tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours<br />
later, killing 160 people. In response, an<br />
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early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami<br />
Warning Center, was established in 1949 to<br />
track these killer waves and provide warning.<br />
This tsunami also caused the end of the<br />
Hawaii Consolidated Railway, and instead<br />
the Hawaii Belt Road was built north of Hilo<br />
using some of the old railbed.<br />
On May 22, 1960, another tsunami, caused<br />
by a 9.5-magnitude earthquake off the coast<br />
of Chile that day, claimed 61 lives, allegedly<br />
due to the failure of people to heed warning<br />
sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city<br />
on Waiākea peninsula and along Hilo Bay,<br />
previously populated, were rededicated as<br />
parks and memorials.<br />
Hilo expanded inland beginning in the<br />
1960s. The downtown found a new role<br />
in the 1980s as the city’s cultural center<br />
with several galleries and museums being<br />
opened; the Palace Theater was reopened in<br />
1998 as an arthouse cinema.<br />
Closure of the sugar plantations (including<br />
those in Hāmākua) during the 1990s led to<br />
a downturn in the local economy, coinciding<br />
with a general statewide slump.[citation<br />
needed] Hilo in recent years has seen<br />
commercial and population growth, as the<br />
neighboring District of Puna became the<br />
fastest-growing region in the state<br />
Hulihee Palace<br />
Built during the early 19th century out of<br />
locally sourced lava rock, Hulihee Palace is<br />
located within the Kailua-Kona area of the<br />
Big Island and off Alii Drive. The impressive<br />
landmark was once used by Hawaiian royalty<br />
as a holiday home, although today operates<br />
as a museum / attraction. Hulihee Palace<br />
is now filled with memorabilia relating to<br />
its past regal residents, which include King<br />
Kalakaua, who gave the palace the new<br />
title of ‘Hikulani Hale’ after himself, since<br />
this literally translates as the ‘House of the<br />
Seventh Leader’. During the Big Island’s<br />
earthquake of 2006, the Hulihee Palace<br />
suffered minor structural damage, although<br />
this was little more than cracks in some of<br />
the walls, with a renovation project soon<br />
resolving the problems.<br />
Open hours:<br />
Tuesday to Saturday - 09:00 to 16:00,<br />
Sunday - 10:00 to 16:00<br />
Admission: charge<br />
Ka Lae (South Point)<br />
BKa Lae is amongst Hawaii’s most important<br />
landmarks, sine this rocky outcrop marks<br />
the most southerly location no just in<br />
Hawaii, but in the whole of the USA. Also<br />
regularly referred to as the ‘South Point’<br />
of Big Island, Ka Lae offers nothing short<br />
of awesome fishing conditions, with locals<br />
flocking here to catch everything from red<br />
snapper to giant ‘ulua’ fish. Ka Lae is also<br />
home to an extremely old archaeological<br />
site, where traces of an ancient Hawaiian<br />
settlement have been discovered. Around<br />
the beautiful coastal scenery of the South<br />
Point, look out for the contrasting modern<br />
wind farms an their giant windmills.<br />
Open hours: daily - 24 hours<br />
Admission: free<br />
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The Kilauea’iki crater:<br />
is our favorite short hike on the Big Island (more about this<br />
hike). It takes you down into the Kilauea’iki crater across<br />
the crater floor which was formed only 50 years ago, and<br />
up again to the parking lot.<br />
Thurston Lava Tube:<br />
The Thurston lava tube is an easily accessible and very interesting<br />
lava tube close to the Kilauea’iki parking lot. A<br />
20 minute (1/3 mile) walk through a tree fern forest and<br />
a illuminated cave-like lava tube takes you from the main<br />
road through the Thurston Lava Tube and back to the parking<br />
lot.<br />
During daytime hours there the lava tube is illuminated,<br />
but between 8 p.m. and 10 a.m. there will be no lights on in<br />
the cave. The cave will remain open overnight for visitors<br />
that want to experience a pitch black lava tube :). Visitors<br />
must carry their own light source if planning to explore the<br />
lava tube in its dark, natural state before 10 a.m. or after 8<br />
p.m. Park rangers recommend head lamps and flashlights;<br />
cell phones are not recommended as the only light source.<br />
Things to do in the<br />
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park<br />
It is easy to spend multiple days in the Hawaii Volcanoes National<br />
Park without getting bored. There are many short and<br />
long hikes in the park and plenty of interesting spots you<br />
