The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2011

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This text was adapted by The Saylor Foundation under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator or licensee. Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 1
Preface This textbook is intended for the one-semester GOB course. Although a two-semester GOB sequence is available at many colleges and universities, one-semester GOB offerings are increasing in popularity. The need to cover so many topics in one semester or quarter places additional pressure on the tools used to teach the course, and the authors feel that a textbook developed explicitly for the one-semester course will provide students with a superior educational experience. Many one-semester GOB courses employ either a rewritten, watered-down two-semester textbook or a bona fide twosemester textbook with cherry-picked topics. In the opinion of this author team, neither choice provides students with the best learning experience. This textbook does not have a two-semester counterpart. It was developed specifically for the one-semester GOB course. As such, the chapters are short and succinct, covering the fundamental material and leaving out the extraneous. We recognize that students taking this particular course are likely interested in health professions, such as nursing, occupational therapy, physical therapy, physician assistance, and the like. As such, we have focused certain examples and textbook features on these areas so students realize from the beginning how these basic chemistry topics apply to their career choice. This textbook is divided into approximately one-half general chemistry topics, onefourth organic chemistry topics, and one-fourth biochemistry topics. We feel that these fractions provide the appropriate mix of chemistry topics for most students’ needs. The presentation is standard: there is no attempt to integrate organic and biological chemistry throughout a general chemistry textbook, although there is an early introduction to organic chemistry so that carbon-containing compounds can be included as soon as possible. The first chapter stands out a bit for covering a relatively large amount of material, but that is necessary. There is a certain skill set that students must have to be successful in any GOB course, and rather than relegate these skills to an appendix that is too often overlooked, the first chapter covers them explicitly. Some of these topics can be omitted at the instructor’s discretion. Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 2
Page 4 and 5: The G part of the textbook then con
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Me
Page 8 and 9: Chemistry lies more or less in the
Page 10 and 11: Which fields of study are branches
Page 12 and 13: 3. Refine the hypothesis if necessa
Page 14 and 15: 6. Suggest a name for the study of
Page 16 and 17: The properties that chemists use to
Page 18 and 19: How would a chemist categorize each
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.5 "The Classification of M
Page 22 and 23: 2. Does each statement refer to a c
Page 24 and 25: 12. What word describes each phase
Page 26 and 27: To understand chemistry, we need a
Page 28 and 29: • Identify a quantity properly wi
Page 30 and 31: 10 2 = 100 10 3 = 1,000 10 4 = 10,0
Page 32 and 33: 2. 1.005 × 10 2 We can also use sc
Page 34 and 35: 1. 0.0622 2. 0.0000000099 SKILL-BUI
Page 36 and 37: c. −3 × 10 6 d. 9.98 × 10 −7
Page 38 and 39: measure the width of a table. The c
Page 40 and 41: significant because the number is w
Page 42 and 43: The final answer, limited to four s
Page 44 and 45: 3. Round up only if the first digit
Page 46 and 47: 10. Perform each operation and expr
Page 48 and 49: 1. Recognize the SI base units and
Page 50 and 51: Prefix Abbreviation Multiplicative
Page 52 and 53:
Figure 1.9 The Liter A liter is def
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high-fat foods) and reduced physica
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2. Do units follow the same mathema
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3. 1,000; 100 5. 7. grams per liter
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The 3.55 m can be thought of as a f
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Figure 1.10 A Concept Map for Conve
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The conversion factor’s numerical
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The densities of many components an
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Solution First, convert the given u
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1. Give the two conversion factors
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3. 5.62 × 10 4 m 5. 4.41 × 10 7
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Chemistry uses SI, a system of unit
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9. What is the density of a dextros
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11. 187 in. 13. 77 kg 15. Saylor UR
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2.1 The Elements LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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Source: D. R. Lide, ed. CRC Handboo
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Today, many detergents are made wit
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† The symbol for tungsten comes f
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3. U 4. O 5. F CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC
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5. Explain why it is improper to wr
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7. 2.2 Atomic Theory LEARNING OBJEC
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something that the ancient Greek ph
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1. Describe the three main subatomi
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Experiments using this setup were u
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A more modern understanding of atom
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5. Protons are among the (most, lea
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different elements have a different
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2. The atomic number of tungsten is
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which indicates a particular isotop
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KEY TAKEAWAYS • Elements can be i
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. c. d. 40 K 201 Hg 19 F 10. State
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d. protons: 9; neutrons: 10; electr
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This is a simple one-step conversio
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3. 4.04 × 10 −23 g 5. 44.8 g 7.
