Green Economy Journal Issue 57

G R E E N
Economy
journal
ISSUE 57 | 2023
Just Energy
Transition for
AFRICA
22 SAPVIA
INTERVIEW
WITH
CEO
28
WIND
TURBINE
SOURCING
42
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NATURE RESERVE

PUBLISHER’S NOTE
Recently a new ministerial portfolio was created, and the Honourable
Minister of Electricity, Dr Kgosientso Ramokgopa, was appointed. But
what do we know about him? According to Wikipedia, Kgosientso
“Sputla” Ramokgopa is a South African politician who was the Mayor
of Tshwane from 2010 to 2016. His academic background includes
a Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering, Master’s degrees in public
administration and business leadership and a PhD in public affairs.
He was born in 1975.
I read in media that Ramokgopa left the City of Tshwane bankrupt
after the legal settlement with PEU Capital Partners over a deal to roll
out smart electricity meters across the City ended in litigation.
I would like to share a few first-hand details about Ramokgopa’s
performance at City of Tshwane. It may give an idea as to how he will
tackle his current monumental challenge.
We ran the Sustainability Week conference in partnership with
the City of Tshwane from 2011 to 2016, and Ramokgopa was the
patron of the event. Among a great many other positive projects and
happenings in the green economy that the event’s many sub-sector
conferences focused on, we also showcased the work of Tshwane’s
City Sustainability Unit under the leadership of Dorah Modise,
subsequently influential CEO of Green Building Council SA.
The team under Romokgopa were trailblazers. Aside from many
other achievements, they developed the first Green Service Delivery
Strategy in South Africa and were mandated to act into all City
departments to guide the implementation of interventions aimed at
achieving the stated objectives.
Their projects ranged from the first wheeling deal which facilitated
the Bio2Watt biogas project in Bronkhorstspruit, making electricity
out of various waste streams including sorted municipal solid waste
(MSW) and supplying power to the BMW Rosslyn plant and free WiFi to
all Tshwane residents, to the first fully-mechanised materials recovery
facility (MURF), and the roll-out of smart electricity meters that would
enable net metering for small-scale embedded generation.
Ultimately, Ramakgopa was unseated by an ANC opponent before
they lost the City to the DA.
Having worked with Ramokgopa, albeit at some distance, I feel
optimistic that if anyone in the ANC can pull this mandate through,
it is him.
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G R E E N
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CONTENTS
6 NEWS AND SNIPPETS
ENERGY
10 What the world is learning from SA’s energy transition
16 The Just Energy Transition – what it should be ...
22 It’s time for solar to shine: interview with SAPVIA CEO
26 Business Partners urges companies to go solar
28 The future of onshore wind turbine sourcing
32 Wind energy’s leading role in SA’s Energy Action Plan
36 REVOV says that we are morally bound to demand
environmentally sound batteries
38 Bringing power back to LiFe: we interview REVOV CEO
WASTE
20 NCPC-SA’s waste minimisation programme is improving lives
DECARBONISATION
34 Climate impact imperatives by SRK Consulting
16
28
42
Publisher
EDITOR’S NOTE
Africa is blessed with land and resources, enough to supply the whole
world, and needs to capitalise on this in a sustainable way. We have
sunshine for solar, water for hydro and wind for renewable capacity
and an abundance of biomass and waste that can be converted
to energy. Chris Whyte, ACEN, points out that the key focus here
is energy, and the simple reality is that Africa will never be able to
achieve the SDGs without energy. Everything is reliant on energy: we
need to avoid the expensive mistakes of before and rather implement
viable energy generation (page 16).
The push for renewable energy is showing an increase in solar PV
across the country, which in turn drives demand for components and
services. Don’t miss our interview with the CEO of SAPVIA (page 22)
or our article on wind turbine sourcing (page 28).
Our thought leadership article indicates that despite the speed with
which solar and wind power plants could be built, South Africa’s grid
itself does not have the capacity to distribute that power (page 42).
