The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2011

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1. 0.0622 2. 0.0000000099 SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Express each number in standard notation. 1. 9.98 × 10 −5 2. 5.109 × 10 −8 Although calculators can show 8 to 10 digits in their display windows, that is not always enough when working with very large or very small numbers. For this reason, many calculators are designed to handle scientific notation. The method for entering scientific notation differs for each calculator model, so take the time to learn how to do it properly on your calculator, asking your instructor for assistance if necessary. If you do not learn to enter scientific notation into your calculator properly, you will not get the correct final answer when performing a calculation. CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. Why it is easier to use scientific notation to express very large or very small numbers? 2. What is the relationship between how many places a decimal point moves and the power of 10 used in changing a conventional number into scientific notation? ANSWERS 1. Scientific notation is more convenient than listing a large number of zeros. 2. The number of places the decimal point moves equals the power of 10—positive if the decimal point moves to the left and negative if the decimal point moves to the right. Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 33
KEY TAKEAWAY • Large or small numbers are expressed in scientific notation, which use powers of 10. EXERCISES 1. Why is scientific notation useful in expressing numbers? 2. What is the relationship between the power and the number of places a decimal point is moved when going from standard to scientific notation? 3. Express each number in scientific notation. a. 0.00064 b. 5,230,000 c. −56,200 d. 0.000000000220 e. 1.0 4. Express each number in scientific notation. a. 678 b. −1,061 c. 0.000560 d. 0.0000003003 e. 100,000,000 5. Express each number in standard form. a. 6.72 × 10 4 b. 2.088 × 10 −4 Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 34
Page 2 and 3: This text was adapted by The Saylor
Page 4 and 5: The G part of the textbook then con
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Me
Page 8 and 9: Chemistry lies more or less in the
Page 10 and 11: Which fields of study are branches
Page 12 and 13: 3. Refine the hypothesis if necessa
Page 14 and 15: 6. Suggest a name for the study of
Page 16 and 17: The properties that chemists use to
Page 18 and 19: How would a chemist categorize each
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.5 "The Classification of M
Page 22 and 23: 2. Does each statement refer to a c
Page 24 and 25: 12. What word describes each phase
Page 26 and 27: To understand chemistry, we need a
Page 28 and 29: • Identify a quantity properly wi
Page 30 and 31: 10 2 = 100 10 3 = 1,000 10 4 = 10,0
Page 32 and 33: 2. 1.005 × 10 2 We can also use sc
Page 36 and 37: c. −3 × 10 6 d. 9.98 × 10 −7
Page 38 and 39: measure the width of a table. The c
Page 40 and 41: significant because the number is w
Page 42 and 43: The final answer, limited to four s
Page 44 and 45: 3. Round up only if the first digit
Page 46 and 47: 10. Perform each operation and expr
Page 48 and 49: 1. Recognize the SI base units and
Page 50 and 51: Prefix Abbreviation Multiplicative
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.9 The Liter A liter is def
Page 54 and 55: high-fat foods) and reduced physica
Page 56 and 57: 2. Do units follow the same mathema
Page 58 and 59: 3. 1,000; 100 5. 7. grams per liter
Page 60 and 61: The 3.55 m can be thought of as a f
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1.10 A Concept Map for Conve
Page 64 and 65: The conversion factor’s numerical
Page 66 and 67: The densities of many components an
Page 68 and 69: Solution First, convert the given u
Page 70 and 71: 1. Give the two conversion factors
Page 72 and 73: 3. 5.62 × 10 4 m 5. 4.41 × 10 7
Page 74 and 75: Chemistry uses SI, a system of unit
Page 76 and 77: 9. What is the density of a dextros
Page 78 and 79: 11. 187 in. 13. 77 kg 15. Saylor UR
Page 80 and 81: 2.1 The Elements LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Page 82 and 83: Source: D. R. Lide, ed. CRC Handboo
Page 84 and 85:
Today, many detergents are made wit
Page 86 and 87:
† The symbol for tungsten comes f
Page 88 and 89:
3. U 4. O 5. F CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC
Page 90 and 91:
5. Explain why it is improper to wr
Page 92 and 93:
7. 2.2 Atomic Theory LEARNING OBJEC
Page 94 and 95:
something that the ancient Greek ph
Page 96 and 97:
1. Describe the three main subatomi
Page 98 and 99:
Experiments using this setup were u
Page 100 and 101:
A more modern understanding of atom
Page 102 and 103:
5. Protons are among the (most, lea
Page 104 and 105:
different elements have a different
Page 106 and 107:
2. The atomic number of tungsten is
Page 108 and 109:
which indicates a particular isotop
Page 110 and 111:
KEY TAKEAWAYS • Elements can be i
Page 112 and 113:
. c. d. 40 K 201 Hg 19 F 10. State
Page 114 and 115:
d. protons: 9; neutrons: 10; electr
Page 116 and 117:
This is a simple one-step conversio
Page 118 and 119:
3. 4.04 × 10 −23 g 5. 44.8 g 7.
