Gateway Chronicle 2022

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HOW FAR DO YOU AGREE THAT RICHARD II LOST HIS THRONE DUE TO HIS COUSIN HENRY’S AMBITION? Every year students in the Sixth Form about to study Medieval History research a key topic for an Essay Competition. This year’s winner was Milly CH, who considered the reasons why Richard II was deposed in 1399. Richard had become King at the age of just ten and negotiated successfully with the rebels in 1381 at the age of fourteen. Yet his reign was marred by rivalry with his cousin who was a similar age and their teenage conflict resulted in deposition and death… 12 | G ateway <strong>Chronicle</strong>
Bolingbroke’s ambition, both driven by his personal goals and Richard’s treatment of him, were a key factor in Richard’s deposition but it would be inaccurate to call it the most important factor. Instead, Richard’s own arbitrary actions led to a tyrannical reign and his losing his throne, although the declining authority and prestige of the crown is another factor to consider. Bolingbroke’s ambition, aptly captured in Shakespeare’s presentation of him in ‘Richard II’, was a crucial factor in determining the fate of the throne in 1399. This ambition can perhaps be most clearly seen in the formation of his alliance with the Percy family in the North, a family continually slighted by Richard in his ‘persistent efforts to break the independent power of the Percies’. As an incredibly powerful political and military force, this alliance was invaluable in the actuality of removing Richard II from the throne, the combined strength of Bolingbroke’s Lancastrians and the Percies proving undefeatable to the absent king. Bolingbroke’s ambition is thus evident as his political prowess aided his ambition to make a bid for the throne. By capitalising off the harm Richard himself had caused in the earlier days of his tyranny, Bolingbroke not only furthered his own goals but also united a fearful English nation behind, what initially appeared to be, a strong candidate for the throne. However, despite Bolingbroke’s ambition, it is key to note ‘the Percies opposed Henry’s design on the throne up to the very last.’ The weaknesses of Bolingbroke’s ambition are thus able to be seen as even his strongest allies could not be said to be fully committed to his desire for the crown. Continuing in this manner, Bolingbroke had proved himself to be capable of betraying others in order to get what he wanted, highlighting the ambition present within him which eventually allowed him to seize the throne of England. During the Lord’s Appellants’ uprising of 1388, Bolingbroke had brought the great masses of Lancastrian soldiers who weren’t abroad with his father to help stop the royal retinue in December 1387. Here, not only the beginnings Bolingbroke’s desire for a different monarch on the throne evident but also how his drive enabled his goal to be achieved. Although it was only temporary, the events of 1388 definitively set the scene for Bolingbroke’s own successful bid for the crown eleven years later, underlining the extent of his ambition and how it was crucial in later events. Furthermore, despite the possibility of it being fiction (although this has somewhat been dismissed thanks to Professor Given- Wilson), Bolingbroke sold out Mowbray to the king, claiming of treasonous advantages. It is thus key to note although Henry Lancaster clearly disapproved of Richard on the throne, as evidenced by his actions in 1388, he was not above going against these beliefs for his own personal gain – in this case, to obtain the trust of the king. Hence, even when his ambition was not being shown in actions and events directly relating to Richard II’s deposition in 1399, Bolingbroke’s desire to achieve his goals can be seen to greatly influence the political climate of the Middle Ages, setting precedent for later years. However, it would not be fully accurate to say Bolingbroke’s ambition was the main reason for deposing Richard II as he publicly stated he was simply arriving back from exile to get his inheritance. There is no evidence until Henry was sure he would win a bid for the crown that he was attempting to do so, undermining the overall argument. Without a display of 13 | G ateway <strong>Chronicle</strong>
Page 1 and 2: YOUNG VOICES GATEWAY CHRONICLE 2022
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS FROM THE EDITORS 5 MEDIEVA
Page 5 and 6: FROM THE EDITORS Jonathan B Ben H H
Page 7 and 8: MEDIEVAL PERIOD 7 | G ateway Chroni
Page 9 and 10: ‘one of the earliest examples of
Page 11: The fact that the biographer saw th
Page 15 and 16: Bolingbroke fuelled his ambition wh
Page 17 and 18: THE MAID OF ORLEANS Zaid J, 2.4 Joa
Page 19 and 20: attempts to burn Joan before she ev
Page 21 and 22: he turned to the Pope for a way out
Page 23 and 24: MODERNPERIOD 23 | G ateway Chronicl
Page 25 and 26: of infant and child mortality; over
Page 27 and 28: PHILLIS WHEATLEY Matthew M, 2.3 Phi
Page 29 and 30: 29 | G ateway Chronicle
Page 31 and 32: many schools to keep boys and girls
Page 33 and 34: HOW SIGNIFICANT WAS THE 1870 EDUCAT
Page 35 and 36: was responsible for 400 schools. Mo
Page 37 and 38: MODERN PERIOD 37 | G ateway Chronic
Page 39 and 40: the policy only really began in 190
Page 41 and 42: YOUTH AND THE EASTER RISING Aiden C
Page 43 and 44: CHILDHOOD IN THE EARLY SOVIET UNION
Page 45 and 46: hand, they did attempt to alleviate
Page 47 and 48: own families and testing the loyalt
Page 49 and 50: to the rebellion of circles of like
Page 51 and 52: There was also a lesson broadcast o
Page 53 and 54: virtues such as rén (humaneness) a
Page 55 and 56: and inexperienced teachers resorted
Page 57 and 58: A PIONEER OF AMERICAN EDUCATION: TH
Page 59 and 60: VICTIMS AND PROTAGONISTS: CHILDREN
Page 61 and 62: children in its cause. For example,
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THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LEGO
Page 65 and 66:
THE HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD Daniel O,
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