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The next largest atom, beryllium, h
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1. From the electron configuration
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14. A silicon atom has ____ core el
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The periodic table is one of the co
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gas, radon is not chemically reacti
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Figure 2.8 Types of Elements Elemen
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small quantities. However, even the
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column on the periodic table, the a
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absence or presence, or abnormally
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a. silicon b. oxygen c. germanium d
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13. Scandium is a (metal, nonmetal,
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The modern atomic theory states tha
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4. What might be the electron confi
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Opening Essay Chapter 3 Ionic Bondi
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until all atoms have octets. Becaus
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EXERCISES 1. Why is an ionic compou
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As demonstrated in Example 1 (in Se
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ions. For example, all ions made fr
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Solution From the periodic table, w
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3. a. 1+ b. 2− c. 2+ d. 1− KEY
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9. Using Lewis diagrams, show the e
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3.3 Formulas for Ionic Compounds LE
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not written in a formula. Remember
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write the c
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Solution 1. Potassium ions have a c
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Looking Closer: Blood and Seawater
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1. Write the chemical formula for t
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c. CO 2 d. FeSO 3 e. C 6 H 6 f. C 2
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The name of a monatomic cation is s
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Ion Cl − Name chloride ion Br −
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write the f
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4. AuF 3 5. AgF Figure 3.7 "A Guide
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c. Mg 2+ and Se 2− 5. Name the io
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c. magnesium sulfide 5. a. sodium n
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Total: 101.10 u The formula mass of
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2. AgBr 3. Au(NO 3 ) 3 4. Fe 3 (PO
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1. What is the formula mass for the
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c. 56.38 u 3. a. 83.00 u b. 100.93
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Names of ionic compounds are derive
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10. The uranyl ion (UO 2 2+ ) is a
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11. FePO 4·2H 2 O; 186.86 u 13. 14
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Figure 4.1A Molecular Model of Chol
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By sharing their valence electrons,
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Now that we have looked at electron
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In molecules, there is a pattern to
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17. Astatine is a synthetic element
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they combine to make water, they do
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Number of Atoms in Compound Prefix
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Solution 1. bromine pentafluoride 2
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. C 6 H 5 Cl c. KC 2 H 3 O 2 d. Ca(
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1. a. no b. yes c. yes d. yes 3. a.