Page 120 and 121:
The next largest atom, beryllium, h
Page 122 and 123:
1. From the electron configuration
Page 124 and 125:
14. A silicon atom has ____ core el
Page 126 and 127:
The periodic table is one of the co
Page 128 and 129:
gas, radon is not chemically reacti
Page 130 and 131:
Figure 2.8 Types of Elements Elemen
Page 132 and 133:
small quantities. However, even the
Page 134 and 135:
column on the periodic table, the a
Page 136 and 137:
absence or presence, or abnormally
Page 138 and 139:
a. silicon b. oxygen c. germanium d
Page 140 and 141:
13. Scandium is a (metal, nonmetal,
Page 142 and 143:
The modern atomic theory states tha
Page 144 and 145:
4. What might be the electron confi
Page 146 and 147:
Opening Essay Chapter 3 Ionic Bondi
Page 148 and 149:
until all atoms have octets. Becaus
Page 150 and 151:
EXERCISES 1. Why is an ionic compou
Page 152 and 153:
As demonstrated in Example 1 (in Se
Page 154 and 155:
ions. For example, all ions made fr
Page 156 and 157:
Solution From the periodic table, w
Page 158 and 159:
3. a. 1+ b. 2− c. 2+ d. 1− KEY
Page 160 and 161:
9. Using Lewis diagrams, show the e
Page 162 and 163:
3.3 Formulas for Ionic Compounds LE
Page 164 and 165:
not written in a formula. Remember
Page 166 and 167:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write the c
Page 168 and 169:
Solution 1. Potassium ions have a c
Page 170 and 171:
Looking Closer: Blood and Seawater
Page 172 and 173:
1. Write the chemical formula for t
Page 174 and 175:
c. CO 2 d. FeSO 3 e. C 6 H 6 f. C 2
Page 176 and 177:
The name of a monatomic cation is s
Page 178 and 179:
Ion Cl − Name chloride ion Br −
Page 180 and 181:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write the f
Page 182 and 183:
4. AuF 3 5. AgF Figure 3.7 "A Guide
Page 184 and 185:
c. Mg 2+ and Se 2− 5. Name the io
Page 186 and 187:
c. magnesium sulfide 5. a. sodium n
Page 188 and 189:
Total: 101.10 u The formula mass of
Page 190 and 191:
2. AgBr 3. Au(NO 3 ) 3 4. Fe 3 (PO
Page 192 and 193:
1. What is the formula mass for the
Page 194 and 195:
c. 56.38 u 3. a. 83.00 u b. 100.93
Page 196 and 197:
Names of ionic compounds are derive
Page 198 and 199:
10. The uranyl ion (UO 2 2+ ) is a
Page 200 and 201:
11. FePO 4·2H 2 O; 186.86 u 13. 14
Page 202 and 203:
Figure 4.1A Molecular Model of Chol
Page 204 and 205:
By sharing their valence electrons,
Page 206 and 207:
Now that we have looked at electron
Page 208 and 209:
In molecules, there is a pattern to
Page 210 and 211:
17. Astatine is a synthetic element
Page 212 and 213:
they combine to make water, they do
Page 214 and 215:
Number of Atoms in Compound Prefix
Page 216 and 217:
Solution 1. bromine pentafluoride 2
Page 218 and 219:
. C 6 H 5 Cl c. KC 2 H 3 O 2 d. Ca(
Page 220 and 221:
1. a. no b. yes c. yes d. yes 3. a.
