The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2011

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3. Round up only if the first digit dropped is 5 or higher. KEY TAKEAWAYS • Significant figures properly report the number of measured and estimated digits in a measurement. • There are rules for applying significant figures in calculations. EXERCISES 1. Define significant figures. Why are they important? 2. Define the different types of zeros found in a number and explain whether or not they are significant. 3. How many significant figures are in each number? a. 140 b. 0.009830 c. 15,050 d. 221,560,000 e. 5.67 × 10 3 f. 2.9600 × 10 −5 4. How many significant figures are in each number? a. 1.05 b. 9,500 c. 0.0004505 d. 0.00045050 e. 7.210 × 10 6 Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 43
f. 5.00 × 10 −6 5. Round each number to three significant figures. a. 34,705 b. 34,750 c. 34,570 6. Round each number to four significant figures. a. 34,705 b. 0.0054109 c. 8.90443 × 10 8 7. Perform each operation and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures. a. 467.88 + 23.0 + 1,306 = ? b. 10,075 + 5,822.09 − 34.0 = ? c. 0.00565 + 0.002333 + 0.0991 = ? 8. Perform each operation and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures. a. 0.9812 + 1.660 + 8.6502 = ? b. 189 + 3,201.8 − 1,100 = ? c. 675.0 − 24 + 1,190 = ? 9. Perform each operation and express the answer to the correct number of significant figures. a. 439 × 8,767 = ? b. 23.09 ÷ 13.009 = ? c. 1.009 × 876 = ? Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 44
Page 2 and 3: This text was adapted by The Saylor
Page 4 and 5: The G part of the textbook then con
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 1 Chemistry, Matter, and Me
Page 8 and 9: Chemistry lies more or less in the
Page 10 and 11: Which fields of study are branches
Page 12 and 13: 3. Refine the hypothesis if necessa
Page 14 and 15: 6. Suggest a name for the study of
Page 16 and 17: The properties that chemists use to
Page 18 and 19: How would a chemist categorize each
Page 20 and 21: Figure 1.5 "The Classification of M
Page 22 and 23: 2. Does each statement refer to a c
Page 24 and 25: 12. What word describes each phase
Page 26 and 27: To understand chemistry, we need a
Page 28 and 29: • Identify a quantity properly wi
Page 30 and 31: 10 2 = 100 10 3 = 1,000 10 4 = 10,0
Page 32 and 33: 2. 1.005 × 10 2 We can also use sc
Page 34 and 35: 1. 0.0622 2. 0.0000000099 SKILL-BUI
Page 36 and 37: c. −3 × 10 6 d. 9.98 × 10 −7
Page 38 and 39: measure the width of a table. The c
Page 40 and 41: significant because the number is w
Page 42 and 43: The final answer, limited to four s
Page 46 and 47: 10. Perform each operation and expr
Page 48 and 49: 1. Recognize the SI base units and
Page 50 and 51: Prefix Abbreviation Multiplicative
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.9 The Liter A liter is def
Page 54 and 55: high-fat foods) and reduced physica
Page 56 and 57: 2. Do units follow the same mathema
Page 58 and 59: 3. 1,000; 100 5. 7. grams per liter
Page 60 and 61: The 3.55 m can be thought of as a f
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1.10 A Concept Map for Conve
Page 64 and 65: The conversion factor’s numerical
Page 66 and 67: The densities of many components an
Page 68 and 69: Solution First, convert the given u
Page 70 and 71: 1. Give the two conversion factors
Page 72 and 73: 3. 5.62 × 10 4 m 5. 4.41 × 10 7
Page 74 and 75: Chemistry uses SI, a system of unit
Page 76 and 77: 9. What is the density of a dextros
Page 78 and 79: 11. 187 in. 13. 77 kg 15. Saylor UR
Page 80 and 81: 2.1 The Elements LEARNING OBJECTIVE
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Page 84 and 85: Today, many detergents are made wit
Page 86 and 87: † The symbol for tungsten comes f
Page 88 and 89: 3. U 4. O 5. F CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC
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Page 92 and 93: 7. 2.2 Atomic Theory LEARNING OBJEC
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something that the ancient Greek ph
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1. Describe the three main subatomi
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Experiments using this setup were u
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A more modern understanding of atom
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5. Protons are among the (most, lea
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different elements have a different
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2. The atomic number of tungsten is
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which indicates a particular isotop
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KEY TAKEAWAYS • Elements can be i
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. c. d. 40 K 201 Hg 19 F 10. State
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d. protons: 9; neutrons: 10; electr
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This is a simple one-step conversio
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3. 4.04 × 10 −23 g 5. 44.8 g 7.
