The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2011

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How would a chemist categorize each example of matter? 1. saltwater 2. soil 3. water 4. oxygen Solution 1. Saltwater acts as if it were a single substance even though it contains two substances—salt and water. Saltwater is a homogeneous mixture, or a solution. 2. Soil is composed of small pieces of a variety of materials, so it is a heterogeneous mixture. 3. Water is a substance; more specifically, because water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, it is a compound. 4. Oxygen, a substance, is an element. SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE How would a chemist categorize each example of matter? 1. coffee 2. hydrogen 3. an egg Phases Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 17
Another way to classify matter is to describe it as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, which was done in the examples of solutions. These three descriptions, each implying that the matter has certain physical properties, represent the three phases of matter. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. Liquids ordinarily have a definite volume but not a definite shape; they take the shape of their containers. Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume, and they expand to fill their containers. We encounter matter in each phase every day; in fact, we regularly encounter water in all three phases: ice (solid), water (liquid), and steam (gas). We know from our experience with water that substances can change from one phase to another if the conditions are right. Typically, varying the temperature of a substance (and, less commonly, the pressure exerted on it) can cause a phase change, a physical process in which a substance goes from one phase to another (Figure 1.4 "Boiling Water"). Phase changes have particular names depending on what phases are involved, as summarized in Table 1.1 "Phase Changes". Table 1.1 Phase Changes Change Name solid to liquid melting, fusion solid to gas liquid to gas sublimation boiling, evaporation liquid to solid solidification, freezing gas to liquid gas to solid condensation deposition Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 18
Page 2 and 3: This text was adapted by The Saylor
Page 4 and 5: The G part of the textbook then con
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Me
Page 8 and 9: Chemistry lies more or less in the
Page 10 and 11: Which fields of study are branches
Page 12 and 13: 3. Refine the hypothesis if necessa
Page 14 and 15: 6. Suggest a name for the study of
Page 16 and 17: The properties that chemists use to
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.5 "The Classification of M
Page 22 and 23: 2. Does each statement refer to a c
Page 24 and 25: 12. What word describes each phase
Page 26 and 27: To understand chemistry, we need a
Page 28 and 29: • Identify a quantity properly wi
Page 30 and 31: 10 2 = 100 10 3 = 1,000 10 4 = 10,0
Page 32 and 33: 2. 1.005 × 10 2 We can also use sc
Page 34 and 35: 1. 0.0622 2. 0.0000000099 SKILL-BUI
Page 36 and 37: c. −3 × 10 6 d. 9.98 × 10 −7
Page 38 and 39: measure the width of a table. The c
Page 40 and 41: significant because the number is w
Page 42 and 43: The final answer, limited to four s
Page 44 and 45: 3. Round up only if the first digit
Page 46 and 47: 10. Perform each operation and expr
Page 48 and 49: 1. Recognize the SI base units and
Page 50 and 51: Prefix Abbreviation Multiplicative
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.9 The Liter A liter is def
Page 54 and 55: high-fat foods) and reduced physica
Page 56 and 57: 2. Do units follow the same mathema
Page 58 and 59: 3. 1,000; 100 5. 7. grams per liter
Page 60 and 61: The 3.55 m can be thought of as a f
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1.10 A Concept Map for Conve
Page 64 and 65: The conversion factor’s numerical
Page 66 and 67: The densities of many components an
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Solution First, convert the given u
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1. Give the two conversion factors
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3. 5.62 × 10 4 m 5. 4.41 × 10 7
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Chemistry uses SI, a system of unit
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9. What is the density of a dextros
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11. 187 in. 13. 77 kg 15. Saylor UR
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2.1 The Elements LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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Source: D. R. Lide, ed. CRC Handboo
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Today, many detergents are made wit
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† The symbol for tungsten comes f
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3. U 4. O 5. F CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC
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5. Explain why it is improper to wr
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7. 2.2 Atomic Theory LEARNING OBJEC
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something that the ancient Greek ph
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1. Describe the three main subatomi
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Experiments using this setup were u
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A more modern understanding of atom
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5. Protons are among the (most, lea
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different elements have a different
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2. The atomic number of tungsten is
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which indicates a particular isotop
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KEY TAKEAWAYS • Elements can be i
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. c. d. 40 K 201 Hg 19 F 10. State
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d. protons: 9; neutrons: 10; electr
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This is a simple one-step conversio
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3. 4.04 × 10 −23 g 5. 44.8 g 7.