Page 222 and 223:
In this arrangement, the carbon ato
Page 224 and 225:
1. Each molecule contains multiple
Page 226 and 227:
In Section 4.1 "Covalent Bonds", we
Page 228 and 229:
Although we defined covalent bondin
Page 230 and 231:
polar, while others are strongly po
Page 232 and 233:
ut Pauling continued to take large
Page 234 and 235:
(For example, carbon dioxide become
Page 236 and 237:
6. Refer to Exercise 4. Why is the
Page 238 and 239:
9. a. unequally toward the O b. equ
Page 240 and 241:
3. The molecular mass of NO 2 is 46
Page 242 and 243:
However, the shape of the molecule
Page 244 and 245:
KEY TAKEAWAYS • A molecule has a
Page 246 and 247:
c. bent 7. bent 4.6 Introduction to
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 4.6 Formulas and Molecular M
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 4.8 Formulas and Molecular M
Page 252 and 253:
The food pyramid has suggestions fo
Page 254 and 255:
est known by the common names formi
Page 256 and 257:
Identify the functional group(s) in
Page 258 and 259:
2. Are organic compounds based more
Page 260 and 261:
5. Identify the functional group(s)
Page 262 and 263:
4.7 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter
Page 264 and 265:
4. An atomic mass unit equals 1.661
Page 266 and 267:
14. Glutamic acid is the parent com
Page 268 and 269:
Opening Essay Chapter 5 Introductio
Page 270 and 271:
1. What is the law of conservation
Page 272 and 273:
To simplify the writing of reaction
Page 274 and 275:
By counting the atoms of each eleme
Page 276 and 277:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. What a
Page 278 and 279:
c. C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 → CO 2 + N 2 +
Page 280 and 281:
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Calculate the
Page 282 and 283:
Other relationships are possible; i
Page 284 and 285:
Start with this balanced chemical e
Page 286 and 287:
8. Gold metal reacts with a combina
Page 288 and 289:
is a combination reaction that prod
Page 290 and 291:
EXAMPLE 4 Identify each type of rea
Page 292 and 293:
. 2NaHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O +
Page 294 and 295:
zinc atoms to the hydrogen atoms (w
Page 296 and 297:
Solution We start by using symbols
Page 298 and 299:
Thus, acetaldehyde is being oxidize
Page 300 and 301:
2. Which reactions are redox reacti
Page 302 and 303:
y the general formula ROH). The pro
Page 304 and 305:
KEY TAKEAWAY • Redox reactions ar
Page 306 and 307:
In stoichiometry, quantities of rea
Page 308 and 309:
produce sulfur trioxide, and (3) th
Page 310 and 311:
Opening Essay Chapter 6 Quantities
Page 312 and 313:
The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxyg
Page 314 and 315:
each element we have in a substance
Page 316 and 317:
1. How many molecules are present i
Page 318 and 319:
11. 1.04 × 10 24 Na atoms and 1.04
Page 320 and 321:
1. NaCl 2. bilirubin (C 33 H 36 N 4
Page 322 and 323:
• The mass of moles of atoms and
Page 324 and 325:
1 mol Al = 26.98 g Al We can divide
Page 326 and 327:
Figure 6.2 A Simple Flowchart for C
Page 328 and 329:
Mineral Male (age 19-30 y) Female (
Page 330 and 331:
2. What is the mass of 0.552 mol of
Page 332 and 333:
ecause 22:11:22 also reduces to 2:1
Page 334 and 335:
1. Amounts of substances in chemica
Page 336 and 337:
1. Convert from mass or moles of on
Page 338 and 339:
The mol Fe2O3 units cancel, leaving
Page 340 and 341:
This three-part process can be carr
Page 342 and 343:
each intermediate quantity to the p
Page 344 and 345:
Because of the complexity of the mo
Page 346 and 347:
2Fe 2 O 3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO 2 How
Page 348 and 349:
d. Ga 2 (SO 4 ) 3 4. How many moles
Page 350 and 351:
Chapter 7 Opening Essay Energy and
Page 352 and 353:
example, if you hold an ice cube in
Page 354 and 355:
Table 7.2 Energy Expenditure of a 1
Page 356 and 357:
9. Many nutrition experts say that
Page 358 and 359:
Substance c (cal/g·°C) benzene (C
Page 360 and 361:
1. What quantity of heat is transfe
Page 362 and 363:
6. If 195 cal of heat were added to
Page 364 and 365:
Celsius scale, H2O has a melting po
Page 366 and 367:
Substance ΔH fus (cal/g) ΔH vap (
Page 368 and 369:
EXERCISES 1. How much energy is nee
Page 370 and 371:
on countless observations over cent
Page 372 and 373:
For an exothermic chemical reaction
Page 374 and 375:
Solution 1. Because energy is a pro
Page 376 and 377:
3. endothermic 5. a. endothermic b.
Page 378 and 379:
Career Focus: Dietitian A dietitian
Page 380 and 381:
Chapter Summary To ensure that you
Page 382 and 383:
5. When 1 g of steam condenses, 540
Page 384 and 385:
7. 652 g 9. a. 83.3 g b. 438 g 11.