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In this arrangement, the carbon ato
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1. Each molecule contains multiple
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In Section 4.1 "Covalent Bonds", we
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Although we defined covalent bondin
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polar, while others are strongly po
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ut Pauling continued to take large
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(For example, carbon dioxide become
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6. Refer to Exercise 4. Why is the
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9. a. unequally toward the O b. equ
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3. The molecular mass of NO 2 is 46
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However, the shape of the molecule
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KEY TAKEAWAYS • A molecule has a
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c. bent 7. bent 4.6 Introduction to
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Figure 4.6 Formulas and Molecular M
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Figure 4.8 Formulas and Molecular M
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The food pyramid has suggestions fo
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est known by the common names formi
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Identify the functional group(s) in
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2. Are organic compounds based more
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5. Identify the functional group(s)
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4.7 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter
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4. An atomic mass unit equals 1.661
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14. Glutamic acid is the parent com
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Opening Essay Chapter 5 Introductio
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1. What is the law of conservation
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To simplify the writing of reaction
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By counting the atoms of each eleme
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. What a
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c. C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 → CO 2 + N 2 +
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Calculate the
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Other relationships are possible; i
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Start with this balanced chemical e
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8. Gold metal reacts with a combina
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is a combination reaction that prod
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EXAMPLE 4 Identify each type of rea
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. 2NaHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O +
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zinc atoms to the hydrogen atoms (w
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Solution We start by using symbols
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Thus, acetaldehyde is being oxidize
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2. Which reactions are redox reacti
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y the general formula ROH). The pro
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KEY TAKEAWAY • Redox reactions ar
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In stoichiometry, quantities of rea
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produce sulfur trioxide, and (3) th
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Opening Essay Chapter 6 Quantities
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The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxyg
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each element we have in a substance
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1. How many molecules are present i
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11. 1.04 × 10 24 Na atoms and 1.04
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1. NaCl 2. bilirubin (C 33 H 36 N 4
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• The mass of moles of atoms and
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1 mol Al = 26.98 g Al We can divide
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Figure 6.2 A Simple Flowchart for C
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Mineral Male (age 19-30 y) Female (
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2. What is the mass of 0.552 mol of
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ecause 22:11:22 also reduces to 2:1
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1. Amounts of substances in chemica
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1. Convert from mass or moles of on
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The mol Fe2O3 units cancel, leaving
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This three-part process can be carr
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each intermediate quantity to the p
Page 344 and 345:
Because of the complexity of the mo
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2Fe 2 O 3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO 2 How
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d. Ga 2 (SO 4 ) 3 4. How many moles
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Chapter 7 Opening Essay Energy and
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example, if you hold an ice cube in
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Table 7.2 Energy Expenditure of a 1
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9. Many nutrition experts say that
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Substance c (cal/g·°C) benzene (C
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1. What quantity of heat is transfe
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6. If 195 cal of heat were added to
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Celsius scale, H2O has a melting po
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Substance ΔH fus (cal/g) ΔH vap (
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EXERCISES 1. How much energy is nee
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on countless observations over cent
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For an exothermic chemical reaction
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Solution 1. Because energy is a pro
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3. endothermic 5. a. endothermic b.
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Career Focus: Dietitian A dietitian
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Chapter Summary To ensure that you
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5. When 1 g of steam condenses, 540
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7. 652 g 9. a. 83.3 g b. 438 g 11.
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matter is important for our underst
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temperature) to become liquids and
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Although the individual bonds in bo
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distribution of electrons in a mole
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• Molecules interact with each ot
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8.2 Solids and Liquids LEARNING OBJ
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Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas vol
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Water’s influence on the world ar
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Describe the
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Write a conversion factor to determ
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9. Blood pressures are expressed in
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What happens to the volume of a gas
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This example is similar to Example
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(except for the United States, whic
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Solving for the final volume, V f =
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Now we can substitute the quantitie
Page 418 and 419:
determine what the fourth property
Page 420 and 421:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. What p
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13. Assuming the amount remains the
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8.5 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter
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a. If 100.0 g of propane are combus
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Chapter 9 Opening Essay Solutions I
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The major component of a solution,
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3. Like other hydrocarbons, octane
Page 434 and 435:
(CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
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Substance Solubility (g in 100 mL o
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1. A dextrose (also called D-glucos
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Because this is an exact relationsh
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Another way of expressing concentra
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1. To solve for the volume of solut
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In itself, each step is a straightf
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Figure 9.3 Diagram of Steps for Usi
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available; if arsenic is an essenti
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12. What mass of KCl is present in
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If 567 mL of a 1.005 M NaHSO 3 solu
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What occurs at the molecular level
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More information than that provided
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. N(CH 3 ) 3 c. CH 3 CO 2 C 2 H 5 d
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evaporation process. We will not di
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1. Which solution’s boiling point
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In one form of dialysis, called hem
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7. Explain why salt (NaCl) is sprea
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To ensure that you understand the m
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. How many grams of Na 2 CO 3 are n
Page 478 and 479:
Chapter 10 Opening Essay Acids and
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compounds that release a hydrogen c
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Formula KOH(aq) Name potassium hydr
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in http://catalog.flatworldknowledg
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Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is one excep
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12. How many moles of perchloric ac
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Ammonia (NH3) increases the hydroxi
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aqueous HCl. So the Brønsted-Lowry
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are only slightly soluble in water.
