CDRI PUBLICATIONS

វិទ្យាស្ថានបណ្ដុះបណ្ដាល 

និង ស្វជ្វដើម្បីអភិវឌ្ឍន៍កម្ពុជា 

CDRI - Cambodia’s leading independent 

development policy research institute 

CDRI PUBLICATIONS 

C A T A L O G U E 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 

CDRI – Cambodia’ s leading independent 


Natural Resources and Environment Programme 

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Report 

November 

2010 

Sustainable Pathways 

ស� ជ�ក�� ុមសិក�� វ�� វ៖ កុក � នវូន, ច័ន្ទ សុ� ព, ��ង ចិ�� , គឹម �� , ��ត � រមី និង ធន់ វ�� 

ជ�នួយ� រ�� វ�� វ៖ ��លវ�ន � , ឆឹង សុ� វណ្ណ និង ��៉ម 

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A CDRI PUBLICATION 

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF 

IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN 

THE TONLE SAP BASIN: ISSUES 

AND CHALLENGES 

for Attaining the Millennium 

Development Goals: 

Cambodia Case Study 

CDRI—Cambodia’s leading 

independent development 

policy research institute 

CDRI Working Paper 

Series No. 48 

W a ter Resources Management 

Research Capacity Development 

Programme (WRMRCDP) 

A Partnership of CDRI, RUPP 

and the University of Sydney 

with Support from AusAID 

CDRI W o rking Paper Series No. 48 1 

CDRI–Cambodia’s 

leading independent 

development policy 

research institute 

The Local Governance of 

Common Pool Resources: 

The Case of Irrigation 

W ater in Cambodia 

CDRI W orking Paper Series No. 47 

Chea Chou 

August 2010 

The Development Research Fo rum 

in Cambodia 

Scoping Study: 

Research Capacities of 

Cambodia’ Universities 

s 

Team Members: KWOK Kian-Woon, CHAN Sopheap, HENG Chinda, KIM Sedara, NETH Baromey and THON Vimealea 

Research Assistants: Kelvin CHIA, CHHOENG Sotheavan and NHEM Sochea 

1 

CAMBODIA DEVELOPMENT REVIEW VOLUME 14, ISSUE 4, OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2010 

A Publication of CDRI— 

Cambodia’s leading independent 


C 

AMBODIA 

DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 

VOLUME 14, ISSUE 4 OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2010 $4.00 

Review of Agricultural Policy 

and Policy Research1 Since the establishment of Cambodia’s 

government and its fi rst Legislature 

in 1993, the overarching priority of 

national strategies and development 

plans drawn up to execute the country’s 

development has been to promote 

socio-economic development to lift the 

country’s poor out of poverty and place 

Cambodia on a path of sustainable 

economic growth. As was then the case, 

the agricultural sector holds immense 

potential where productive gains could 

boost sustainable outputs – employment 

and income – to alleviate poverty . 

Government development policies, as 

such, address this sector as an engine 

for economic growth, food security, and 

poverty reduction. This article seeks to: 

percent) being recorded in 2005 (Figure 1). This 

(i) review existing agricultural development and growth was made possible by an open economy and 

food security policies in Cambodia; (ii) assess the a stable macroeconomic environment, increased 

existing policy research on Cambodia’s agriculture; exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) and a 

and (iii) identify knowledge gaps and potential low infl ation rate of about 5.0 percent, except when 

areas for future research to improve agricultural infl ation rose to about 22 percent in 2008 due to the 

development and food security in the country. sudden steep hike in food prices. However , growth 

Cambodia’ s Agricultural Profi le 

Cambodia had been achieving impressive economic 

growth over the past decade before it was severely 

hit by the global economic crisis in 2009. A verage 

gross domestic product (GDP) growth was 9.5 

percent per annum in 1999-2008, the highest (at 13.3 

1 This article is prepared by Dr Theng Vuthy, research fellow 

and programme coordinator for poverty agriculture and 

rural development (PARD), CDRI, and Mr Chhim Chhun, 

research assistant in the same programme. It is a summary 

of CDRI-IFPRI stocktaking policy discussion paper that 

reviews Cambodia’s agricultural policy and policy research 

by CDRI research teams in 2010, funded by USAID. 

Agriculture must be diversifi ed and adapted to the local condition: a yearly 

fl ooded village in Prek Khmeng commune, Kandal province 

In This Issue 

Review of Agricultural Policy and Policy Research ..... 1 

Cambodia’s Agricultural Strategy: Future 

Development Options for the Rice Sector .................... 7 

Food Security and Nutrition in Cambodia: Patterns 

and Pathways: A Policy Discussion Paper .................. 12 

Policy Options for Vulnerable Groups: Income 

Growth and Social Protection ..................................... 18 

Economy Watch—External Environment .................. 23 

Economy Watch—Domestic Performance ................. 25 

CDRI UPDATE .......................................................... 32 

ISBN 978-99950-52-05-8 

1 

C D R I Publications Catalogue 2011

C D R I Publications Catalogue 2011 

CDRI’s Mission 

As an independent Cambodian development policy research institute, the 

mission of the Cambodia Development Resource Institute (CDRI) is to 

contribute to Cambodia’s sustainable development and the well-being of its 

people through the generation of high quality policy-relevant development 

research, knowledge dissemination and capacity building. 

CDRI works to achieve this mission in partnership with Cambodian public 

institutions and civil society, and their regional and international development 

partners, with respect for the capacity of the Cambodian people and their 

institutions, for the value of local knowledge and experience and for Cambodia’s 

history and culture. 

What We Do 

CDRI works to produce independent, objective, high quality policy-relevant 

development research, to maximise its accessibility to policy makers, influencers 

and stakeholders and to have it affect policy in five interrelated areas that are 

key for Cambodia’s sustainable development: 

• economy, trade and regional cooperation 

• poverty, agriculture and rural development 

• democratic governance and public sector reform 

• natural resources and the environment 

• social development. 

CDRI has as its governing body, an independent board of directors comprising 

people of Cambodian and international backgrounds acting in their individual 

capacities. CDRI management is responsible and accountable to its board on 

all strategic, management and financial matters. 

CDRI undertakes its programmes and projects in partnership with 

Cambodian government agencies and their international development 

partners, other research and tertiary education institutions and civil society 

organisations. To support its research and capacity building, it also offers 

library, information and publishing services, and both hosts and participates 

in local and international conferences, seminars and training programmes on 

development issues. The publishing services, as this catalogue demonstrates, 

print and circulate a wide range of publications in both Khmer and English 

languages, providing important facts and analyses of current development 

issues in Cambodia to a broad readership. Over the years, CDRI’s publications 

have gained recognition as a valuable resource not only for government, civil 

society and the research community, but also for development agencies and 

the private sector. 

� All CDRI publications are available for free download from the website: http://www.cdri.org.kh 

2

Cambodia Development Review* 

CDR is a quarterly publication in 

English and Khmer. It includes 

summaries of recent socioeconomic 

studies by CDRI and 

others, commentaries on crucial 

development issues, indicators and 

analysis of economic performance 

in Cambodia and in the region, and 

listings of recent publications on 

development in Cambodia. 

C 

ISBN 978-99950-52-05-8 

CAMBODIA DEVELOPMENT REVIEW VOLUME 14, ISSUE 4, OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2010 

A Publication of CDRI— 

Cambodia’s leading independent 


AMBODIA 

DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 

VOLUME 14, ISSUE 4 OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2010 $4.00 

Review of Agricultural Policy 

and Policy Research 1 

Since the establishment of Cambodia’s 

government and its fi rst Legislature 

in 1993, the overarching priority of 

national strategies and development 

plans drawn up to execute the country’s 

development has been to promote 

socio-economic development to lift the 

country’s poor out of poverty and place 

Cambodia on a path of sustainable 

economic growth. As was then the case, 

the agricultural sector holds immense 

potential where productive gains could 

boost sustainable outputs – employment 

and income – to alleviate poverty. 

Government development policies, as 

such, address this sector as an engine 

for economic growth, food security, and 

poverty reduction. This article seeks to: 

(i) review existing agricultural development and 

food security policies in Cambodia; (ii) assess the 

existing policy research on Cambodia’s agriculture; 

and (iii) identify knowledge gaps and potential 

areas for future research to improve agricultural 

development and food security in the country. 

Agriculture must be diversifi ed and adapted to the local condition: a yearly 

fl ooded village in Prek Khmeng commune, Kandal province 

percent) being recorded in 2005 (Figure 1). This 

growth was made possible by an open economy and 

a stable macroeconomic environment, increased 

exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) and a 

low infl ation rate of about 5.0 percent, except when 

infl ation rose to about 22 percent in 2008 due to the 

sudden steep hike in food prices. However, growth 

Cambodia’s Agricultural Profi le 

Cambodia had been achieving impressive economic In This Issue 

growth over the past decade before it was severely Review of Agricultural Policy and Policy Research ..... 1 

hit by the global economic crisis in 2009. Av erage Cambodia’s Agricultural Strategy: Future 

gross domestic product (GDP) growth was 9.5 

percent per annum in 1999-2008, the highest (at 13.3 

Development Options for the Rice Sector .................... 7 

Food Security and Nutrition in Cambodia: Patterns 

1 This article is prepared by Dr Theng Vuthy, research fellow and Pathways: A Policy Discussion Paper .................. 12 

and programme coordinator for poverty agriculture and Policy Options for Vulnerable Groups: Income 

rural development (PARD), CDRI, and Mr Chhim Chhun, 

research assistant in the same programme. It is a summary 

of CDRI-IFPRI stocktaking policy discussion paper that 

reviews Cambodia’s agricultural policy and policy research 

Growth and Social Protection ..................................... 18 

Economy Watch—External Environment .................. 23 

Economy Watch—Domestic Performance ................. 25 

by CDRI research teams in 2010, funded by USAID. CDRI UPDATE .......................................................... 32 

1 

CDR, Vol. 14, Issue 1-4 

Overseas: $25.00 Local: 5,000r 

(Khmer 2010/ 4 issues) 

CDR, Vol. 14, Issue 1-4 

Overseas: $35.00 Local: $14.00 

(English 2010/ 4 issues) 

--------------------------------- 

* Back issues of the Cambodia 

Development Review can be 

ordered at a discount price. 

3 



Every month, starting from January 2002, CDRI publishes a snap shot of recent 

and important economic indicators, both for Cambodia and for Cambodia’s major 

economic partners. These include economic growth rates, prices, exchange rates, 

monetary developments, foreign trade and national budget operations. 