Alexis Knipe
Editor
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any way or
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by or on behalf of any organisations or products. Please address any concerns in this regard to
the Publisher.
WOOD PULP AND PAPER
8 PAMSA on the circular economy
40 Forestry: a greener more sustainable future
THOUGHT LEADERSHIP
42 Quo vadis infrastructure development
46 DQS Academy: simply leveraging quality
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4
5

NEWS & SNIPPETS
NEWS & SNIPPETS
SA WELCOMES CLIMATE CHANGE REPORT
South Africa welcomes the release
of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC)’s Summary for
Policy Makers and a longer synthesis
report of the Sixth Assessment Cycle.
“The report brings together the work
of leading global scientists over the
past six years and clearly shows that
more than a century of burning fossil
fuels and unsustainable energy and
land use worldwide, but in particular in
developed countries, has led to global
Minister Creecy.
warming of 1.1°C since the start of the
industrial revolution,” says the Minister of Forestry, Fisheries and
the Environment, Barbara Creecy.
The IPCC finds that with every increment of warming, the risks,
impacts, related losses and damages escalate. When these risks
combine with other adverse events, such as pollution and loss of
biological diversity, they cascade across sectors and regions and
become increasingly difficult to manage. Nothing less than an
emergency response will suffice.
“It is therefore important, particularly in this decade, to accelerate
efforts to adapt to the reality of a rapidly changing climate and to
close the existing adaptation gap,” says Minister Creecy.
The scientists tell us that global emissions should already be
decreasing and be cut by almost half by 2030. Ultimately, the only
way to stabilise warming is to reach net zero CO2 emissions. To limit
warming to 1.5°C would require net zero CO2 in the early 2050s,
followed by net negative CO2 emissions in the decades thereafter.
“Through the Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP) we
have identified measures in the electricity, transport and hydrogen
sectors and value chains to contribute to decarbonisation of our
economy. It is not just an energy transition plan, but a just one –
and this puts workers and communities at the centre of defining
their future in a low carbon economy. The JETP-IP will require over
R1.5-trillion to be fully implemented. We have challenged our
partners and multilateral development banks to increase finance
for climate investments. This is important to achieve global
climate goals and our view is that there is sufficient global capital
to close the gaps.”
The IPCC indicates that these finance gaps and opportunities
are greatest in developing economies. A rapid scaling up of
finance flows from global capital markets and supporting public
funding from developed economies for enhanced mitigation and
accelerated adaptation, can act as a catalyst for accelerating the
global shift to sustainable development.
More importantly, the IPCC indicates that grant-based public
financing is crucial to accelerate adaptation activity, which is
severely underfunded. The greatest gains in wellbeing can be
achieved by prioritising finance to reduce climate risk for the most
vulnerable regions (especially in Sub-Saharan Africa), and for the
most vulnerable, low-income and marginalised communities.
Mitigation faces a different challenge: leveraging private finance
through public financing by reducing some of the risks inherent
in upscaling mitigation, especially in newer sectors, and in developing
regions, including those facing debt and public financing
macroeconomic constraints. The JET-IP needs to support social
justice, including in financial terms.
JET MUST CONSIDER AFRICA’S NEEDS
Africa must be given the space to transition from high carbon usage
to low carbon at a pace and cost that it can afford, says Minister of
Mineral Resources and Energy Gwede Mantashe.
“Their voice [African people] on the energy transition must be heard.
That is the voice that says, energy production in Africa must be aligned
to Africa’s socio-economic development. This means that there must be
a balance between energy demand for socio-economic development
and energy supply that is premised on low carbon emissions,” he says.
Africa’s mineral resources
Mantashe says the continent’s rich endowment with minerals that
are suitable for clean energy production could mean a boost for the
continent’s economies. “We believe that it is in the interest of Africa
that a rigorous mineral exploration programme is implemented to
uncover these unknown deposits in many other countries of our
continent. For its part, South Africa continues to mobilise investments
in exploration informed by the understanding that it is the lifeblood of
mining, which has been the backbone of our economic development
for over 150 years.”