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The next largest atom, beryllium, h
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1. From the electron configuration
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14. A silicon atom has ____ core el
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The periodic table is one of the co
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gas, radon is not chemically reacti
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Figure 2.8 Types of Elements Elemen
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small quantities. However, even the
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column on the periodic table, the a
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absence or presence, or abnormally
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a. silicon b. oxygen c. germanium d
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13. Scandium is a (metal, nonmetal,
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The modern atomic theory states tha
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4. What might be the electron confi
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Opening Essay Chapter 3 Ionic Bondi
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until all atoms have octets. Becaus
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EXERCISES 1. Why is an ionic compou
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As demonstrated in Example 1 (in Se
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ions. For example, all ions made fr
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Solution From the periodic table, w
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3. a. 1+ b. 2− c. 2+ d. 1− KEY
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9. Using Lewis diagrams, show the e
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3.3 Formulas for Ionic Compounds LE
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not written in a formula. Remember
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write the c
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Solution 1. Potassium ions have a c
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Looking Closer: Blood and Seawater
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1. Write the chemical formula for t
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c. CO 2 d. FeSO 3 e. C 6 H 6 f. C 2
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The name of a monatomic cation is s
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Ion Cl − Name chloride ion Br −
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write the f
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4. AuF 3 5. AgF Figure 3.7 "A Guide
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c. Mg 2+ and Se 2− 5. Name the io
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c. magnesium sulfide 5. a. sodium n
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Total: 101.10 u The formula mass of
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2. AgBr 3. Au(NO 3 ) 3 4. Fe 3 (PO
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1. What is the formula mass for the
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c. 56.38 u 3. a. 83.00 u b. 100.93
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Names of ionic compounds are derive
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10. The uranyl ion (UO 2 2+ ) is a
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11. FePO 4·2H 2 O; 186.86 u 13. 14
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Figure 4.1A Molecular Model of Chol
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By sharing their valence electrons,
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Now that we have looked at electron
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In molecules, there is a pattern to
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17. Astatine is a synthetic element
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they combine to make water, they do
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Number of Atoms in Compound Prefix
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Solution 1. bromine pentafluoride 2
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. C 6 H 5 Cl c. KC 2 H 3 O 2 d. Ca(
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1. a. no b. yes c. yes d. yes 3. a.
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In this arrangement, the carbon ato
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1. Each molecule contains multiple
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In Section 4.1 "Covalent Bonds", we
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Although we defined covalent bondin
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polar, while others are strongly po
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ut Pauling continued to take large
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(For example, carbon dioxide become
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6. Refer to Exercise 4. Why is the
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9. a. unequally toward the O b. equ
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3. The molecular mass of NO 2 is 46
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However, the shape of the molecule
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KEY TAKEAWAYS • A molecule has a
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c. bent 7. bent 4.6 Introduction to
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Figure 4.6 Formulas and Molecular M
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Figure 4.8 Formulas and Molecular M
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The food pyramid has suggestions fo
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est known by the common names formi
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Identify the functional group(s) in
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2. Are organic compounds based more
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5. Identify the functional group(s)
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4.7 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter
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4. An atomic mass unit equals 1.661
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14. Glutamic acid is the parent com
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Opening Essay Chapter 5 Introductio
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1. What is the law of conservation
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To simplify the writing of reaction
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By counting the atoms of each eleme
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. What a
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c. C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 → CO 2 + N 2 +
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Calculate the
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Other relationships are possible; i
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Start with this balanced chemical e
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8. Gold metal reacts with a combina
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is a combination reaction that prod
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EXAMPLE 4 Identify each type of rea
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. 2NaHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O +
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zinc atoms to the hydrogen atoms (w
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Solution We start by using symbols
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Thus, acetaldehyde is being oxidize
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2. Which reactions are redox reacti
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y the general formula ROH). The pro
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KEY TAKEAWAY • Redox reactions ar
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In stoichiometry, quantities of rea