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The next largest atom, beryllium, h
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1. From the electron configuration
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14. A silicon atom has ____ core el
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The periodic table is one of the co
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gas, radon is not chemically reacti
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Figure 2.8 Types of Elements Elemen
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small quantities. However, even the
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column on the periodic table, the a
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absence or presence, or abnormally
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a. silicon b. oxygen c. germanium d
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13. Scandium is a (metal, nonmetal,
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The modern atomic theory states tha
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4. What might be the electron confi
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Opening Essay Chapter 3 Ionic Bondi
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until all atoms have octets. Becaus
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EXERCISES 1. Why is an ionic compou
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As demonstrated in Example 1 (in Se
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ions. For example, all ions made fr
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Solution From the periodic table, w
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3. a. 1+ b. 2− c. 2+ d. 1− KEY
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9. Using Lewis diagrams, show the e
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3.3 Formulas for Ionic Compounds LE
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not written in a formula. Remember
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write the c
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Solution 1. Potassium ions have a c
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Looking Closer: Blood and Seawater
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1. Write the chemical formula for t
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c. CO 2 d. FeSO 3 e. C 6 H 6 f. C 2
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The name of a monatomic cation is s
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Ion Cl − Name chloride ion Br −
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write the f
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4. AuF 3 5. AgF Figure 3.7 "A Guide
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c. Mg 2+ and Se 2− 5. Name the io
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c. magnesium sulfide 5. a. sodium n
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Total: 101.10 u The formula mass of
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2. AgBr 3. Au(NO 3 ) 3 4. Fe 3 (PO
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1. What is the formula mass for the
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c. 56.38 u 3. a. 83.00 u b. 100.93
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Names of ionic compounds are derive
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10. The uranyl ion (UO 2 2+ ) is a
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11. FePO 4·2H 2 O; 186.86 u 13. 14
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Figure 4.1A Molecular Model of Chol
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By sharing their valence electrons,
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Now that we have looked at electron
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In molecules, there is a pattern to
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17. Astatine is a synthetic element
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they combine to make water, they do
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Number of Atoms in Compound Prefix
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Solution 1. bromine pentafluoride 2
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. C 6 H 5 Cl c. KC 2 H 3 O 2 d. Ca(
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1. a. no b. yes c. yes d. yes 3. a.
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In this arrangement, the carbon ato
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1. Each molecule contains multiple
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In Section 4.1 "Covalent Bonds", we
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Although we defined covalent bondin
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polar, while others are strongly po
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ut Pauling continued to take large
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(For example, carbon dioxide become
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6. Refer to Exercise 4. Why is the
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9. a. unequally toward the O b. equ
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3. The molecular mass of NO 2 is 46
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However, the shape of the molecule
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KEY TAKEAWAYS • A molecule has a
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c. bent 7. bent 4.6 Introduction to
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Figure 4.6 Formulas and Molecular M
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Figure 4.8 Formulas and Molecular M
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The food pyramid has suggestions fo
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est known by the common names formi
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Identify the functional group(s) in
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2. Are organic compounds based more
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5. Identify the functional group(s)
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4.7 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter
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4. An atomic mass unit equals 1.661
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14. Glutamic acid is the parent com
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Opening Essay Chapter 5 Introductio
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1. What is the law of conservation
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To simplify the writing of reaction
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By counting the atoms of each eleme
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. What a
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c. C 3 H 5 N 3 O 9 → CO 2 + N 2 +
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Calculate the
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Other relationships are possible; i
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Start with this balanced chemical e
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8. Gold metal reacts with a combina
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is a combination reaction that prod
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EXAMPLE 4 Identify each type of rea
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. 2NaHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O +
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zinc atoms to the hydrogen atoms (w
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Solution We start by using symbols
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Thus, acetaldehyde is being oxidize
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2. Which reactions are redox reacti
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y the general formula ROH). The pro
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KEY TAKEAWAY • Redox reactions ar
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In stoichiometry, quantities of rea