NEW CEO FOR PRO ALLIANCE
The Paper and Packaging PRO Alliance has announced the
appointment of Dorah Modise as its new chief executive officer,
effective from 1 April 2023. Modise’s personal philosophy,
backed by considerable experience, is fully attuned to her new
set of responsibilities.
“I look forward to working with alliance partners in leading this
great organisation that will demonstrate the power of collective
action in a dynamic sector that is largely untapped. Waste is the
new gold and with industry taking the lead on massifying recycling,
recovery, beneficiation and market enhancement programmes, we
will take several steps towards achieving sustainability,” she says.
WOLF WIND BREEZES CLOSER TO NATIONAL GRID
An 84MW Wolf Wind project in the Eastern Cape has reached
financial close and is projected to start generating electricity for
the national grid by the first quarter of 2024.
Juwi Renewable Energies reports that exploding public and
private demand for large-scale renewables because of South Africa’s
energy crisis has led to the rapid expansion of its national footprint,
with more than 1.5GW of wind, 2GW of solar and 500MW of hybrid
projects incorporating storage in development for private and public
energy users.
The Wolf Wind project was successfully bid by Red Rocket in
Round 5 of the government’s Renewable Energy Independent
Power Producers Procurement Programme (REI4P). Wolf Wind is
the second wind project developed by Juwi to reach financial close
under the REI4P – the first being the 138MW Garob Wind Project,
which reached commercial operation in 2021. The Wolf Wind Project
is expected to generate more than 360GWh of clean electricity
for the South African grid each year, offsetting 374 400 tons of
CO2 each year.
Positive economic contribution
Wind has significantly demonstrated its positive economic contribution
with a total procurement by wind IPPs during construction and
operations to date exceeding R9-billion in value.
SAWEA’s chief communications officer, Morongoa Ramaboa, says
the Association welcomes the government’s approach to accelerate
private investment in generation capacity, through the removal of
the licensing requirement for generation projects of any size, the
RECYCLABLE WIND TURBINE BLADES
Nordex Group is participating as one of the 18 partners, in a
sustainability project funded by the European Union, to drive
the recycling of high-value rotor blade materials from wind
turbine blades.
Currently, 85% to 95% of a Nordex wind turbine is recyclable. For
many of the materials used, there are established recycling processes
for environmentally-friendly disposal – especially for steel and
concrete, which make up the largest share of a wind turbine in the
tower and foundation.
Turbine rotor blades consist of a combination of different materials
such as wood, various metals, adhesives, paints and composites.
The composites are glass-fibre-reinforced plastics, as well as carbonfibre-reinforced
plastics. At the end of their life, rotor blades are more
challenging to recycle due to the heterogeneity of the material and
the strong adhesion between the fibres and polymers. Recycling
processes for these materials are not yet fully established, and reuse
of recycled materials is not widespread.
reduction of timeframes for regulatory approvals, as well as the
establishment of a “one-stop shop” for energy projects through
Invest SA.
“The ideal is to create an environment that encourages and
accelerates investment injection into the economy, removing the
pressure from public fiscus, and to stimulate the private sector to
invest in their own energy supply and create new industries,” she says.
Niveshen Govender, SAWEA CEO, says a clearly defined queueing
system needs to be urgently implemented with a balanced view
between publicly and privately procured electricity.
“Ministerial determination for over 18 000MW of new generation
capacity from wind, solar and battery storage should be prioritised
since it was published in August last year,” he says, noting that the
intention to enable businesses and households to invest in rooftop
solar is a good start towards addressing the country’s energy
crisis. This requires the development of a net billing framework for
municipalities to enable customers to feed electricity from rooftop
solar installations into the grid.
“To realise our vision of becoming a thriving commercial wind
power industry that supports government in its mandate to secure
energy for South Africa, we cannot afford a repeat of the latest failed
public procurement bid window (BW6), which has resulted in the loss
of investment and market confidence.