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produce sulfur trioxide, and (3) th
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Opening Essay Chapter 6 Quantities
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The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxyg
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each element we have in a substance
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1. How many molecules are present i
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11. 1.04 × 10 24 Na atoms and 1.04
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1. NaCl 2. bilirubin (C 33 H 36 N 4
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• The mass of moles of atoms and
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1 mol Al = 26.98 g Al We can divide
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Figure 6.2 A Simple Flowchart for C
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Mineral Male (age 19-30 y) Female (
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2. What is the mass of 0.552 mol of
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ecause 22:11:22 also reduces to 2:1
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1. Amounts of substances in chemica
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1. Convert from mass or moles of on
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The mol Fe2O3 units cancel, leaving
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This three-part process can be carr
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each intermediate quantity to the p
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Because of the complexity of the mo
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2Fe 2 O 3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO 2 How
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d. Ga 2 (SO 4 ) 3 4. How many moles
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Chapter 7 Opening Essay Energy and
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example, if you hold an ice cube in
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Table 7.2 Energy Expenditure of a 1
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9. Many nutrition experts say that
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Substance c (cal/g·°C) benzene (C
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1. What quantity of heat is transfe
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6. If 195 cal of heat were added to
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Celsius scale, H2O has a melting po
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Substance ΔH fus (cal/g) ΔH vap (
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EXERCISES 1. How much energy is nee
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on countless observations over cent
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For an exothermic chemical reaction
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Solution 1. Because energy is a pro
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3. endothermic 5. a. endothermic b.
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Career Focus: Dietitian A dietitian
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Chapter Summary To ensure that you
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5. When 1 g of steam condenses, 540
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7. 652 g 9. a. 83.3 g b. 438 g 11.
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matter is important for our underst
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temperature) to become liquids and
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Although the individual bonds in bo
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distribution of electrons in a mole
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• Molecules interact with each ot
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8.2 Solids and Liquids LEARNING OBJ
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Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas vol
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Water’s influence on the world ar
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Describe the
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Write a conversion factor to determ
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9. Blood pressures are expressed in
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What happens to the volume of a gas
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This example is similar to Example
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(except for the United States, whic
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Solving for the final volume, V f =
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Now we can substitute the quantitie
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determine what the fourth property
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. What p
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13. Assuming the amount remains the
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8.5 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter
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a. If 100.0 g of propane are combus
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Chapter 9 Opening Essay Solutions I
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The major component of a solution,
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3. Like other hydrocarbons, octane
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(CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
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Substance Solubility (g in 100 mL o
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1. A dextrose (also called D-glucos
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Because this is an exact relationsh
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Another way of expressing concentra
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1. To solve for the volume of solut
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In itself, each step is a straightf
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Figure 9.3 Diagram of Steps for Usi
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available; if arsenic is an essenti
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12. What mass of KCl is present in
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If 567 mL of a 1.005 M NaHSO 3 solu
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What occurs at the molecular level
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More information than that provided
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. N(CH 3 ) 3 c. CH 3 CO 2 C 2 H 5 d
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evaporation process. We will not di
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1. Which solution’s boiling point
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In one form of dialysis, called hem
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7. Explain why salt (NaCl) is sprea
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To ensure that you understand the m
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. How many grams of Na 2 CO 3 are n
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Chapter 10 Opening Essay Acids and
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compounds that release a hydrogen c
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Formula KOH(aq) Name potassium hydr
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in http://catalog.flatworldknowledg
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Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is one excep
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12. How many moles of perchloric ac
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Ammonia (NH3) increases the hydroxi
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aqueous HCl. So the Brønsted-Lowry
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are only slightly soluble in water.