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9. Write the chemical equation for
Page 498 and 499:
A small fraction of water molecules
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1. Is H 2 O(l) acting as an acid or
Page 502 and 503:
Acids Bases H 2 SO 4 Ca(OH) 2 HClO
Page 504 and 505:
Write the equilibrium chemical equa
Page 506 and 507:
Solution pH NaOH (1 M) 14.0 Weak ac
Page 508 and 509:
7. Write the chemical equation for
Page 510 and 511:
As indicated in http://catalog.flat
Page 512 and 513:
Buffers can react with both strong
Page 514 and 515:
A blood bank technology specialist
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hydrocyanic acid and sodium cyanide
Page 518 and 519:
dissociated ions. It is a dynamic e
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7. 9. The O atom is donating an ele
Page 522 and 523:
Applications of nuclear chemistry m
Page 524 and 525:
Chemists often use the names parent
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daughter isotope must be 12, and it
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1. What are the major types of radi
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14. The gamma ray emitted when oxyg
Page 532 and 533:
amount of time it takes for one-hal
Page 534 and 535:
Isotope Half-Life 90 Sr 29.1 y 131
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2. Which is more radioactive—an i
Page 538 and 539:
Over a period of 4 half-lives, the
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Source Amount (mrem) consumer produ
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4. How is the curie defined? 5. A s
Page 544 and 545:
Radioactive isotopes are effective
Page 546 and 547:
elated to the activity of the thyro
Page 548 and 549:
ing of sensors that detect the gamm
Page 550 and 551:
12. Which isotope is used in therap
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Thus, by the careful addition of ex
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The two main components of the powe
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2. What is the difference between f
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7. A chain reaction is an ever-expa
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3. Uranium can be separated from it
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Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry: Alkan
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decline in 1828, when the German ch
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Organic Hexane Inorganic NaCl flamm
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3. Which member of each pair has a
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Recall from Chapter 4 "Covalent Bon
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Each succeeding formula incorporate
Page 574 and 575:
There is a hydrocarbon that corresp
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Note A continuous (unbranched) chai
Page 578 and 579:
5. Indicate whether the structures
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Note Parentheses in condensed struc
Page 582 and 583:
12.5 IUPAC Nomenclature LEARNING OB
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Parent Alkane Alkyl Group Co nde ns
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3. Place the names of the substitue
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3. EXAMPLE 2 Draw the structure for
Page 590 and 591:
1. What is a CH 3 group called when
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a. b. 8. What is a substituent? How
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7. a. 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane b.
Page 596 and 597:
much more serious fire hazard than
Page 598 and 599:
2. b; hexane is insoluble in water
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Alkanes also react with the halogen
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The reactions of alkanes with halog
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1. The parent alkane has five carbo
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Formula Common Name IUPAC Name Some
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noted over the Arctic regions. The
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1. Name cycloalkanes given their fo
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Draw the
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. 3. Halogenated cycloalkanes can b
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property allows the formation the t
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7. Write equations for the complete
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7. a. C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 → 3CO 2 + 4H
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Chapter 13 Unsaturated and Aromatic
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We used only condensed structural f
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Name each compound. 1. 2. Solution
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Draw the st
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a. b. c. 4. Name each compound acco
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c. 3. a. 2-methyl-2-pentene b. 3-me
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In 1,2-dichloroethane (part (a) of
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There must be two nonidentical grou
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e. CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. What
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. 3-heptene c. 4-methyl-2-pentene d
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13.3 Physical Properties of Alkenes
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1. a. 1-pentene b. 3-nonene 13.4 Ch
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2. 3. SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write
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ANSWER 1. a. (CH 3 ) 2 CBrCH 2 Br b
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and http://catalog.flatworldknowled
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2. What is addition polymerization?
