Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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the scythians as others saw themJeremiah was written in the late seventh or early sixth century at just the time that theScythians raiders were making their way south through the Levant towards Egypt.For those in their path the prophecy must have suddenly become very real.We have summarized the stories contained in the Greek and Assyrian sources.At best they are a fragmentary record of what must have been a complex interactionbetween incoming bands of predatory nomads and the sedentary states south of theCaucasus over a period of a century or more. The sources seem confident enoughto distinguish between two ethnic groups, Kimmerians and Scythians, implyingthat they were active in different spheres. There is no need to dismiss any of this butin all probability the flow of nomad horsemen from the steppe started earlier thanthe texts would allow and it would certainly have been a lot more complex. We willreturn to the archaeological evidence for the nomad presence later (pp. 103–9).Greeks living along the Aegean coast of Asia Minor will have heard stories of theScythians and their brief dominance in Asia after the collapse of the Assyrian rule.They would have been more directly aware of the devastation wrought by the Kimmerianhorsemen on their homelands a few generations before. There may have beenphysical reminders of it still evident. Who would not have recalled when visiting thetemple of Artemis at Ephesus the attempt of the Kimmerians to burn it? Indeed theremay have been traces of the fire still remaining on the temple stonework. One effectof these events is recorded on an inscription dating to 283 bc found on the island ofSamos. It refers to a still-ongoing dispute between Samos and the city of Priene onthe mainland over a seaside region that was abandoned by its inhabitants during aKimmerian attack four hundred years earlier.It was the Greeks of these coastal cities who were to organize the colonial ventureswhich established trading enclaves and settlements around the Black Sea at theinterface with the Pontic steppe, the original homeland of the Kimmerians and theScythians. Those who knew their history may have wondered at the game the Fateswere playing.The Black Sea AdventureThe Greek colonization of the Black Sea littoral was the result of a number of factorsbut the one driving force was the rise in population in the Greek cities scatteredaround the Aegean.In normal circumstances animal communities reproduce at such a rate that, ifunconstrained, the population increases exponentially until the holding capacityof the environment is overstepped and can no longer provide sustenance for thegrowing population. At this point tensions appear within the community leading to35
the scythians as others saw themGreek citiesBugDonNDniesterOlbiaBerezanDnieperTyrasPanticapaeumKubanDanubeHistriaTomisChersonesusTheodosiaNymphaeumPhanagoreiaOdessusB l a c k S e aApolloniaSinopeByzantionHerakleaChalkedonTrapezusPHRYGIAHalysLYDIAEphesosEuphratesTigrisMiletos0 250 miles0 250km2.2 Greek interest in the Black Sea was well underway in the seventh century bc. By the end of the sixthcentury colonies had been established around the entire coast with a particular concentration along theKerch Strait linking the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov.Âunusual behaviour in order to keep the numbers down, and sectors of the communitymigrate from the home base to establish themselves in new ecological niches.So it is with humans. As the population moves towards the holding capacity variousconstraints kick in. The age of marriage may rise; communities may practice infanticideor senilicide; and warfare is likely to become more prevalent. Warfare is an36
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Page 5 and 6: Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
Page 7 and 8: prefacehistory exploring, with undi
Page 9 and 10: contentsviii
Page 11 and 12: discovering the scythiansinterest i
Page 13 and 14: discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
Page 15 and 16: discovering the scythiansmounds to
Page 17 and 18: discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
Page 19 and 20: discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
Page 22 and 23: discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
Page 24 and 25: discovering the scythiansKuban regi
Page 26 and 27: discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
Page 28 and 29: discovering the scythians1.16 The e
Page 30 and 31: After the Revolutiondiscovering the
Page 32 and 33: discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
Page 34 and 35: discovering the scythians1.18 The g
Page 36: discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
Page 39 and 40: the scythians as others saw themlan
Page 41 and 42: the scythians as others saw themScy
Page 43: the scythians as others saw themThe
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Page 49 and 50: Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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Page 55 and 56: the scythians as others saw themaud
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Page 59 and 60: the scythians as others saw themBey
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Page 63 and 64: the scythians as others saw themsee
Page 65 and 66: the scythians as others saw them2.1
Page 67: the scythians as others saw themset
Page 71 and 72: landscapes with people3.1 The lands
Page 73 and 74: landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
Page 75 and 76: landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
Page 77 and 78: SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
Page 79 and 80: landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
Page 81 and 82: landscapes with peopleMore direct e
Page 83 and 84: landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
Page 85 and 86: landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
Page 87 and 88: landscapes with peopleAlongside the
Page 89 and 90: landscapes with people3.11 The elab
Page 91: landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
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predatory nomadshave tended to be i
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predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
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crossing the carpathianslar materia
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crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
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DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
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crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
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crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
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crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
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crossing the carpathiansin its pred
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crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
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crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
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scythians in central asiaThere is,
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scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
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7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
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scythians in central asiaIn another
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scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
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9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
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10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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timeline
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Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
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scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
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further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further reading116-47. The creation
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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