Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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discovering the scythians1.16 The excavation of kurgan 1 at Pazyryk exposed a log-built burial chamber with the body of thedeceased interred in a massive larch tree-trunk coffin which had been opened sometime in antiquitywhen the grave was robbed.1.17 Archaeologists returned to Pazyryk in 1947 and over the next two years excavated more kurgans. Thephotograph shows the removal of logs roofing the burial chamber beneath kurgan 5.19
discovering the scythiansits English edition, The Frozen Tombs of Siberia, published in 1970. Pazyryk had gainedits place in the history of archaeology, bringing the rich culture of the Altai nomads,with its striking animal art and complex rituals, to the attention of the whole world.Having finished his excavations at Pazyryk Rudenko moved to the Central Altai.In 1950 he excavated two frozen tombs at Bashadar and two more at Tuekta in 1954.Since then work has continued in the region. In 1993 the well-preserved body of anelite female was found buried in a kurgan at Ak-Alakha on the Ukok plateau closeto the border with China. She was partially tattooed and was finely dressed forburial wearing an elaborate headdress nearly a metre high. Dendrochronologicalanalysis of timbers from the tomb chamber show that the burial took place in thefifth century bc. In 1998 a new programme of work was initiated at the cemetery ofBerel in the Kazakh Altai where Radlov had first dug more than 130 years before. Heresome twenty-four kurgans have now been excavated dating mainly from the fourthand third century bc. They vary in their elaboration from quite simple constructionsto rich, well-furnished tombs such as kurgan 10, with its ten sacrificed horses deckedout with elaborate saddles and harness buried beside the timber burial chamber.The value of the more recent work is that excavation techniques have improvedand excavators are now far more aware of the need to have dedicated conservationfacilities on hand to prevent the rapid deterioration which sets in immediately thebodies and artefacts are removed from the frozen ground.It is no exaggeration to say that the frozen tombs of Siberia have revolutionized ourunderstanding of the first millennium bc nomads of the Altai region. The occupantsof the graves physically confront us as real people whose lives we can visualize fromseeing the totality of their organic belongings and whose beliefs come alive throughthe evidence of their complex burial rituals. The ability to study the tattooed skin ofa nomad princess or the stomach contents of her horse can add so much more to ourunderstanding of the past than having to rely only on metal artefacts and dry bones.The evidence from the Altai kurgans will feature large in discussions throughout thisbook.But perhaps the greatest surprise arising from the excavations in the Altai wasthat a vibrant animal art existed in the region so similar to the Scythian animal art ofthe Pontic steppe that the two must have been part of the same cultural continuum.Russian archaeologists refer to this as Scythian–Siberian animal art and some seeit as representing a distinct culture. But the very use of the term raises a myriad ofquestions. Where and when did the art originate? Does its use over a large area implya degree of ethnic identity? Can the name Scythian be used to embrace the wholeregion or has it to be restricted to the people of the Pontic steppe? These are some ofthe questions to which we shall return.20
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Page 5 and 6: Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
Page 7 and 8: prefacehistory exploring, with undi
Page 9 and 10: contentsviii
Page 11 and 12: discovering the scythiansinterest i
Page 13 and 14: discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
Page 15 and 16: discovering the scythiansmounds to
Page 17 and 18: discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
Page 19 and 20: discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
Page 22 and 23: discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
Page 24 and 25: discovering the scythiansKuban regi
Page 26 and 27: discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
Page 30 and 31: After the Revolutiondiscovering the
Page 32 and 33: discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
Page 34 and 35: discovering the scythians1.18 The g
Page 36: discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
Page 39 and 40: the scythians as others saw themlan
Page 41 and 42: the scythians as others saw themScy
Page 43 and 44: the scythians as others saw themThe
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Page 49 and 50: Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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Page 65 and 66: the scythians as others saw them2.1
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Page 71 and 72: landscapes with people3.1 The lands
Page 73 and 74: landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
Page 75 and 76: landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
Page 77 and 78: SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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landscapes with peopleAlongside the
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landscapes with people3.11 The elab
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landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
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predatory nomadshave tended to be i
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predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
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crossing the carpathianslar materia
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crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
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DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
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crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
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crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
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crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
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crossing the carpathiansin its pred
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crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
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crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
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scythians in central asiaThere is,
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scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
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7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
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scythians in central asiaIn another
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scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
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9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
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10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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timeline
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Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
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scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
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further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further reading116-47. The creation
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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