4 

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CDRI - Cambodia’s leading independent 


រ�យ�រណ៍ថ�ីៗស�ីពីេសដ�កិច�កម�� 

Flash Report on the Cambodian Economy 

ធ�� 

២០១០ ¼ December 2010 

�សុី 

បុ��រ័ត� ¼ Sry Bopharath 

�ំង ច័ន�ហង� ¼ Saing Chan Hang 

ប៉ុន 

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និង េខង េសង 

ភ�ំេពញ 

កម�� 

Phnom Penh, Cambodia 

ISSN 1810-6358 

TO SUBSCRIBE, PLEASE CONTACT: 

Office address: #56, Street 315, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; postal address: CDRI, PO Box 622 Phnom Penh, Cambodia; 

tel: (855-23) 881-384/881-701/881-916/883-603 ; fax: (855-23) 880-734 ; email: pubs@cdri.forum.org.kh; website: http://www.cdri.org.kh 

Monthly Flash Reports on the Cambodian Economy 

Sry Bopharath, Saing Chan Hang and Pon Dorina 

MFR– Bilingual Eng. and Kh., 12 p. Overseas: $25.00 Local: $25.00

ADR 06: 

Annual Development Review 2010-11 

A CDRI Publication 

MOST RECENT PUBLICATIONS 

The main contents of this sixth Annual Development Review are: 

Introduction: Cambodia 2010-11: Major Developments 

Section 1: Economy, Trade and Regional Cooperation 

• A Review of Cambodian Industrial Policy 

• Assessing China’s Impact on Poverty Reduction in the Greater 

Mekong Sub-region: The Case of Cambodia 

• Using Propensity Score Matching to Generate Two Comparable 

Groups in the Baseline Survey: The Case of GMS Transmission 

Line Project 

• Labour Migration Situation and Policy Framework in Cambodia 

Section 2: Poverty, Agriculture and Rural Development 

• Policy Options for Vulnerable Groups: Income Growth and Social 

Protection 

• Transient and Chronic Poverty in Nine Villages of Cambodia: 

Panel Data Evidence – Asset Approach 

• Land Tenure and Paddy Productivity: Evidence from Rural 

Cambodia 

Section 3: Natural Resources and the Environment 

• A Participatory Learning and Action Research Method for Improving Irrigation Management 

in a Catchment Context 

Section 4: Democratic Governance and Public Sector Reform 

• Accountability in Public Expenditure Management at the Sub-national Level in Cambodia 

• Assessment of One Window Service Offices and District Ombudsmen Pilot Projects 

Section 5: Social Development 

• Incentives and the Retention of Health Workers in Rural and Disadvantaged Areas of 

Cambodia 

• Assessing Household “Catastrophic” Payments for Health Care: Findings from the 2007 

Cambodia Socio-economic Survey 

Like other ADR publications, this ADR 2010-11 contains very useful information on the most 

current issues facing Cambodia. There is also a shortened version of this document in Khmer. 

ADR05 in Khmer Overseas: $9.50 Local: 8,000r 

ADR05 in English Overseas: $37.00 Local: $20.00 

5 



6 

Working Paper Series No. 49 

Use of Hydrological Knowledge and 

Community Participation for Improving 

Decision-making on Irrigation Water 

Allocation 

Chem Phalla and Someth Paradis 

A growing population requires more food. In 

order to meet food demand, people exploit 

more natural resources and intensify agricultural 

production. Many farmers who grow dry season 

rice lack irrigation. The lack of irrigation is not 

just because of a lack of water in the catchment, 

but also from a lack of irrigation infrastructure 

and a proper water allocation mechanism. 

This working paper reports on the research 

being conducted in Stung Chrey Bak 

catchment in Kampong Chhnang aiming to 

generate knowledge about the interactions 

between water use, policy, physical systems and 

institutional frameworks around catchment 

management. The research uses a participatory 

action research method for interactive learning 

and data collection. 

WP 49 in Khmer Overseas: $11.00 Local: $2.50 

WP 49 in English Overseas: $11.00 Local: $2.50

A CDRI PUBLICATION 

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF 

IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN 

THE TONLE SAP BASIN: ISSUES 

AND CHALLENGES 

CDRI—Cambodia’s leading 

independent development 

policy research institute 

CDRI Working Paper 

Series No. 48 

Water Resources Management 

Research Capacity Development 

Programme (WRMRCDP) 

A Partnership of CDRI, RUPP 

and the University of Sydney 

with Support from AusAID 

CDRI Working Paper Series No. 48 1 


Empirical Evidence of Irrigation 

Management in the Tonle Sap Basin: 

Issues and Challenges 


Over the last few decades, efforts have 

been made by various actors, including 

state agencies, private sector, development 

organisations and donors to develop 

irrigation sectors, putting in place not only 

irrigation physical infrastructure but also 

management mechanisms. Meanwhile, the state and its development partners have been 

trying to establish a legal framework to facilitate smooth functioning of the irrigation 

community. But until now, little has been known about the nature and dimensions of 

the relationship between irrigation policies designed to encourage the development of 

irrigation sectors and different regulations introduced for the purposes of sustainable 

water management and conservation. Meanwhile, there is not enough research being 

done on the process of policy implementation and the emerging politics of resource 

governance at local level. 

The empirical data compiled in this paper bring to light the everyday issues of irrigation 

water governance at local level and particularly the coordination between actors, water 

allocation within and between schemes, farmer participation, project evaluation and 

planning and the emergence of private schemes. 

WP 48 in English Overseas: $11.00 Local: $2.50 

7 



8 


The Local Governance of Common 

Pool Resources: The Case of 

Irrigation Water in Cambodia 

Chea Chou 

CDRI–Cambodia’s 

leading independent 

development policy 

research institute 

The study seeks the factors that enable 

or constrain the good governance of 

common pool resources in Cambodia, 

using irrigation water as the case for 

analysis. It explores the dynamics of 

Chea Chou 

community-based natural resource 

management (CBNRM) and decentralised 

August 2010 

natural resource management (DNRM) 

from a local perspective and how these two 

approaches interact. The study found that 

CBNRM, an approach that is being implemented locally to manage irrigation water, 

is working, although unsatisfactorily due to three main constraints: the difficulty in 

maintaining community participation in the form of paying irrigation service fees, the 

lack of people’s sense of ownership of the managing association and the limited power 

of the farmer water user community (FWUC). The problem has been exacerbated 

by the flawed relationship between the association leader and the commune chief, 

pushing the two “should be cooperating” actors to avoid each other. The DNRM 

seemed not to be functioning in the selected case. Commune intervention was seen 

once in a while but also was not effective. The study found disconnections between 

the FWUC and the commune council, and between the leaders and the people. 


The Local Governance of 

Common Pool Resources: 

The Case of Irrigation 

Wa ter in Cambodia 

CDRI Wo rking Paper Series No. 47

CDRI – Cambodia’s leading independent 


Natural Resources and Environment Programme 

A 

C 

D 

R 

I 

S 

p 

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l 

Report 

November 

2010 

Sustainable Pathways 

for Attaining the Millennium 

Development Goals: 


Sustainable Pathways for Attaining 

the Millennium Development Goals: 


A CDRI Special Report 

The Cambodia Millennium Development 

Goals 2003 (CMDGs) and the National 

Strategic Development Plan 2006-2010 

(NSPD) have been developed by the 

Cambodian government in accordance 

with the Global Millennium Development 

Goals (GMDGs). An important feature 

of these documents is the enhancement 

of environmental protection and natural resources conservation and the use of 

ecosystem services in the context of sustainable development to benefit the social 

and economic development of the communities concerned. 

To realise the CMDGs, appropriate action must be taken. The government and local 

authorities should pay more attention to cracking down on illegal activities which lead 

to the degradation of natural resources. They should also regularly undertake activities 

to monitor the performance of economic land concession contracts to ensure 

compliance with Cambodia’s forestry regulations (i.e., the Forestry Law, National 

Forest Sector Policy, the Sub-Decree on Forest Concession Management and the 

Sub-Decree on Economic Land Concession) which aim to generate state revenues, 

increase employment opportunities and diversify livelihoods within a framework of 

eco-system based natural resource management. 

Special Report 5 in English, 68 p. 2010 Overseas: $11.00 Local: $2.50 

9 



10 

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� កលវិទ�� ល័យ ក្ន �ង �� សកម្ព �� 

ស� ជ�ក�� ុមសិក�� វ�� វ៖ កុក � នវូន, ច័ន្ទ សុ� ព, ��ង ចិ�� , គឹម �� , ��ត � រមី និង ធន់ វ�� 

ជ�នួយ� រ�� វ�� វ៖ ��លវ�ន � , ឆឹង សុ� វណ្ណ និង ��៉ម 

សុ� 

The Development Research Forum 

in Cambodia 

Scoping Study: 

Research Capacities of 

Cambodia’s Universities 

Team Members: KWOK Kian-Woon, CHAN Sopheap, HENG Chinda, KIM Sedara, NETH Baromey and THON Vimealea 

Research Assistants: Kelvin CHIA, CHHOENG Sotheavan and NHEM Sochea 

Scoping Study: Research Capacities of 

Cambodia’s Universities 

Kwok Kian-Woon, Chan Sopheap, Heng Chinda, 

Kim Sedara, Neth Baromey and Thon Vimealea 

The aim of this study is to map the current state 

of research in selected Cambodian universities, 

with special focus on research capacities – 

the factors that facilitate (or hinder) research, 

especially “applied research with a direct 

relevance to Cambodia’s development 

challenges”. It seeks also to identify 

opportunities “to seed development research 

through modest financial support” and to 

improve research and research capacity in these 

universities especially through networking, 

capacity building and collaborative research 

partnerships. 

The study also keeps in view the long-term 

goal of providing “baseline data that can 

assist conversation on how to support public 

universities so that they are on track to develop 

on par with standards achieved at reputable 

regional universities in Southeast Asia”. 

Scoping Study in Khmer, 70 p. 2010 

Scoping Study in English, 66 p. 2010

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12 

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ADR 03: Annual Development 

Review 2007–08 


This third Annual Development Review 

from CDRI comprises six chapters: 

1. Introduction 

2. Macroeconomic Performance 

3. Irrigation Water Use in Takeo Province: 

Problems, Conflicts and Solutions 

4. Defining Participation in Irrigation 

Development and Management 

5. From Informal to Formal Land Markets: Navigating Land Tenure in Cambodia 

6. The Political Economy of Managing Labour Migration. 

Like the previous issue, a shortened version of this ADR 2007–08 is also available in 

Khmer to broaden the review’s audience and accessibility. 

The issues examined here are currently among the hottest in Cambodia. This ADR 

2007–08 is a very useful source of information for policy makers, donors, practitioners 

and all those who want to see faster poverty reduction in Cambodia. 

ADR03 in Khmer, 60 p. Overseas: $9.50 Local: 8,000r 

ADR03 in English, 188p. Overseas: $37.00 Local: $20.00 

ADR 02: Annual Development 

Review 2006–07 

Ann Sovatha, Brett M. Ballard, Christian Sloth, 

David Craig, Eng Netra, Hing Vutha,Horng 

Vuthy, Jenny Knowles, Kasper K. Hansen, Kim 

Sedara, Lim Sovannara, Nou Keosothea, Pak 

Kim Choeun, Phann Dalis, Phim Runsinarith, 

Pon Dorina, So Sovannarith, Sok Sina, Top 

Neth, Thun Vathana and Tuot Sokphally 

This is CDRI’s second Annual Development Review of critical development issues 

for Cambodia. It focuses on rural poverty, and poverty reduction strategies and 

policies, reflecting the findings of CDRI’s recent major poverty research studies, the 

Moving Out of Poverty Study and the Participatory Poverty Assessment of the Tonle 

Sap. The English language edition is accompanied by Khmer language summaries of 

each chapter contained in a separate volume to broaden the review’s audience and 

accessibility. In selecting articles for this issue, CDRI has sought to ensure that they 

focus on critical aspects of development in Cambodia, and to provide new information, 

13 



14 

analysis and insights for policymakers, donors, civil society organizations, the private 

sector, and other stakeholders. The articles, either individually or collectively, should 

make a positive contribution to current development dialogue and policy debate, with 

a focus on the imperative of targeted poverty reduction. 

ADR02 in Khmer, 52 p. Overseas: $9.50 Local: 8,000r 

ADR02 in English, 210 p. Overseas: $37.00 Local: $20.00 

ADR 01: Annual Development Review 2004–05 

Ann Sovatha, Brett M. Ballard, Christian Sloth, Heov Kim Sreng, Hing Vutha, K.A.S. Murshid, 

Kem Sithen, Khlok Bottra, Ngo Ngoun Theary, Nou Keosothea, Pak Kimchoeun, Phim Runsinarith, 

Pon Dorina, Tong Kimsun, Vuthy Horng 

The ADR replaces CDRI’s earlier publication, the Cambodia’s Annual Economic Review. 