can easily reach by car. The park also organizes a very interesting<br />
weekly lecture series called “After Dark in the Park“.<br />
Park attractions include the following 10 highlights, but<br />
please remember that here is far more in the park that deserves<br />
your attention. Below the list you can watch a video<br />
shows four of our seven favorite things to do in the park<br />
and find more information about camping in the park and<br />
seeing lava.<br />
The Kilauea Visitor Center:<br />
is open daily from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Ranger talks and<br />
guided tours can be scheduled here, and there plays a<br />
25-minute film to introduce you to the park. Pick up a map,<br />
learn about the hikes in the park, and get the latest eruption<br />
updates here. Opening hours are subject to change, find<br />
the current hours at the national park website.<br />
Your first stop in the park should always be the visitor center<br />
to receive an up-to-date report on the park events, closedof<br />
areas and ranger-led hikes<br />
The Thomas A. Jaggar Museum<br />
and Halema’uma’u crater overlook:<br />
is opened daily from 10:00 am to 8:00 pm. Thomas A. Jaggar<br />
pioneered the study of volcanology at Kilauea. You can<br />
find geologic displays, maps, and videos about the study<br />
of volcanoes inside. Outside you will find the best overlook<br />
over the steaming Halema’uma’u crater. Opening hours are<br />
subject to change, find the current hours at the national<br />
park website.<br />
The Chain of Craters road:<br />
takes you from the park entrance past many scenic points<br />
and volcanic craters all the way down to the ocean where<br />
the road finally disappears under a fresh sheet of lava (description<br />
of the crater rim drive tour on the national park<br />
website). The chain of craters road is one of our favorite scenic<br />
drives of the Big Island. The ranger station on the Chain<br />
of Craters Road is open daily from 10 am to 9 pm.<br />
Day hikes in the park:<br />
There are more than 10 day hikes possible inside the park<br />
for which you can find a description at the park website. The<br />
100+ miles of hiking trails take you through old lava tubes<br />
and lush rainforest, and over old and new, still fuming, lava<br />
flows. The park also organizes daily ranger-led hikes.<br />
If you are looking for longer and more challenging hikes a<br />
good place to start is the Big Island Hikes website.<br />
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The Volcano Art Center Gallery:<br />
is located directly next to the Kilauea Visitor Center and is<br />
open from 9:00 a.m to 5:00 p.m. daily. More info on the Volcano<br />
Art Center here.<br />
The Sulphur Banks trail:<br />
The sulphur banks are an impressive reminder of the volcanic<br />
activity in the park because of the volcanic gases that<br />
seep out of the ground along with groundwater steam. It is<br />
an unusual spot with steaming cracks, colorful mineral deposits<br />
and the smell of sulfur (think: rotting eggs) in the air.<br />
The see the sulphur banks you need to hike the easy 1.2<br />
miles (2 km) round trip Ha’akulamanu (Sulphur Banks) trail<br />
that starts and ends at the far left of the Kīlauea Visitor Center<br />
parking lot past the Volcano Art Center Gallery.<br />
Special activities for kids<br />
Children up to 12 years old can become junior rangers and<br />
receive a junior ranger badge. To become a junior ranger<br />
the kids have to complete a couple of activities while in the<br />
park. This is a free, fun and educational activity and we highly<br />
recommend it if you bring any children. There are programs<br />
for kids aged 7-12, and for those of age 6 and below.<br />
More information including junior ranger handbooks which<br />
you can print out at home can be found at the ‘be a junior<br />
ranger‘ website.<br />
ACTIVITIES AND ATTRACTIONS IN <strong><strong>HI</strong>LO</strong>:<br />
There are plenty of activities to be found in the town of Hilo.<br />
For example, you can visit the ‘Imiloa astronomy center or<br />
get a taste of Hawaiian history in the Lyman museum and<br />
mission house. There is also a tropical zoo and a fantastic<br />
local farmers market. Hilo also offers many options for the<br />
culinary or culturally interested visitor. Browse below for<br />
some activities that can be enjoyed in Hilo!<br />
RAINBOW FALLS<br />
The Rainbow Falls within Hilo are a perfect place to visit<br />
early in the morning for a picnic or perhaps even before<br />
breakfast. It falls over a lava-cave that is home to the ancient<br />
Hawaiian goddess Hina, the goddess of the moon.<br />