“The current system for allocating grid access remains a pressure
point as it marginalises capable and willing organisations that can
contribute significantly to the supply of electricity,” Govender says.
By Neesa Moodley. Courtesy Daily Maverick.
“In line with our group’s Sustainability Strategy 2025, ambitious
goals have been set, including offering the market a fully recyclable
blade within the next decade, with the target set for 2032,”
explained Nordex MD, Compton Saunders.
To reach this goal, Nordex have conducted and participated in
several Research and Development projects, one of which is the
European-funded “Wind turbine blades End of Life through Open
HUBs for circular materials in sustainable business models”, or
EoLO-HUBS for short.
The objective of the EoLO-HUBS project is to demonstrate and
validate a set of innovative composite material recycling technologies
which will provide answers to the three main areas involved in endof-life
wind farm recycling: de-commissioning and pre-treatment
of wind turbine blades; sustainable fibre reclamation processes
addressing two alternative routes: low-carbon pyrolysis and green
chemistry solvolysis; upgrading processes for the recovered fibres
addressing mainly glass fibres as well as carbon fibres.
6
7

ENERGY
ENERGY
What the world
is learning
from SA’s nascent
JUST ENERGY TRANSITION
INVESTMENT PLAN
Ramaphosa has been praised by global leaders for South Africa’s efforts to prevent and avert the
worst effects of human-induced climate change as part of its Just Energy Transition Investment Plan.
BY ETHAN VAN DIEMEN
South Africa’s Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP) is
designed to accelerate the move away from coal in a way that
protects vulnerable workers and communities and develop
new economic opportunities such as green hydrogen and electric
vehicles (EVs). It is part of South Africa’s efforts to prevent and avert
the worst effects of human-induced climate change.
UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, US President Joe Biden, French
President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz
have commended South Africa for its commitment to clean energy
but importantly the country’s emphasis on assisting workers and
communities who will be affected by job losses as we become less
reliant on the coal industry.
Earthlife Africa director Makoma Lekalakala welcomed the five-year
R1.5-trillion investment plan, summing up why our JET-IP is a gamechanger
for South Africans. “We need clean, cheap renewable energy
to end the loadshedding caused by our failing coal fleet, and to address
the energy poverty that is hampering social justice and development
for all.”
South Africa is among the top 20 highest emitters of planet-warming
greenhouse gases in the world and accounts for nearly a third of all
of Africa’s emissions, due in large part to Eskom’s legacy dependence
on coal for electricity generation. From the way we move people and
goods around to how we light up our streets and homes, the plan seeks
to clean up South Africa’s act without leaving anyone behind.
Mandy Rambharos, former general manager of the Just Energy
Transition office at Eskom said several banks, including the World Bank
and African Development Bank, said South Africa’s plan is the best they
had seen on the table out of 14 plans from around the world. “While I
was at Eskom, we were approached by the Vietnamese, Indonesians,
Philippines and Indians ... wanting to collaborate with us.”
One of the reasons that South Africa is recognised as a leader in its
moves towards JET is because of the multistakeholder consultative
process that saw the drafting of a Just Transition Framework.
The Presidential Climate Commission (PCC) in July last year released
the framework that sets out a shared vision for JET, principles to guide
the transition, and policies and governance arrangements to give
effect to the transition from an economy that is predominantly reliant
on fossil fuel-based energy, towards a low-emissions and climateresilient
economy. Dr Crispian Olver, executive director of PCC, said
that “a lot of the international partners … are looking to build a model
[such as] in South Africa, and then expand it and replicate it elsewhere.
“We’ve also heard the same from many of our sister developing
countries and they’re not looking to exactly replicate what we’re doing
… but we’re acutely aware that countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, India,
Brazil and several African partners are all embarking on very similar
energy transitions and they’re having to grapple with the economic
and social consequences of those transitions”.