Page 386 and 387:
matter is important for our underst
Page 388 and 389:
temperature) to become liquids and
Page 390 and 391:
Although the individual bonds in bo
Page 392 and 393:
distribution of electrons in a mole
Page 394 and 395:
• Molecules interact with each ot
Page 396 and 397:
8.2 Solids and Liquids LEARNING OBJ
Page 398 and 399:
Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas vol
Page 400 and 401:
Water’s influence on the world ar
Page 402 and 403:
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Describe the
Page 404 and 405:
Write a conversion factor to determ
Page 406 and 407:
9. Blood pressures are expressed in
Page 408 and 409:
What happens to the volume of a gas
Page 410 and 411:
This example is similar to Example
Page 412 and 413:
(except for the United States, whic
Page 414 and 415:
Solving for the final volume, V f =
Page 416 and 417:
Now we can substitute the quantitie
Page 418 and 419:
determine what the fourth property
Page 420 and 421:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. What p
Page 422 and 423:
13. Assuming the amount remains the
Page 424 and 425:
8.5 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter
Page 426 and 427:
a. If 100.0 g of propane are combus
Page 428 and 429:
Chapter 9 Opening Essay Solutions I
Page 430 and 431:
The major component of a solution,
Page 432 and 433:
3. Like other hydrocarbons, octane
Page 434 and 435:
(CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
Page 436 and 437:
Substance Solubility (g in 100 mL o
Page 438 and 439:
1. A dextrose (also called D-glucos
Page 440 and 441:
Because this is an exact relationsh
Page 442 and 443:
Another way of expressing concentra
Page 444 and 445:
1. To solve for the volume of solut
Page 446 and 447:
In itself, each step is a straightf
Page 448 and 449:
Figure 9.3 Diagram of Steps for Usi
Page 450 and 451:
available; if arsenic is an essenti
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
12. What mass of KCl is present in
Page 456 and 457:
If 567 mL of a 1.005 M NaHSO 3 solu
Page 458 and 459:
What occurs at the molecular level
Page 460 and 461:
More information than that provided
Page 462 and 463:
. N(CH 3 ) 3 c. CH 3 CO 2 C 2 H 5 d
Page 464 and 465:
evaporation process. We will not di
Page 466 and 467:
1. Which solution’s boiling point
Page 468 and 469:
In one form of dialysis, called hem
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
7. Explain why salt (NaCl) is sprea
Page 474 and 475:
To ensure that you understand the m
Page 476 and 477:
. How many grams of Na 2 CO 3 are n
Page 478 and 479:
Chapter 10 Opening Essay Acids and
Page 480 and 481:
compounds that release a hydrogen c
Page 482 and 483:
Formula KOH(aq) Name potassium hydr
Page 484 and 485:
in http://catalog.flatworldknowledg
Page 486 and 487:
Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is one excep
Page 488 and 489:
12. How many moles of perchloric ac
Page 490 and 491:
Ammonia (NH3) increases the hydroxi
Page 492 and 493:
aqueous HCl. So the Brønsted-Lowry
Page 494 and 495:
are only slightly soluble in water.
Page 496 and 497:
9. Write the chemical equation for
Page 498 and 499:
A small fraction of water molecules
Page 500 and 501:
1. Is H 2 O(l) acting as an acid or
Page 502 and 503:
Acids Bases H 2 SO 4 Ca(OH) 2 HClO
Page 504 and 505:
Write the equilibrium chemical equa
Page 506 and 507:
Solution pH NaOH (1 M) 14.0 Weak ac
Page 508 and 509:
7. Write the chemical equation for
Page 510 and 511:
As indicated in http://catalog.flat
Page 512 and 513:
Buffers can react with both strong
Page 514 and 515:
A blood bank technology specialist
Page 516 and 517:
hydrocyanic acid and sodium cyanide
Page 518 and 519:
dissociated ions. It is a dynamic e
Page 520 and 521:
7. 9. The O atom is donating an ele
Page 522 and 523:
Applications of nuclear chemistry m
Page 524 and 525:
Chemists often use the names parent
Page 526 and 527:
daughter isotope must be 12, and it
Page 528 and 529:
1. What are the major types of radi
Page 530 and 531:
14. The gamma ray emitted when oxyg
Page 532 and 533:
amount of time it takes for one-hal
Page 534 and 535:
Isotope Half-Life 90 Sr 29.1 y 131
Page 536 and 537:
2. Which is more radioactive—an i
Page 538 and 539:
Over a period of 4 half-lives, the
Page 540 and 541:
Source Amount (mrem) consumer produ
Page 542 and 543:
4. How is the curie defined? 5. A s
Page 544 and 545:
Radioactive isotopes are effective
Page 546 and 547:
elated to the activity of the thyro
Page 548 and 549:
ing of sensors that detect the gamm
Page 550 and 551:
12. Which isotope is used in therap
Page 552 and 553:
Thus, by the careful addition of ex
Page 554 and 555:
The two main components of the powe
Page 556 and 557:
2. What is the difference between f
Page 558 and 559:
7. A chain reaction is an ever-expa
Page 560 and 561:
3. Uranium can be separated from it
Page 562 and 563:
Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry: Alkan
Page 564 and 565:
decline in 1828, when the German ch
Page 566 and 567:
Organic Hexane Inorganic NaCl flamm
Page 568 and 569:
3. Which member of each pair has a
Page 570 and 571:
Recall from Chapter 4 "Covalent Bon
Page 572 and 573:
Each succeeding formula incorporate
Page 574 and 575:
There is a hydrocarbon that corresp
Page 576 and 577:
Note A continuous (unbranched) chai
Page 578 and 579:
5. Indicate whether the structures
Page 580 and 581:
Note Parentheses in condensed struc
Page 582 and 583:
12.5 IUPAC Nomenclature LEARNING OB
Page 584 and 585:
Parent Alkane Alkyl Group Co nde ns
Page 586 and 587:
3. Place the names of the substitue
Page 588 and 589:
3. EXAMPLE 2 Draw the structure for
Page 590 and 591:
1. What is a CH 3 group called when
Page 592 and 593:
a. b. 8. What is a substituent? How
Page 594 and 595:
7. a. 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane b.
