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electromagnetic pollution is destroying nature (Warnke, 2007; Firstenberg, 1997).
Balmori (2006) proposed that electromagnetic pollution (in the microwave and radiofrequency
range) along with other environmental factors is a possible cause for decline and deformations
of some wild amphibian populations exposed. The results of this experiment conducted in a
real situation in the city of Valladolid (Spain) indicate that the tadpoles that live near such
facilities, exposed to relatively low levels of environmental electromagnetic fields (1.8–3.5V/m)
may suffer adverse effects (low coordination of movements, asynchronous growth, and high
mortality), and this may be a cause (together with other environmental factors) of decline of
amphibian populations.” (Emphasis added.)
The study has thus been carried out on what is perhaps the most common frog in Denmark,
the ”butsnudet frø” (Rana temporaria). The animal has been entered into Annex II of the EU
directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, and is thus
protected by special rules of conservation, cf. item 2.3.3. below.
The investigation points out that aside from an indication of mutations and a long line of health
damage to toads, the electromagnetic pollution from even relatively weak electromagnetic
fields, which the environment is being exposed to, is a possible cause (along with other
environmental factors) for the loss of reptilian populations.
On mice, reference can be made to, e.g. the following, in addition to the other articles
mentioned in this legal opinion:
Magras and Xenos (1997), ”RF Radiation–Induced Changes in the Prenatal Development of
Mice” (p. 455):
”The possible effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on prenatal development has been
investigated in mice. This study consisted of RF level measurements and in vivo experiments
at several places around an ‘‘antenna park.’’ At these locations RF power densities between
168 nW/cm2 and 1053 nW/cm2 were measured. Twelve pairs of mice, divided in two groups,
were placed in locations of different power densities and were repeatedly mated five times.
One hundred eighteen newborns were collected. They were measured, weighed, and examined
macro- and microscopically. A progressive decrease in the number of newborns per dam was
observed, which ended in irreversible infertility. The prenatal development of the newborns,
however, evaluated by the crown-rump length, the body weight, and the number of the
lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae, was improved.” (Emphasis added.)
The mechanism for the observed sterility of mice is explained in this manner in Shahin et al.
(2017), ”Mobile phone (1800 MHz) radiation impairs female reproduction in mice, Mus
musculus, through stress induced inhibition of ovarian anduterine activity,” (p. 41, abstract):
”Present study investigated the long-term effects of mobile phone (1800 MHz) radiation in
stand-by, dialing and receiving modes on the female reproductive function (ovarian and
uterine histo-architecture, andsteroidogenesis) and stress responses (oxidative and nitrosative
stress). We observed that mobile phone radiation induces significant elevation in ROS, NO,
lipid peroxidation, total carbonyl content and serumcorticosterone coupled with significant
decrease in antioxidant enzymes in hypothalamus, ovary anduterus of mice. Compared to
control group, exposed mice exhibited reduced number of developing and mature follicles as
well as corpus lutea. Significantly decreased serum levels of pituitary gonadotrophins(LH,
FSH), sex steroids (E2 and P4) and expression of SF-1, StAR, P-450scc, 3 -HSD, 17 -HSD,
cytochrome P-450 aromatase, ER- and ER- were observed in all the exposed groups of mice,
compared to control. These findings suggest that mobile phone radiation induces oxidative and
nitrosative stress, which affects the reproductive performance of female mice.” (Emphasis
added.)
Further, ibid. (p. 57):
”...Mobile phone radiation may result in ovarian and uterine dysfunction by increasing ROS and
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