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. Briefly
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saturation, benzene is rather unrea
Page 658 and 659:
ANSWERS 1. Benzene is rather unreac
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Name Structure Typical Uses toluene
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single substituent is written at th
Page 664 and 665:
EXAMPLE 6 Name each compound using
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Sometimes an aromatic group is foun
Page 668 and 669:
Name Structure aspirin acetaminophe
Page 670 and 671:
3. 3-phenyloctane: KEY TAKEAWAY •
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4. Draw the structure for each comp
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c. d. ANSWERS Saylor URL: http://ww
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5. a. ethylbenzene b. isopropylbenz
Page 678 and 679:
1. Classify each compound as satura
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c.2,2-dimethyl-3-pentene 11. What i
Page 682 and 683:
ANSWERS 1. a. unsaturated b. unsatu
Page 684 and 685:
Chapter 14Organic Compounds of Oxyg
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Name of Family General Formula Func
Page 688 and 689:
As noted in Chapter 4 "Covalent Bon
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Give the IUPAC name for each compou
Page 692 and 693:
2. The ending -ol indicates an OH f
Page 694 and 695:
Condensed Structural Formula Class
Page 696 and 697:
1. Name each alcohol and classify i
Page 698 and 699:
. c. 14.3 Physical Properties of Al
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The OH groups of alcohol molecules
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Figure 14.3 Hydrogen Bonding betwee
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3. 1-octanol < 1-butanol < methanol
Page 706 and 707:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Write th
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1. Why is methanol more toxic than
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Under the proper conditions, it is
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Note that in oxidation of both prim
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3. This alcohol has the OH group on
Page 716 and 717:
3. Draw the structure of the produc
Page 718 and 719:
Another common glycol, 1,2-propaned
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1. two OH groups; a ketone group an
Page 722 and 723:
objects such as furniture or floors
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. 3. Draw the structure for each co
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With the general formula ROR′, an
Page 728 and 729:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE What is the
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1. Diethyl ether has no intermolecu
Page 732 and 733:
. ethyl isopropyl ether 5. a. CH 3
Page 734 and 735:
Naming Aldehydes and Ketones Both c
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Solution 1. This compound has the c
Page 738 and 739:
Solution 1.There are five carbon at
Page 740 and 741:
1. Give the structure and IUPAC nam
Page 742 and 743:
d. 3. Draw the structure for each c
Page 744 and 745:
In aldehydes and ketones, this char
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H 3 N—Ag + —NH 3 When Tollens
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(a) Benzaldehyde is an oil found in
Page 750 and 751:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. What fe
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. 5. a. silver metal (Ag) b. acetic
Page 754 and 755:
epinephrine (adrenalin) for allergi
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The hydroxyl group (OH) is the func
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6. Classify each conversion as oxid
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c. d. 18. Tell whether each compoun
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a. To what class of compounds does
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11. C 6 H 5 OH + H 2 O → C 6 H 5
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Chapter 15 Organic Acids and Bases
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Unlike ethers, esters have a carbon
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1. The carboxyl group has a carbony
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15.2 Carboxylic Acids: Structures a
Page 774 and 775:
Carboxylic acids feature a carbon a
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Solution 1. The LCC contains four c
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• IUPAC names are derived from th
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1. Describe the preparation of carb
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15.4 Physical Properties of Carboxy
Page 784 and 785:
Condensed Structural Formula Name o
Page 786 and 787:
Water-soluble carboxylic acids ioni
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Write an equation for the reaction
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4. Write the equation for the react
Page 792 and 793:
Figure 15.4 The Structure of Esters
Page 794 and 795:
. Solution a. The alkyl group attac
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1. Draw the structure for phenyl pe
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1. a. b. c. d. 3. a. methyl formate
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Condensed Structural Formula Name M
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15.8 Preparation of Esters LEARNING
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• Esters are made by the reaction
Page 806 and 807:
As a specific example, butyl acetat
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1. Write the equation for the hydro
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Describe pho
Page 812 and 813:
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Figure 15.5 The Structure of Amines
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2. 3. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 4. C
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Name thi
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1. methylammonium ion 2. dimethylam
Page 822 and 823:
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5. a. propylamine b. isopropylmethy
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(a) Amine molecules are associated
Page 828 and 829:
1. Which compound has the higher bo
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1. Name the typical reactions that
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nucleic acids, which in turn compos
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Because it is soluble in water, coc
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15.14 Amides: Structures and Names
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Name each compound with the common
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. 4. Name the compound. a. ANSWERS
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Condensed Structural Formula Name M
Page 844 and 845:
2. propanamide because the N-H and
Page 846 and 847:
ushes, and parachutes. They also ca
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. The hydrolysis of an amide produc
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. 2. Complete each equation. a. b A
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conditions. Esters are neutral comp
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10. A lactone is a cyclic ester. Wh
Page 856 and 857:
11. H 3 N + CH 2 CH 2 COOH 13. 15.
Page 858 and 859:
Opening Essay Chapter 16 Carbohydra
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2. 3. 4. Solution 1. This is a carb
Page 862 and 863:
Green plants are capable of synthes
Page 864 and 865:
1. When an aqueous solution of treh
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2. The structure must have four car
Page 868 and 869:
(a) D- and L-glyceraldehyde are mir
Page 870 and 871:
In the photo on the left, two Polar
Page 872 and 873:
ANSWERS 1. A chiral carbon is a car
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3. Identify each sugar as an aldose
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16.3 Important Hexoses LEARNING OBJ
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Compound Relative Sweetness fructos
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than sucrose. Sucralose is synthesi
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. galactose c. fructose 4. What hex
Page 884 and 885:
D-Glucose can be represented with a
Page 886 and 887:
Even though only a small percentage
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3. Given that the aldohexose D-mann
Page 890 and 891:
Benedict’s test was performed on
Page 892 and 893:
3. 16.6 Disaccharides LEARNING OBJE
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the molecules are too large to pass
Page 896 and 897:
Many adults and some children suffe
Page 898 and 899:
Lactose makes up about 40% of an in
Page 900 and 901:
solution. In addition, sucrose does
Page 902 and 903:
. 4. For each disaccharide, indicat
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. What type of linkage (α or β) j
Page 906 and 907:
16.7 Polysaccharides LEARNING OBJEC
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(a) Amylose is a linear chain of α
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animals draw on these glycogen rese
Page 912 and 913:
into glucose for energy. Termites a
Page 914 and 915:
3. Amylose and cellulose are both l
Page 916 and 917:
on the second carbon atom of fructo
Page 918 and 919:
10. What reagents are necessary to
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15. Several artificial sweeteners a
Page 922 and 923:
7. To be a reducing sugar, a disacc
Page 924 and 925:
Opening Essay Chapter 17 Lipids On
Page 926 and 927:
Figure 17.1 Lipid Organization Base
Page 928 and 929:
Name Abbreviated Structural Formula
Page 930 and 931:
Although we often draw the carbon a
Page 932 and 933:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. Give a
Page 934 and 935:
. c. 6. Arrange these fatty acids (
Page 936 and 937:
Structures of Fats and Oils Fats an
Page 938 and 939:
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Stearic Ol
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eprecipitated by the addition of mo
Page 942 and 943:
taste, and nutrition of butter. (Pr
Page 944 and 945:
ANSWERS 1. Fats provide energy for
Page 946 and 947:
5. Draw structures to write the rea
Page 948 and 949:
7. a. smaller carboxylic acids, suc
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The structures shown here will seld
Page 952 and 953:
Figure 17.6 Schematic Diagram of a
Page 954 and 955:
(a) Amino alcohols are commonly fou
Page 956 and 957:
(a) Sphingosine, an amino alcohol,
Page 958 and 959:
integral proteins, to the polar hea
Page 960 and 961:
2. Classify each as a phospholipid,
Page 962 and 963:
17.4 Steroids LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1.
Page 964 and 965:
cholesterol levels of 200 mg/100 mL
Page 966 and 967:
The adrenocortical hormones, such a
Page 968 and 969:
characteristics of males, or the de
Page 970 and 971:
y the liver, but the liver’s bile
Page 972 and 973:
3. 17.5 End-of-Chapter Material Cha
Page 974 and 975:
Most lipids can be saponified, but
Page 976 and 977:
10. Why is it important to determin
Page 978 and 979:
Chapter 18 Opening Essay Amino Acid
Page 980 and 981:
18.1 Properties of Amino Acids LEAR
Page 982 and 983:
Com mon Nam e Abbr eviati on Struct
Page 984 and 985:
Page 986 and 987:
Page 988 and 989:
Page 990 and 991:
ANSWERS 1. 2. a. aspartic acid b. a
Page 992 and 993:
ANSWERS 1. a. CH 2 OH − b. c. 3.
Page 994 and 995:
circumstances, the amino acid acts
Page 996 and 997:
Amino acids undergo reactions chara
Page 998 and 999:
1. Draw the structure of leucine an
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group on the right. These can react
Page 1002 and 1003:
KEY TAKEAWAYS • The amino group o
Page 1004 and 1005:
Each of the thousands of naturally
Page 1006 and 1007:
Figure 18.2 Primary Structure of Hu
Page 1008 and 1009:
The side chains extend above or bel
Page 1010 and 1011:
Because nonpolar groups cannot enga
Page 1012 and 1013:
The primary structure consists of t
Page 1014 and 1015:
The denaturation (unfolding) and re
Page 1016 and 1017:
1. Classify each protein as fibrous
Page 1018 and 1019:
18.5 Enzymes LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.
Page 1020 and 1021:
Class hydrolases lyases isomerases
Page 1022 and 1023:
EXERCISES 1. Identify the substrate
Page 1024 and 1025:
This pocket, where the enzyme combi
Page 1026 and 1027:
Figure 18.12 The Induced-Fit Model
Page 1028 and 1029:
hand, is far less specific. It cata
Page 1030 and 1031:
3. For each functional group in Exe
Page 1032 and 1033:
(a) This graph shows the effect of
Page 1034 and 1035:
Figure 18.14 Temperature and pH ver
Page 1036 and 1037:
• At low temperatures, an increas
Page 1038 and 1039:
18.8 Enzyme Inhibition LEARNING OBJ
Page 1040 and 1041:
of an enzyme. The inhibitor is not
Page 1042 and 1043:
Penicillin, one of the most widely
Page 1044 and 1045:
decades ago, a person with a major
Page 1046 and 1047:
• A competitive inhibitor compete
Page 1048 and 1049:
Vitamin Physiological Function Effe
Page 1050 and 1051:
2. Coenzymes are synthesized from v
Page 1052 and 1053:
3. a. vitamin B 6 or pyridoxine b.
Page 1054 and 1055:
An enzyme is an organic catalyst pr
Page 1056 and 1057:
6. Draw the structure of the pentap
Page 1058 and 1059:
16. When the substrate concentratio
Page 1060 and 1061:
9. Carbohydrates have many OH group
Page 1062 and 1063:
tissue. What accounts for this spec
Page 1064 and 1065:
The formation of a bond between C1
Page 1066 and 1067:
Figure 19.4 Structures of Two Impor
Page 1068 and 1069:
3. For each structure, circle the s
Page 1070 and 1071:
. 6. For each structure, circle the
Page 1072 and 1073:
3. a. b. 5. a. Saylor URL: http://w
Page 1074 and 1075:
Nucleic acids are large polymers fo
Page 1076 and 1077:
Like proteins, nucleic acids have a
Page 1078 and 1079:
Figure 19.6 DNA Double Helix (a) Th
Page 1080 and 1081:
Figure 19.7 Complementary Base Pair
Page 1082 and 1083:
• Two DNA strands link together i
Page 1084 and 1085:
3. Which nitrogenous base in DNA pa
Page 1086 and 1087:
c. ACU 3. a. guanine b. thymine c.