As this first issue of the ADR shows, Cambodia’s macro-economic performance has 

remained strong in recent years, benefiting from the achievement of peace and stability 

that Cambodia has enjoyed since 1998. This has had a positive impact on growth and to a 

certain extent on poverty reduction. 

ADR01 in Khmer (chapter 4), 2005, 40p. Overseas: $8.50 Local: 10,000r 

ADR01 in English, 2005, 202 p. Overseas: $36.50 Local: $20.00 

The Cambodia’s Annual Economic Review, 2004 

Kang Chandararot and Dannet Liv; and Brett Ballard and So Sovannarith (October 2004) 

The Cambodia’s Annual Economic Review 2004 consists of two parts. Part 1 provides 

an overview of economic performance in 2003, followed by GDP estimates by sectors 

and by demand. The review then examines changes in money, prices, interest rates and 

exchange rates before exploring the balance of payments and the balance of trade. Part 2 

presents the findings of a recent study on land titling conducted by CDRI. 

CAER 04 in Khmer, 113 p. Overseas: $11.50 Local: 10,000r 

CAER 04 in English, 76 p. Overseas: $23.00 Local: $15.00 


Kang Chandararot and Chan Sophal (september 2003) 

As in the past, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the Cambodian 

economy and an analysis of its performance in 2002 on the basis of the most recently 

available data. In 2003, we look at the question of agricultural competitiveness, particularly 

in the non-rice crop sector. Four crops were taken up as case studies in this regard, namely 

soybean, maize, cassava and cashew. This study showed the constraints facing non-rice 

crop production in Cambodia, and in particular focuses on trade and marketing costs and 

distortions that result in low farm-gate prices and poor producer incentives. 


CAER 03 in English, 92 p. Overseas: $18.50 Local: $10.00

The Cambodia’s Annual Economic Review 2002 

Sok Hach and Sarthi Acharya 

This issue of the Review commences with an overview of the broad developments in the 

Cambodian economy in 2001, along with a brief short term forecast for the years 2002 

and 2003. The Review then presents a detailed report on Cambodia’s economy which 

examines Cambodia’s economic performance, prices and money, public finance, balance 

of payments, investments and capital accumulation, employment and earnings, poverty 

and decentralised development. 




Sok Hach, Sik Boreak, Chea Huot, Kim Phalla & Pon Dorina 

This review in English and in Khmer editions includes analysis of economic performance 

in Cambodia and neighbouring countries, short- and medium-term projections, feature 

articles on major sectors of the economy and a wide range of indicators of economic 

performance. 



15 



16 

CDRI—Cambodia’s Leading Independent 

Development Policy Research Institute 

AGRICULT URAL TRADE in the 

GREATER MEKONG SUB-REGION: 

Synthesis of the Case Studies on Cassava 

and Rubber Production and Tr ade in 

GMS Countries 


December 2009 

CDRI Working Paper Series No. 46 

wORkING PAPER SERIES 


Agricultural Trade in the Greater Mekong 

Sub-region: Synthesis of the Case Studies 

on Cassava and Rubber Production and 

Trade in GMS Countries 


Like the river that links them, agriculture is a 

factor that creates a sense of commonality and 

Development Analysis Network (DAN) with support from The Rockefeller Foundation connection among the countries of the Greater 

Mekong Sub-region (GMS). The contribution 

of the sector to the economies of the countries varies, being huge in the case of Laos 

and Cambodia and much smaller in China, Thailand and Vietnam. That said, there are 

also notable commonalities in the characteristics of their agricultural sectors. 

In recognition of their commonalities and the benefits of a regional approach 

to national problems, the GMS countries in 1992 agreed to the GMS Economic 

Cooperation Programme in which agriculture has been identified as a priority. 

This document summarises and synthesises the five country case studies undertaken 

by the Development Analysis Network (DAN) comprising research institutions from 

Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Yunnan province of China, which aim to 

help fill gaps in the availability, quality and exchange of information on agricultural 

production and trade, particularly in relation to cassava and rubber. 

WP 46 in English Overseas: $11.50 Local: $1.50


Costs and Benefits of Cross-country 

Labour Migration in the GMS: Synthesis 

of the Case Studies in Cambodia, Laos, 

Thailand and Vietnam 



CDRI – Cambodia’s Leading Independent 

Development Policy Research Institute 

COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CROSS-COUNTRY 

LABOUR MIGRATION IN THE GMS: 

SYNTHESIS OF THE CASE STUDIES IN 

CAMBODIA, LAOS, THAILAND AND VIETNAM 


There is growing interest in promoting cooperation in the Greater Mekong Subregion 

(GMS), which comprises Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam 

and Yunnan province of China. Right now there are still remarkable differences in 

socio-economic development among the six countries. Job creation in the worse off 

countries does not keep pace with the increase in the labour force. Due to the higher 

wages in Thailand and lack of year-round farming in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, 

millions of people venture over the border to work in Thailand. 

A review of the literature by the Development Analysis Network (DAN) comprising 

research institutions from Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, indicated an 

information gap regarding economic costs and benefits of migration for individuals, 

households and sending communities. There was a lack of quantitative data about 

migrants. Economic contributions from migrants are not well known or documented. 

The DAN members try to address this gap by undertaking a collaborative study 

and this document summarises and synthesises reports produced by their research 

teams. 


December 2009 

Development Analysis Network (DAN) with support from The Rockefeller Foundation 

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viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km


Agricultural Trade in the Greater Mekong 

Sub-region: The Case of Cassava and 

Rubber in Cambodia 

HING Vutha with THUN Vathana 

Cambodia’s agricultural sector accounted for 27 

percent of gross domestic product in 2007 and 

employed approximately 56 percent of the total 

labour force, especially the poor. However, the 

sector has grown at a sluggish pace over the last 

decade, and trade in this sector has not contributed 

significantly to the country’s total trade. 

Having recognised the importance of agricultural 

trade development in boosting economic 

growth and reducing poverty, the Cambodian 

government’s approach has been to enhance 

agricultural exports while developing the sector. 

The overall objective of this study is to examine 

how agricultural trade in the region can be 

promoted in a manner that will optimise the 

benefits and minimise the negative impacts. The 

study selected cassava and rubber for in-depth 

analysis because of their potential importance for 

employment creation and poverty reduction. 

viTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nig RsavRCav 

edIm,IGPivDÆn_km


20 

Working Paper Series No. 42: Leadership in 

Local Politics of Cambodia: A Study of 

Leaders in Three Communes of Three 

Provinces 

Thon Vimealea, Ou Sivhuoch, Eng Netra 

and Ly Tem 

Using the state-society gap as its assumption and 

point of departure, this study seeks to identify 

different kinds of local leaders (including women 

leaders) and their associated characteristics and 

elements of legitimacy in order to see whether and 

how they can help bridge this gap. It finds that, as 

a result of decentralisation and deconcentration 

reform, the gap between state and society has 

been bridged, albeit very slowly, unevenly and narrowly. It then suggests a number of 

policy implications to help with the reform and promote democracy. 


Working Paper Series No. 41: The Environmental Impact of the ASEAN-China 

Free Trade Agreement for Countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region 


Over the last two decades, the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) comprising Cambodia, 

Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and the south-western Chinese province of Yunnan, 

has experienced rapid social and economic changes especially in trade liberalisation through 

closer economic cooperation. In 2004, the GMS5 countries (GMS countries minus Yunnan 

province) and China entered into the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA). 

After that, trade between China and the GMS5 countries has increased significantly, 

particularly in natural resources such as minerals, agricultural commodities and wood, and 

products derived from these raw materials. This raises concerns over resource depletion 

and other environmental problems such as loss of biodiversity, land erosion, flooding, 

landslides and climate change. 

WP 41 in Khmer, 90 p. Overseas: $16.50 Local: 8000r 

WP 41 in English, 70 p. Overseas: $19.00 Local: $3.00

Working Paper Series No. 40: Accountability and Human Resource Management in 

Decentralised Cambodia 

Eng Netra and David Craig 

This study addresses accountability and human resource management (HRM) in the 

Cambodian civil service. It seeks to understand the current situation and major issues 

that affect HRM accountability, especially sub-national accountability. It also draws out 

the implications for Cambodia’s decentralisation and deconcentration reform which aims 

to bring the government closer to the people by providing sub-national governments 

with adequate resources and, in particular, with good and capable civil servants who are 

accountable, motivated and committed, loyal and professional and responsive regarding 

service delivery for the poor. However, achieving both accountability and better outcomes 

for the poor is a complex problem, the key dimensions of which require deeper 

understanding if sub-national accountability is to be promoted and strengthened. 


Working Paper Series No. 39: Accountability and Planning in Decentralised 

Cambodia 

Horng Vuthy and David CRAIG 

This paper aims to understand major issues that affect the ability of sub-national planning 

to advance accountability and then to draw key lessons for the decentralisation and 

deconcentration reform which attempts to promote sub-national accountability alongside 

democratic development. The findings suggest that this ability has improved continuously 

by the introduction and implementation of reform initiatives, most notably the former 

SEILA programme. But it still faces a number of constraints including: (i) a high degree 

of centralisation in governance, (ii) overriding strengths of neo-patrimonial networks, 

(iii) lack of consistent progress of major related reforms and (iv) complexity in and 

fragmentation of external aid delivery. 

WP 39 in English, 136 p. Overseas: $21.00 Local: $5.00 

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Working Paper Series No. 38: Accountability and Public Expenditure Management 

in Decentralised Cambodia 

Pak Kimchoeun and David Craig 

Public sector accountability has moved to the forefront of both government and 

donor concerns in recent years. This paper is about accountability in Cambodia’s public 

expenditure management (PEM), within the wider context of Cambodia’s decentralisation 

and deconcentration reforms. It sets out to understand accountability as it currently exists 

in sub-national PEM, and to suggest what needs to be done to enhance it. 


Working Paper Series No. 37: Framing Research on Water Resources Management 

and Governance in Cambodia: A Literature Review 

Chem Phalla, Philip Hirsch, Kim Sean Somatra, So Sovannarith, Suon Vanny, Khiev Daravy, 

Melissa Neave, Kate Griffiths, Nathan Wales, Jo Gillespie, Ham Kimkong, Lic Vuthy, Nong 

Keamony, Chea Phallika, and 

Chan Sopheak 

This working paper is a product of the Water Resources Management Research Capacity 

Development Programme (WRMRCDP) which focuses on research capacity development 

and knowledge dissemination in the field of water resources management in catchment 

areas surrounding the Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. It provides a preliminary assessment 

of water resources management in Cambodia by examining the existing literature on 

water resources management in terms of its physical basis, governance, institutional 

arrangements and legal frameworks, and draws on experience at the international, regional 

and in-country levels. 


Working Paper 36: Youth Migration and Urbanisation in Cambodia 

Lim Sovannara 

Moving from one place to another is always risky, especially for young workers. 

Undoubtedly, there are pressing reasons behind this huge movement of young people 

from rural to urban areas. Aiming to fill the current knowledge gaps, this study has five 

specific objectives: (a) to understand the socio-economic background of young migrants’ 

households; (b) to identify the factors and circumstances that promote migration; (c) to 

examine the role of social networks in facilitating migration; (d) to discover the types 

of employment in urban areas for young migrants and their integration into the urban 

setting; (e) to understand relations with the sending household and the impact on poverty 

in the sending household and community.