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9. Write the chemical equation for
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A small fraction of water molecules
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1. Is H 2 O(l) acting as an acid or
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Acids Bases H 2 SO 4 Ca(OH) 2 HClO
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Write the equilibrium chemical equa
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Solution pH NaOH (1 M) 14.0 Weak ac
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7. Write the chemical equation for
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As indicated in http://catalog.flat
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Buffers can react with both strong
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A blood bank technology specialist
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hydrocyanic acid and sodium cyanide
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dissociated ions. It is a dynamic e
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7. 9. The O atom is donating an ele
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Applications of nuclear chemistry m
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Chemists often use the names parent
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daughter isotope must be 12, and it
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1. What are the major types of radi
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14. The gamma ray emitted when oxyg
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amount of time it takes for one-hal
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Isotope Half-Life 90 Sr 29.1 y 131
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2. Which is more radioactive—an i
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Over a period of 4 half-lives, the
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Source Amount (mrem) consumer produ
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4. How is the curie defined? 5. A s
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Radioactive isotopes are effective
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elated to the activity of the thyro
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ing of sensors that detect the gamm
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12. Which isotope is used in therap
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Thus, by the careful addition of ex
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The two main components of the powe
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2. What is the difference between f
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7. A chain reaction is an ever-expa
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3. Uranium can be separated from it
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Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry: Alkan
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decline in 1828, when the German ch
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Organic Hexane Inorganic NaCl flamm
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3. Which member of each pair has a
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Recall from Chapter 4 "Covalent Bon
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Each succeeding formula incorporate
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There is a hydrocarbon that corresp
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Note A continuous (unbranched) chai
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5. Indicate whether the structures
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Note Parentheses in condensed struc
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12.5 IUPAC Nomenclature LEARNING OB
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Parent Alkane Alkyl Group Co nde ns
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3. Place the names of the substitue
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3. EXAMPLE 2 Draw the structure for
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1. What is a CH 3 group called when
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a. b. 8. What is a substituent? How
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7. a. 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane b.
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much more serious fire hazard than
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2. b; hexane is insoluble in water
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Alkanes also react with the halogen
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The reactions of alkanes with halog
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1. The parent alkane has five carbo
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Formula Common Name IUPAC Name Some
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noted over the Arctic regions. The
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1. Name cycloalkanes given their fo
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Draw the
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. 3. Halogenated cycloalkanes can b
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property allows the formation the t
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7. Write equations for the complete
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7. a. C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 → 3CO 2 + 4H
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Chapter 13 Unsaturated and Aromatic
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We used only condensed structural f
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Name each compound. 1. 2. Solution
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Draw the st
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a. b. c. 4. Name each compound acco
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c. 3. a. 2-methyl-2-pentene b. 3-me
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In 1,2-dichloroethane (part (a) of
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There must be two nonidentical grou
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e. CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. What
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. 3-heptene c. 4-methyl-2-pentene d
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13.3 Physical Properties of Alkenes
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1. a. 1-pentene b. 3-nonene 13.4 Ch
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2. 3. SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write
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ANSWER 1. a. (CH 3 ) 2 CBrCH 2 Br b
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and http://catalog.flatworldknowled
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2. What is addition polymerization?