Olver shared some of the lessons that South Africa offers to other
countries. These include to:
• Be consultative
• Be inclusive
• Make use of forums such as climate commissions
At COP26, in what was hailed as a “watershed” moment for South Africa
and international collaboration, a political declaration announced the
mobilisation of $8.5-billion to accelerate our move away from its ageing,
10 11

ENERGY
ENERGY
polluting and unreliable coal fleet towards renewable energy sources.
The declaration heralded the first step in developing a pioneering
model for climate-focused partnerships and collaborations between
developed and developing countries.
United Nations (UN) Secretary-General António Guterres, at the
conclusion of the conference said, “To help lower emissions in many
other emerging economies, we need to build coalitions of support
including developed countries, financial institutions and those with
the technical know-how. This is crucial to help each of those emerging
countries speed the transition from coal and accelerate the greening
of their economies.
“The partnership with South Africa announced a few days ago is
a model for doing just that,” the UN chief added.
The model was formed after the governments of South Africa, France,
Germany, UK, US and the European Union – collectively known as the
International Partners Group (IPG) – signed the political declaration.
The coalition of rich countries and South Africa came to be known as the
Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) and spurred the development
of both the investment plan as well as a framework for how best to
move away from coal in a way that doesn’t leave workers along the coal
value chain – particularly in Mpumalanga – stranded and destitute.
Plans and pledges became reality when South Africa signed
separate, highly concessional loan agreements with the French and
German public development banks, AFD and KfW, worth €600-million
(R10.7-billion). France and Germany are two of the partners in South
Africa’s JETP, along with the US, the UK and the European Union. With
associated interest rates for loans agreed at 3.6% and 3%, respectively,
the loans are more palatable than the 8.9% the government would
expect to raise an equivalent loan today in the open market.
Amar Bhattacharya, a senior fellow in the Centre for Sustainable
Development, housed in the Global Economy and Development
programme at Brookings Institution, described our investment
To help lower emissions in many
other emerging economies, we
need to build coalitions of support
including developed countries,
financial institutions and those with
the technical know-how.
PIPELINE OF PROJECTS
Fumani Mthembi from Knowledge points out that what is needed
is increased investment in improving capacity and competence
amongst policymakers, investors and project developers. In addition,
the development of specialised vehicles for project incubation
and aggregation; working with existing project portfolios to effect
change; reforming financial institution and financial sector incentive
structures, reporting, benchmarks and project valuation frameworks
and improving flexibility of public sector financing frameworks.
Mthembi explains that the potential to upscale community projects
was hampered by several factors including regulatory challenges.
She explains that “just transition projects, by their nature, introduce
technologies and ways of generating value that are novel, to the
extent that decarbonisation has not historically been central to the
impetus of job creation. Consequently, they often run into regulatory
challenges, requiring changes to be made to enable project viability.”
She says that “funding typically supports the operational aspects of
project rollouts but the demand on developers to advance the more
systemic changes required to enable scale is not incorporated into
the funding package, placing added burden on project developers.
Regulatory change is, therefore, often the product of the unpaid
labour of developers who stretch and strain themselves to generate
the public good that is an enabling regulatory environment.”
Other issues include the need for public-private partnerships; the
need to factor in the broader political context of implementing such
projects especially at a community level and time is a key factor in
developing community projects for scale. Finally, there is the issue
of gender when it comes to small-scale projects and how so-called
“women’s work” often is under-remunerated.
Article courtesy Daily Maverick
plan as “precisely the kind of model that is needed to lay out
an actionable plan. It has got justice running through it … I want to
emphasise something … this is a sustained effort, five years to start
with is good but it will require a generational shift.”
Lebogang Mulaisi, head of policy at COSATU, was lukewarm about
the JETP and the investment plan that came of it. “It’s a start for a
broader conversation around how to finance the transition … I’m not
convinced, as yet … that we go deep into how we’re going to address
ownership structures in South Africa.”
She said reskilling and upskilling is great, “but we have an ownership
crisis in our country … and I just don’t feel we’ve addressed the issue
of addressing inequality decisively”.
