OpenGL Programming Guide Second Edition - Niksula

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Making Decals Drawing Filled, Concave Polygons Using the Stencil Buffer Finding Interference Regions Shadows Hidden−Line Removal Hidden−Line Removal with Polygon Offset Hidden−Line Removal with the Stencil Buffer Texture−Mapping Applications Drawing Depth−Buffered Images Dirichlet Domains Life in the Stencil Buffer Alternative Uses for glDrawPixels() and glCopyPixels() Appendix A Order of Operations Overview Geometric Operations Per−Vertex Operations Primitive Assembly Pixel Operations Texture Memory Fragment Operations Odds and Ends Appendix B State Variables The Query Commands OpenGL State Variables Current Values and Associated Data Vertex Array Transformation Coloring Lighting Rasterization Texturing Pixel Operations Framebuffer Control Pixels Evaluators Hints Implementation−Dependent Values
Implementation−Dependent Pixel Depths Miscellaneous Appendix C OpenGL and Window Systems GLX: OpenGL Extension for the X Window System Initialization Controlling Rendering Managing an OpenGL Rendering Context Off−Screen Rendering Synchronizing Execution Swapping Buffers Using an X Font GLX Prototypes Initialization Controlling Rendering AGL: OpenGL Extension to the Apple Macintosh Initialization Rendering and Contexts Managing an OpenGL Rendering Context On−screen Rendering Off−screen Rendering Swapping Buffers Updating the Rendering Buffers Using an Apple Macintosh Font Error Handling AGL Prototypes Initialization Controlling Rendering PGL: OpenGL Extension for IBM OS/2 Warp Initialization Controlling Rendering Managing an OpenGL Rendering Context Access the Bitmap of the Front Buffer Synchronizing Execution Swapping Buffers Using a Color Index Palette When you are running in 8−bit (256 color) mode, you have to worry about color palette management. For windows with a color index Visual Configuration, call pglSelectColorIndexPalette() to tell OpenGL what color−index palette you want to
Page 1 and 2: OpenGL Programming Guide Second Edi
Page 3 and 4: Examples of Composing Several Trans
Page 5 and 6: Bitmaps and Fonts The Current Raste
Page 7: Chapter 12 Evaluators and NURBS Pre
Page 11 and 12: Rotation Perspective Projection Ort
Page 13 and 14: depth−cuing diffuse directional l
Page 15 and 16: RGBA mode server shading shininess
Page 17 and 18: To Tom Doeppner and Andy van Dam, w
Page 19 and 20: textures onto three−dimensional o
Page 21 and 22: geometry). Even if you have little
Page 23 and 24: Acknowledgments The second edition
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 1 Introduction to OpenGL Ch
Page 27 and 28: of motion. "Plate 8" shows the scen
Page 29 and 30: } glVertex3f (0.25, 0.75, 0.0); glE
Page 31 and 32: OpenGL as a State Machine OpenGL is
Page 33 and 34: is enabled and the primitive is a p
Page 35 and 36: If you are directly accessing a win
Page 37 and 38: glVertex3f (0.75, 0.75, 0.0); glVer
Page 39 and 40: human eye is only so good. The key
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1−3 Double−Buffered Rota
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 2 State Management and Draw
Page 45 and 46: appropriate size and location for a
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 5 for details on these topi
Page 49 and 50: Example 2−1 Reshape Callback Func
Page 51 and 52: See Figure 2−3 for some examples
Page 53 and 54: glVertex4f(2.3, 1.0, −2.2, 2.0);
Page 55 and 56: GL_LINES Draws a series of unconnec
Page 57 and 58: ones in blue, despite the extra col
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void glLineWidth(GLfloat width); Se
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void display(void) { int i; glClear
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GL_FILL to indicate whether the pol
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Figure 2−10 Constructing a Polygo
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0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0xAA, 0x55, 0x55,
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glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL
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Figure 2−14 Six Sides; Eight Shar
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void glEdgeFlagPointer(GLsizei stri
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glEnableClientState (GL_VERTEX_ARRA
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process as few as eight vertices. (
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} else glColorPointer(sc, tc, str,
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GL_ALL_ATTRIB_BITS −− GL_COLOR_
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glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP); for (i = 0;
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} out[0] = v1[1]*v2[2] − v1[2]*v2
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} } for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { } v12
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Chapter 3 Viewing Chapter Objective
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the following. 1. Set up your tripo
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program, not necessarily the order
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} glViewport (0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (G
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interior spaces look when viewed fr
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Philosophy" in Chapter 7.) (OpenGL
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x−axis), if you want the object t
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shown in Figure 3−6. Figure 3−6
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glLoadIdentity(); glScalef(1.5, 0.5
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Figure 3−10 Separating the Viewpo
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Figure 3−12 Using gluLookAt() So,
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glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoad
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GLdouble near, GLdouble far); Creat
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planes and locate them wherever you
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(Chapter 10 discusses the depth buf
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{ } double radtheta, degtheta; radt
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Figure 3−21 Pushing and Popping t
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Advanced If you know enough mathema
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* clip left half −− x < 0 */ }
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#include #include #include stati
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Figure 3−25 Robot Arm You can use
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} } case ‘S’: shoulder = (shoul
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#include #include #include #incl
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Chapter 4 Color Chapter Objectives
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is called the color buffer. The siz
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number of bitplanes, 0.0 specifies
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Figure 4−4 A Color Map A painter
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mode. Then you must control the vis
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GL_FLAT. With flat shading, the col
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independent quad 4i Table 4−2 How