Page 596 and 597:
much more serious fire hazard than
Page 598 and 599:
2. b; hexane is insoluble in water
Page 600 and 601:
Alkanes also react with the halogen
Page 602 and 603:
The reactions of alkanes with halog
Page 604 and 605:
1. The parent alkane has five carbo
Page 606 and 607:
Formula Common Name IUPAC Name Some
Page 608 and 609:
noted over the Arctic regions. The
Page 610 and 611:
1. Name cycloalkanes given their fo
Page 612 and 613:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Draw the
Page 614 and 615:
. 3. Halogenated cycloalkanes can b
Page 616 and 617:
property allows the formation the t
Page 618 and 619:
7. Write equations for the complete
Page 620 and 621:
7. a. C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 → 3CO 2 + 4H
Page 622 and 623:
Chapter 13 Unsaturated and Aromatic
Page 624 and 625:
We used only condensed structural f
Page 626 and 627:
Name each compound. 1. 2. Solution
Page 628 and 629:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Draw the st
Page 630 and 631:
a. b. c. 4. Name each compound acco
Page 632 and 633:
c. 3. a. 2-methyl-2-pentene b. 3-me
Page 634 and 635:
In 1,2-dichloroethane (part (a) of
Page 636 and 637:
There must be two nonidentical grou
Page 638 and 639:
e. CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. What
Page 640 and 641:
. 3-heptene c. 4-methyl-2-pentene d
Page 642 and 643:
13.3 Physical Properties of Alkenes
Page 644 and 645:
1. a. 1-pentene b. 3-nonene 13.4 Ch
Page 646 and 647:
2. 3. SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write
Page 648 and 649:
ANSWER 1. a. (CH 3 ) 2 CBrCH 2 Br b
Page 650 and 651:
and http://catalog.flatworldknowled
Page 652 and 653:
2. What is addition polymerization?
Page 654 and 655:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. Briefly
Page 656 and 657:
saturation, benzene is rather unrea
Page 658 and 659:
ANSWERS 1. Benzene is rather unreac
Page 660 and 661:
Name Structure Typical Uses toluene
Page 662 and 663:
single substituent is written at th
Page 664 and 665:
EXAMPLE 6 Name each compound using
Page 666 and 667:
Sometimes an aromatic group is foun
Page 668 and 669:
Name Structure aspirin acetaminophe
Page 670 and 671:
3. 3-phenyloctane: KEY TAKEAWAY •
Page 672 and 673:
4. Draw the structure for each comp
Page 674 and 675:
c. d. ANSWERS Saylor URL: http://ww
Page 676 and 677:
5. a. ethylbenzene b. isopropylbenz
Page 678 and 679:
1. Classify each compound as satura
Page 680 and 681:
c.2,2-dimethyl-3-pentene 11. What i
Page 682 and 683:
ANSWERS 1. a. unsaturated b. unsatu
Page 684 and 685:
Chapter 14Organic Compounds of Oxyg
Page 686 and 687:
Name of Family General Formula Func
Page 688 and 689:
As noted in Chapter 4 "Covalent Bon
Page 690 and 691:
Give the IUPAC name for each compou
Page 692 and 693:
2. The ending -ol indicates an OH f
Page 694 and 695:
Condensed Structural Formula Class
Page 696 and 697:
1. Name each alcohol and classify i
Page 698 and 699:
. c. 14.3 Physical Properties of Al
Page 700 and 701:
The OH groups of alcohol molecules
Page 702 and 703:
Figure 14.3 Hydrogen Bonding betwee
Page 704 and 705:
3. 1-octanol < 1-butanol < methanol
Page 706 and 707:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Write th
Page 708 and 709:
1. Why is methanol more toxic than
Page 710 and 711:
Under the proper conditions, it is
Page 712 and 713:
Note that in oxidation of both prim
Page 714 and 715:
3. This alcohol has the OH group on
Page 716 and 717:
3. Draw the structure of the produc
Page 718 and 719:
Another common glycol, 1,2-propaned
Page 720 and 721:
1. two OH groups; a ketone group an
Page 722 and 723:
objects such as furniture or floors
Page 724 and 725:
. 3. Draw the structure for each co
Page 726 and 727:
With the general formula ROR′, an
Page 728 and 729:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE What is the
Page 730 and 731:
1. Diethyl ether has no intermolecu
Page 732 and 733:
. ethyl isopropyl ether 5. a. CH 3
Page 734 and 735:
Naming Aldehydes and Ketones Both c
Page 736 and 737:
Solution 1. This compound has the c
Page 738 and 739:
Solution 1.There are five carbon at
Page 740 and 741:
1. Give the structure and IUPAC nam
Page 742 and 743:
d. 3. Draw the structure for each c