Working Papers 35: Where Decentralisation Meets Democracy: Civil Society, Local 

Government, and Accountability in Cambodia 

Kim Sedara and Joakim Öjendal with the assistance of Ann Sovatha 

Cambodia’s national and sub-national governance reforms, particularly on issues of 

decentralisation and deconcentration, are at an important stage. At present, the Cambodian 

government and its international development partners are involved in complex 

negotiations and processes to determine how international development assistance can 

best be deployed to support the governance, decentralisation and deconcentration reform 

agenda and processes, how to build the capacity of institutions and individuals at the 

sub-national level to achieve democratic development outcomes, and how to promote 

constructive engagement between civil society and government. 


Working Paper 34: Accountability and Neo-patrimonialism in Cambodia: A 

Critical Literature Review 

Pak Kimchoeun, Horng Vuthy, Eng Netra, Ann Sovatha, Kim Sedara, Jenny Knowles and David 

Craig 

In Cambodia, the term ‘accountability’ has moved to the forefront of both the Cambodian 

government’s and donor community’s reform agendas. Yet, CDRI’s research shows that 

the concepts of accountability in Cambodia are understood in many different ways. 

Because the conceptualisation and operationalisation of accountability is largely driven by 

western public administration experience and thinking, the application of this concept in 

Cambodia creates many difficulties for reform agendas and for development outcomes. 

Therefore, both the concept and its potential applications need to be contextualised to 

reflect the Cambodian situation, and to improve its inclusion and potential pro-poor 

impacts in institutional reform efforts. 


Working Paper 33: Natural Forest Benefits and Economic Analysis of Natural 

Forest Conversion in Cambodia 

Kasper K. Hansen and Neth Top 

This working paper aims to support improved policy-making on sustainable development, 

natural resource management and poverty reduction in Cambodia. It reflects on important 

policy challenges and decisions currently facing the Cambodian government in relation 

to the future management of the large forest areas left right now in a post-concession 

management vacuum. The study analyses current policies promoting large scale conversion 

23 



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of natural forests for agricultural development, and discusses options for different forest 

management systems to meet the Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDGs) 

on forest conservation and poverty reduction. 


Working Paper 32: The Cross Border Economy of Cambodia: An Exploratory 

Study 

K.A.S. Murshid and Tuot Sokphally 

An often overlooked aspect of the Cambodian economy’s increasing integration with its 

neighbours and the world is the development of cross border trade. This working paper 

focuses on Cambodia’s trade environment and policy and its experience of cross border 

trade, particularly the role and impact of supply side factors. It examines case studies in two 

areas, one adjacent to Thailand and one to Vietnam, of the trade in some commodities: 

exports of ready-made garments to Thailand and imports of shoes, vegetables and 

processed foods from Vietnam. Importantly, the paper studies the implications of cross 

border trade for household welfare, particularly for the poor. 

WP 32 in Khmer, 76 p. Overseas: $12.00 Local: 10,000r 


Working Paper 31: Law Harmonisation in Relation to the Decentralisation Process 

in Cambodia 

Robert B. Oberndorf, J.D. 

Decentralisation and deconcentration are part of the Cambodian government reforms 

to promote democracy, improve development opportunities, reduce poverty and ensure 

sustainable development. Decentralisation reform aims to devolve power to semiautonomous 

elected governments at the commune level, and to move towards enhanced 

roles for provinces and municipalities. In support of this effort, a large body of rules 

and regulations has been passed in a relatively short period of time. How these rules 

and regulations fit together with each other and already existing legislation and how the 

ongoing efforts towards decentralisation fit within these structures, are the focus of this 

report. 



Working Paper 30: The Evolution of Democratic Process And Conflict Management in 

Cambodia: A Comparative Study of Three Cambodian Elections 

Caroline Hughes and Kim Sedara with the assistance of Ann Sovatha (April 2004) 

This study examines the evolution of mechanisms for conflict management since 1998, 

their effectiveness in preventing conflict escalation during the general elections of 2003, 

the development of civil society programmes for conflict management and the changes 

in electoral procedures especially the overall legal framework for elections, the complaints 

procedure, and the voter registration procedures. The study presents also an assessment 

on the impact of key developments on the technical capacity and political legitimacy of 

institutions charged with conflict management and the types of conflicts that are most 

easily managed by existing mechanisms in Cambodia. 


WP 30 in English, 112 p. Overseas: $30.00 Local: 13.5$ 

Working Paper 29: Domestic Fish Trade: A Case Study of Fish Marketing From the 

Great Lake to Phnom Penh 

Yim Chea and Bruce McKenney90 (November 2003) 

This paper assesses current conditions under which freshwater fish are marketed from 

two major landing sites at the Great Lake to retail markets in Phnom Penh–the largest 

domestic fish trade route. Key issues explored include the market structure for trade, 

the role of financing and credit, and major marketing transactions and constraints. The 

paper provides policy recommendations that aim to bring greater competition in fish 

distribution, reduce fish value losses, and improve marketing efficiency. 



Working Paper 28: Trading Forest Products in Cambodia: Challenges, Threats, and 

Opportunities For Resin 

Prom Tola and Bruce McKenney (November 2003) 

Forests support rural livelihoods in Cambodia in a number of important 

ways. Almost all rural Cambodians use forest resources for cooking fuel and 

construction materials. Many also collect forest products for household use and 

income generation through trade. To explore the conditions under which forest 

product trade is conducted, and how such conditions affect rural livelihoods, this 

study focuses on resin. Tapped mainly from evergreen tree species, resin is used 

domestically and is common income generation activity for forest communities across 

Cambodia. 

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26 



Working Paper 27: Fish Exports From the Great Lake to Thailand: An Analysis of 

Trade Constraints, Governance, and the Climate For Growth 

Yim Chea and Bruce McKenney (October 2003) 

This paper assesses the current conditions under which fish are exported from the Great 

Lake to Thailand, including an examination of the typical market structure and credit/ 

financing arrangements, analysis of key trade and export constraints, quantification of 

transaction costs, and assessment of the official regulatory framework in comparison 

to actual practices. The paper provides a number of policy recommendations that aim 

to support improvements in trade efficiency, governance, and the climate for economic 

growth. 



Working Paper 26: Off-farm and Non-farm Employment: A Perspective on Job 

Creation in Cambodia 

Sarthi Acharya, Kim Sedara, Chap Sotharith and Meach Yady (February 2003) 

This study arises from the imperative to create more and diversified jobs in the 

transitional economy of Cambodia, with a view to alleviate poverty, unemployment and 

underemployment. It comprises the Cambodian chapter from a volume of country studies 

published by the Development Analysis Network in March 2003 under the title Off-farm 

and Non-farm Employment in Southeast Asian Transitional Economies and Thailand. 



Working Paper 25: Facing the Challenge of Rural Livelihoods: A Perspective From 

Nine Villages in Cambodia 

Chan Sophal and Sarthi Acharya (December 2002) 

The study researches the following: the relationship between land holdings and landlessness; 

the relationship between farm size productivity and profitability within the context of 

food security; the nature and availability of agricultural credit; access to common property 

resources and other non-farm incomes; the nature of rural poverty and labour markets; 

and the strategies adopted by rural households to maintain livelihoods. The paper also 

discusses general observations relevant to policy makers within Cambodia. 



Working Paper 24: Land, Rural Livelihoods and Food Security in Cambodia: A 

Perspective From Field Reconnaissance 

Kim Sedara, Chan Sophal and Sarthi Acharya (October 2002) 

This study revealed a difficult situation for many rural communities in that rural population 

growth is outstripping the ability of natural resources to support the rural population; 

natural resources are under increasing strain; land inequality is increasing; and some 

farms are being subdivided to the point where they are no longer sustainable. The study 

also considers the market for agricultural products and shows how the prices paid for 

agricultural produce inadequately benefit the small farmer. The paper also discusses various 

policy options for the Cambodian government and international organisations including 

the promotion of modernisation and diversification of agriculture; extensive agriculturalproduct 

market reform; security of land tenure; natural resource management; labour 

market reform and the expansion of non-farm and off-farm agricultural activities. 

WP 24 in Khmer, 56 p. Overseas: $10.50 Local: 6,000 riels 


Working Paper 23: Natural Resources And Rural Livelihoods In Cambodia: A 

Baseline Assessment 

Bruce McKenney and Prom Tola (July 2002) 

This paper provides an assessment of the present status of, and issues surrounding, natural 

resources and rural livelihoods for three key sectors – agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. 

This includes an examination of production and harvest information, management 

challenges and opportunities, cross-sector impacts, and marketing and trade issues. From 

this basis, a number of gaps and needs for future socio-economic research are identified. 



Working Paper 22: Land Transactions in Cambodia: An Analysis of Transfers and 

Transaction Records 

Chan Sophal and Sarthi Acharya (July 2002) 

Cambodia decollectivised lands in 1989, and plots were fairly evenly distributed among 

farmers and dwellers at that time. Through the 1990s, however, with the advent of a 

market system and rapid exposure of the country to the international economy, a number 

of land plots changed hands, causing both inequality and landlessness. This might be 

partly responsible for poverty and food insecurity in the country. In the late 1990s and 

early 2000s, CDRI began to systematically analyse issues related to land and food security 

with a view to help effective policy formulation. This paper, which examines official 

records on land transactions, forms a part of the said larger research programme. 

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Working Paper 21: Cambodia 1999-2000: Land, Labour and Rural Livelihood in Focus 

Bhargavi Ramamurthy, Sik Boreak, Per Ronnås and Sok Hach (December 2001) 

This working paper stems from a collaborative research project carried out between the 

Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS), Copenhagen, and Cambodia Development 

Resource Institute, Phnom Penh, in the year 2000, with the support of the Swedish 

International Development Agency (Sida).The paper is written in three discrete chapters. 

The first chapter presents an assessment of the prevailing macroeconomic situation. The 

second chapter analyses the extent of land ownership, access to land, land inequality and 

landlessness. The third chapter looks at the possessions, entitlements and livelihoods of 

the landless and the near landless. 



Working Paper 20: Social Assessment of Land in Cambodia: A Field Study 

So Sovannarith, Real Sopheap, Uch Utey, Brett Ballard and Sarthi Acharya (Nov. 2001) 

This paper, which is a revised version of the report prepared by CDRI for the government, 

presents the findings of an assessment made after visiting selected field settings and 

interviewing people, authorities and concerned donor agencies. In preparation for an 

undertaking of a comprehensive land measurement, titling and registration process, the 

Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction considered it appropriate 

to first conduct a social assessment to collect data which would facilitate proper targeting 

of land titles and registration activities; ensure a fair deal to vulnerable sectors of society; 

highlight socio-cultural and gender factors requiring special consideration; and assess the 

institutional feasibility of a land titling and registration project. 



Working Paper 19: Land Tenure in Cambodia: A Data Update 

Chan Sophal, Tep Saravy and Sarthi Acharya (October 2001) 

This paper first presents the allocation of land to different uses and then examines data 

on land and fisheries concessions. The registration and titling process and data are next 

examined. Finally, the paper retabulates and interprets data from eight socio-economic 

surveys conducted in Cambodia in the recent years in order to analyse the information 

on land that they provide. The aim of this final chapter is to count the number of land 

parcels in the country, calculate the average size of parcels, estimate landlessness and

land inequality, and make a preliminary estimate of the relationship between poverty and 

landlessness. 



Working Paper 18: A Study of the Cambodian Labour Market: Reference to 

Poverty Reduction, Growth and Adjustment to Crisis 

Martin Godfrey, So Sovannarith, Tep Saravy, Pon Dorina, Claude Katz, Sarthi Acharya, Sisowath 

D. Chanto and Hing Thoraxy (August 2001) 

This working paper explores the nature and trajectory of Cambodia’s labour market, 

analysing both its structure and recent trends. Chapter 1 discusses the factor endowment 

of the country, Chapter 2 analyses the labour market structure, and Chapter 3 studies 

distortions in the labour market. Chapter 4 looks at the nature and extent of migration. 

