WCN August 2020

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THE ART OF ETHEPHON DETERMINE PACKING TISSUE BROWN TO FINESSE WALNUT HARVEST TIMING BASED ON CROP VARIABLES By VICKY BOYD | Contributing Writer 20 West Coast Nut <strong>August</strong> <strong>2020</strong>
Rootstock Available Clonal VX211 VLACH RX1 Successfully using the plant growth regulator (PGR), ethephon, to potentially hasten walnut harvest or improve nut removal and hullability has been described as part art and part science. To obtain the desired results, growers first need to determine if walnut kernels are mature and receptive to the PGR by accurately sampling the orchard. Then they must factor in other variables, such as variety, tree stress levels, weather conditions, harvest equipment availability and whether the huller/drier they deliver to is ready to receive their nuts, said Bob Beede, University of California Cooperative Extension farm advisor emeritus for Kings County. Ethephon can be used in two ways, based on a grower’s goals. If it is applied when at least 95% of the kernels are mature, it can promote an average of four to five days earlier harvest, depending on the season. This may help the grower harvest more desirable lighter-colored kernels while potentially minimizing navel orangeworm exposure, he said. If done correctly, using ethephon this way could potentially net a grower an average of 5 cents per pound more. A PGR application made five to seven days after 95% kernel maturity may aid nut removal and reduce the chance of having to shake a second time. Regardless of their choice, Beede said, growers need to begin by assessing nut maturity. “One of the key elements to using ethephon is to accurately determine the physiological stage of what’s known as packing tissue brown, or PTB,” said Beede, who has conducted numerous trials with ethephon during his tenure. “It doesn’t simply mean talking to your friends or going to the coffee shop and asking people when they’re putting on their ethephon because trees in sandy soils often times will mature sooner than trees on heavier ground. Water stress and high nitrogen also affect PTB.” A plant growth regulator, ethephon boosts the release of the plant hormone ethylene, which promotes ripening and senescence. Sampling for PTB Walnut kernels reach peak maturity and maximum oil accumulation when the PTB has changed from a bright white to an oak-brown color. At this stage, the kernels are the coveted light blond color. While growers wait for hull split and eventual harvest, the PTB continues to darken as does the kernel. Kernel maturity typically occurs up to 21 days before an untreated harvest but may occur later in well-irrigated and/or heavily fertilized orchards. Start sampling about two weeks before PTB is expected to begin, Beede Continued on Page 22 O f f e r i n g O v e r 1 5 0 Y E A R S of walnut growing experience A c c e p t i n g t r e e 2021 o r d e r s Enrollment E A S O N I S N O W O P E N S CALL US TODAY 2 0 9 . 6 0 2 . 8 3 9 4 O r e s t i m b a V a r i e t i e s : Chandler Cisco Durham Hartley Ivanhoe Franquette Howard Livermore Solano Tulare inc Collect 100 samples, cut them open and dig out the kernel. The packing tissue should be oak-brown in color. The photo at left is immature and the packing tissue hasn’t reached that color yet. At right, the packing tissue is an oak-brown color, so the nut has reached its peak maturity (photos by Bob Beede, UCCE.) ''Check out our Roots'' www.orestimbanursery.com We believe in helping other growers, GROW! -Mark Crow
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