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History of Hawaii’s<br />

Big Island<br />

The Big Island is the youngest among the islands<br />

of Hawaii. It is only half a million years old. The<br />

Big Island is said to have been first discovered<br />

by travelers from the Marquesas Islands of the<br />

Polynesian region. This was only about one<br />

thousand five hundred (1,500) years ago.<br />

Westerners began coming into the island when<br />

Captain Cook landed in 1778. After a year, the<br />

captain was killed at Kealakekua Bay by tribal<br />

warriors. Regardless, he opened the door for<br />

other travelers to set foot and settle in the island.<br />

At around this time, the Big Island had several<br />

political divisions (or chiefdoms). These chiefdoms<br />

were constantly at war, until they were united in<br />

1791. The unification of the Big Island tribes was<br />

due to the efforts of Kamehameha, who hailed<br />

from Kohala. He ruled the Big Island as king until<br />

1804. After that year, he moved to Oahu, only to<br />

return to the island in 1812, seven years before<br />

he died. Kamehameha is credited as the greatest<br />

king to rule Hawaii.<br />

Western religions first came into the Big Island<br />

in 1820. This was through the efforts of the first<br />

missionaries in the island. They landed in Kailua-Kona, where they<br />

first began their missionary work.<br />

This was followed by other Western travelers. Some of the early<br />

voyagers introduced cattle and sugar into the local agriculture.<br />

This was the roots of Parker Ranch, perhaps one of the oldest and<br />

definitely one of the largest cattle ranches in the Big Island. Sugar<br />

plantations also found a home, later on blooming into one of the<br />

prime industries of Hilo.<br />

To date, the Big Island is at the forefront of Hawaiian industry and<br />

culture. The island’s rich culture and history is now the backdrop<br />

of a very active tourism industry. At the same time, much of the<br />

island’s ancient practices are kept alive because of the modern<br />

traveler’s interest in them.<br />

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<strong><strong>HI</strong>LO</strong><br />

Hilo is the largest town and census-designated<br />

place (CDP) in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United<br />

States, which encompasses the Island of Hawaiʻi.<br />

The population was 43,263 at the 2010 census.<br />

Hilo is the county seat of the County of Hawaii<br />

and is in the District of South Hilo. The town<br />

overlooks Hilo Bay, at the base of two shield<br />

volcanoes, Mauna Loa, an active volcano, and<br />

Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano and the site of<br />

some of the world’s most important groundbased<br />

astronomical observatories. Much of the<br />

city is at some risk from lava flows from Mauna<br />

Loa. The majority of human settlement in Hilo<br />

stretches from Hilo Bay to Waiākea-Uka, on the<br />

flanks of Mauna Loa.<br />

Hilo is home to the University of Hawaii at Hilo,<br />

ʻImiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaii, as well<br />

as the Merrie Monarch Festival, a week-long<br />

celebration of ancient and modern hula that takes<br />

place annually after Easter. Hilo is also home to<br />

the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, one<br />

of the world’s leading producers of macadamia<br />

nuts. The town is served by Hilo International<br />

Airport.<br />

History<br />

Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants arrived,<br />

bringing with them Polynesian knowledge and<br />

traditions. Although archaeological evidence is<br />

scant, oral history has many references to people<br />

living in Hilo, along the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers<br />

during the time of ancient Hawaii. Oral history<br />

also gives the meaning of Hilo as “to twist”.<br />

Originally, the name “Hilo” applied to a district<br />

encompassing much of the east coast of the<br />

island of Hawaiʻi, now divided into the District of<br />

South Hilo and the District of North Hilo. When<br />

William Ellis visited in 1823, the main settlement<br />

in the Hilo district was Waiākea on the south<br />

shore of Hilo Bay. Missionaries came to the<br />

district in the early-to-middle 19th century,<br />

founding Haili Church, in the area of modern<br />

Hilo.<br />

Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in the<br />

surrounding area created new jobs and drew<br />

in many workers from Asia, making the town a<br />

trading center.<br />

A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the<br />

first decade of the 20th century and completed<br />

in 1929. On April 1, 1946, a 7.8-magnitude<br />

earthquake near the Aleutian Islands created a<br />

46-foot-high (14 m) tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9<br />