Indonesia and India are two developing countries with similar coal
dependencies and are at different stages of their transitions.
Dr Sandeep Pai is a senior research lead with the Global Just
Transition Network at the Centre for Strategic and International
Studies (CSIS). His expertise spans the political economy of energy
transitions, coal sector dynamics, energy access and just transitions.
“Indonesia is very interested in multilateral financing to phase
out coal in the long term. India, not so much. India considers coal
as a key energy security source. Generally, India is not interested in
any deals that focus on coal phase-out or phase-down. However,
both countries are in JETP negotiations with G7 countries. G7 and
Indonesian negotiations are at advanced stages but negotiations
with India are going slow,” he said.
Asked whether South Africa’s JETP can be considered a model, Pai
said “Yes, JETP partnerships theoretically could be a model for
catalysing a coal phase down in India and even Indonesia. However,
not the way it has played out in South Africa. India and Indonesia
need to learn many lessons from South Africa’s JETP model. India
and Indonesia need to come up with investment plans … do
their homework, identify projects they want to execute, and then
negotiate JETPs with rich countries … I don’t think either of these
countries has done their homework yet.
“[The] South African JETP model – although very relevant for India
and Indonesia – won’t be meaningful for workers and the climate in its
current form.
“India and Indonesia have a lot to learn from South Africa
about how to run and engage a variety of stakeholders, including
unions, regions and municipalities in Mpumalanga, to very concrete
technical issues such as how to repurpose coal plants being
undertaken by Eskom.”
Dr Rahul Tongia, a senior fellow with the Centre for Social and
Economic Progress in New Delhi, largely concurred with Pai. He
is also a non-resident senior fellow in the Energy Security and
Climate Initiative at the Brookings Institution. He explained that
while lessons can be drawn from the South African experience, the
country’s JETP is more accurately described as a “reference point”
for India and other countries with heavy coal dependencies. “South
Africa is heavily coal dependent, more so for its power sector, but
there are critical differences with, say, India, that make South
Africa’s JETP more useful as a reference point than as a template.
Most South African coal power plants are multiple decades old,
and thus close to end of life. “In contrast, the median age of India’s
fleet is close to just over a decade old.”
Sinthya Roesly is director of finance and risk management at
Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) – an Indonesian state-owned
electricity distribution monopoly which supplies most of the coalfired
power to the country. PLN, for all intents and purposes, can
be considered the Indonesian Eskom. She acknowledged that while
there were lessons to be learnt from South Africa’s experience,
Indonesia needs to “look into every aspect of the transition” and
that it is important to be “cautious in early retirement [of coal power
plants]… balancing all energy sources to support the economy”.
Roesly’s sentiments accorded with those of Gwede Mantashe,
Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy, who in a parliamentary
debate on JET said, “Our transition cannot only be about reaching
climate change targets. It must also address energy poverty,
which includes lack of access to energy, unaffordability of energy
and electricity interruptions or loadshedding. A pendulum swing
from coal-powered energy generation to renewable energy does
not guarantee baseload stability. It will sink the country into a
baseload crisis.”
Amos Wemanya, the senior renewable energy and just transition
JET-IP, SET, GO
JET-IP identifies USD98-billion in financial requirements over the next five years to come from both public and private sectors. The JET-IP goal
is to decarbonise our economy to within the NDC target range of 350-420MtCO 2 by 2030 in a just manner. JET-IP is centred on decarbonisation,
social justice, economic growth and inclusivity as well as governance. The investment criteria for the Plan include projects that deliver on
greenhouse gas emissions reduction and JET outcomes and are catalytic in nature and ready to implement. Key investments include:
• Electricity. Decommissioning (repowering and repurposing with clean technologies), transmitter grid strengthening and expansion, and
renewable energy.
• New Energy Vehicles. Decarbonising the automotive sector and supporting supply chain transition towards green manufacturing.
• Gaseous Hydrogen. Essential planning and feasibilities including port investment to enhance exports and boost employment and GDP.