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. Briefly
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saturation, benzene is rather unrea
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ANSWERS 1. Benzene is rather unreac
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Name Structure Typical Uses toluene
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single substituent is written at th
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EXAMPLE 6 Name each compound using
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Sometimes an aromatic group is foun
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Name Structure aspirin acetaminophe
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3. 3-phenyloctane: KEY TAKEAWAY •
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4. Draw the structure for each comp
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c. d. ANSWERS Saylor URL: http://ww
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5. a. ethylbenzene b. isopropylbenz
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1. Classify each compound as satura
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c.2,2-dimethyl-3-pentene 11. What i
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ANSWERS 1. a. unsaturated b. unsatu
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Chapter 14Organic Compounds of Oxyg
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Name of Family General Formula Func
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As noted in Chapter 4 "Covalent Bon
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Give the IUPAC name for each compou
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2. The ending -ol indicates an OH f
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Condensed Structural Formula Class
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1. Name each alcohol and classify i
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. c. 14.3 Physical Properties of Al
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The OH groups of alcohol molecules
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Figure 14.3 Hydrogen Bonding betwee
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3. 1-octanol < 1-butanol < methanol
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Write th
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1. Why is methanol more toxic than
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Under the proper conditions, it is
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Note that in oxidation of both prim
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3. This alcohol has the OH group on
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3. Draw the structure of the produc
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Another common glycol, 1,2-propaned
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1. two OH groups; a ketone group an
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objects such as furniture or floors
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. 3. Draw the structure for each co
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With the general formula ROR′, an
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE What is the
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1. Diethyl ether has no intermolecu
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. ethyl isopropyl ether 5. a. CH 3
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Naming Aldehydes and Ketones Both c
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Solution 1. This compound has the c
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Solution 1.There are five carbon at
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1. Give the structure and IUPAC nam
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d. 3. Draw the structure for each c
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In aldehydes and ketones, this char
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H 3 N—Ag + —NH 3 When Tollens
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(a) Benzaldehyde is an oil found in
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. What fe
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. 5. a. silver metal (Ag) b. acetic
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epinephrine (adrenalin) for allergi
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The hydroxyl group (OH) is the func
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6. Classify each conversion as oxid
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c. d. 18. Tell whether each compoun
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a. To what class of compounds does
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11. C 6 H 5 OH + H 2 O → C 6 H 5
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Chapter 15 Organic Acids and Bases
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Unlike ethers, esters have a carbon
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1. The carboxyl group has a carbony
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15.2 Carboxylic Acids: Structures a
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Carboxylic acids feature a carbon a
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Solution 1. The LCC contains four c
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• IUPAC names are derived from th
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1. Describe the preparation of carb
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15.4 Physical Properties of Carboxy
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Condensed Structural Formula Name o
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Water-soluble carboxylic acids ioni
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Write an equation for the reaction
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4. Write the equation for the react
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Figure 15.4 The Structure of Esters
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. Solution a. The alkyl group attac
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1. Draw the structure for phenyl pe
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1. a. b. c. d. 3. a. methyl formate
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Condensed Structural Formula Name M
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15.8 Preparation of Esters LEARNING
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• Esters are made by the reaction
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As a specific example, butyl acetat
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1. Write the equation for the hydro
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Describe pho
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Figure 15.5 The Structure of Amines
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2. 3. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 4. C
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Name thi
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1. methylammonium ion 2. dimethylam
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5. a. propylamine b. isopropylmethy
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(a) Amine molecules are associated
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1. Which compound has the higher bo
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1. Name the typical reactions that
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nucleic acids, which in turn compos
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Because it is soluble in water, coc
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15.14 Amides: Structures and Names
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Name each compound with the common
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. 4. Name the compound. a. ANSWERS
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Condensed Structural Formula Name M
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2. propanamide because the N-H and
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ushes, and parachutes. They also ca
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. The hydrolysis of an amide produc
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. 2. Complete each equation. a. b A
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conditions. Esters are neutral comp
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10. A lactone is a cyclic ester. Wh
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11. H 3 N + CH 2 CH 2 COOH 13. 15.