IMILOA ASTRONOMY CENTER<br />
The ‘Imiloa Astronomy Center is a good pick if you or your<br />
kids want to learn about Hawaiian culture and astronomy.<br />
The ‘Imiloa center offers educational and cultural programs<br />
for visitors, students, and local residents through exhibits,<br />
activities and a full-dome planetarium.<br />
STAY IN THE PARK OVERNIGHT:<br />
CAMPING AND THE VOLCANO HOUSE<br />
There is so much to do in the park that many people choose<br />
to spend at least one night in or close to the park. There are<br />
two campsites in the park as well as a hotel whose lounge<br />
offers stunning views of the Halema’uma’u crater. There also<br />
mare many charming and affordable vacation rental houses<br />
available in a few miles from the park in Volcano Village.<br />
Overnight camping is possible in the park on two separate<br />
campgrounds, one of which also has tent rentals and cabins<br />
available. The park hotel combines a great location with average<br />
and somewhat pricey rooms and is called the Volcano<br />
House (website) .<br />
If you are an active service member or have served in the<br />
US military you can also stay in the Kilauea Military Center<br />
(KMC, website). The KMC is located inside the park and<br />
offers 90 guest cottages and apartments with one, two, or<br />
three bedrooms, and a 110-bed dormitory.<br />
PANA’EWA RAINFOREST ZOO<br />
The Pana’ewa Rainforest Zoo is the only tropical zoo in the<br />
United States. You can visit a variety of rainforest animals<br />
and endangered Hawaiian animals, such as spider monkeys,<br />
lemurs, nene geese (the Hawaiian State bird), and over<br />
80 other animal species.<br />
MEHANA BREWING COMPANY<br />
The Mehana Brewing Company is Hawaii’s largest independently-owned<br />
craft brewer. Their tasting room and gift<br />
shop are open from noon on most days. Read more on our<br />
website about the Mehana Brewing Company or see a current<br />
listing of the opening hours on their website.<br />
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Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau<br />
National Historical Park<br />
Is a United States National<br />
Historical Park located on the<br />
west coast of the island of Hawaiʻi<br />
in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi. The<br />
historical park preserves the site<br />
where, up until the early 19th<br />
century, Hawaiians who broke a<br />
kapu (one of the ancient laws)<br />
could avoid certain death by<br />
fleeing to this place of refuge or<br />
puʻuhonua. The offender would<br />
be absolved by a priest and<br />
freed to leave. Defeated warriors<br />
and non-combatants could also<br />
find refuge here during times of<br />
battle. The grounds just outside<br />
the Great Wall that encloses the<br />
puʻuhonua were home to several<br />
generations of powerful chiefs.<br />
The 420 acre (1.7 km2) site was<br />
originally established in 1955<br />
as City of Refuge National<br />
Historical Park and was renamed<br />
on November 10, 1978. In<br />
2000 the name was changed<br />
by the Hawaiian National Park<br />
Language Correction Act of 2000<br />
observing the Hawaiian spelling.<br />
It includes the puʻuhonua and a<br />
complex of archeological sites<br />
including: temple platforms, royal<br />
fishponds, sledding tracks, and<br />
some coastal village sites. The<br />
Hale o Keawe temple and several<br />
thatched structures have been<br />
reconstructed.<br />
Hale o Keawe heiau<br />
The park contains a reconstruction<br />
of the Hale o Keawe heiau, which<br />
was originally built by a Kona chief<br />
named Kanuha in honor of his father<br />
King Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku.<br />
After the death of<br />
Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, his<br />
bones were entombed within the<br />
heiau. The nobility (ali’i) of Kona<br />
continued to be buried until the<br />
abolition of the kapu system. The<br />
last person buried here was a son<br />
of Kamehameha I in 1818.<br />
It was believed that additional<br />
protection to the place of refuge<br />
was received from the mana in<br />
the bones of the chiefs. It survived<br />
several years after other temples<br />
were destroyed. It was looted<br />
by Lord George Byron (cousin of<br />
the distinguished English poet)<br />
in 1825. In 1829, High Chiefess<br />
Kapiʻolani removed the remaining<br />
bones and hid them in the Pali<br />
Kapu O Keōua cliffs above nearby<br />
Kealakekua Bay. She then ordered<br />
this last temple to be destroyed.<br />
The bones were later moved to<br />
the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in<br />
1858.<br />
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