Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality ...

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Leuchs, W. 1988 Geochemische und mineralogische Auswirkung beim mikrobiellen Abbau organischer Substanz in einem anoxischen Porengrundwasserleiter.- In: Zeitschrift Dt. Geol. Ges., Bd.139/1, S. 415-423. Li, Y. and Zhang, J. 1999 Agriculture diffuse pollution from fertilisers and pesticides in China. Wat. Sa. Tech., 3, 25-32. Ma, L.S. 1987 Study on water environment pollution of nitrate and nitrite in Tai-hu Lake region. Chinese J. Environmental Science (Chinese), 2, 6-10. Matthes, G. 1987 (Ed). Behaviour of plant-protective agents towards transport and degradation in percolating water and groundwater. Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Wasser-, Boden-und Lufthygiene e.V., Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1997. Ministry of Environment and Energy, Denmark. Internet source http://mstex03.mst.dk/books/moe/pic082.htm Mohaupt, V. 1988 Berechnung der Nitrat- und Ammoniumgehalte in einem Flachlandfluß aus Durchfluß und Temperatur.- In: Wasserwirtschaft - Wassertechnik, Bd. 2/1988, S. 42-44. Mohaupt, V, Behrendt, H. and Feldwisch, N. 1996 Die aktuelle Nährstoffbelastung der Gewässer in Deutschland und der Stand der Belastungsvermeidung in den Kommunen und der Landwirtschaft.- In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Limnologie (DGL), Tagungsbericht 1995 (Berlin), Krefeld 1996, S. 376-383. Ottow, J.C.G. and Benckiser, G. 1994 Effect of Ecological Conditions on Total Denitrification and N2O Release from Soils.- In: Köhler, W. (Ed.): The Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle as Influenced by Man. Nova Acta Leopoldina. Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, Halle (Saale), Bd. 70, Nr. 288, S. 251-262. Rohmann, U. and Sontheimer, H. 1985 Nitrat im Grundwasser.- DVGW Forschungsstelle am Engler-Bunte-Institut der Universität Karlsruhe (TH). Röske, I., Uhlmann, D. and Kermer, K. 1995 Anforderungen an kommunale Kläranlagen unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Gewässerbeschaffenheit.- In: Korrespondenz Abwasser, Bd. 3/1995, S. 356-364. Tisseau, M-A 1998 Nitrates. In: IWSA (ed.): the blue pages. the IWSA information source on drinking water issues. October 1998, p 18. Wen, H. 1990 Nitrate contamination of rural regions in northern plains of China. Agricultural Environmental Protection (Chinese) 9, 1-5. WHO 1993 Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Volume 1. Recommendations. Second edition, World Health Organization, Geneva, 188pp. Wu, D.N. 1988 Types of groundwater contamination and causes in the city of Hangzou. Environmental Pollution and Control (Chinese), 10, 36-38. Zhang, M.Q., Gao, H.Y. and Wu, K.J. 1990 Environmental conditions of nitrate contamination of Matan aquifer in Lanzhou city. Environmental Science (Chinese), 11, 79-82.
Chapter 4 Treatment and disposal of wastes high in nitrate Human settlements affect the surrounding environment. Ground and surface waters are vulnerable to nutrient inputs from on-site sanitation and sewerage systems, decentralised and on-site treatment and disposal systems, and other sources connected with human activities. Different approached to the management of sewage and other wastewaters can have a significant impact on the potential for nitrate pollution of water bodies used for public water supplies. Where the availability of drinking water is scarce, appropriate methods of wastewater treatment and disposal may have to be found to ensure further contamination by nitrates does not occur. Sewage and treated sludge are rich in nitrogen and may be considered a valuable resource, particularly for agricultural purposes. Certain uses of these wastes may increase the risk of contamination of water bodies with nitrate under particular conditions, or reduce the risk of contamination and resource depletion in other situations. Some of the different approaches to treating and disposing of sewage in developed and developing countries are reviewed with respect to their potential for nitrate pollution of water bodies. 4.1 Wastewater treatment plants In order to minimise environmental pollution it is necessary to treat wastewater before it is discharged. Hence, developed countries have invested enormous sums of money and resources in technologies for wastewater treatment and disposal. Sewerage networks transport wastewaters to treatment plants where some of the organic matter, nutrients and harmful substances are removed from the sewage before the effluent is discharged to a receiving water body. Human excreta (blackwater) flushed from toilets is usually diluted with other domestic wastewater (greywater) and may also be mixed with industrial and commercial sewage in the sewerage network. Table 4.1 shows the three different components of domestic wastewater from one person living in Sweden. About 12–16 g of nitrogen are excreted per capita per day. Of these blackwater components, urine contributes the greatest amount of nutrients. Untreated