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produce sulfur trioxide, and (3) th
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Opening Essay Chapter 6 Quantities
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The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxyg
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each element we have in a substance
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1. How many molecules are present i
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11. 1.04 × 10 24 Na atoms and 1.04
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1. NaCl 2. bilirubin (C 33 H 36 N 4
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• The mass of moles of atoms and
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1 mol Al = 26.98 g Al We can divide
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Figure 6.2 A Simple Flowchart for C
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Mineral Male (age 19-30 y) Female (
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2. What is the mass of 0.552 mol of
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ecause 22:11:22 also reduces to 2:1
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1. Amounts of substances in chemica
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1. Convert from mass or moles of on
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The mol Fe2O3 units cancel, leaving
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This three-part process can be carr
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each intermediate quantity to the p
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Because of the complexity of the mo
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2Fe 2 O 3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO 2 How
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d. Ga 2 (SO 4 ) 3 4. How many moles
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Chapter 7 Opening Essay Energy and
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example, if you hold an ice cube in
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Table 7.2 Energy Expenditure of a 1
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9. Many nutrition experts say that
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Substance c (cal/g·°C) benzene (C
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1. What quantity of heat is transfe
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6. If 195 cal of heat were added to
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Celsius scale, H2O has a melting po
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Substance ΔH fus (cal/g) ΔH vap (
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EXERCISES 1. How much energy is nee
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on countless observations over cent
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For an exothermic chemical reaction
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Solution 1. Because energy is a pro
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3. endothermic 5. a. endothermic b.
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Career Focus: Dietitian A dietitian
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Chapter Summary To ensure that you
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5. When 1 g of steam condenses, 540
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7. 652 g 9. a. 83.3 g b. 438 g 11.
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matter is important for our underst
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temperature) to become liquids and
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Although the individual bonds in bo
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distribution of electrons in a mole
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• Molecules interact with each ot
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8.2 Solids and Liquids LEARNING OBJ
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Characteristic Solid Liquid Gas vol
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Water’s influence on the world ar
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. Describe the
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Write a conversion factor to determ
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9. Blood pressures are expressed in
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What happens to the volume of a gas
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This example is similar to Example
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(except for the United States, whic
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Solving for the final volume, V f =
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Now we can substitute the quantitie
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determine what the fourth property
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. What p
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13. Assuming the amount remains the
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8.5 End-of-Chapter Material Chapter
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a. If 100.0 g of propane are combus
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Chapter 9 Opening Essay Solutions I
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The major component of a solution,
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3. Like other hydrocarbons, octane
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(CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
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Substance Solubility (g in 100 mL o
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1. A dextrose (also called D-glucos
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Because this is an exact relationsh
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Another way of expressing concentra
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1. To solve for the volume of solut
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In itself, each step is a straightf
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Figure 9.3 Diagram of Steps for Usi
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available; if arsenic is an essenti
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12. What mass of KCl is present in
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If 567 mL of a 1.005 M NaHSO 3 solu
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What occurs at the molecular level
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More information than that provided
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. N(CH 3 ) 3 c. CH 3 CO 2 C 2 H 5 d
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evaporation process. We will not di
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1. Which solution’s boiling point
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In one form of dialysis, called hem
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7. Explain why salt (NaCl) is sprea
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To ensure that you understand the m
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. How many grams of Na 2 CO 3 are n
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Chapter 10 Opening Essay Acids and
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compounds that release a hydrogen c
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Formula KOH(aq) Name potassium hydr
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in http://catalog.flatworldknowledg
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Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is one excep
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12. How many moles of perchloric ac
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Ammonia (NH3) increases the hydroxi
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aqueous HCl. So the Brønsted-Lowry
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are only slightly soluble in water.