Page 744 and 745:
In aldehydes and ketones, this char
Page 746 and 747:
H 3 N—Ag + —NH 3 When Tollens
Page 748 and 749:
(a) Benzaldehyde is an oil found in
Page 750 and 751:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. What fe
Page 752 and 753:
. 5. a. silver metal (Ag) b. acetic
Page 754 and 755:
epinephrine (adrenalin) for allergi
Page 756 and 757:
The hydroxyl group (OH) is the func
Page 758 and 759:
6. Classify each conversion as oxid
Page 760 and 761:
c. d. 18. Tell whether each compoun
Page 762 and 763:
a. To what class of compounds does
Page 764 and 765:
11. C 6 H 5 OH + H 2 O → C 6 H 5
Page 766 and 767:
Chapter 15 Organic Acids and Bases
Page 768 and 769:
Unlike ethers, esters have a carbon
Page 770 and 771:
1. The carboxyl group has a carbony
Page 772 and 773:
15.2 Carboxylic Acids: Structures a
Page 774 and 775:
Carboxylic acids feature a carbon a
Page 776 and 777:
Solution 1. The LCC contains four c
Page 778 and 779:
• IUPAC names are derived from th
Page 780 and 781:
1. Describe the preparation of carb
Page 782 and 783:
15.4 Physical Properties of Carboxy
Page 784 and 785:
Condensed Structural Formula Name o
Page 786 and 787:
Water-soluble carboxylic acids ioni
Page 788 and 789:
Write an equation for the reaction
Page 790 and 791:
4. Write the equation for the react
Page 792 and 793:
Figure 15.4 The Structure of Esters
Page 794 and 795:
. Solution a. The alkyl group attac
Page 796 and 797:
1. Draw the structure for phenyl pe
Page 798 and 799:
1. a. b. c. d. 3. a. methyl formate
Page 800 and 801:
Condensed Structural Formula Name M
Page 802 and 803:
15.8 Preparation of Esters LEARNING
Page 804 and 805:
• Esters are made by the reaction
Page 806 and 807:
As a specific example, butyl acetat
Page 808 and 809:
1. Write the equation for the hydro
Page 810 and 811:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Describe pho
Page 812 and 813:
Page 814 and 815:
Figure 15.5 The Structure of Amines
Page 816 and 817:
2. 3. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 4. C
Page 818 and 819:
SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Name thi
Page 820 and 821:
1. methylammonium ion 2. dimethylam
Page 822 and 823:
Page 824 and 825:
5. a. propylamine b. isopropylmethy
Page 826 and 827:
(a) Amine molecules are associated
Page 828 and 829:
1. Which compound has the higher bo
Page 830 and 831:
1. Name the typical reactions that
Page 832 and 833:
nucleic acids, which in turn compos
Page 834 and 835:
Because it is soluble in water, coc
Page 836 and 837:
15.14 Amides: Structures and Names
Page 838 and 839:
Name each compound with the common
Page 840 and 841:
. 4. Name the compound. a. ANSWERS
Page 842 and 843:
Condensed Structural Formula Name M
Page 844 and 845:
2. propanamide because the N-H and
Page 846 and 847:
ushes, and parachutes. They also ca
Page 848 and 849:
. The hydrolysis of an amide produc
Page 850 and 851:
. 2. Complete each equation. a. b A
Page 852 and 853:
conditions. Esters are neutral comp
Page 854 and 855:
10. A lactone is a cyclic ester. Wh
Page 856 and 857:
11. H 3 N + CH 2 CH 2 COOH 13. 15.
Page 858 and 859:
Opening Essay Chapter 16 Carbohydra
Page 860 and 861:
2. 3. 4. Solution 1. This is a carb
Page 862 and 863:
Green plants are capable of synthes
Page 864 and 865:
1. When an aqueous solution of treh
Page 866 and 867:
2. The structure must have four car
Page 868 and 869:
(a) D- and L-glyceraldehyde are mir
Page 870 and 871:
In the photo on the left, two Polar
Page 872 and 873:
ANSWERS 1. A chiral carbon is a car
Page 874 and 875:
3. Identify each sugar as an aldose
Page 876 and 877:
16.3 Important Hexoses LEARNING OBJ
Page 878 and 879:
Compound Relative Sweetness fructos
Page 880 and 881:
than sucrose. Sucralose is synthesi
Page 882 and 883:
. galactose c. fructose 4. What hex
Page 884 and 885:
D-Glucose can be represented with a
Page 886 and 887:
Even though only a small percentage
Page 888 and 889:
3. Given that the aldohexose D-mann
Page 890 and 891:
Benedict’s test was performed on
Page 892 and 893:
3. 16.6 Disaccharides LEARNING OBJE
Page 894 and 895:
the molecules are too large to pass
Page 896 and 897:
Many adults and some children suffe
Page 898 and 899:
Lactose makes up about 40% of an in