Chapters 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively, examine recent trends in the labour market; links 

between the labour market and poverty reduction; links between the labour market and 

economic growth; and, how the labour market has adjusted to crises. Chapter 9 discusses 

current policy, with specific reference to labour and poverty alleviation. The final chapter 

presents conclusions and recommendations. 



Working Paper 17: Technical Assistance and Capacity Development at the School 

of Agriculture Prek Leap 

Chan Sophal, So Sovannarith and Pon Dorina (December 2000) 

This case study provides an in-depth look at what technical assistance (TA) has achieved 

at the School of Agriculture Prek Leap (SAPL) in terms of capacity development. If 

TA has failed to maximise capacity development at SAPL, what are the reasons for this? 

In answering this question, this paper summarises the history of SAPL and of the TA 

provided to it, assesses the impact of technical assistance on capacity development, and 

discusses the constraints limiting the success of technical assistance at SAPL. Along with 

policy recommendations, the paper also provides data on individual projects. 



Working Paper 16: Land Ownership, Sales And Concentration In Cambodia 

Sik Boreak (September 2000) 

Within ten years of the reintroduction of private ownership and the redistribution of 

land in Cambodia, landlessness has become one of the most critical economic, social, 

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30 

and political issues in the country, demanding urgent solutions. In the absence of 

comprehensive land-related data, this study extensively analysed secondary and primary 

data from four large-scale surveys to better understand current land issues. Topics covered 

by the paper include patterns of land acquisition; land tenure and land ownership; the 

magnitude of land transactions in the market; trends in the availability of benefits derived 

from common property resources; the incidence of land concentration and landlessness; 

and the relationship between gender- and land-related issues. The study also considered 

implications for future policy. 



Working Paper 15: Technical Assistance and Capacity Development in 

an Aid-dependent Economy: The Experience of Cambodia 

Martin Godfrey, Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal, Long Vou Piseth, Pon Dorina, Tep Saravy, Tia 

Savora and So Sovannarith (August 2000) 

This report presents the results of a comprehensive study that examines the impact of 

technical assistance (TA) on capacity development in Cambodia. Topics covered include: 

the scale of and recent trends in technical assistance in Cambodia; the views of donor 

agencies and government on the record of TA; factors determining relative success and 

failure of projects; plans made for post-project financial sustainability; and the impact TA 

has on counterparts. The report ends with recommendations to both government and 

donors regarding the improvement of capacity development. 



Working Paper 14: Cambodia: Enhancing Governance For Sustainable Development 

Toshiyasu Kato, Jeffrey A. Kaplan, Chan Sophal and Real Sopheap (May 2000) 

This independent study, which was commissioned by the Asian Development Bank 

(ADB), considers how to promote good governance for sustainable development in 

Cambodia. It entailed extensive consultations and interviews with many people from 

the Royal Government of Cambodia, the National Assembly, the Senate, the Judiciary, 

the media, businesses, civil society organisations and donor agencies. The analysis and 

findings from the study contribute insights for policy makers and identify key areas and 

strategies of assistance for ADB and other donors to consider. 



Working Paper 13: Seasonality in the Cambodian Consumer Price Index 

Ung Bunleng (January 2000) 

Preliminary results from a seasonal adjustment of Cambodia’s official consumer price 

index indicate significant seasonality. Seasonal factors mirror the country’s main food 

production cycle. The original series has itself been volatile in recent years, and because of 

procedures used in its compilation, it is particularly sensitive to exchange rate fluctuations. 

Inflationary momentum abated in 1999, with inflation towards the end of the year running 

at a quarterly annualised rate of 6.6 percent, compared to 17.2 percent in the same period 

of the previous year. 


Working Paper 12: Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on the Seates 

Chan Sophal, Toshiyasu Kato, Long Vou Piseth, So Sovannarith, Tia Savora, Hang Chuon Naron, 

Kao Kim Hourn and Chea Vuthna (September 1999) 

This paper examined the impact of the Asian financial crisis on Cambodia. Cambodia’s 

neighbours, particularly Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, have also been its largest trading 

and investment partners in recent years. Thus the financial crisis, which dramatically 

changed the external economic environment surrounding Cambodia, raised concerns 

about the extent to which Cambodia’s economy was affected, and the extent to which the 

crisis had an adverse impact on the livelihoods of the Cambodian people. 



Working Paper 11: Cambodian Labour Migration to Thailand 

Chan Sophal and So Sovannarith (June 1999) 

The Asian financial crisis resulted in a sharp rise in unemployment in Thailand, Cambodia, 

Laos and Vietnam. As part of a larger study, this report assesses the impact of the Thai 

economic downturn on Cambodians who migrate to Thailand in search of employment. 

Before the crisis, an estimated 12 percent of the total labour force in Battambang, Banteay 

Meanchey and Siem Reap provinces were working in Thailand. 



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32 

Working Paper 10: Gender And Development in Cambodia: An Overview 

Siobhan Gorman with Pon Dorina and Sok Kheng (June 1999) 

This paper highlights gender gaps in contemporary Cambodian society and discusses 

constraints and underlying attitudes that determine women’s disadvantaged position. It 

provides an overview of gender and development, drawing together key issues from both 

theoretical literature and recent research. The paper also identifies gender gaps in the 

latest statistics and provides an analysis of gender constraints which lead to women’s 

disadvantage in accessing the material and non-material resources in contemporary 

society. 



Working Paper 9: The Unicef/Community Action For Social Development 

Experience: Learning From Rural Development Programmes 

Teng You Ky, Pon Dorina, So Sovannarith and John McAndrew (March 1999) 

This paper compares the UNICEF/CASD case study findings with those of CDRI 

Working Paper No. 4, “Learning from Rural Development Programmes in Cambodia”. 

The UNICEF/CASD experience broadens the contribution of, and compares favourably 

to, the six development organisations studied previously, and thus makes for a worthy 

complement to the original study. 



Working Paper 8: Cambodia: The Challenge of Productive Employment Creation 

Chan Sophal, Martin Godfrey, Toshiyasu Kato, Long Piseth, Nina Orlova, (January 1999) 

A fundamental development challenge facing Cambodia is the very rapid increase in the 

labour force. A major weakness in economic development has been its narrow base. The 

twin goals of productive employment generation and poverty alleviation will require more 

dynamic development of agriculture and the rural economy. Access to productive assets - 

i.e. land, physical and human capital - and insecurity arising from the absence of the rule 

of law, are identified as factors with the strongest bearing on poverty. 



Working Paper 7: Interdependence in Household Livelihood Strategies in Two 

Cambodian Villages 

John P. McAndrew (December 1998) 

This paper presents the results of qualitative research conducted in two village 

communities. One village was located in a rice-surplus area; the other was 

rice-deficient. The study focused on individual households; particularly vulnerable 

households. Rice productivity, rice self-sufficiency, pursuit of diverse livelihoods, 

broad trends in the transition to a market economy, mutual assistance, gender 

well-being and policy implications are all discussed. 



Working Paper 6: Food Security in an Asian Transitional Economy: The 

Cambodian Experience 

K. A. S. Murshid (December 1998) 

This paper details the results of a household study carried out in three 

villages selected for their contrasting characteristics. It covers a range of 

agro-ecological and socio-economic conditions representative of Cambodia. The study 

found high rice dependence, rural poverty and widespread mild-to-moderate malnutrition. 

Particularly disturbing was the precarious situation of the rural poor compared with 

people in many other Asian countries. Recommendations include a phased approach to 

policy implementation, policies concerning land and common property resources and 

suitable development institutions at the local level. 



Working Paper 5: Regional Economic Integration For Sustainable Development in 

Cambodia 

Toshiyasu Kato, Chan Sophal and Long Vou Piseth (September 1998) 

This paper discusses the implications of regional economic integration for Cambodia’s 

sustainable development. Questions asked concern the nature of regional economic 

integration, the effect of joining AFTA on sustainable development, the challenges of 

translating benefits of regional economic integration into sustainable development and 

policy options for these challenges. The main contention is that establishment of policy 

coherence and coordination within the Cambodian government, is the critical factor for 

success. 



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34 

Working Paper 4: Learning From Rural Development Programmes in Cambodia 

Chim Charya, Srun Pithou, So Sovannarith, John McAndrew, Nguon Sokunthea, Pon Dorina and 

Robin Biddulph (June 1998) 

This paper presents a comparative analysis of six rural development programmes in order 

to inform the debate about rural development in Cambodia and provide insights on best 

practices. The paper is structured around benefit distribution, community ownership, 

sustainability and organisational structure and approach. The study highlights the strengths 

and weaknesses of various approaches: large-scale versus small-scale, government versus 

non-government, relief versus development, and output versus process. 



Working Paper 3: Economic Reform, Structural Adjustment and Development in 

Cambodia 

K. P. Kannan January 1997 

This paper deals with the Structural Adjustment Programme under implementation in 

Cambodia. The discussion is set in the context of a legacy of war and the imperatives 

of long-term development. It argues that the content of adjustment should be judged by 

its impact on the majority of poor people and cautions against uncritical acceptance of 

the notion that a market economy, dominated by a private sector, will solve all economic 

problems. Evidence is cited of growing inequality between urban and rural areas and 

between richer and poor sections of the population. 



Working Paper 2: Aid Infusions, Aid Illusions: Bilateral and Multilateral 

Emergency and Development Assistance in Cambodia, 1992-1995 

John P. McAndrew (January 1996) 

This paper explores broad trends in development assistance, with focus given 

to areas such as aid pledges and disbursements, aid coordination, and aid policy 

framework and its implications for NGO’s. Study findings indicate a lack of 

participatory approaches, restriction of Cambodian access to funds, with deficiency in 

capacity development. Recommendations are made for increased government leadership, 

consideration of the “aid market”, more detailed and participatory planning and 

formulation of a long-term anti-poverty strategy. 



Working Paper 1: Construction of a Consumer Price Index For Cambodia: A 

Review of Current Practices and Suggestions For Improvement 

K. P. Kannan, with Be Kalyanna, Long Vou Piseth and Chao Kimthy (November 1995) 

This paper is an evaluation of current practices in the construction of a consumer price 

index in Cambodia, and it offers some suggestions for improvement. It finds that most 

Cambodian consumer price indices are limited because they are based on data from 

Phnom Penh only. Using data collected by CDRI through a network of NGOs, this paper 

constructs consumer price indices for selected provinces and uses these to construct a 

consumer price index for the country as a whole. 

WP1 in Khmer, 55 p. Overseas: $10.00 Local: 4,000r 

WP1 in English, 58 p. Overseas: $13.50 Local: $5.00 

35 



36 

Special Report 4: 

SPECIAL REPORT 

The Early Harvest Programme: Implications 

for Cambodian Agriculture 

Hing Vutha and Nou Keosothea 

This study examines the development, features 

and implications of the ASEAN-China free 

trade area (FTA) on regional economies. It 

particularly focuses on the economic benefits of 

the ASEAN-China FTA from the perspective 

of Cambodia, the potential impacts of the Early 

Harvest Programme (EHP) on its agricultural 

sector and recommended policy responses for 

Cambodia to derive the greatest benefits from 

the EHP. The analysis is primarily based on 

in-depth consultation with stakeholders, and 

secondary data analysis of current trade patterns 

between China and Cambodia, with some 

references to trade between China and Thailand 

and Vietnam. 

