Concepts of Biology, 2013

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322 Chapter 13 | Diversity of Microbes, Fungi, and Protists agents of fermentation in the production of bread, cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and numerous other food preparations. Secondary metabolites of fungi are used in medicine as antibiotics and anticoagulants. Fungi are used in research as model organisms for the study of eukaryotic genetics and metabolism. ART CONNECTION QUESTIONS 1. Figure 13.6 Which of the following statements is true? a. Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall formed from peptidoglycan. b. Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane. c. The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is thick, and the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is thin. d. Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, while Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall made of phospholipids. REVIEW QUESTIONS 2. The first forms of life on Earth were thought to be_______. a. single-celled plants b. prokaryotes c. insects d. large animals such as dinosaurs 3. The first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere were _______. a. cyanobacteria b. phototrophic organisms c. anaerobic organisms d. all of the above 4. Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells? a. bacteria and fungi b. archaea and fungi c. protists and animals d. bacteria and archaea 5. Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the _______. a. cell wall b. cytoplasm c. nucleus d. chromosome 6. Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _____. a. phototrophs b. auxotrophs c. chemotrophs d. lithotrophs 7. Bioremediation includes _____. a. the use of prokaryotes that can fix nitrogen b. the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants c. the use of prokaryotes as natural fertilizers d. All of the above 8. What event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes? a. global warming b. glaciation c. volcanic activity d. oxygenation of the atmosphere 9. Mitochondria most likely evolved from _____________. a. a photosynthetic cyanobacterium b. cytoskeletal elements c. aerobic bacteria d. membrane proliferation 10. Protists with the capabilities to absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called_____________. a. photoautotrophs b. autotrophs c. saprobes d. heterotrophs 11. Which parasitic protist evades the host immune system by altering its surface proteins with each generation? a. Paramecium caudatum b. Trypanosoma brucei c. Plasmodium falciparum d. Phytophthora infestans 12. Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell walls of fungi? a. starch b. glycogen c. chitin d. cellulose 13. What term describes the close association of a fungus with the root of a tree? a. a rhizoid b. a lichen c. a mycorrhiza d. an endophyte CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11487/1.9
Chapter 13 | Diversity of Microbes, Fungi, and Protists 323 14. Explain the reason why the imprudent and excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in a major global problem. 15. Your friend believes that prokaryotes are always detrimental and pathogenic. How would you explain to them that they are wrong? 16. Describe the hypothesized steps in the origin of eukaryote cells. 17. How does killing Anopheles mosquitoes affect the Plasmodium protists? 18. Without treatment, why does African sleeping sickness invariably lead to death? 19. Why can superficial mycoses in humans lead to bacterial infections?
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Concepts of Biology SENIOR CONTRIBU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Table of Contents Preface . . . . .
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Concep
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Preface 3 Concepts in Action featur
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Chapter 1 | Introduction to Biology
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Chapter 2 | Chemistry of Life 27 2
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Chapter 2 | Chemistry of Life 29 Th
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Chapter 2 | Chemistry of Life 31 Ch
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Chapter 2 | Chemistry of Life 35 Fi
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Chapter 2 | Chemistry of Life 37 a
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Chapter 2 | Chemistry of Life 49 Nu
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Chapter 2 | Chemistry of Life 51 KE
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Chapter 2 | Chemistry of Life 53 so
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Chapter 3 | Cell Structure and Func
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Chapter 4 | How Cells Obtain Energy
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 117 5 |
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 119 Figu
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 123 wave
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 127 Afte
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 133 5.2
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Chapter 6 | Reproduction at the Cel
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Chapter 7 | The Cellular Basis of I
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Chapter 8 | Patterns of Inheritance
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Chapter 9 | Molecular Biology 199 9
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Chapter 9 | Molecular Biology 203 I
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 225 10 |
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 245 KEY
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 247 REVI
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Chapter 11 | Evolution and Its Proc
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Chapter 15 | Diversity of Animals 3
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Chapter 16 | The Body’s Systems 4
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Chapter 17 | The Immune System and
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Appendix A 593 APPENDIX A | THE PER
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Appendix B 595 APPENDIX B | GEOLOGI
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Appendix C 597 APPENDIX C | MEASURE
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Answer Key 599 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1
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Answer Key 601 that extends the 3'
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Answer Key 603 I molecules expresse
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Index 605 INDEX A absorption spectr
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Index 607 density-independent regul
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Index 609 intracellular, 421 intrac
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Index 611 phototrophs, 292 phylogen
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Index 613 tropical rainforest, 565
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Concepts of Biology, 2013

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