hours later, killing 160 people. In response,<br />

an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami<br />

Warning Center, was established in 1949 to<br />

track these killer waves and provide warning.<br />

This tsunami also caused the end of the Hawaii<br />

Consolidated Railway, and instead the Hawaii<br />

Belt Road was built north of Hilo using some of<br />

the old railbed.<br />

On May 22, 1960, another tsunami, caused by a<br />

9.5-magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile<br />

that day, claimed 61 lives, allegedly due to the<br />

failure of people to heed warning sirens. Low-lying<br />

bayfront areas of the city on Waiākea peninsula<br />

and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were<br />

rededicated as parks and memorials.<br />

Hilo expanded inland beginning in the 1960s.<br />

The downtown found a new role in the 1980s<br />

as the city’s cultural center with several galleries<br />

and museums being opened; the Palace Theater<br />

was reopened in 1998 as an arthouse cinema.<br />

Closure of the sugar plantations (including those<br />

in Hāmākua) during the 1990s led to a downturn<br />

in the local economy, coinciding with a general<br />

statewide slump.[citation needed] Hilo in recent<br />

years has seen commercial and population<br />

growth, as the neighboring District of Puna<br />

became the fastest-growing region in the state.<br />

Big Island: Essential Facts<br />

Learn these Big Island factoids and you will know more than most on your dream Hawaii vacation:<br />

• The Big Island of Hawaii is the youngest of the Hawaiian Islands, at just over one million years old. In fact, the daily lava<br />

flow keeps the island growing larger every day.<br />

• Hawaii is the name of the island as well as the state. To reduce confusion, the single island “Hawaii” is referred to as the<br />

“Big Island” (because it’s so big compared to other islands in the chain).<br />

• Earth’s most active volcano, Kilauea, is on the Big Island.<br />

• Mauna Loa, which last erupted in 1984, is the most massive mountain on earth, consists of 10,000 cubic miles of rock, and<br />

is 13,677 feet high.<br />

• The Big Island is 4,038 square miles (and still growing). All the other Hawaiian Islands could fit inside the Big Island with<br />

room left over.<br />

• From the southern tip to the northern tip the distance is 95 miles. From east to west it is 80 miles.<br />

• In the 1850s, John Palmer Parker and his Hawaiian princess wife amassed land to form Parker Ranch, which today sprawls<br />

225,000 acres and is two-thirds the size of the island of Oahu.<br />

• In 1946, a 56-foot tsunami hit the east side of the island.<br />

• In 1981, the Ironman Triathlon moved from Oahu to Kona.<br />

• The Big Island has the most diverse weather of any Hawaiian Island, including tropical, monsoonal, desert, and permafrost.<br />

• Just below the summit of Mauna Kea, inside a cinder cone, is Lake Waiau, the only glacial lake in the mid-Pacific. At 13,020<br />

feet above sea level, it is also one of the highest lakes in the world.<br />

• Hawaii Standard Time is in effect year-round. There is no daylight savings time. Hawaii is 2 hours behind Pacific Standard<br />