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9. Write the chemical equation for
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A small fraction of water molecules
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1. Is H 2 O(l) acting as an acid or
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Acids Bases H 2 SO 4 Ca(OH) 2 HClO
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Write the equilibrium chemical equa
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Solution pH NaOH (1 M) 14.0 Weak ac
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7. Write the chemical equation for
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As indicated in http://catalog.flat
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Buffers can react with both strong
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A blood bank technology specialist
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hydrocyanic acid and sodium cyanide
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dissociated ions. It is a dynamic e
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7. 9. The O atom is donating an ele
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Applications of nuclear chemistry m
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Chemists often use the names parent
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daughter isotope must be 12, and it
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1. What are the major types of radi
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14. The gamma ray emitted when oxyg
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amount of time it takes for one-hal
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Isotope Half-Life 90 Sr 29.1 y 131
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2. Which is more radioactive—an i
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Over a period of 4 half-lives, the
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Source Amount (mrem) consumer produ
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4. How is the curie defined? 5. A s
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Radioactive isotopes are effective
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elated to the activity of the thyro
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ing of sensors that detect the gamm
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12. Which isotope is used in therap
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Thus, by the careful addition of ex
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The two main components of the powe
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2. What is the difference between f
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7. A chain reaction is an ever-expa
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3. Uranium can be separated from it
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Chapter 12 Organic Chemistry: Alkan
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decline in 1828, when the German ch
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Organic Hexane Inorganic NaCl flamm
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3. Which member of each pair has a
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Recall from Chapter 4 "Covalent Bon
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Each succeeding formula incorporate
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There is a hydrocarbon that corresp
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Note A continuous (unbranched) chai
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5. Indicate whether the structures
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Note Parentheses in condensed struc
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12.5 IUPAC Nomenclature LEARNING OB
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Parent Alkane Alkyl Group Co nde ns
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3. Place the names of the substitue
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3. EXAMPLE 2 Draw the structure for
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1. What is a CH 3 group called when
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a. b. 8. What is a substituent? How
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7. a. 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane b.
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much more serious fire hazard than
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2. b; hexane is insoluble in water
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Alkanes also react with the halogen
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The reactions of alkanes with halog
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1. The parent alkane has five carbo
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Formula Common Name IUPAC Name Some
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noted over the Arctic regions. The
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1. Name cycloalkanes given their fo
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Draw the
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. 3. Halogenated cycloalkanes can b
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property allows the formation the t
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7. Write equations for the complete
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7. a. C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 → 3CO 2 + 4H
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Chapter 13 Unsaturated and Aromatic
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We used only condensed structural f
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Name each compound. 1. 2. Solution
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Draw the st
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a. b. c. 4. Name each compound acco
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c. 3. a. 2-methyl-2-pentene b. 3-me
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In 1,2-dichloroethane (part (a) of
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There must be two nonidentical grou
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e. CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. What
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. 3-heptene c. 4-methyl-2-pentene d
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13.3 Physical Properties of Alkenes
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1. a. 1-pentene b. 3-nonene 13.4 Ch
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2. 3. SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE Write
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ANSWER 1. a. (CH 3 ) 2 CBrCH 2 Br b
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and http://catalog.flatworldknowled
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2. What is addition polymerization?
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. Briefly
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saturation, benzene is rather unrea
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ANSWERS 1. Benzene is rather unreac
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Name Structure Typical Uses toluene
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single substituent is written at th
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EXAMPLE 6 Name each compound using
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Sometimes an aromatic group is foun
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Name Structure aspirin acetaminophe
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3. 3-phenyloctane: KEY TAKEAWAY •
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4. Draw the structure for each comp
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c. d. ANSWERS Saylor URL: http://ww
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5. a. ethylbenzene b. isopropylbenz
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1. Classify each compound as satura
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c.2,2-dimethyl-3-pentene 11. What i
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ANSWERS 1. a. unsaturated b. unsatu
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Chapter 14Organic Compounds of Oxyg
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Name of Family General Formula Func
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As noted in Chapter 4 "Covalent Bon
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Give the IUPAC name for each compou
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2. The ending -ol indicates an OH f
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Condensed Structural Formula Class
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1. Name each alcohol and classify i
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. c. 14.3 Physical Properties of Al
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The OH groups of alcohol molecules
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Figure 14.3 Hydrogen Bonding betwee
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3. 1-octanol < 1-butanol < methanol
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Write th
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1. Why is methanol more toxic than
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Under the proper conditions, it is
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Note that in oxidation of both prim
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3. This alcohol has the OH group on
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3. Draw the structure of the produc
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Another common glycol, 1,2-propaned