SR 4 in Khmer, 52 p. 


SR 4 in English, 40 p. 

Overseas: $10.50 Local: $2.50

Special Report 3: 

Focusing on Cambodia’s High 

Value Forests: Livelihoods and 

Management 

Bruce McKenney, Yim Chea, 

Prom Tola, and Tom Evans 

High value forests (evergreen and semievergreen) 

are one of Cambodia’s chief 

national assets. Compared to other 

forests, evergreen and semi-evergreen 

tend to offer greater commercial 

potential for logging interests, hold 

higher levels of biodiversity, and provide 

higher proportions of forest product 

income to local communities. Given their 

commercial value, it is not surprising that 

evergreen and semi-evergreen areas face 

a greater threat of deforestation than 

other forest types. Indeed, commercial 

logging has sharply reduced the amount 

and quality of these forests across much of Southeast Asia. 

With a focus on high value forest areas in Preah Vihear, Kompong Thom, 

and Mondulkiri, this study examines the magnitude and characteristics of forest 

dependence, the status of key forest resources and competition for these resources, 

and the relationship between actual local use/management and official rules and 

regulations. In addition, a number of management scenarios are analysed to shed 

light on how different approaches affect the amount and distribution of timber rents 

and other logging impacts. The study seeks to provide a deeper understanding of 

these livelihood, resource, and management issues as a basis for developing more 

effective strategies for achieving poverty reduction and rural development. 

SR3 in English, 120 p. Overseas: $26.00 Local: $10.00 

37 



38 

DEvELOPMENT ANALySIS NETwORk (DAN) 

DAN 5 

Pro-Poor Tourism 

in the Greater Mekong 

Sub-Region 

Development Analysis Network 5 

English only, (2007) 

This study of pro-poor tourism in five countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion 

comes at an important time. As the report emphasises, in the past 10 years 

tourism has become, or continues to be, a significant driver of economic growth 

and development in all the participating countries – Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, 

Vietnam and Yunnan province of China. At the same time, the governments 

of the less developed of these countries, in partnership with their international 

development partners, the private sector and other development stakeholders, are 

working together to achieve more effective poverty reduction outcomes. 

DAN 5 in English, 270 p. Overseas: $50.00 Local: $20.00

DAN 4 

The Cross Border 

Economies of 

Cambodia, Laos, 

Thailand and Vietnam, 

Development Analysis Network 4 

English only, (2005) 

This publication is the fourth in a series produced by the Development 

Analysis Network (DAN) with contributions from leading development research 

institutes in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. The theme for DAN IV is 

the Cross Border Economy of the four member countries of DAN, focusing on 

regional and cross border trade and trade-facilitation policy, structure and conduct 

of both formal and informal trade and the impact on household welfare, especially 

of those living along the border zones. 

DAN 4 in English, 264 p. Overseas: $51.00 Local: $18.00 

39 



DAN 3 

Off-farm and Non-farm Employment in Southeast Asian Transitional 

Economies and Thailand 

Development Analysis Network 3, English only, 294 p. (2003) 

This publication examines the present status and growth of non-farm and offfarm 

activities in Southeast Asia and the potential for these activities to provide 

employment in rural areas. Each country study includes an examination of the size 

and diversity of off-farm and non-farm activities, their market linkages, and includes 

policy recommendations based largely on country-specific field studies of small and 

medium non-farm and off-farm activities. 

40 


DAN 2 

Labour Markets In Transitional Economies In Southeast Asia And Thailand: 

A Study In Four Countries 

Development Analysis Network 2, English only, (2001) 

This is the second major study undertaken by CDRI and other members of the 

Development Analysis Network (DAN), a network that CDRI coordinates with six 

other research institutes in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Each year, DAN 

members conduct a study in their own countries on a topic of mutual importance. In 

2000, research was designed to: examine links between the labour market, economic 

growth and poverty reduction; judge the impact on the labour market of both internal 

and external crises; and, review existing policies that affect the labour market. 


DAN 1 

Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis On the Southeast Asian Transitional 

Economies 

Development Analysis Network 1, English only, (1999) 

This is the first major study undertaken by CDRI and other members of the 

Development Analysis Network (DAN), a network that CDRI coordinates with six 

other research institutes in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Each year, DAN 

members conduct a study in their own countries on a topic of mutual importance. In 

1999, researchers examined the causes of the crisis in each DAN country, considered 

the impact on various sectors of the economy, as well as individual households, and 

drew lessons for policy making. 

DAN 1 in English, 175 p. Overseas: $20.00 Local: $6.00

CP 3 

Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Economic Integration; 

Conference Papers 

Chan Sophal, Toshiyasu Kato, Long Vou Piseth, Jeffrey Kaplan, Kun Nhem, James Robertson, 

Harold Pohoresky (October 1998) 

Cambodia’s membership in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations has been attracting 

keen interest since its official application to become a full member in April 1996. Questions 

arise concerning impact on the Cambodian economy, challenges to policy-making 

and options for government. The study also contributes to accumulating knowledge 

and information, encouraging policy debate and stimulating future research regarding 

Cambodia’s economic integration. 

CP3 in Khmer, 132 p. Overseas: $13.00 Local: 10,000r 

CP3 in English, 90 p. Overseas: $20.00 Local: $10.00 

CP 2 

CONfERENCE PAPERS (CP) 

Interdependence in Household Livelihood Strategies in Two Cambodian 

Villages: Draft Paper Prepared For a Conference on Rural Food Security 

John P. McAndrew (October 1997) 

This paper presents the results of qualitative research undertaken in two villages as part of 

a larger study on household food security. One village was located in a rice-surplus area; 

the other was rice-deficient. Consideration was given to household livelihood strategies 

from each of the two communities. It is hoped that a discussion of these limited, though 

detailed accounts, will help to deepen our appreciation of livelihood security and coping 

strategies in rural Cambodia. 

CP2 in Khmer, 36 p. Overseas: $10.00 Local: 4,000r 

CP2 in English, 106 p. Overseas: $10.00 Local: $5.00 

41 



42 

CP 1 

The Status of Food Security: Draft Paper Prepared For a Conference on Rural 

Food Security 

K. A. S. Murshid (October 1997) 

This paper focuses on food consumption, particularly the consumption of rice and food 

grains. The author considers this to be the most direct indicator of well-being and as the 

basis of poverty measures. The paper examines the status of rice and food consumption 

across villages, class categories and seasons. It also considers the importance of rice 

produced by villagers themselves versus rice they buy, what is meant by adequate food 

calories and issues relating to poverty, status and estimates of poverty. 

CP 1 in Khmer, 28 p. Overseas: $8.00 Local: 4,000r 

CP 1 in English, 31 p. Overseas: $18.00 Local: $5.00

The Challenges of Decentralisation Design in 

Cambodia (Monograph) 

Caroline Rusten, Kim Sedara, Eng Netra, and Pak Kimchoeun 

Cambodia embarked on its decentralisation reform 

with the enactment of two laws in 2001, the Law on the 

Administration and Management of Communes and the 

Law on Commune Elections. In 2002 Cambodia held its first 

free and fair commune elections. The decentralisation builds 

extensively on the lessons learned through the CARERE/ 

Seila programmes, which were collaborative efforts between 

the Cambodian government and its donor partners. 

The aims of the recently launched decentralisation 

in Cambodia are to establish a pluralist democracy and reduce poverty. This study 

therefore sets out to answer what the major challenges are in achieving poverty 

reduction and building and improving good governance within the current political 

and institutional environment. The study focuses on three levels: the national level, 

central-local relations and local-local relations. 

Mono in English, 2004, 235 p. Overseas: $31.00 Local: $15.00 

CAMBODIA LAND 

TITLING RURAL BASELINE 

SURVEY REPORT 

A CDRI Publication December 2007 

Cambodia Land Titling Rural Baseline Survey Report 


The Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning 

and Construction (MLMUPC), with support from 

international donors, is implementing a Land Management 

and Administration Project (LMAP) to improve land 

tenure security and strengthen land administration systems. 

Among other activities, the project has established a 

systematic land-titling program that will issues one million 

titles over a five-year period. The project expects that land 

titles will help: (a) increase farmer access to formal credit; 

(b) stimulate agricultural and commercial investments in 

rural and urban areas that will increase productivity and employment; (c) promote 

more efficient land markets, and (d) promote the use of the official registry to facilitate 

land transactions and transfers. The LMAP land-titling program is also expected to 

help achieve the Royal Government of Cambodia’s poverty reduction objectives as 

outlined in the National Poverty Reduction Strategy, 2006 – 2010 (NPRS). 

Rural Land Titling in English, 132p. 2007 

OThER PUBLICATIONS 

43 



44 

Cambodia Land Titling Urban Baseline 

Survey Report 


CDRI in collaboration with the Ministry 

of Land Management, Urban Construction 

and Planning, collected baseline survey 

data in and around Phnom Penh, Siem 

Reap and Serei Saophoan (i.e., Banteay 

Meanchey) from October to December 

2005. CDRI conducted 2706 household 

interviews in areas representing a mix 

of property characteristics and land 

use patterns, as well as dynamics (e.g., 

transactions, documentation, conflicts). 

The primary objective of the urban 

baseline survey, as with an earlier rural 

survey (CDRI 2004), is to generate data 

that will provide a basis for a systematic 

comparative evaluation of the economic and social impact of the 

land-titling programme after three years. 

The expected benefits of land titles in urban areas include increased investment 

in residential and commercial property, improved access to formal credit, more 

efficient markets that allocate land to more economically productive uses, fewer 

conflicts and better land administration services, including the use of the official 

registry to facilitate land transactions. Other expected benefits include increased 

government revenue from taxes on land transactions. Government planners and 

others also expect more secure land tenure through land titles to play an important 

role in reducing poverty in both rural and urban areas. Land titles are therefore 

expected to strengthen the institutional framework of urban development and thus 

contribute to sustainable macro-economic growth. 

Urban Land Titling in English, 134p. 2007

“We Are Living with Worry All the 

Time” 

Participatory Poverty Assessment of the 

Tonle Sap 

Brett M. Ballard, Christian Sloth, David 

Wharton, Ingrid FitzGerald, K.A.S Murshid, 

Kasper Hansen, Phim Runsinarith and Lim 

Sovannara 

The Participatory Poverty Assessment of 

the Tonle Sap (PPA) has been undertaken 

by CDRI in collaboration with the 

National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and 

the Asian Development Bank (ADB). 

The study employed qualitative research 

methods covering 24 villages in the six 

provinces around the Tonle Sap Lake. 

The main objective of the study has been 

to provide policy makers, donors, and 

civil society with a deeper understanding of 

(1) the relationship between poor people’s livelihood strategies and their use and 

the management of natural resources, (2) the gender dimensions of poverty, and (3) 

the role of local governance in poverty reduction. 

The PPA study shows that many of the poor and the destitute in the Tonle Sap region 

are not benefiting from Cambodia’s rapid economic growth, and often appear to be 

beyond the reach of public policy. This observation poses serious challenges for the 

government and its development partners in delivering effective poverty reduction 

outcomes in line with the objectives set out in the National Strategic Development Plan 

aimed at meeting Cambodia’s MDGs. 

PPA in English, 301p. 2007 Overseas: $49.50 Local: $18.00 

45 



Moving Out of Poverty? 

Trends in Community Well-Being 

and Household Mobility in Nine 


Ingrid FitzGerald and So Sovannarith 

with Chan Sophal, Kem Sithen and Tuot 

Sokphally 

The Moving Out of Poverty Study 

(MOPS) is a first of its kind in Cambodia, 

one of 18 studies commissioned by 

the World Bank to examine poverty 

dynamics and trends. Conducted in 

2004/05, the study revisited nine rural 

villages in which CDRI had conducted 

research in 2001, using quantitative 

and qualitative methods to investigate 

the extent to which these villages 

and individual households had been 

able to move out of poverty and 

improve prosperity, or had experienced 

downward mobility and decline. 