Time and 5 hours behind Eastern Standard Time. When daylight savings time is in effect on the mainland, Hawaii is 3 hours<br />

behind the West Coast and 6 hours behind the East Coast.<br />

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Things to do in Hilo<br />

There are plenty of things to do in Hilo, like<br />

going to see the lava, hiking to waterfalls,<br />

and even going to the beach.<br />

Akaka Falls / Kahuna Falls<br />

Anyone holidaying on the Big Island really<br />

should to try and drag themselves away<br />

from the glorious sandy beaches and<br />

explore just some of the many spectacular<br />

natural landmarks which are scattered all<br />

around Hawaii. The Akaka Falls is one such<br />

site and this enormous cascade of water is<br />

more than 134 metres / 440 feet in height,<br />

making it the second-highest waterfall<br />

on the island, and importantly, the most<br />

accessible. Located just 18 km / 11 miles<br />

north of Hilo and on the north-eastern side<br />

of the island, the Akaka Falls is one waterfall<br />

that you will be glad you found. Close by,<br />

if you have time, do also check out some<br />

of the other neighboring waterfalls, such as<br />

the Kahuna Falls, which although smaller, is<br />

still very quite special. The 6-km / 4-mile<br />

Pepeekeo Scenic Drive between Honomu<br />

and Hilo is also worth considering.<br />

Open hours: daily - 24 hours<br />

Admission: free<br />

Coconut Island<br />

Coconut Island, or Moku o Loʻe, is a 28-<br />

acre island in Kāne’ohe Bay off the island of<br />

Oahu in the state of Hawaii, United States.<br />

It is a marine research facility of the Hawaii<br />

Institute of Marine Biology (<strong>HI</strong>MB) of the<br />

University of Hawaii.<br />

History<br />

Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants<br />

arrived, bringing with them Polynesian<br />

knowledge and traditions. Although<br />

archaeological evidence is scant, oral history<br />

has many references to people living in Hilo,<br />

along the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers during<br />

the time of ancient Hawaii. Oral history also<br />

gives the meaning of Hilo as “to twist”.<br />

Originally, the name “Hilo” applied to a<br />

district encompassing much of the east<br />

coast of the island of Hawaiʻi, now divided<br />

into the District of South Hilo and the<br />

District of North Hilo. When William Ellis<br />

visited in 1823, the main settlement in<br />

the Hilo district was Waiākea on the south<br />

shore of Hilo Bay. Missionaries came to<br />

the district in the early-to-middle 19th<br />

century, founding Haili Church, in the area<br />

of modern Hilo.<br />

Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in the<br />

surrounding area created new jobs and<br />

drew in many workers from Asia, making the<br />

town a trading center.<br />

A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun<br />

in the first decade of the 20th century<br />

and completed in 1929. On April 1, 1946,<br />

a 7.8-magnitude earthquake near the<br />

Aleutian Islands created a 46-foot-high<br />

(14 m) tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours<br />

later, killing 160 people. In response, an<br />

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early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami<br />

