Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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the scythians as others saw themflourishing in the last decades of the sixth century. Details of this kind hint at thefluidity of the situation. While flagging settlements could be revived by newly arrivedpioneers, successful colonies would need to expand, bringing more and more coastalterritories under Greek sway.The flood of Greeks into the Black Sea in the seventh and sixth centuries broughtthe urban world of the Aegean face to face with the nomadic world of the steppe.For the most part the two communities coexisted in harmony. While the equilibriummay have been unstable, the trading advantages to both were such that it was ineveryÂone’s interest that peaceful, ordered relations were maintained.Confronting the PersiansAt the time that the Scythians were active in Asia Minor a small state came into existencein Persia in what is now the Iranian province of Fars, on the eastern flank of thePersian Gulf at the southern end of the Zagros Mountains. According to tradition thefirst king, Achaemenes, ruled in the seventh century establishing the dynasty namedafter him. The great Assyrian empire that had dominated the Near East finally collapsedin 612 when the Medes and Babylonians, with Scythian help, sacked Nineveh.In the half-century of uncertainty which followed, the power of the Achaemenids(Persians) began to grow and with the accession of King Cyrus in 539 the world wasset to change. In an astonishingly short period of less than three decades Cyrus hadcreated a great empire stretching from the Aegean to the fringes of the Indus valley.The northern frontier of the new empire was conveniently delimited by naturalfeatures along much of its length. It extended to the southern shores of the Black Sea,the Caucasus mountains, and the southern shores of the Caspian. But further eastbetween the Caspian and the Pamir Mountains there was no clear natural boundary,just an expanse of desert (the Karakum, Kyzylkum, and Muyunkum deserts)interspersed with extensive marshlands and lakes and crossed by two great rivers,the Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Jaxartes (Syr Darya), eventually giving way to desertsteppe and steppe to the north. The southern part of this great open region was occupiedby horse-riding nomads known to the Persians as Sakā—a name which Herodotusrecorded to be the same as Scythian. The Persians recognized two distinct groups,the Sakā Tigrakhauda (the Sakā of the pointed hats), who occupied the marshlandareas, and the Sakā Haumawargā (the haoma-consuming Sakā), who lived mainlyin the plains and deserts. Haoma is a plant which suitably prepared can produce aninebriant with other beneficial properties. The Persian expansion absorbed the SakāHaumawargā, who were incorporated into the provinces of Sogdiana and Chorasmia,but the Sakā Tigrakhauda retained a degree of freedom as a vassal state.39
Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian Empire 559–480 BCTributary region or vassal stateSyr DaryaBlack SeaCaspianSeaAralSeaHindu KushAmu DaryaIndusSKUDRAMACEDONIATigrisLYDIASardisZagros MtsE uphratesGREEKCITYSTATESAthensSCYTHIANSCARIALYCIACAPPADOCIACILICIACOLCHISARMENIANinevehASSYRIABABYLONIAMEDIAMASSAGETAEELAMBabylonSAKA ˉSAKATIGRAKHAUDAHYRCANIAHamadanSAGARTIASusaˉPersepolisSOGDIANACHORASMIAˉPasargadaePERSIASAKA ˉBACTRIADarius’ campaign 513–12PARTHIAARIAHeratDRANGIANAARACHOSIAGANDHARASINDHGulf of OmanPersian GulfNARABIAEGYPTRedSeaNile0 500km2.3 The Persian Empire grew rapidly between 559 and 480 bc, confronting the Sakā along much of its northern frontier. Darius’ campaign of 513–12 against the Pontic steppeScythians may have been intended to establish a Persian-controlled corridor around the north side of the Black Sea.
Page 2: the scythians
Page 5 and 6: Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
Page 7 and 8: prefacehistory exploring, with undi
Page 9 and 10: contentsviii
Page 11 and 12: discovering the scythiansinterest i
Page 13 and 14: discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
Page 15 and 16: discovering the scythiansmounds to
Page 17 and 18: discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
Page 19 and 20: discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
Page 22 and 23: discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
Page 24 and 25: discovering the scythiansKuban regi
Page 26 and 27: discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
Page 28 and 29: discovering the scythians1.16 The e
Page 30 and 31: After the Revolutiondiscovering the
Page 32 and 33: discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
Page 34 and 35: discovering the scythians1.18 The g
Page 36: discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
Page 39 and 40: the scythians as others saw themlan
Page 41 and 42: the scythians as others saw themScy
Page 43 and 44: the scythians as others saw themThe
Page 45 and 46: the scythians as others saw themGre
Page 47: the scythians as others saw themwou
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Page 63 and 64: the scythians as others saw themsee
Page 65 and 66: the scythians as others saw them2.1
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Page 71 and 72: landscapes with people3.1 The lands
Page 73 and 74: landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
Page 75 and 76: landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
Page 77 and 78: SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
Page 79 and 80: landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
Page 81 and 82: landscapes with peopleMore direct e
Page 83 and 84: landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
Page 85 and 86: landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
Page 87 and 88: landscapes with peopleAlongside the
Page 89 and 90: landscapes with people3.11 The elab
Page 91: landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
Page 95 and 96: predatory nomadshave tended to be i
Page 97 and 98: predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
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crossing the carpathianslar materia
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crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
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DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
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crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
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crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
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crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
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crossing the carpathiansin its pred
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crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
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crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
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scythians in central asiaThere is,
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scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
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7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
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scythians in central asiaIn another
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scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
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9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
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10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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timeline
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Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
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scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
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further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further reading116-47. The creation
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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