geotechnical engineering practices in canada - the Office of ...

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CHAPTER 3
Figure 4. Staging area for floating tunnel elements
and towing out to position.
will link Denmark to
Sweden and is an
example of Eurocode 7
procedures and designbuild
contracting in
practice.
LRFD
History of Use
and Development
The Eurocode system
was developed to
harmonize the design of
civil engineering works
(i.e., buildings, bridges,
sign supports, and
towers) among the EU
countries. Thus, it
applies to and, upon
completion, will be
mandatory for all EU countries—now numbering 15—and 4 non-EU countries. More are
expected to join from the Eastern bloc.
The general features of the Eurocodes are:
• “Technical rules” are harmonized across materials.
• They are design codes.
• They have a limit-states format.
• They use partial safety factors.
As written, Eurocode features:
• Principal requirements that must be followed are paragraphs marked with a “P.”
• Application rules indicate optional ways to satisfy the principal requirements.
• Partial factors, placed in brackets [ ], may be set by EU-member governments,
because building safety is a government responsibility.
The Eurocodes for Civil Engineering Works are numbered as follows:
• Eurocode 0: Basis for Design.
• Eurocode 1: Actions.
• Eurocodes 2–6 and 9: Structural Design (concrete, steel, etc.).
• Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design.
• Eurocode 8: Earthquake Design.