Page 900 and 901:
solution. In addition, sucrose does
Page 902 and 903:
. 4. For each disaccharide, indicat
Page 904 and 905:
. What type of linkage (α or β) j
Page 906 and 907:
16.7 Polysaccharides LEARNING OBJEC
Page 908 and 909:
(a) Amylose is a linear chain of α
Page 910 and 911:
animals draw on these glycogen rese
Page 912 and 913:
into glucose for energy. Termites a
Page 914 and 915:
3. Amylose and cellulose are both l
Page 916 and 917:
on the second carbon atom of fructo
Page 918 and 919:
10. What reagents are necessary to
Page 920 and 921:
15. Several artificial sweeteners a
Page 922 and 923:
7. To be a reducing sugar, a disacc
Page 924 and 925:
Opening Essay Chapter 17 Lipids On
Page 926 and 927:
Figure 17.1 Lipid Organization Base
Page 928 and 929:
Name Abbreviated Structural Formula
Page 930 and 931:
Although we often draw the carbon a
Page 932 and 933:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. Give a
Page 934 and 935:
. c. 6. Arrange these fatty acids (
Page 936 and 937:
Structures of Fats and Oils Fats an
Page 938 and 939:
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Stearic Ol
Page 940 and 941:
eprecipitated by the addition of mo
Page 942 and 943:
taste, and nutrition of butter. (Pr
Page 944 and 945:
ANSWERS 1. Fats provide energy for
Page 946 and 947:
5. Draw structures to write the rea
Page 948 and 949:
7. a. smaller carboxylic acids, suc
Page 950 and 951:
The structures shown here will seld
Page 952 and 953:
Figure 17.6 Schematic Diagram of a
Page 954 and 955:
(a) Amino alcohols are commonly fou
Page 956 and 957:
(a) Sphingosine, an amino alcohol,
Page 958 and 959:
integral proteins, to the polar hea
Page 960 and 961:
2. Classify each as a phospholipid,
Page 962 and 963:
17.4 Steroids LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1.
Page 964 and 965:
cholesterol levels of 200 mg/100 mL
Page 966 and 967:
The adrenocortical hormones, such a
Page 968 and 969:
characteristics of males, or the de
Page 970 and 971:
y the liver, but the liver’s bile
Page 972 and 973:
3. 17.5 End-of-Chapter Material Cha
Page 974 and 975:
Most lipids can be saponified, but
Page 976 and 977:
10. Why is it important to determin
Page 978 and 979:
Chapter 18 Opening Essay Amino Acid
Page 980 and 981:
18.1 Properties of Amino Acids LEAR
Page 982 and 983:
Com mon Nam e Abbr eviati on Struct
Page 984 and 985:
Page 986 and 987:
Page 988 and 989:
Page 990 and 991:
ANSWERS 1. 2. a. aspartic acid b. a
Page 992 and 993:
ANSWERS 1. a. CH 2 OH − b. c. 3.
Page 994 and 995:
circumstances, the amino acid acts
Page 996 and 997:
Amino acids undergo reactions chara
Page 998 and 999:
1. Draw the structure of leucine an
Page 1000 and 1001:
group on the right. These can react
Page 1002 and 1003:
KEY TAKEAWAYS • The amino group o
Page 1004 and 1005:
Each of the thousands of naturally
Page 1006 and 1007:
Figure 18.2 Primary Structure of Hu
Page 1008 and 1009:
The side chains extend above or bel
Page 1010 and 1011:
Because nonpolar groups cannot enga
Page 1012 and 1013:
The primary structure consists of t
Page 1014 and 1015:
The denaturation (unfolding) and re
Page 1016 and 1017:
1. Classify each protein as fibrous
Page 1018 and 1019:
18.5 Enzymes LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.
Page 1020 and 1021:
Class hydrolases lyases isomerases
Page 1022 and 1023:
EXERCISES 1. Identify the substrate
Page 1024 and 1025:
This pocket, where the enzyme combi
Page 1026 and 1027:
Figure 18.12 The Induced-Fit Model
Page 1028 and 1029:
hand, is far less specific. It cata
Page 1030 and 1031:
3. For each functional group in Exe
Page 1032 and 1033:
(a) This graph shows the effect of
Page 1034 and 1035:
Figure 18.14 Temperature and pH ver
Page 1036 and 1037:
• At low temperatures, an increas
Page 1038 and 1039:
18.8 Enzyme Inhibition LEARNING OBJ
Page 1040 and 1041:
of an enzyme. The inhibitor is not
Page 1042 and 1043:
Penicillin, one of the most widely
Page 1044 and 1045:
decades ago, a person with a major
Page 1046 and 1047:
• A competitive inhibitor compete
Page 1048 and 1049:
Vitamin Physiological Function Effe
Page 1050 and 1051:
2. Coenzymes are synthesized from v
Page 1052 and 1053:
3. a. vitamin B 6 or pyridoxine b.
