Concepts of Biology, 2013

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10 Chapter 1 | Introduction to Biology Figure 1.7 A molecule, like this large DNA molecule, is composed of atoms. (credit: "Brian0918"/Wikimedia Commons) To see an animation of this DNA molecule, click here (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/rotating_DNA2) . Some cells contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes; these are called organelles. Organelles are small structures that exist within cells and perform specialized functions. All living things are made of cells; the cell itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. (This requirement is why viruses are not considered living: they are not made of cells. To make new viruses, they have to invade and hijack a living cell; only then can they obtain the materials they need to reproduce.) Some organisms consist of a single cell and others are multicellular. Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do not have nuclei surrounded by nuclear membranes; in contrast, the cells of eukaryotes do have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. In most multicellular organisms, cells combine to make tissues, which are groups of similar cells carrying out the same function. Organs are collections of tissues grouped together based on a common function. Organs are present not only in animals but also in plants. An organ system is a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs. For example vertebrate animals have many organ systems, such as the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body and to and from the lungs; it includes organs such as the heart and blood vessels. Organisms are individual living entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes are also considered organisms and are typically referred to as microorganisms. This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11487/1.9
Chapter 1 | Introduction to Biology 11 Figure 1.8 From an atom to the entire Earth, biology examines all aspects of life. (credit "molecule": modification of work by Jane Whitney; credit "organelles": modification of work by Louisa Howard; credit "cells": modification of work by Bruce Wetzel, Harry Schaefer, National Cancer Institute; credit "tissue": modification of work by "Kilbad"/Wikimedia Commons; credit "organs": modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal, Joaquim Alves Gaspar; credit "organisms": modification of work by Peter Dutton; credit "ecosystem": modification of work by "gigi4791"/Flickr; credit "biosphere": modification of work by NASA)
Page 3 and 4: Concepts of Biology SENIOR CONTRIBU
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Chapter 3 | Cell Structure and Func
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Chapter 4 | How Cells Obtain Energy
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 117 5 |
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 119 Figu
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 123 wave
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 127 Afte
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 133 5.2
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Chapter 6 | Reproduction at the Cel
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Chapter 7 | The Cellular Basis of I
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Chapter 8 | Patterns of Inheritance
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Chapter 9 | Molecular Biology 199 9
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Chapter 9 | Molecular Biology 203 I
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Chapter 9 | Molecular Biology 217 e
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 225 10 |
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 231 Natu
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 245 KEY
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 247 REVI
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Chapter 11 | Evolution and Its Proc
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Chapter 12 | Diversity of Life 275
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Chapter 13 | Diversity of Microbes,
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Chapter 14 | Diversity of Plants 32
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Chapter 15 | Diversity of Animals 3
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Chapter 16 | The Body’s Systems 4
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Chapter 17 | The Immune System and
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Chapter 18 | Animal Reproduction an
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Chapter 19 | Population and Communi
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Chapter 20 | Ecosystems and the Bio
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Chapter 21 | Conservation and Biodi
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Appendix A 593 APPENDIX A | THE PER
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Appendix B 595 APPENDIX B | GEOLOGI
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Appendix C 597 APPENDIX C | MEASURE
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Answer Key 599 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1
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Answer Key 601 that extends the 3'
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Answer Key 603 I molecules expresse
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Index 605 INDEX A absorption spectr
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Index 607 density-independent regul
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Index 609 intracellular, 421 intrac
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Index 611 phototrophs, 292 phylogen
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Index 613 tropical rainforest, 565
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Concepts of Biology, 2013

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