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Opening Essay Chapter 16 Carbohydra
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2. 3. 4. Solution 1. This is a carb
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Green plants are capable of synthes
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1. When an aqueous solution of treh
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2. The structure must have four car
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(a) D- and L-glyceraldehyde are mir
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In the photo on the left, two Polar
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ANSWERS 1. A chiral carbon is a car
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3. Identify each sugar as an aldose
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16.3 Important Hexoses LEARNING OBJ
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Compound Relative Sweetness fructos
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than sucrose. Sucralose is synthesi
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. galactose c. fructose 4. What hex
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D-Glucose can be represented with a
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Even though only a small percentage
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3. Given that the aldohexose D-mann
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Benedict’s test was performed on
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3. 16.6 Disaccharides LEARNING OBJE
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the molecules are too large to pass
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Many adults and some children suffe
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Lactose makes up about 40% of an in
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solution. In addition, sucrose does
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. 4. For each disaccharide, indicat
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. What type of linkage (α or β) j
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16.7 Polysaccharides LEARNING OBJEC
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(a) Amylose is a linear chain of α
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animals draw on these glycogen rese
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into glucose for energy. Termites a
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3. Amylose and cellulose are both l
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on the second carbon atom of fructo
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10. What reagents are necessary to
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15. Several artificial sweeteners a
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7. To be a reducing sugar, a disacc
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Opening Essay Chapter 17 Lipids On
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Figure 17.1 Lipid Organization Base
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Name Abbreviated Structural Formula
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Although we often draw the carbon a
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. Give a
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. c. 6. Arrange these fatty acids (
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Structures of Fats and Oils Fats an
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Lauric Myristic Palmitic Stearic Ol
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eprecipitated by the addition of mo
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taste, and nutrition of butter. (Pr
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ANSWERS 1. Fats provide energy for
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5. Draw structures to write the rea
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7. a. smaller carboxylic acids, suc
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The structures shown here will seld
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Figure 17.6 Schematic Diagram of a
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(a) Amino alcohols are commonly fou
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(a) Sphingosine, an amino alcohol,
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integral proteins, to the polar hea
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2. Classify each as a phospholipid,
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17.4 Steroids LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1.
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cholesterol levels of 200 mg/100 mL
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The adrenocortical hormones, such a
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characteristics of males, or the de
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y the liver, but the liver’s bile
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3. 17.5 End-of-Chapter Material Cha
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Most lipids can be saponified, but
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10. Why is it important to determin
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Chapter 18 Opening Essay Amino Acid
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18.1 Properties of Amino Acids LEAR
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Com mon Nam e Abbr eviati on Struct
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ANSWERS 1. 2. a. aspartic acid b. a
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ANSWERS 1. a. CH 2 OH − b. c. 3.
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circumstances, the amino acid acts
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Amino acids undergo reactions chara
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1. Draw the structure of leucine an
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group on the right. These can react
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KEY TAKEAWAYS • The amino group o
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Each of the thousands of naturally
Page 1006 and 1007:
Figure 18.2 Primary Structure of Hu
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The side chains extend above or bel
Page 1010 and 1011:
Because nonpolar groups cannot enga
Page 1012 and 1013:
The primary structure consists of t
Page 1014 and 1015:
The denaturation (unfolding) and re
Page 1016 and 1017:
1. Classify each protein as fibrous
Page 1018 and 1019:
18.5 Enzymes LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.
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Class hydrolases lyases isomerases
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EXERCISES 1. Identify the substrate
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This pocket, where the enzyme combi
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Figure 18.12 The Induced-Fit Model
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hand, is far less specific. It cata
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3. For each functional group in Exe
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(a) This graph shows the effect of
Page 1034 and 1035:
Figure 18.14 Temperature and pH ver
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• At low temperatures, an increas
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18.8 Enzyme Inhibition LEARNING OBJ
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of an enzyme. The inhibitor is not
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Penicillin, one of the most widely
Page 1044 and 1045:
decades ago, a person with a major
Page 1046 and 1047:
• A competitive inhibitor compete
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Vitamin Physiological Function Effe
Page 1050 and 1051:
2. Coenzymes are synthesized from v
Page 1052 and 1053:
3. a. vitamin B 6 or pyridoxine b.
