Introduction to Environmental Science, 2nd Edition, 2018a

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Table of Contents Introduction Population Ecology Human Demography Non-Renewable Energy Alternative Energy Air Pollution Climate Change Water This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike .0 License.
At the end of this section, students will be able to: 1. Describe, at an introductory level, the basic chemical and biological foundations of life on Earth 2. Define environment, ecosystems, and environmental sciences 3. Give examples of the interdisciplinary nature of environmental science 4. Define sustainability and sustainable development 5. Explain the complex relationship between natural and human systems, pertaining to environmental impact, the precautionary principle, and environmental justifications 6. Understand scientific approach and begin to apply the scientific method Elements in various combinations comprise all matter on Earth, including living things. Some of the most abundant elements in living organisms include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. These form the nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that are the fundamental components of living matter. Biologists must understand these important building blocks and the unique structures of the atoms that make up molecules, allowing for the formation of cells, tissues, organ systems, and entire organisms. At its most fundamental level, life is made up of matter. Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass. Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There are 118 elements, but only 92 occur naturally. The remaining elements are synthesized in laboratories and are unstable. The five elements common to all living organisms are oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P). In the non-living world, elements are found in different proportions, and some elements common to living organisms are relatively rare on the earth as a whole (Table 1.1). For example, the atmosphere is rich in nitrogen and oxygen but contains little carbon and hydrogen, while the earth’s crust, although it contains oxygen and a small amount of hydrogen, has little nitrogen and carbon. In spite of their differences in abundance, all elements and the chemical reactions between them obey the same chemical and physical laws regardless of whether they are a part of the living or non-living world.
Page 1: Open Textbook Georgia College and S
Page 7 and 8: charged whereas a neutron is unchar
Page 9 and 10: Life on Earth is primarily made up
Page 11 and 12: All living things are made of cells
Page 13 and 14: the food web. The flow of energy an
Page 15 and 16: Environmental science is a science,
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.7. The scientific method c
Page 19 and 20: Examples of sustainable development
Page 21 and 22: The solution to most environmental
Page 23 and 24: A population of elephants at Pinnew
Page 25 and 26: ecome depleted), after an hour, the
Page 27 and 28: individual. As resources diminish,
Page 29 and 30: 2.3 Factors limiting population gro
Page 31 and 32: 120 No of Aphids 100 80 60 40 20
Page 33 and 34: species, frogs as well as marine sp
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3: Human emography By the e
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3.2: Age Structure diagram f
Page 39 and 40: In Stage 1, birth rates are high, b
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3.6: Shows the total fertili
Page 43 and 44: Energy is the ability of a system t
Page 45 and 46: Figure 4.2: Oil and natural gas (pe
Page 47 and 48: Coal is a combustible black or brow
Page 49 and 50: A majority of the coal mined in the
Page 51 and 52: concentrated stream. The CO 2 can t
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Figure 4.9:Main products (measured
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amount of oil spilled from ships dr
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nucleus together. Energy is release
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(Figure 4.14 C). Depending on the r
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elated to the nuclear power industr
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Separation Strip mining Sulfur diox
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Energy sources that are more or les
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sizeable strides being made in rene
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focuses or concentrates solar energ
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substance). Biomass can also be con
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contribute to the formation of harm
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and ranchers, allowing them to stay
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water which becomes heated and draw
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significant changes in the ecology
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Currently, the infrastructure for u
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Chapter 6: Air pollution Emiss
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as 6 km to as high as 20 km). There
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Figure 6.2: The “ozone-oxygen cyc
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Figure 6.4: Ozone concentrations ov
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6.2.4 The Montreal Protocol Interna
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2. Ground-level ozone (O3): is a co
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combustion), sulfur, and mercury. T
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Attic Asbestos, dust, formaldehyde
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6.6 Acid Rain Pure rainfall is slig
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gave it the primary role in carryin
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Sources Botkin, D. B. and Keller E.
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Some reservoirs hold on to carbon f
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Cellular respiration is an importan
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through fossil fuel combustion. See
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How has the use and distribution of
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total cattle inventory of 89.9 mill
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Scientists have identified the sour
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On a geological time scale, the cli
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The path through which the Earth tr
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One class of greenhouse gas chemica
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Scientists must gather together all
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In Figure 7.12, the decadal average
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As part of your assigned reading fo
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decrease. Some major population cen
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(0.28 to 0.36 cm) per year since 19
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CaCO 3 . These organisms rely on th
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change our behaviors in response to
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calculator to do so, and investigat
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CHAPTER 8: WATER This chapter has b
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Physical State of Water on Earth Wa
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Figure 8.3. Water in a glass form a
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Global Water Distribution and Use M
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vapor and is released to the atmosp
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Suwannee, Saint Marys, Satilla, Oge
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Figure 8.13: The five oceans found
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Water Scarcity and Shortage Water h
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Figure 8.18: Communities in southea
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However, leaking underground and ab
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contaminant levels (MCLs) that are
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