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1. two OH groups; a ketone group an
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objects such as furniture or floors
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. 3. Draw the structure for each co
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With the general formula ROR′, an
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE What is the
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1. Diethyl ether has no intermolecu
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. ethyl isopropyl ether 5. a. CH 3
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Naming Aldehydes and Ketones Both c
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Solution 1. This compound has the c
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Solution 1.There are five carbon at
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1. Give the structure and IUPAC nam
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d. 3. Draw the structure for each c
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In aldehydes and ketones, this char
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H 3 N—Ag + —NH 3 When Tollens
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(a) Benzaldehyde is an oil found in
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CONCEPT REVIEW EXERCISES 1. What fe
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. 5. a. silver metal (Ag) b. acetic
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epinephrine (adrenalin) for allergi
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The hydroxyl group (OH) is the func
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6. Classify each conversion as oxid
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c. d. 18. Tell whether each compoun
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a. To what class of compounds does
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11. C 6 H 5 OH + H 2 O → C 6 H 5
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Chapter 15 Organic Acids and Bases
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Unlike ethers, esters have a carbon
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1. The carboxyl group has a carbony
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15.2 Carboxylic Acids: Structures a
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Carboxylic acids feature a carbon a
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Solution 1. The LCC contains four c
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• IUPAC names are derived from th
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1. Describe the preparation of carb
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15.4 Physical Properties of Carboxy
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Condensed Structural Formula Name o
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Water-soluble carboxylic acids ioni
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Write an equation for the reaction
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4. Write the equation for the react
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Figure 15.4 The Structure of Esters
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. Solution a. The alkyl group attac
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1. Draw the structure for phenyl pe
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1. a. b. c. d. 3. a. methyl formate
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Condensed Structural Formula Name M
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15.8 Preparation of Esters LEARNING
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• Esters are made by the reaction
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As a specific example, butyl acetat
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1. Write the equation for the hydro
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Describe pho
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Figure 15.5 The Structure of Amines
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2. 3. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 4. C
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SKILL-BUILDING EXERCISE 1. Name thi
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1. methylammonium ion 2. dimethylam
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5. a. propylamine b. isopropylmethy
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(a) Amine molecules are associated
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1. Which compound has the higher bo
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1. Name the typical reactions that
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nucleic acids, which in turn compos
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Because it is soluble in water, coc
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15.14 Amides: Structures and Names
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Name each compound with the common
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. 4. Name the compound. a. ANSWERS
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Condensed Structural Formula Name M
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2. propanamide because the N-H and
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ushes, and parachutes. They also ca
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. The hydrolysis of an amide produc
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. 2. Complete each equation. a. b A
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conditions. Esters are neutral comp
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10. A lactone is a cyclic ester. Wh
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11. H 3 N + CH 2 CH 2 COOH 13. 15.
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Opening Essay Chapter 16 Carbohydra
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2. 3. 4. Solution 1. This is a carb
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Green plants are capable of synthes
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1. When an aqueous solution of treh
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2. The structure must have four car
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(a) D- and L-glyceraldehyde are mir
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In the photo on the left, two Polar
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ANSWERS 1. A chiral carbon is a car
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3. Identify each sugar as an aldose
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16.3 Important Hexoses LEARNING OBJ
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Compound Relative Sweetness fructos
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than sucrose. Sucralose is synthesi
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. galactose c. fructose 4. What hex
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D-Glucose can be represented with a
Page 886 and 887:
Even though only a small percentage
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3. Given that the aldohexose D-mann
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Benedict’s test was performed on
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3. 16.6 Disaccharides LEARNING OBJE
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the molecules are too large to pass
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Many adults and some children suffe
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Lactose makes up about 40% of an in
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solution. In addition, sucrose does
Page 902 and 903:
. 4. For each disaccharide, indicat
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. What type of linkage (α or β) j
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16.7 Polysaccharides LEARNING OBJEC
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(a) Amylose is a linear chain of α
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animals draw on these glycogen rese
Page 912 and 913:
into glucose for energy. Termites a
Page 914 and 915:
3. Amylose and cellulose are both l
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on the second carbon atom of fructo
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10. What reagents are necessary to
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15. Several artificial sweeteners a
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7. To be a reducing sugar, a disacc
Page 924 and 925:
Opening Essay Chapter 17 Lipids On
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Figure 17.1 Lipid Organization Base
Page 928 and 929:
Name Abbreviated Structural Formula
Page 930 and 931:
Although we often draw the carbon a
Page 932 and 933:
CONCEPT REVIEW EXERC ISES 1. Give a
Page 934 and 935:
. c. 6. Arrange these fatty acids (
Page 936 and 937:
Structures of Fats and Oils Fats an
Page 938 and 939:
Lauric Myristic Palmitic Stearic Ol
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eprecipitated by the addition of mo
Page 942 and 943:
taste, and nutrition of butter. (Pr
Page 944 and 945:
ANSWERS 1. Fats provide energy for
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5. Draw structures to write the rea
Page 948 and 949:
7. a. smaller carboxylic acids, suc
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The structures shown here will seld
Page 952 and 953:
Figure 17.6 Schematic Diagram of a
Page 954 and 955:
(a) Amino alcohols are commonly fou
Page 956 and 957:
(a) Sphingosine, an amino alcohol,
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integral proteins, to the polar hea
Page 960 and 961:
2. Classify each as a phospholipid,
Page 962 and 963:
17.4 Steroids LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1.
Page 964 and 965:
cholesterol levels of 200 mg/100 mL
Page 966 and 967:
The adrenocortical hormones, such a
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characteristics of males, or the de
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y the liver, but the liver’s bile
Page 972 and 973:
3. 17.5 End-of-Chapter Material Cha
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Most lipids can be saponified, but
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10. Why is it important to determin
Page 978 and 979:
Chapter 18 Opening Essay Amino Acid
Page 980 and 981:
18.1 Properties of Amino Acids LEAR
Page 982 and 983:
Com mon Nam e Abbr eviati on Struct
Page 984 and 985:
Page 986 and 987:
Page 988 and 989:
Page 990 and 991:
ANSWERS 1. 2. a. aspartic acid b. a
Page 992 and 993:
ANSWERS 1. a. CH 2 OH − b. c. 3.
Page 994 and 995:
circumstances, the amino acid acts
Page 996 and 997:
Amino acids undergo reactions chara
Page 998 and 999:
1. Draw the structure of leucine an
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group on the right. These can react
Page 1002 and 1003:
KEY TAKEAWAYS • The amino group o
Page 1004 and 1005:
Each of the thousands of naturally
Page 1006 and 1007:
Figure 18.2 Primary Structure of Hu
Page 1008 and 1009:
The side chains extend above or bel
Page 1010 and 1011:
Because nonpolar groups cannot enga
Page 1012 and 1013:
The primary structure consists of t
Page 1014 and 1015:
The denaturation (unfolding) and re
Page 1016 and 1017:
1. Classify each protein as fibrous
Page 1018 and 1019:
18.5 Enzymes LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.
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Class hydrolases lyases isomerases
Page 1022 and 1023:
EXERCISES 1. Identify the substrate
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This pocket, where the enzyme combi
Page 1026 and 1027:
Figure 18.12 The Induced-Fit Model
Page 1028 and 1029:
hand, is far less specific. It cata
Page 1030 and 1031:
3. For each functional group in Exe
Page 1032 and 1033:
(a) This graph shows the effect of
Page 1034 and 1035:
Figure 18.14 Temperature and pH ver
Page 1036 and 1037:
• At low temperatures, an increas
Page 1038 and 1039:
18.8 Enzyme Inhibition LEARNING OBJ
Page 1040 and 1041:
of an enzyme. The inhibitor is not
Page 1042 and 1043:
Penicillin, one of the most widely
Page 1044 and 1045:
decades ago, a person with a major
Page 1046 and 1047:
• A competitive inhibitor compete
Page 1048 and 1049:
Vitamin Physiological Function Effe
Page 1050 and 1051:
2. Coenzymes are synthesized from v
Page 1052 and 1053:
3. a. vitamin B 6 or pyridoxine b.
Page 1054 and 1055:
An enzyme is an organic catalyst pr
Page 1056 and 1057:
6. Draw the structure of the pentap
Page 1058 and 1059:
16. When the substrate concentratio
Page 1060 and 1061:
9. Carbohydrates have many OH group
Page 1062 and 1063:
tissue. What accounts for this spec
Page 1064 and 1065:
The formation of a bond between C1
Page 1066 and 1067:
Figure 19.4 Structures of Two Impor
Page 1068 and 1069:
3. For each structure, circle the s
Page 1070 and 1071:
. 6. For each structure, circle the
Page 1072 and 1073:
3. a. b. 5. a. Saylor URL: http://w
Page 1074 and 1075:
Nucleic acids are large polymers fo
Page 1076 and 1077:
Like proteins, nucleic acids have a
Page 1078 and 1079:
Figure 19.6 DNA Double Helix (a) Th
Page 1080 and 1081:
Figure 19.7 Complementary Base Pair
Page 1082 and 1083:
• Two DNA strands link together i
Page 1084 and 1085:
3. Which nitrogenous base in DNA pa
Page 1086 and 1087:
c. ACU 3. a. guanine b. thymine c.