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"Real−World and OpenGL Lighting"
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desire a more accurate (or just dif
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Example 5−1 accomplishes these ta
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Example 5−1, the only element of
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GLfloat light_ambient[] = { 0.0, 0.
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Figure 5−2 GL_SPOT_CUTOFF Paramet
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A light position that remains fixed
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*/ void display(void) { } GLfloat p
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} gluLookAt (ex, ey, ez, 0.0, 0.0,
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it doesn’t matter what the back
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glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_
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glTranslatef (1.25, 3.0, 0.0); glMa
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void display(void) { } glClear(GL_C
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colors when in RGBA mode. (See "The
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The diffuse term needs to take into
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of using this color ramp with a sin
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drawn in a window on the screen? Wh
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To blend three different images equ
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#include static int leftFirst = GL
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already in the framebuffer (the des
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} glPushMatrix (); glTranslatef (0.
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Figure 6−2 Aliased and Antialiase
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#include static float rotAngle = 0
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} glutDisplayFunc (display); glutMa
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} } rotAngle += 20.; if (rotAngle >
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#include #include #include #incl
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{ } switch (key) { } case ‘t’:
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} } glFogf (GL_FOG_DENSITY, 0.35);
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In these three equations, z is the
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} glFogf (GL_FOG_START, 1.0); glFog
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where m is the maximum depth slope
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Chapter 7 Display Lists Chapter Obj
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} } } } glEnd(); glVertex3f(x, y, z
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glEnd() calls are stored in the dis
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implementation may be able to perfo
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} return 0; The glTranslatef() rout
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arrays, so these operations can be
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mechanism requires that you put the
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} CP; int type; CP Adata[] = { }; {
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} glTranslatef(10.0, 30.0, 0.0); pr
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glEndList(); If you use the display
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Chapter 8 Drawing Pixels, Bitmaps,
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0xff, 0x00, 0xff, 0x00, 0xc0, 0x00,
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Drawing the Bitmap Once you’ve se
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an offset to every entry in the str
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{0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xc3
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} glutMainLoop(); return 0; Images
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component, followed by a blue color
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current drawing buffers with glDraw
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Figure 8−8 glCopyTexImage*() and
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Figure 8−9 *SKIP_ROWS, *SKIP_PIXE
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Pixel Mapping All the color compone
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} int i, j, c; for (i = 0; i < chec
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} glutMotionFunc(motion); glutMainL
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3. Each component (R, G, B, A, or d
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5. If the storage format is one of
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lend a texture color with the surfa
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An Overview and an Example This sec
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#define checkImageHeight 64 static
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} init(); glutDisplayFunc(display);
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texture of internal format GL_R3_G3
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Note: There is one major limitation
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{ } switch (key) { } case ‘s’:
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GL_READ_BUFFER and are processed ex
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#include #include #include GLuby
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} glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXT
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Figure 9−5 Texture Magnification
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eturned in textureNames do not have
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} GL_NEAREST); glTexParameteri(GL_T
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texture objects. void glPrioritizeT
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lended with the texture color in a
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the surface, the more distortion of
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Figure 9−8 Clamping a Texture You
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Initially in Example 9−6, equally
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} glFlush(); void reshape(int w, in
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calculated only at the time they’
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indexed by s’/q’ and t’/q’
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Figure 10−1 Region Occupied by a
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you might use them for saving an im
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can be one of the following: GL_FRO
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7. Logical operation Each of these
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You can obtain the values for all s
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} glPushMatrix(); glRotatef (90.0,
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pixel appears, it’s drawn only if
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Table 10−4 Sixteen Logical Operat
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} xwsize = right − left; ywsize =
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} glutSolidSphere (1.0, 16, 16); gl