Warning Center, was established in 1949 to<br />

track these killer waves and provide warning.<br />

This tsunami also caused the end of the<br />

Hawaii Consolidated Railway, and instead<br />

the Hawaii Belt Road was built north of Hilo<br />

using some of the old railbed.<br />

On May 22, 1960, another tsunami, caused<br />

by a 9.5-magnitude earthquake off the coast<br />

of Chile that day, claimed 61 lives, allegedly<br />

due to the failure of people to heed warning<br />

sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city<br />

on Waiākea peninsula and along Hilo Bay,<br />

previously populated, were rededicated as<br />

parks and memorials.<br />

Hilo expanded inland beginning in the<br />

1960s. The downtown found a new role<br />

in the 1980s as the city’s cultural center<br />

with several galleries and museums being<br />

opened; the Palace Theater was reopened in<br />

1998 as an arthouse cinema.<br />

Closure of the sugar plantations (including<br />

those in Hāmākua) during the 1990s led to<br />

a downturn in the local economy, coinciding<br />

with a general statewide slump.[citation<br />

needed] Hilo in recent years has seen<br />

commercial and population growth, as the<br />

neighboring District of Puna became the<br />

fastest-growing region in the state<br />

Hulihee Palace<br />

Built during the early 19th century out of<br />

locally sourced lava rock, Hulihee Palace is<br />

located within the Kailua-Kona area of the<br />

Big Island and off Alii Drive. The impressive<br />

landmark was once used by Hawaiian royalty<br />

as a holiday home, although today operates<br />

as a museum / attraction. Hulihee Palace<br />

is now filled with memorabilia relating to<br />

its past regal residents, which include King<br />

Kalakaua, who gave the palace the new<br />

title of ‘Hikulani Hale’ after himself, since<br />

this literally translates as the ‘House of the<br />

Seventh Leader’. During the Big Island’s<br />

earthquake of 2006, the Hulihee Palace<br />

suffered minor structural damage, although<br />

this was little more than cracks in some of<br />

the walls, with a renovation project soon<br />

resolving the problems.<br />

Open hours:<br />

Tuesday to Saturday - 09:00 to 16:00,<br />

Sunday - 10:00 to 16:00<br />

Admission: charge<br />

Ka Lae (South Point)<br />

BKa Lae is amongst Hawaii’s most important<br />

landmarks, sine this rocky outcrop marks<br />

the most southerly location no just in<br />

Hawaii, but in the whole of the USA. Also<br />

regularly referred to as the ‘South Point’<br />

of Big Island, Ka Lae offers nothing short<br />

of awesome fishing conditions, with locals<br />

flocking here to catch everything from red<br />

snapper to giant ‘ulua’ fish. Ka Lae is also<br />

home to an extremely old archaeological<br />

site, where traces of an ancient Hawaiian<br />

settlement have been discovered. Around<br />

the beautiful coastal scenery of the South<br />

Point, look out for the contrasting modern<br />

wind farms an their giant windmills.<br />

Open hours: daily - 24 hours<br />

Admission: free<br />

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The Kilauea’iki crater:<br />

is our favorite short hike on the Big Island (more about this<br />

hike). It takes you down into the Kilauea’iki crater across<br />

the crater floor which was formed only 50 years ago, and<br />

up again to the parking lot.<br />

Thurston Lava Tube:<br />

The Thurston lava tube is an easily accessible and very interesting<br />

lava tube close to the Kilauea’iki parking lot. A<br />

20 minute (1/3 mile) walk through a tree fern forest and<br />

a illuminated cave-like lava tube takes you from the main<br />

road through the Thurston Lava Tube and back to the parking<br />

lot.<br />

During daytime hours there the lava tube is illuminated,<br />

but between 8 p.m. and 10 a.m. there will be no lights on in<br />

the cave. The cave will remain open overnight for visitors<br />

that want to experience a pitch black lava tube :). Visitors<br />

must carry their own light source if planning to explore the<br />

lava tube in its dark, natural state before 10 a.m. or after 8<br />

p.m. Park rangers recommend head lamps and flashlights;<br />

cell phones are not recommended as the only light source.<br />

Things to do in the<br />

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park<br />

It is easy to spend multiple days in the Hawaii Volcanoes National<br />

Park without getting bored. There are many short and<br />

long hikes in the park and plenty of interesting spots you<br />

can easily reach by car. The park also organizes a very interesting<br />

weekly lecture series called “After Dark in the Park“.<br />

Park attractions include the following 10 highlights, but<br />

please remember that here is far more in the park that deserves<br />

your attention. Below the list you can watch a video<br />

shows four of our seven favorite things to do in the park<br />

and find more information about camping in the park and<br />

seeing lava.<br />

The Kilauea Visitor Center:<br />

is open daily from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Ranger talks and<br />