Page 1088 and 1089:
The nucleus contains all the necess
Page 1090 and 1091:
1. A segment of one strand from a D
Page 1092 and 1093:
The representation of RNA polymeras
Page 1094 and 1095:
protein synthesis. In Section 19.5
Page 1096 and 1097:
2. DNA serves as a template for the
Page 1098 and 1099:
How can a molecule containing just
Page 1100 and 1101:
Early experimenters were faced with
Page 1102 and 1103:
EXAMPLE 3 A portion of an mRNA mole
Page 1104 and 1105:
1. Write the anticodon on tRNA that
Page 1106 and 1107:
Infectious diseases caused by virus
Page 1108 and 1109:
Some RNA viruses, however, called r
Page 1110 and 1111:
As part of HIV reproduction in an i
Page 1112 and 1113:
obtain family medical and reproduct
Page 1114 and 1115:
The two types of nitrogenous bases
Page 1116 and 1117:
2. For this nucleic acid segment, a
Page 1118 and 1119:
8. Bradykinin is a potent peptide h
Page 1120 and 1121:
. thr-leu-val-pro-ser c. thr-leu-pr
Page 1122 and 1123:
Life requires energy. Animals, for
Page 1124 and 1125:
Like the combustion of the common f
Page 1126 and 1127:
Energy is released because the prod
Page 1128 and 1129:
Table 20.1 Energy Released by Hydro
Page 1130 and 1131:
. AMP c. glucose 1-phosphate ANSWER
Page 1132 and 1133:
Figure 20.4 Energy Conversions Sayl
Page 1134 and 1135:
The primary site of carbohydrate di
Page 1136 and 1137:
Figure 20.6 The Principal Events an
Page 1138 and 1139:
Aminopeptidases in the intestinal j
Page 1140 and 1141:
The lipases in pancreatic juice cat
Page 1142 and 1143:
ANSWERS 1. a. Pepsinogen is an inac
Page 1144 and 1145:
8. What are the expected products f
Page 1146 and 1147:
Figure 20.11 Cell Chemistry Acetyl-
Page 1148 and 1149:
chemistry: hydration, oxidation, de
Page 1150 and 1151:
Succinate dehydrogenase then cataly
Page 1152 and 1153:
outer membrane is permeable, wherea
Page 1154 and 1155:
In the oxidation half-reaction, two
Page 1156 and 1157:
Complexes III and IV include severa
Page 1158 and 1159:
already higher in the intermembrane
Page 1160 and 1161:
3. Mitochondria are small organelle
Page 1162 and 1163:
. How are electron transport and ox
Page 1164 and 1165:
When glucose enters a cell, it is i
Page 1166 and 1167:
In the initial step of phase II, gl
Page 1168 and 1169:
it, or it is not used properly beca
Page 1170 and 1171:
glucose) are converted to 2 mol of
Page 1172 and 1173:
Reaction Comments Yield of ATP (mol
Page 1174 and 1175:
2. Replace each question mark with
Page 1176 and 1177:
7. a. Pyruvate is reduced to lactat
Page 1178 and 1179:
The fatty acyl-CoA formed in the fi
Page 1180 and 1181:
In the liver, most of the acetyl-Co
Page 1182 and 1183:
The amount of ATP obtained from fat
Page 1184 and 1185:
• The acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH
Page 1186 and 1187:
3. five rounds 5. a. 7 molecules b.
Page 1188 and 1189:
In both reactions, the final accept
Page 1190 and 1191:
fumarate and acetoacetate. Fumarate
Page 1192 and 1193:
2. Name the two products that are f
Page 1194 and 1195:
5. a. glucogenic b. both c. glucoge
Page 1196 and 1197:
as oxidative phosphorylation. Elect
Page 1198 and 1199:
. chymotrypsin 4. Indicate where ea
Page 1200 and 1201:
9. When oxygen is abundant, NADH is
Page 1202 and 1203:
Chapter 21 Appendix: Periodic Table
Page 1204:
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/b
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The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2011

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