Page 1054 and 1055:
An enzyme is an organic catalyst pr
Page 1056 and 1057:
6. Draw the structure of the pentap
Page 1058 and 1059:
16. When the substrate concentratio
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9. Carbohydrates have many OH group
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tissue. What accounts for this spec
Page 1064 and 1065:
The formation of a bond between C1
Page 1066 and 1067:
Figure 19.4 Structures of Two Impor
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3. For each structure, circle the s
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. 6. For each structure, circle the
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3. a. b. 5. a. Saylor URL: http://w
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Nucleic acids are large polymers fo
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Like proteins, nucleic acids have a
Page 1078 and 1079:
Figure 19.6 DNA Double Helix (a) Th
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Figure 19.7 Complementary Base Pair
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• Two DNA strands link together i
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3. Which nitrogenous base in DNA pa
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c. ACU 3. a. guanine b. thymine c.
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The nucleus contains all the necess
Page 1090 and 1091:
1. A segment of one strand from a D
Page 1092 and 1093:
The representation of RNA polymeras
Page 1094 and 1095:
protein synthesis. In Section 19.5
Page 1096 and 1097:
2. DNA serves as a template for the
Page 1098 and 1099:
How can a molecule containing just
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Early experimenters were faced with
Page 1102 and 1103:
EXAMPLE 3 A portion of an mRNA mole
Page 1104 and 1105:
1. Write the anticodon on tRNA that
Page 1106 and 1107:
Infectious diseases caused by virus
Page 1108 and 1109:
Some RNA viruses, however, called r
Page 1110 and 1111:
As part of HIV reproduction in an i
Page 1112 and 1113:
obtain family medical and reproduct
Page 1114 and 1115:
The two types of nitrogenous bases
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2. For this nucleic acid segment, a
Page 1118 and 1119:
8. Bradykinin is a potent peptide h
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. thr-leu-val-pro-ser c. thr-leu-pr
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Life requires energy. Animals, for
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Like the combustion of the common f
Page 1126 and 1127:
Energy is released because the prod
Page 1128 and 1129:
Table 20.1 Energy Released by Hydro
Page 1130 and 1131:
. AMP c. glucose 1-phosphate ANSWER
Page 1132 and 1133:
Figure 20.4 Energy Conversions Sayl
Page 1134 and 1135:
The primary site of carbohydrate di
Page 1136 and 1137:
Figure 20.6 The Principal Events an
Page 1138 and 1139:
Aminopeptidases in the intestinal j
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The lipases in pancreatic juice cat
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ANSWERS 1. a. Pepsinogen is an inac
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8. What are the expected products f
Page 1146 and 1147:
Figure 20.11 Cell Chemistry Acetyl-
Page 1148 and 1149:
chemistry: hydration, oxidation, de
Page 1150 and 1151:
Succinate dehydrogenase then cataly
Page 1152 and 1153:
outer membrane is permeable, wherea
Page 1154 and 1155:
In the oxidation half-reaction, two
Page 1156 and 1157:
Complexes III and IV include severa
Page 1158 and 1159:
already higher in the intermembrane
Page 1160 and 1161:
3. Mitochondria are small organelle
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. How are electron transport and ox
Page 1164 and 1165:
When glucose enters a cell, it is i
Page 1166 and 1167:
In the initial step of phase II, gl
Page 1168 and 1169:
it, or it is not used properly beca
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glucose) are converted to 2 mol of
Page 1172 and 1173:
Reaction Comments Yield of ATP (mol
Page 1174 and 1175:
2. Replace each question mark with
Page 1176 and 1177:
7. a. Pyruvate is reduced to lactat
Page 1178 and 1179:
The fatty acyl-CoA formed in the fi
Page 1180 and 1181:
In the liver, most of the acetyl-Co
Page 1182 and 1183:
The amount of ATP obtained from fat
Page 1184 and 1185:
• The acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH
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3. five rounds 5. a. 7 molecules b.
Page 1188 and 1189:
In both reactions, the final accept
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fumarate and acetoacetate. Fumarate
Page 1192 and 1193:
2. Name the two products that are f
Page 1194 and 1195:
5. a. glucogenic b. both c. glucoge
Page 1196 and 1197:
as oxidative phosphorylation. Elect
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. chymotrypsin 4. Indicate where ea
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9. When oxygen is abundant, NADH is
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Chapter 21 Appendix: Periodic Table
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Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/b
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The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2011

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