guided tours can be scheduled here, and there plays a<br />

25-minute film to introduce you to the park. Pick up a map,<br />

learn about the hikes in the park, and get the latest eruption<br />

updates here. Opening hours are subject to change, find<br />

the current hours at the national park website.<br />

Your first stop in the park should always be the visitor center<br />

to receive an up-to-date report on the park events, closedof<br />

areas and ranger-led hikes<br />

The Thomas A. Jaggar Museum<br />

and Halema’uma’u crater overlook:<br />

is opened daily from 10:00 am to 8:00 pm. Thomas A. Jaggar<br />

pioneered the study of volcanology at Kilauea. You can<br />

find geologic displays, maps, and videos about the study<br />

of volcanoes inside. Outside you will find the best overlook<br />

over the steaming Halema’uma’u crater. Opening hours are<br />

subject to change, find the current hours at the national<br />

park website.<br />

The Chain of Craters road:<br />

takes you from the park entrance past many scenic points<br />

and volcanic craters all the way down to the ocean where<br />

the road finally disappears under a fresh sheet of lava (description<br />

of the crater rim drive tour on the national park<br />

website). The chain of craters road is one of our favorite scenic<br />

drives of the Big Island. The ranger station on the Chain<br />

of Craters Road is open daily from 10 am to 9 pm.<br />

Day hikes in the park:<br />

There are more than 10 day hikes possible inside the park<br />

for which you can find a description at the park website. The<br />

100+ miles of hiking trails take you through old lava tubes<br />

and lush rainforest, and over old and new, still fuming, lava<br />

flows. The park also organizes daily ranger-led hikes.<br />

If you are looking for longer and more challenging hikes a<br />

good place to start is the Big Island Hikes website.<br />

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The Volcano Art Center Gallery:<br />

