Concepts of Biology, 2013

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72 Chapter 3 | Cell Structure and Function Figure 3.17 There are four kinds of connections between cells. (a) A plasmodesma is a channel between the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells. (b) Tight junctions join adjacent animal cells. (c) Desmosomes join two animal cells together. (d) Gap junctions act as channels between animal cells. (credit b, c, d: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal) A tight junction is a watertight seal between two adjacent animal cells (Figure 3.17b). Proteins hold the cells tightly against each other. This tight adhesion prevents materials from leaking between the cells. Tight junctions are typically found in the epithelial tissue that lines internal organs and cavities, and composes most of the skin. For example, the tight junctions of the epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder prevent urine from leaking into the extracellular space. Also found only in animal cells are desmosomes, which act like spot welds between adjacent epithelial cells (Figure 3.17c). They keep cells together in a sheet-like formation in organs and tissues that stretch, like the skin, heart, and muscles. Gap junctions in animal cells are like plasmodesmata in plant cells in that they are channels between adjacent cells that allow for the transport of ions, nutrients, and other substances that enable cells to communicate (Figure 3.17d). Structurally, however, gap junctions and plasmodesmata differ. Components of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Their Functions Cell Component Plasma membrane Table 3.1 Function Separates cell from external environment; controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes into and out of the cell Present in Prokaryotes? Present in Animal Cells? Yes Yes Yes Present in Plant Cells? This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11487/1.9
Chapter 3 | Cell Structure and Function 73 Components of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and Their Functions Cell Component Cytoplasm Function Provides structure to cell; site of many metabolic reactions; medium in which organelles are found Present in Prokaryotes? Present in Animal Cells? Yes Yes Yes Nucleoid Location of DNA Yes No No Nucleus Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins No Yes Yes Ribosomes Protein synthesis Yes Yes Yes Mitochondria ATP production/cellular respiration No Yes Yes Peroxisomes Vesicles and vacuoles Centrosome Lysosomes Cell wall Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies poisons Storage and transport; digestive function in plant cells Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells; organizing center of microtubules in animal cells Digestion of macromolecules; recycling of worn-out organelles Protection, structural support and maintenance of cell shape No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes, primarily peptidoglycan in bacteria but not Archaea Chloroplasts Photosynthesis No No Yes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Cytoskeleton Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids No Yes Yes Modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins Maintains cell’s shape, secures organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Flagella Cellular locomotion Some Some Cilia Table 3.1 Cellular locomotion, movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and filtration No Some No Present in Plant Cells? Yes, primarily cellulose No, except for some plant sperm. This table provides the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their respective functions.
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Concepts of Biology SENIOR CONTRIBU
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OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, pe
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Table of Contents Preface . . . . .
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Preface 1 PREFACE Welcome to Concep
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Preface 3 Concepts in Action featur
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Chapter 1 | Introduction to Biology
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 123 wave
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 125 Figu
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 127 Afte
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 129 Phot
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 131 Figu
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Chapter 5 | Photosynthesis 133 5.2
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Chapter 6 | Reproduction at the Cel
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Chapter 7 | The Cellular Basis of I
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Chapter 8 | Patterns of Inheritance
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Chapter 9 | Molecular Biology 199 9
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Chapter 9 | Molecular Biology 217 e
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 225 10 |
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 231 Natu
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 245 KEY
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Chapter 10 | Biotechnology 247 REVI
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Chapter 11 | Evolution and Its Proc
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Chapter 12 | Diversity of Life 275
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Chapter 13 | Diversity of Microbes,
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Chapter 14 | Diversity of Plants 32
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Chapter 15 | Diversity of Animals 3
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Chapter 16 | The Body’s Systems 4
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Chapter 17 | The Immune System and
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Appendix A 593 APPENDIX A | THE PER
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Appendix B 595 APPENDIX B | GEOLOGI
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Appendix C 597 APPENDIX C | MEASURE
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Answer Key 599 ANSWER KEY Chapter 1
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Answer Key 601 that extends the 3'
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Answer Key 603 I molecules expresse
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Index 605 INDEX A absorption spectr
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Index 607 density-independent regul
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Index 609 intracellular, 421 intrac
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Index 611 phototrophs, 292 phylogen
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Index 613 tropical rainforest, 565
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Concepts of Biology, 2013

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