sewage from municipal sewerage systems contains only 20–80 mg N l –1 , with an average of about 40 mg N l –1 (Metcalf and Eddy INC. 1991, WHO 1995) due to the high level of dilution with greywater. Nitrogen concentrations can vary significantly depending on the volume of other wastewater (e.g. industrial wastewaters, storm-water) present. In industrialised countries sewage is mainly discharged into surface waters, usually after treatment in a sewage treatment plant. In principle, sewage treatment aims to purify the effluent by removal of harmful and hazardous substances and plant nutrients contained in sewage as solids and as dissolved or colloidally dissolved matter. Mechanical, biological and chemical treatment processes may be used. Biological treatment generally takes place under oxidising conditions because
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WHO/SDE/WSH/04.08/56 Rolling Revisi
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List of contents Chapter 1 Origin o
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7.3 Soil and organic matter 7.4 Sit
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Table 1.1 Trend in nitrate concentr
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NH4 + + 1.5 O2 --> NO2 - + H2O + 2
Page 11 and 12: In developed countries, urban groun
Page 13 and 14: Saharan Africa correlate with popul
Page 15 and 16: through microbial denitrification a
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.7 From overproduction to r
Page 19 and 20: total emissions is between 0.2 and
Page 21 and 22: 1999 Marker species for identifying
Page 23 and 24: NEERI 1991 Water Mission Report on
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Human Exposure and Risk a
Page 27 and 28: of nitrogen fertiliser or manure. O
Page 29 and 30: nitrate and nitrite concentrations
Page 31 and 32: methaemoglobinaemia observed in inf
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.4 Reproductive and development
Page 35 and 36: Accidental human intoxications have
Page 37 and 38: of nitrates, nitrites and N-nitroso
Page 39 and 40: McKnight et al. (1999) suggest that
Page 41 and 42: nitrate in the etiology of the hype
Page 43 and 44: Gonzalez, C.A., Sanz, J.M., Marcos,
Page 45 and 46: Lagerstedt, E., Jacks, G. and Sefe,
Page 47 and 48: thyroids of rats.] Schrifte für Ge
Page 49 and 50: Northern China. Agriculture, Ecosys
Page 51 and 52: top soil ⎫ ⎫ ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
Page 53 and 54: nitrate is not of significance. Den
Page 55 and 56: Figure. 3.4: Nitrate concentration
Page 57 and 58: observed in various parts of the wo
Page 59 and 60: groundwater recharge as a result of
Page 61: oxygen, are quickly displaced to gr
Page 65 and 66: 4. Formulation and implementation o
Page 67 and 68: the sludge. Table 4.3 Permissible a
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Page 71 and 72: In all types of organic fertilisers
Page 73 and 74: • Use of maintenance-free enginee
Page 75 and 76: (Chan and Guterstam, 1996). Constru
Page 77 and 78: Staatsministeriums für Landesentwi
Page 79 and 80: und Grundwasserbeschaffenheit bei n
Page 81 and 82: Figure 5.1 Calculation of the nitro
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Page 85 and 86: EF = (PW/FKRZ) * 100 Where EF = exc
Page 87 and 88: groundwater zone, due to capillary
Page 89 and 90: This information may help to optimi
Page 91 and 92: Figure 5.7 Potential rate of minera
Page 93 and 94: Figure 5.8 Cumulative NH3 emissions
Page 95 and 96: 5.3.5 Grassland farming Compared wi
Page 97 and 98: In order to calculate the optimum a
Page 99 and 100: 5.5 References Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Page 101 and 102: 21. Belastungen der Oberflächengew
Page 103 and 104: Rejesus, R.M. and Hornbaker, R.H. 1
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 6 Water treatment processes
Page 107 and 108: Nitrate-selective resins also add l
Page 109 and 110: 6.2.2 Heterotrophic denitrification
Page 111 and 112: small reactor volumes and areas. Th
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2. NO - 2 + 2AL + 3H2O → NH3 + 2A
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denitrification in cooler climates
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Chapter 7 Problem evaluation and ma
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inputs from point sources, land run
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most commonly used methods for anal
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sulphuric acid to 1 litre of sample
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The nitrite produced is determined
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concentrations of NO - 3-N, dilutio
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Figure 7.4 Actions required in the
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7.5 References Ballance, R. 1996a P
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ions. Part 1: Method for water with
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