The study set out to examine: which communities or groups move out of poverty 

and which remain trapped and why; whether people experience mobility differently in 

different economic conditions; how and why governance and social networks matter 

in mobility; what factors explain household and community progress and mobility or 

decline and stagnation; and the interaction between household and community factors, 

as well as any variations between villages and types of households. 

MOPS in English, 331p. 2007 Overseas: $52.50 Local: $20.00 

46

Impact of High Food Prices in 

Cambodia 

Survey Report 

Cambodia in 2008 has experienced 

rising prices, especially of fuels and 

food, pushing year-on-year inflation 

above 20 percent during March– 

August. Food prices increased by 36.8 

percent and transportation and housing 

materials by 27 percent each between 

July 2007 and July 2008. This inflation 

is mainly caused by rising world and, 

to some extent, local demand, while 

supply is contracted or more costly due 

to increasing fuel costs. In this situation, 

the Cambodian economy has received 

both negative impacts on consumers 

and opportunities for producers to earn 

more. 

High inflation impacts more severely on the poor. The prices of all varieties of rice, 

the staple food, jumped by 100 percent between March–July 2007 and March–July 

2008. Meat prices increased by 50–70 percent, while fish and vegetables rose by 20– 

30 percent. High food prices have negatively affected all walks of life. However, the 

extent of the adverse impact varies according to economic status; the poorest 40 

percent of the population spend 70 percent of their incomes on food. The poor and 

net food buyers were the worst hit by these rising prices. They generally reside in poor 

rural areas. Most of the food-insecure households are in the Tonle Sap and plains 

regions. The urban poor have also been badly affected, although there have been 

adequate income opportunities for them. 

Survey Report in English, 120 p. Overseas: $21.00 Local: $6.00 

47 



An Investigation of Conflict Management in Cambodian Villages: A Review of the 

Literature With Suggestions For Future Research 

Caroline Hughes (October 2001) 

This literature review sets out a conceptual framework for the investigation of conflict 

management in Cambodian villages, and gives suggestions for further research. It places the 

study of conflict and conflict management in the framework of a “culture of peace”, and 

argues that this requires examining questions of both active procedures (agency) and their 

context (structure) in responses to conflict. 

CPD 2 in Khmer, 36 p. Overseas: $9.00 Local: 5,000r 

CPD 2 in English, 32 p. Overseas: $18.00 Local: $10.00 

The Nature and Causes of Conflict Escalation in the 1998 National Election 

Caroline Hughes with Real Sopheap (January 2000) 

This study examines the conflicts and escalation of conflicts which surrounded the 

1998 election in Cambodia. The main purpose of the study was to draw lessons 

from these conflicts in order to improve the electoral process in future elections. The 

study does not attempt to apportion blame or responsibility; rather it attempts to 

compare various perspectives as a means of gaining a deeper understanding of the 

conflicts that arose. Particular emphasis was placed on factors and perceptions which 

reduced the authority of political processes to resolve or mediate conflict, or which 

also caused conflicts to escalate. 

CPD 1 in English, 99 p. Overseas: $22.50 Local: $10.00 

48

Lexicon 3: Economic Lexicon (English- 

Khmer and Khmer-English—2006) 

CDRI’s Economic Lexicon is an English- 

Khmer and Khmer-English guide to 

technical terms in economics and related 

fields such as accounting, banking, finance, 

and development. CDRI’s recent experience 

in publishing, and contributing to a range 

of publications, conferences, seminars 

and workshops, has shown that there is a real need for such a resource to assist 

stakeholders in Cambodia’s development to use more standard and easily understood 

terms in Khmer and English when writing about development issues. 

Lexi. 3 English and Khmer, 221 p. Overseas: $12.50 Local: $2.50 

Lexicon 2: Peacebuilding Lexicon (English-Khmer and 

Khmer-English —2004) 

Ok Serei Sopheak and David Wharton 

with Meas Savath, Chea Mouy Kry, Kep Kanaro, Prak Sokhany 

and Thorng Kakada 

This lexicon is testimony to the remarkable steps that are 

being taken at all levels of Cambodian society to build 

a culture of peace and to address the dramatic changes 

brought about not only by war, but also by the process of 

recovery itself. The demographic, economic, and cultural 

transitions which continue to have immense impact 

on traditional Cambodian society demand new ways 

to communicate and work together. As a result, many 

organisations are incorporating aspects of peacebuilding into their programmes and 

offering training in conflict management, nonviolence, human rights, and related 

fields, and a new vocabulary is being developed in Cambodia. 

Lexi. 2 English and Khmer, 171 p. Overseas: $19.00 Local: $5.00 

49 



The Buddha as Peacemaker—illustrated in 

Four Volumes 

John McConnell (March 2000) 

This series is the illustrated, simplified version of 

the Mindful Mediation: A Handbook for Buddhist 

Peacemakers by renowned Buddhist scholar John 

McConnell. In four volumes, it explains how to 

apply Buddhist concepts to conflict situations 

and to building social peace and stability. These 

publications are available only in Khmer-language 

editions. 

BAP1 in Khmer, 24 p. 








50

PUBLICATIONS ORDER FORM - PRICES LIST 

For ordering publications, please photocopy this price list. Mark the boxes of the 

publications you would like to order, indicate how many of each item you would like 

to order, add up their prices, add in the cost of a cheque if you are not paying in cash, 

complete the order form provided and mail or deliver it to CDRI. Publications will 

be delivered as soon as we receive your payment. 

Check boxes to order Overseas Prices Local Prices 

1. SUBSCRIPTION To Cambodia Development Review (CDR) 

CDR, Vol. 14, Issue 1-4 (Khmer 2011/ 4 issues) q $25.00 q 5,000r 

CDR, Vol. 14, Issue 1-4 (English 2011/ 4 issues) q $35.00 q $14.00 

2. BILINGUAL Monthly Flash Report 

Annual Subscription q $25.00/yr q $25.00/yr 

(overseas sent by email only) 

3. Annual Development Review (ADR) 

ADR06: Annual Development Review 2010-11 

in Khmer, 2011 q $9.50 q 8,000r 

in English, 2011 q $37.00 q $20.00 


in Khmer, 2010 q $9.50 q 8,000r 

in English, 2010 q $37.00 q $20.00 


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in English, 2009 q $37.00 q $20.00 


in Khmer, 60 p. 2008 q $9.50 q 8,000r 

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Cambodia’s Annual Economic Review (CAER) 

