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CHAPTER 1 The Problem 1.1 Why should we measure the infiltrations? The infiltration of parasitical water in a damaged sewer system can cause the inefficiency of the integrated system sewer-wastewater treatment plant. The impact upon the sewer is mainly due to transport of fine grains into the pipe that settling on the bottom reduce the cross area available as well as removing support around the pipe determine a less mechanical resistance of the backfilling. The impact upon urban surface water bodies is due to both the dilution of the pollutant concentrations into the wastewater stream causes serious problems at different stages within a WasteWater Treatment Plant (WWTP) if the infiltrations were unknown when that plant was build, and the rise of frequency of the combined/separated sewer overflows that can cause discharges of untreated wastewater into natural water bodies. Untreated wastewater can be deliver to the urban environment not only the known chemical and biological pollutants, but also numerous pharmaceutical and organic contaminants recently recognized as pollutants of increasing concern (Halling-Sorensen et al., 1998; Daughton and Ternes, 1999; Ayscough et al., 11
2000; Jorgesen and halling-Sorensen, 2000; Dietrich et al., 2002; Heberer, 2002; Kolpin et al., 2004; Weigel et al., 2004). Although the effect of the inefficiency of a damaged sewer characterized by high amount of infiltration can be checked at the wastewater treatment plants and at CSOs discharges, the individuation of the most damaged part of a network can be done only monitoring directly the system. Such an approach has been used by the European research project APUSS which principal aim has been to develop two methods for quantifying infiltration by measuring continuously the concentration of typical wastewater pollutants. 1.2 Why should we measure the exfiltrations? Exfiltration of wastewater from damaged sewer systems transport into the surrounding environment organic and inorganic pollutants dangerous for the human health. Groundwater is the main source of potable water, nevertheless the use of urban groundwater is a serious challenge because of the severe anthropogenic pressure on it. As a matter of the fact, actually the principal groundwater sources are in the rural areas, but because of the increasing demand of water and the over-abstraction in the those areas, urban groundwater is getting an important potable water source. Consequently, worldwide a lot of researches are studying which pollutants are discharged from urban activities (industry, landfill, septic tank, sewer leakages, etc…) into the aquifers, which behaviour those pollutants have in the subsurface, how they can threat the human healthy, how they can be detected and then removed from groundwater or even from the aquifer itself. However, a natural protection of the groundwater quality is generally assumed, t is called “purification capacity” due to the unsaturated zone, but such capacity changes according to the sediment and hydrological characteristics of the aquifer (Rettinger et al., 1991). The risk of contamination of soil and groundwater is especially high when wastewater, containing high concentrations of toxic chemicals, pathogenic bacteria for humans, and highly persist viruses, leaks from sewer (Dizer et al., 1985; Filip at al., 1986; Milde et al., 1987). When a pollutant does not vary its chemical and physical characteristics going through an aquifer, it could be considered an indicator of occurring exfiltration. Since eighties, different approaches have been using for investigating the groundwater contamination by wastewater leakages, and the first studies were carried out in Germany, United 12
Page 1 and 2: Università degli studi di Roma “
Page 3 and 4: INDEX CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM........
Page 5 and 6: ANNEX 6 - PRIGIOBBE, V.; GIULIANELL
Page 7 and 8: FIGURE INDEX FIG. 1.3.1: PPIS FOR I
Page 9 and 10: MOTIVATION This dissertation presen
Page 11: INTRODUCTION The thesis is divided
Page 15 and 16: Concerning virus transport and surv
Page 17 and 18: The motivation of the study of the
Page 19 and 20: Sewer material Sewer joint type and
Page 21 and 22: 2. data by field visits: condition
Page 23 and 24: to be large enough to provide signi
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 1.3.2: PPIs for infiltration (
Page 27 and 28: well as cost-effective. Although it
Page 29 and 30: drain and sewer system outside buil
Page 31 and 32: Tab. 1.4-1: how to use diagnostic t
Page 33 and 34: Dietrich, D. R..; Webb, S.F.; Petry
Page 35 and 36: Rauch, W.; Stegner, Th. (1994). The
Page 37 and 38: for the calibration and/or validati
Page 39 and 40: If the complete mixing occurs the e
Page 41 and 42: 2.2.3 Hydrodynamic background of QU
Page 43 and 44: The three dimensional equation (Eq.
Page 45 and 46: et = νt Eq. 2.2-15 but for buoyant
Page 47 and 48: where y is the vertical axis [m] an
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 2.2.4: Concentration profile d
Page 51 and 52: Mid-Field and Transverse Mixing The
Page 53 and 54: where = = u * and Lt = water
Page 55 and 56: The mixing distances are determined
Page 57 and 58: The methods used for measuring the
Page 59 and 60: This equation gives a Gaussian spat
Page 61 and 62: where Kx is undimensionalized by b
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time-varying concentration input at
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at the confluence, because if exfil
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e. at the natural site the discorda
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2.2.4 Application Advection-Dispers
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2.2.5 Sampling and Measurements In
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2.3 Methods for Quantifying the Inf
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an urban sewer network. The chemica
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the various isotopes of an element
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3. biological reaction due to organ
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Fig. 2.3.4 Fractionation factors α
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isotopic fractionation than faster
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The dashed lines in Fig. 2.3.5 show
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In Italy, Longinelli and Selmo (200
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egions and it has been applied for
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2.4 Reference Best, J. L., and Roy,
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Kracht, O.; Gresch, M.; de Bennedit
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CHAPTER 3 Experimental Design and F
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and B 2 ⎛ ⎜ = ⎜2 ⎜ ⎜ ⎝
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After a general uncertainty analysi
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3.3 QUEST In this paragraph, the QU
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t= endIpeak M 2 e'( C exf = 1− t=
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Tab. 3.3-1: sources of uncertainty
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discussed, and a mathematical appro
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Overlapping Peak routine) is the ro
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Fig. 3.3.7: Conductivity peaks in g
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# INTEGRATION of Reference and Indi
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# regression time definition # ====
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samp[,2:length(par.vector.mean)]
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e
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n.ref
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{ Q.Ref[i]
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} # Plot # ==== range
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3.4 QUEST-C For the application of
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3.6 POLLUTOGRAPH METHOD The equatio
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Fig. 3.6.3: COD measurements after
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Tab. 3.6-1 and the hydrograph separ
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Annex 1 Giulianelli, M.; Prigiobbe,
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10 th International Conference on U
Page 149:
Annex 3 Giulianelli, M.; Mazza, M.;
Page 175:
Annex 5 Rieckermann, J.; Bareš, V.
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Application of a novel method for a
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Fig. 1 right: fractionation of 18 O
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The experimental area called Infern
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Table 1 data of isotopic compositio
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During the storage of wastewater sa
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Fig. 7 error propagation with Monte
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Majoube, M., 1971. Fractionnement e
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th 16P P European Junior Scientist
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By the administrative level, the ma
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Fig. 2 - “Node” topology elemen
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By topologic overlay (overlapping t
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References: [1] United Nations Divi
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VALENTINA PRIGIOBBE (A) , CLAUDIO S
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associare contemporaneamente alle m
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Fig. 2 - Sonda utilizzata per le mi
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Conductivity [microS/cm] 3700 3400
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Allo stato attuale di avanzamento d
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I metodi presentati in questo artic
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precipitazioni è variabile tra -9
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Area di indagine L’area speriment
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δ 18 O [per mille] 2.00 1.00 0.00
Page 231 and 232:
Tabella 1 a cui si deve aggiungere
Page 233:
10 th International Conference on U
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