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} glFlush(); void reshape(int w, in
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Example 10−5 Depth−of−Field E
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} } glAccum (GL_RETURN, 1.0); glFlu
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Chapter 11 Tessellators and Quadric
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hurts to be tidy. Tessellation Call
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void errorCallback(GLenum errorCode
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GLdouble value); For the tessellati
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The winding rules are also designed
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for several vertices may not get th
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The GLU provides a routine for obta
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GLUquadricObj* gluNewQuadric (void)
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sweepAngle are measured in degrees,
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} glTranslatef(0.0, 2.0, 0.0); glPu
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Chapter 12 Evaluators and NURBS Cha
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vertices can be used like any other
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} A cubic Bézier curve is describe
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You can use glEvalCoord1() with any
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}; {0.5, −1.5, −1.0}, {1.5, −
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Figure 12−3 Lit, Shaded Bézier S
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} for (i = 0; i < imageWidth; i++)
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once with the control points (ratio
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} glRotatef(330.0, 1.,0.,0.); glSca
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The default value for GLU_DISPLAY_M
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points, respectively. You might als
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Figure 12−6 Trimmed NURBS Surface
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Chapter 13 Selection and Feedback C
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As mentioned in the previous sectio
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void drawTriangle (GLfloat x1, GLfl
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} glPushMatrix (); glMatrixMode (GL
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different components of a primitive
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glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION); glPus
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} glPopMatrix(); /* draw last two w
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} if (mode == GL_SELECT) glLoadName
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} return 0; Try This Modify Example
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hand, selection in three dimensions
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A Feedback Example Example 13−7 d
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} glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION); glL
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Chapter 14 Now That You Know Chapte
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GL_STACK_OVERFLOW Command would cau
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extension that is available only on
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Each time through the loop, you cle
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} } set_color(i,j); glVertex2i(x(i,
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the bits of the appropriate color d
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C, ..., I, where region I is outsid
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Shadows Every possible projection o
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you’ll need to clear the stencil
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Figure 14−3 Dirichlet Domains If
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Video⎯Even if your machine doesn
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from specialized vertex arrays. Per
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applied to the top matrix on the st
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OpenGL State Variables The followin
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GL_FOG_START Linear fog start fog 0
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GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_x Texture wrap mode
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GL_DOMAIN 1D domain endpoints ⎯
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Appendix C OpenGL and Window System
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glFinish(), glXWaitGL() doesn’t r
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Use aglQueryVersion() to determine
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AGLDrawable aglGetCurrentDrawable (
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A shortcut for using OS/2 logical f
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directly. CreateDIBitmap() creates
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Appendix D Basics of GLUT: The Open
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depending upon whether the mouse ha
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Appendix E Calculating Normal Vecto
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evaluated at a particular point (x,
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Sometimes, you need to vary this me
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transformations.) After transformat
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As before, the inverses are obtaine
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Appendix G Programming Tips This ap
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computations. If your application r
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Appendix H OpenGL Invariance OpenGL
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Appendix I Color Plates This append
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Plate 4 The scene drawn with flat
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Plate 7 The scene drawn with one of
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. Plate 10 Teapots drawn with jitte
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Plate 14 Gray teapots drawn with di
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. Plate 18 Lighted, green teapots d
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Plate 21 An environment−mapped ob
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Plate 23 A magnification of the pre
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Plate 27 Sophisticated use of textu
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Plate 31 Another scene from a diffe
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itplane A rectangular array of bits
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decal A method of calculating color
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gamma correction A function applied
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A source of illumination which has
Page 491 and 492:
A point, a line, a polygon, a bitma
Page 493 and 494:
The 4×4 matrix that transforms tex
Page 495:
Index
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