Page 1054 and 1055:
An enzyme is an organic catalyst pr
Page 1056 and 1057:
6. Draw the structure of the pentap
Page 1058 and 1059:
16. When the substrate concentratio
Page 1060 and 1061:
9. Carbohydrates have many OH group
Page 1062 and 1063:
tissue. What accounts for this spec
Page 1064 and 1065:
The formation of a bond between C1
Page 1066 and 1067:
Figure 19.4 Structures of Two Impor
Page 1068 and 1069:
3. For each structure, circle the s
Page 1070 and 1071:
. 6. For each structure, circle the
Page 1072 and 1073:
3. a. b. 5. a. Saylor URL: http://w
Page 1074 and 1075:
Nucleic acids are large polymers fo
Page 1076 and 1077:
Like proteins, nucleic acids have a
Page 1078 and 1079:
Figure 19.6 DNA Double Helix (a) Th
Page 1080 and 1081:
Figure 19.7 Complementary Base Pair
Page 1082 and 1083:
• Two DNA strands link together i
Page 1084 and 1085:
3. Which nitrogenous base in DNA pa
Page 1086 and 1087:
c. ACU 3. a. guanine b. thymine c.
Page 1088 and 1089:
The nucleus contains all the necess
Page 1090 and 1091:
1. A segment of one strand from a D
Page 1092 and 1093:
The representation of RNA polymeras
Page 1094 and 1095:
protein synthesis. In Section 19.5
Page 1096 and 1097:
2. DNA serves as a template for the
Page 1098 and 1099:
How can a molecule containing just
Page 1100 and 1101:
Early experimenters were faced with
Page 1102 and 1103:
EXAMPLE 3 A portion of an mRNA mole
Page 1104 and 1105:
1. Write the anticodon on tRNA that
Page 1106 and 1107:
Infectious diseases caused by virus
Page 1108 and 1109:
Some RNA viruses, however, called r
Page 1110 and 1111:
As part of HIV reproduction in an i
Page 1112 and 1113:
obtain family medical and reproduct
Page 1114 and 1115:
The two types of nitrogenous bases
Page 1116 and 1117:
2. For this nucleic acid segment, a
Page 1118 and 1119:
8. Bradykinin is a potent peptide h
Page 1120 and 1121:
. thr-leu-val-pro-ser c. thr-leu-pr
Page 1122 and 1123:
Life requires energy. Animals, for
Page 1124 and 1125:
Like the combustion of the common f
Page 1126 and 1127:
Energy is released because the prod
Page 1128 and 1129:
Table 20.1 Energy Released by Hydro
Page 1130 and 1131:
. AMP c. glucose 1-phosphate ANSWER
Page 1132 and 1133:
Figure 20.4 Energy Conversions Sayl
Page 1134 and 1135:
The primary site of carbohydrate di
Page 1136 and 1137:
Figure 20.6 The Principal Events an
Page 1138 and 1139:
Aminopeptidases in the intestinal j
Page 1140 and 1141:
The lipases in pancreatic juice cat
Page 1142 and 1143:
ANSWERS 1. a. Pepsinogen is an inac
Page 1144 and 1145:
8. What are the expected products f
Page 1146 and 1147:
Figure 20.11 Cell Chemistry Acetyl-
Page 1148 and 1149:
chemistry: hydration, oxidation, de
Page 1150 and 1151:
Succinate dehydrogenase then cataly
Page 1152 and 1153:
outer membrane is permeable, wherea
Page 1154 and 1155:
In the oxidation half-reaction, two
Page 1156 and 1157:
Complexes III and IV include severa
Page 1158 and 1159:
already higher in the intermembrane
Page 1160 and 1161:
3. Mitochondria are small organelle
Page 1162 and 1163:
. How are electron transport and ox
Page 1164 and 1165:
When glucose enters a cell, it is i
Page 1166 and 1167:
In the initial step of phase II, gl
Page 1168 and 1169:
it, or it is not used properly beca
Page 1170 and 1171:
glucose) are converted to 2 mol of
Page 1172 and 1173:
Reaction Comments Yield of ATP (mol
Page 1174 and 1175:
2. Replace each question mark with
Page 1176 and 1177:
7. a. Pyruvate is reduced to lactat
Page 1178 and 1179:
The fatty acyl-CoA formed in the fi
Page 1180 and 1181:
In the liver, most of the acetyl-Co
Page 1182 and 1183:
The amount of ATP obtained from fat
Page 1184 and 1185:
• The acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH
Page 1186 and 1187:
3. five rounds 5. a. 7 molecules b.
Page 1188 and 1189:
In both reactions, the final accept
Page 1190 and 1191:
fumarate and acetoacetate. Fumarate
Page 1192 and 1193:
2. Name the two products that are f
Page 1194 and 1195:
5. a. glucogenic b. both c. glucoge
Page 1196 and 1197:
as oxidative phosphorylation. Elect
Page 1198 and 1199:
. chymotrypsin 4. Indicate where ea
Page 1200 and 1201:
9. When oxygen is abundant, NADH is
Page 1202 and 1203:
Chapter 21 Appendix: Periodic Table
Page 1204:
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/b
show all

The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2011

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?