is located directly next to the Kilauea Visitor Center and is<br />

open from 9:00 a.m to 5:00 p.m. daily. More info on the Volcano<br />

Art Center here.<br />

The Sulphur Banks trail:<br />

The sulphur banks are an impressive reminder of the volcanic<br />

activity in the park because of the volcanic gases that<br />

seep out of the ground along with groundwater steam. It is<br />

an unusual spot with steaming cracks, colorful mineral deposits<br />

and the smell of sulfur (think: rotting eggs) in the air.<br />

The see the sulphur banks you need to hike the easy 1.2<br />

miles (2 km) round trip Ha’akulamanu (Sulphur Banks) trail<br />

that starts and ends at the far left of the Kīlauea Visitor Center<br />

parking lot past the Volcano Art Center Gallery.<br />

Special activities for kids<br />

Children up to 12 years old can become junior rangers and<br />

receive a junior ranger badge. To become a junior ranger<br />

the kids have to complete a couple of activities while in the<br />

park. This is a free, fun and educational activity and we highly<br />

recommend it if you bring any children. There are programs<br />

for kids aged 7-12, and for those of age 6 and below.<br />

More information including junior ranger handbooks which<br />

you can print out at home can be found at the ‘be a junior<br />

ranger‘ website.<br />

ACTIVITIES AND ATTRACTIONS IN <strong><strong>HI</strong>LO</strong>:<br />

There are plenty of activities to be found in the town of Hilo.<br />

For example, you can visit the ‘Imiloa astronomy center or<br />

get a taste of Hawaiian history in the Lyman museum and<br />

mission house. There is also a tropical zoo and a fantastic<br />

local farmers market. Hilo also offers many options for the<br />

culinary or culturally interested visitor. Browse below for<br />

some activities that can be enjoyed in Hilo!<br />

RAINBOW FALLS<br />

The Rainbow Falls within Hilo are a perfect place to visit<br />

early in the morning for a picnic or perhaps even before<br />

breakfast. It falls over a lava-cave that is home to the ancient<br />

Hawaiian goddess Hina, the goddess of the moon.<br />

IMILOA ASTRONOMY CENTER<br />

The ‘Imiloa Astronomy Center is a good pick if you or your<br />

kids want to learn about Hawaiian culture and astronomy.<br />

The ‘Imiloa center offers educational and cultural programs<br />

for visitors, students, and local residents through exhibits,<br />

activities and a full-dome planetarium.<br />

STAY IN THE PARK OVERNIGHT:<br />

CAMPING AND THE VOLCANO HOUSE<br />

There is so much to do in the park that many people choose<br />

to spend at least one night in or close to the park. There are<br />

two campsites in the park as well as a hotel whose lounge<br />

offers stunning views of the Halema’uma’u crater. There also<br />

mare many charming and affordable vacation rental houses<br />

available in a few miles from the park in Volcano Village.<br />

Overnight camping is possible in the park on two separate<br />

campgrounds, one of which also has tent rentals and cabins<br />

available. The park hotel combines a great location with average<br />

and somewhat pricey rooms and is called the Volcano<br />

House (website) .<br />

If you are an active service member or have served in the<br />

US military you can also stay in the Kilauea Military Center<br />

(KMC, website). The KMC is located inside the park and<br />

offers 90 guest cottages and apartments with one, two, or<br />

three bedrooms, and a 110-bed dormitory.<br />

PANA’EWA RAINFOREST ZOO<br />

The Pana’ewa Rainforest Zoo is the only tropical zoo in the<br />

United States. You can visit a variety of rainforest animals<br />

and endangered Hawaiian animals, such as spider monkeys,<br />

lemurs, nene geese (the Hawaiian State bird), and over<br />

80 other animal species.<br />

MEHANA BREWING COMPANY<br />

The Mehana Brewing Company is Hawaii’s largest independently-owned<br />

craft brewer. Their tasting room and gift<br />

shop are open from noon on most days. Read more on our<br />

website about the Mehana Brewing Company or see a current<br />

listing of the opening hours on their website.<br />

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Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau<br />

National Historical Park<br />

Is a United States National<br />

Historical Park located on the<br />

west coast of the island of Hawaiʻi<br />

in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi. The<br />

historical park preserves the site<br />

where, up until the early 19th<br />

century, Hawaiians who broke a<br />

kapu (one of the ancient laws)<br />

could avoid certain death by<br />

fleeing to this place of refuge or<br />

puʻuhonua. The offender would<br />

be absolved by a priest and<br />

freed to leave. Defeated warriors<br />

and non-combatants could also<br />

find refuge here during times of<br />

battle. The grounds just outside<br />

the Great Wall that encloses the<br />

puʻuhonua were home to several<br />

generations of powerful chiefs.<br />

The 420 acre (1.7 km2) site was<br />

originally established in 1955<br />

as City of Refuge National<br />

Historical Park and was renamed<br />

on November 10, 1978. In<br />

2000 the name was changed<br />

by the Hawaiian National Park<br />

Language Correction Act of 2000<br />

observing the Hawaiian spelling.<br />

It includes the puʻuhonua and a<br />

complex of archeological sites<br />

including: temple platforms, royal<br />

fishponds, sledding tracks, and<br />

some coastal village sites. The<br />

Hale o Keawe temple and several<br />

thatched structures have been<br />

reconstructed.<br />

Hale o Keawe heiau<br />

The park contains a reconstruction<br />

of the Hale o Keawe heiau, which<br />

was originally built by a Kona chief<br />

named Kanuha in honor of his father<br />

King Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku.<br />

After the death of<br />

Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, his<br />

bones were entombed within the<br />

heiau. The nobility (ali’i) of Kona<br />

continued to be buried until the<br />

abolition of the kapu system. The<br />

last person buried here was a son<br />

of Kamehameha I in 1818.<br />

It was believed that additional<br />

protection to the place of refuge<br />

was received from the mana in<br />

the bones of the chiefs. It survived<br />

several years after other temples<br />

were destroyed. It was looted<br />

by Lord George Byron (cousin of<br />

the distinguished English poet)<br />

in 1825. In 1829, High Chiefess<br />

Kapiʻolani removed the remaining<br />

bones and hid them in the Pali<br />

Kapu O Keōua cliffs above nearby<br />

Kealakekua Bay. She then ordered<br />

this last temple to be destroyed.<br />

The bones were later moved to<br />

the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in<br />

1858.<br />

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