Page 1088 and 1089:
The nucleus contains all the necess
Page 1090 and 1091:
1. A segment of one strand from a D
Page 1092 and 1093:
The representation of RNA polymeras
Page 1094 and 1095:
protein synthesis. In Section 19.5
Page 1096 and 1097:
2. DNA serves as a template for the
Page 1098 and 1099:
How can a molecule containing just
Page 1100 and 1101:
Early experimenters were faced with
Page 1102 and 1103:
EXAMPLE 3 A portion of an mRNA mole
Page 1104 and 1105:
1. Write the anticodon on tRNA that
Page 1106 and 1107:
Infectious diseases caused by virus
Page 1108 and 1109:
Some RNA viruses, however, called r
Page 1110 and 1111:
As part of HIV reproduction in an i
Page 1112 and 1113:
obtain family medical and reproduct
Page 1114 and 1115:
The two types of nitrogenous bases
Page 1116 and 1117:
2. For this nucleic acid segment, a
Page 1118 and 1119:
8. Bradykinin is a potent peptide h
Page 1120 and 1121:
. thr-leu-val-pro-ser c. thr-leu-pr
Page 1122 and 1123:
Life requires energy. Animals, for
Page 1124 and 1125:
Like the combustion of the common f
Page 1126 and 1127:
Energy is released because the prod
Page 1128 and 1129:
Table 20.1 Energy Released by Hydro
Page 1130 and 1131:
. AMP c. glucose 1-phosphate ANSWER
Page 1132 and 1133:
Figure 20.4 Energy Conversions Sayl
Page 1134 and 1135:
The primary site of carbohydrate di
Page 1136 and 1137:
Figure 20.6 The Principal Events an
Page 1138 and 1139:
Aminopeptidases in the intestinal j
Page 1140 and 1141:
The lipases in pancreatic juice cat
Page 1142 and 1143:
ANSWERS 1. a. Pepsinogen is an inac
Page 1144 and 1145:
8. What are the expected products f
Page 1146 and 1147:
Figure 20.11 Cell Chemistry Acetyl-
Page 1148 and 1149:
chemistry: hydration, oxidation, de
Page 1150 and 1151:
Succinate dehydrogenase then cataly
Page 1152 and 1153:
outer membrane is permeable, wherea
Page 1154 and 1155:
In the oxidation half-reaction, two
Page 1156 and 1157:
Complexes III and IV include severa
Page 1158 and 1159:
already higher in the intermembrane
Page 1160 and 1161:
3. Mitochondria are small organelle
Page 1162 and 1163:
. How are electron transport and ox
Page 1164 and 1165:
When glucose enters a cell, it is i
Page 1166 and 1167:
In the initial step of phase II, gl
Page 1168 and 1169:
it, or it is not used properly beca
Page 1170 and 1171:
glucose) are converted to 2 mol of
Page 1172 and 1173:
Reaction Comments Yield of ATP (mol
Page 1174 and 1175:
2. Replace each question mark with
Page 1176 and 1177:
7. a. Pyruvate is reduced to lactat
Page 1178 and 1179:
The fatty acyl-CoA formed in the fi
Page 1180 and 1181:
In the liver, most of the acetyl-Co
Page 1182 and 1183:
The amount of ATP obtained from fat
Page 1184 and 1185:
• The acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH
Page 1186 and 1187:
3. five rounds 5. a. 7 molecules b.
Page 1188 and 1189:
In both reactions, the final accept
Page 1190 and 1191:
fumarate and acetoacetate. Fumarate
Page 1192 and 1193:
2. Name the two products that are f
Page 1194 and 1195:
5. a. glucogenic b. both c. glucoge
Page 1196 and 1197:
as oxidative phosphorylation. Elect
Page 1198 and 1199:
. chymotrypsin 4. Indicate where ea
Page 1200 and 1201:
9. When oxygen is abundant, NADH is
Page 1202 and 1203:
Chapter 21 Appendix: Periodic Table
Page 1204:
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/b
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The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2011

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