CAER 4: Cambodia’s Annual Economic Review, 2004 

in Khmer, 113 p. 2004 q $11.50 q 10,000r 

in English, 76 p. 2004 q $23.00 q $15.00 

51 





in Khmer, 133 p. 2003 q $11.50 q 10,000r 

in English, 92 p. 2003 q $18.50 q $10.00 


in Khmer, 150 p. 2002 q $11.50 q 10,000r 

in English, 100 p. 2002 q $29.00 q $20.00 


in Khmer, 114 p. 2001 q $18.00 q 10,000r 

in English, 93 p. 2001 q $40.00 q $25.00 

4. Working Papers (WP) 

WP 49: Use of Hydrological Knowledge and Community Participation for 

Improving Decision-making on Irrigation Water Allocation 

in English, 68 p. 2010 q $11.00 q $3.00 

WP 48: Empirical Evidence of Irrigation Management in the Tonle Sap 

Basin: Issues and Challenges 

in English, 56 p. 2010 q $11.00 q $2.50 

WP 47: The Local Governance of Common Pool Resources: The Case of 

Irrigation Water in Cambodia 

in English, 86 p. 2010. q $16.50 q $2.50 

WP 46: Agricultural Trade in the Greater Mekong Sub-region: Synthesis of 

the Case Studies on Cassava and Rubber Production and Trade in 

GMS Countries 

in English, 22 p. 2009 q $11.50 q $1.50 

WP 45: Economic Costs and Benefits of Cross-country Labour Migration 

in the GMS: Synthesis of the Case Studies in Thailand, Cambodia, 

Laos and Vietnam 

in English, 26 p. 2009 q $11.50 q $1.50 

WP 44: Economic Costs and Benefits of Cross-border Labour Migration in 

the GMS: Cambodia Country Study 

in Khmer, 92 p. 2009 q $17.50 q $3.00 

in English, 82 p. 2009 q $17.50 q $3.00 

WP 43: Agricultural Trade in the Greater Mekong Sub-region: The Case of 

Cassava and Rubber in Cambodia 

52


in Khmer, 70 p. 2009 q $11.00 q $1.50 

in English, 62 p. 2009 q $12.00 q $3.00 

WP 42: Leadership in Local Politics of Cambodia: A Study of Leaders in 

Three Communes of Three Provinces 

in English, 100 p. 2009 q $18.50 q $2.50 

WP 41: The Environmental Impacts of the ASEAN-China Free Trade 

Agreement for Countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region 

in Khmer, 70 p. 2009 q $12.50 q $3.00 

in English, 70 p. 2009 q $16.50 q $3.00 

WP 40: Accountability and Human Resource Management in Decentralised 

Cambodia 

in English, 134 p. 2009 q $21.50 q $5.00 

WP 39: Accountability and Planning in Decentralised Cambodia 

in English, 136 p. 2008 q $21.00 q $5.00 

WP 38: Accountability and Public Expenditure Management in Decentralised 

Cambodia 

in English, 86 p. 2008 q $19.00 q $5.00 

WP 37: Framing research on water resources management and governance in 

Cambodia: A literature review 

in English, 62 p. 2008 q $14.50 q $5.00 

WP 36: Youth Migration and Urbanisation in Cambodia 

in Khmer, forthcoming q $ q r 

in English, 60 p. 2007 q $12.00 q $3.50 

WP 35: Where Decentralisation Meets Democracy: Civil Society, Local 

Government, and Accountability in Cambodia 

in English, 60 p. 2007 q $13.00 q $4.00 

WP 34: Accountability and Neo-patrimonialism in Cambodia: A Critical 

Literature Review 

in English, 84 p. 2007 q $21.00 q $6.00 

WP 33: Natural Forest Benefits and Economic Analysis of Natural Forest 

Conversion in Cambodia 

in English, 120 p. 2006 q $24.00 q $8.00 

WP 32: The Cross Border Economy of Cambodia: An Exploratory Study 

in Khmer, 76 p. 2005 q $12.00 q 10,000r 

in English, 76 p. 2005 q $15.00 q $5.00 

53 




WP 31: Law Harmonisation in Relation to the Decentralisation Process in Cambodia 

in Khmer, 60 p. 2004 q $10.50 q 5,000r 

in English, 52 p. 2004 q $15.00 q $6.50 

WP 30: The Evolution of Democratic Process and Conflict Management in 

Cambodia: A Comparative Study of Three Cambodian Elections 

in Khmer, 142 p. 2004 q $19.00 q 10,000r 

in English, 112 p. 2004 q $30.00 q $13.50 

WP 29: Domestic Fish Trade: A Case Study of Fish Marketing from the 

Great Lake to Phnom Penh 

in Khmer, 34 p. 2003 q $9.50 q 5,000r 

in English, 56 p. 2003 q $13.00 q $5.00 

WP 28: Trading Forest Products in Cambodia: Challenges, Threats, and 

Opportunities for Resin 

in Khmer, 70 p. 2003 q $16.00 q 7,000r 

in English, 56 p. 2003 q $19.50 q $10.00 

WP 27: Fish Exports from the Great Lake to Thailand: An Analysis of Trade 

Constraints, Governance, and the Climate for Growth 

in Khmer, 72 p. 2003 q $16.00 q 7,000 r 

in English, 56 p. 2003 q $19.00 q $10.00 

WP 26: Off-farm and Non-farm Employment: A Perspective on Job Creation 

in Cambodia 

in Khmer, 74 p. 2003 q $14.50 q 7,000 r 

in English, 64 p. 2003 q $16.00 q $5.00 

WP 25: Facing the Challenge of Rural Livelihoods: A Perspective from from 

Nine Villages in Cambodia 

in Khmer, 132 p. 2003 q $18.50 q 8,000 r 

in English, 52 p. 2003 q $25.00 q $10.00 

WP 24: Land, Rural Livelihoods and Food Security in Cambodia: A 

Perspective from Field Reconnaissance 

in Khmer, 56 p. 2002 q $10.50 q 6,000 r 

in English, 52 p. 2002 q $16.50 q $7.00 

WP 23: Natural Resources and Rural Livelihoods in Cambodia: A Baseline 

Assessment 

in Khmer, 136 p. 2002 q $19.00 q 10,000 r 

in English, 116 p. 2002 q $26.00 q $10.00 

WP 22: Land Transactions in Cambodia: An Analysis of Transfers and 

Transaction Records 

54


in Khmer, 50 p. 2002 q $11.00 q 8,000 r 

in English, 46 p. 2002 q $17.00 q $8.00 

WP 21: Cambodia: 1999-2000 — Land, Labour and Rural Livelihood in Focus 

in Khmer, 66 p. 2001 q $16.00 q 8,000 r 

in English, 58 p. 2001 q $19.00 q $10.00 

WP 20: Social Assessment of Land in Cambodia: a Field Study 

in Khmer, 108 p. 2001 q $17.50 q 8,000 r 

in English, 92 p. 2001 q $24.00 q $10.00 

WP 19: Land Tenure in Cambodia: a Data Update 

in Khmer, 76 p. 2001 q $16.50 q 10,000 r 

in English, 66 p. 2001 q $20.00 q $10.00 

WP 18: A Study of the Cambodian Labour Market: Reference to Poverty 

Reduction, Growth and Adjustment to Crisis 

in Khmer, 66 p. 2001 q $16.00 q 8,000r 

in English, 55 p. 2001 q $16.00 q $7.00 

WP 17: Technical Assistance and Capacity Development at SAPL 

in Khmer, 66 p. 2001 q $16.00 q 8,000r 

in English, 62 p. 2000 q $17.00 q $8.00 

WP 16: Land Ownership, Sales and Concentration in Cambodia 

in Khmer, 74 p. 2000 q $16.00 q 8,000r 

in English, 52 p. 2000 q $15.50 q $7.00 

WP 15: Technical Assistance and Capacity Development in 

an Aid-dependent Economy 

in Khmer, 170 p. 2000 q $29.00 q 10,000r 

in English, 135 p. 2000 q $26.00 q $10.00 

WP 14: Cambodia: Enhancing Governance for Sustainable Development 

in Khmer, 62 p. 2000 q $11.00 q 6,000r 

in English, 43 p. 2000 q $14.50 q $6.00 

WP 13: Seasonality in the Cambodian Consumer Price Index 

in English, 21 p. 1999 q $10.50 q $3.00 

WP 12: Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on the SEATEs: The 

Cambodian Perspective 

in Khmer, 68 p. 1999 q $15.00 q 4,500 r 

in English, 48 p. 1999 q $13.50 q $4.50 

WP 11: Cambodian Labour Migration to Thailand: A Preliminary Assessment 

55 




56 

in Khmer, 24 p. 1999 q $8.50 q 3,000r 

in English, 17 p. 1999 q $10.50 q $3.00 

WP 10: Gender and Development in Cambodia: An Overview 

in Khmer, 109 p. 1999 q $17.00 q 4,500r 

in English, 75 p. 1999 q $20.00 q $6.00 

WP 9: The UNICEF/Community Action for Social Development 

Experience 

in Khmer, 29 p. 1999 q $9.00 q 4,500r 

in English, 18 p. 1999 q $12.00 q $4.50 

WP 8: Cambodia: The Challenge of Productive Employment Creation 

in Khmer, 93 p. 1999 q $16.50 q 6,000r 

in English, 65 p. 1999 q $18.50 q $9.00 

WP 7: Interdependence in Household Livelihood Strategies in Two 


in Khmer, 139 p. 1999 q $18.50 q 7,500r 

in English, 98 p. 1998 q $24.00 q $10.00 

WP 6: Food Security in an Asian Transitional Economy: The Cambodian 

Experience 

in Khmer, 111 p. 1999 q $17.50 q 7,500r 

in English, 86 p. 1998 q $23.50 q $9.00 

WP 5: Regional Economic Integration for Sustainable Development 

in Khmer, 45 p. 1998 q $11.00 q 9,000r 

in English, 34 p. 1998 q $14.00 q $6.00 

WP 4: Learning from Rural Development Programmes in Cambodia 

in Khmer, 102 p. 1998 q $17.00 q 9,000r 

in English, 72 p. 1998 q $16.50 q $7.50 

WP 3: Economic Reform, Structural Adjustment and Development in Cambodia 

in Khmer, 49 p. 1997 q $9.50 q 4,000r 

in English, 42 p. 1997 q $13.00 q $5.00 

WP 2: Aid Infusions, Aid Illusions 

in Khmer, 49 p. 1996 q $10.00 q 4,000r 

in English, 42 p. 1996 q $14.00 q $5.00 

WP 1: Construction of Consumer Price Index for Cambodia 

in Khmer, 55 p. 1995 q $10.00 q 4,000r 

in English, 58 p. 1995 q $13.50 q $5.00


5. Special Report (SR) 

SR5: Sustainable Pathways for Attaining the Millennium Development Goals: 


in English, 68 p. 2010 q $11.00 q $2.50 

SR4: The Early Harvest Programme: Implications for Cambodian Agriculture 

in Khmer, 52 p. 2006 q $11.00 q 8,000r 

in English, 40 p. 2006 q $10.50 q $2.50 

SR3: Focusing on Cambodia’s High Value Forests: Livelihoods and 

Management 

in English, 120 p. 2004 q $26.50 q $10.00 

6. Development Analysis Network (DAN) 

DAN 5: Pro-Poor Tourism in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region 

in English, 270 p. q $50.00 q $20.00 

DAN 4: The Cross Border Economies of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and 

Vietnam 

in English, 264 p. q $51.00 q $18.00 

DAN 3: Off-farm and Non-farm Employment in Southeast Asian 

Transitional Economies and Thailand 

in English, 294 p. q $31.00 q $15.00 

DAN 2: Labour Markets in Transitional Economies in Southeast Asia and Thailand 

in English, 246 p. q $32.00 q $17.00 

DAN 1: Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on the Southeast Asian 

Transitional Economies 

in English, 175 p. q $20.00 q $6.00 

7. Conference Papers 

CP3: Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Economic 

Integration 

in Khmer, 132 p. 1998 q $13.00 q 10,000r 

in English, 90 p. 1998 q $20.00 q $10.00 

CP2: Interdependence in Household Livelihood Strategies in Two 


in Khmer, 36 p. 1997 q $10.00 q 4,000r 

in English, 106 p. 1997 q $10.00 q $5.00 

57 




CP1: The Status of Food Security 

in Khmer, 28 p. 199 q $8.00 q 4,000r 

in English, 31 p. 1997 q $18.00 q $5.00 

8. Other Publications 

1. Impact of High Food Prices in Cambodia 

in English, 120 p. 2008 q $21.00 q $6.00 

2. We Are Living with Worry All the Time 

PPA: in English, 301 p. 2007 q $49.50 q $18.00 

3. Moving Out of Poverty? Trends in Community Well-Being and Household 

Mobility in Nine Cambodian Villages 

MOPS: in English, 331 p. 2007 q $52.50 q $20.00 

4. The Challenges of Decentralisation Design In Cambodia (Monograph) 

in English, 235 p. 2004 q $31.00 q $15.00 

5. An Investigation of Conflict Management in Cambodian Villages (CPD 2) 

in Khmer, 36 p. 2002 q $9.00 q 5,000r 

in English, 32 p. 2001 q $18.00 q $10.00 

6. Nature and Causes of Conflict Escalation in the 1998 National Election (CPD 1) 

in English, 99 p. 2000 q $22.50 q $10.00 

7. The Buddha as Peacemaker — Illustrated in Four Volumes 

BAP: Khmer only –2000 q BAP1: $4.50 q BAP1: 1,000r 

q BAP2: $4.00 q BAP2: 1,000r 

q BAP3: $8.50 q BAP3: 1,000r 

q BAP4: $4.50 q BAP4: 1,000r 

8. Economic Lexicon (Two parts: English and Khmer) 

Lexi 3. English and Khmer –2006 q $12.50 q $2.50 

9. Peacebuilding Lexicon (Two parts: English and Khmer) 

Lexi 2. English and Khmer –2004 q $19.00 q $5.00 

58

HOW TO SUBSCRIBE TO CDRI PUBLICATIONS 

Online subscription 

Please go to http://www.cdri.org.kh, open the Publications Menu and then Order 

Publications. 

Direct subscription 

Please visit the CDRI office: 

� 56 Street 315, Khan Tuol Kork, (PO Box 622) Phnom Penh, 

and contact the receptionist. 

Subscription via email 

Please send your subscription to: 

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pubs@cdri.forum.org.kh 

HOW TO RENEW AN EXISTING SUBSCRIPTION 

Please fill in the subscription renewal form sent to you at the end of the 

subscription period and follow the procedure indicated on it, or visit CDRI’s office 

and contact the receptionist. 

WHERE TO BUY CDRI PUBLICATIONS 

CDRI’s office 

Monument Bookshop 

Daun Penh Bookshop 

Cambodiana Hotel 

CCC 

CEDAC 

WHERE TO READ CDRI PUBLICATIONS 

CDRI’s Library 

National Library of Cambodia 

Hun Sen Library at the Royal University of Phnom Penh 

CCC Library 

59 



PACKAGE SUBSCRIPTION TO ALL CDRI’S PUBLICATIONS 

You can subscribe to ALL of CDRI’s publications in English, including: 

� Working Papers: 4-6 per year; each of which presents the results of one of CDRI’s studies. 

� Development Analysis Network (DAN): the collected papers produced annually 

by members of the Development Analysis Network, a formal network which CDRI 

coordinates with six other research institutes in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam 

and Yunnan province of China. Each year DAN members select and conduct a study 

on a topic of mutual importance. 

� Cambodia Development Review (CDR): 4 issues of CDRI’s quarterly journal, 

Cambodia Development Review, which publishes articles on the latest socioeconomic 

research, key development issues and analysis of the Cambodian and 

regional economies. 

� Policy Briefs: 4-6 per year, summarising the findings and policy recommendations 

from important CDRI studies (available if desired and only to those who take an 

Annual Subscription to all CDRI publications). 

� Monthly Flash Reports (MFR): bilingual, Khmer and English, providing a snap shot 

of the Cambodian and regional economies (this will be provided by email ONLY). 

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Transfer to: 

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62 

CDRI 

Cambodia’s leading independent development policy research institute 

� 56 Street 315, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 

* PO Box 622, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 

' (855-23) 881-384/881-701/881-916/883-603/ 012 867-278 

6 (855-23) 880-734 

E-mail: cdri@wicam.com.kh 

Website: http://www.cdri.org.kh

CDRI PUBLICATIONS

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