• Cross-cutting. Investment in skills development and municipalities.
12
13

ENERGY
AfricaBusiness.com
JET POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
The National Development Plan (NDP), draft Integrated Energy Plan (IEP),
Renewable Energy White Paper, Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC),
Just Transition Framework and enabling policies under development and in
implementation, outline the policy foundation for energy transition in South
Africa and the move away from carbon-fuelled energy.
The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) 2019 covers the government’s plans for
power until 2030 and outlines a decreased reliance on coal-powered energy
and an increased focus on a diversified energy mix that includes renewable
energy, distributed generation and battery storage.
The Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme
(REIPPPP), introduced in 2011, outlined the procurement of renewable energy
in the country. The sixth round of the REIPPP kicked off in 2022 and aims to
procure 2.6GW of solar and wind power.
To incentivise the self-generation of renewable energy, the government
has indicated that it proposes to scrap the threshold for distributed energy
generation of 100MW.
Other developments include, inter alia, the South African Automotive
Masterplan, Climate Change Bill, Green Taxonomy and carbon tax increases.
Further policies such as the National Energy Efficiency Strategy and Green
Transport Strategy also have a role to play.
Trading in carbon offsets in the carbon market, where companies can pay
other entities to offset their emissions for them, is also growing in popularity in
emerging markets. In August 2022, the JSE announced that it was investigating
the possibility of introducing a carbon trading market in South Africa.
In February 2022, the South African Hydrogen Society Roadmap was published
by government. The roadmap is an important marker on its path towards
implementing hydrogen development.
Eskom identified 18 IPP bids in terms of an auction relating to the use of vacant
land it owned in Mpumalanga situated in proximity to its coal-fired power stations
with direct access to the national transmission network that will enable wheeling.
The projects will add almost 1 800MW of renewable power to the grid.
Recent amendments to the Electricity Regulation Act were proposed by
DMRE and are likely to address the electricity supply deficit, vertical structure
of the market and lack of competition, introduction of a multi-market including
IPPs as well as the formation of a central purchasing agency. The amendments
will address the introduction of a day-ahead market to accommodate hourly
supply and demand, direct procurement of power by municipalities, increase in
the threshold pertaining to self-generation, need to accommodate low carbonemitting
generation technologies, timing of licensing applications, changes in
transmission system operation including power trading and the creation of
additional regulatory capability. The aim is to accelerate affordable, decentralised,
diversely-owned renewable energy systems.
adviser at Power Shift Africa, a Pan-African think-tank,
called for caution. He said, “If done right, JETPs could offer
an opportunity for piloting transformative approaches to
addressing aspects of the energy transitions – like early coal
retirement – in a principled way. They can also potentially
help aspiring oil and gas producers such as Senegal choose
climate-friendly development pathways.
“However,” Wemanya added, “JETPs could also perpetuate
the continuation of a troubling donor-driven approach
to climate finance that maintains unequal global power
relations, picks winners and losers, and serves geopolitical
interests. JETPs must be considered within the wider climate
finance architecture and as a mechanism to put more and
faster climate finance on the table, particularly from major
historical polluters.
“It is also important to recognise that ambitious goals
such as achieving just energy transitions in Africa will require
solutions that lie well outside the boundaries of JETPs.”
JET-IP SETTER
Discussing her research which focused on just transition
project needs and finance response, Chantal Naidoo
from Rabia Transitions says, “Projects are the primary
channel where finance is exchanged in pursuit of the just
transition vision.” She adds, “The distinguishing features
of just transition projects are their focus on regenerative
and transformative outcomes to people and planet due to
deliberate shifts in systemic conditions and factors outside
of the control of vulnerable stakeholders.
“Just transition-related projects are interdependent,
where one is the prerequisite for the next. This requires a
portfolio approach to just transition-related investment,
where projects are not viewed in isolation or cherry-picked
by investors.”
ESG | MINING
WATER | ENERGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
READ REPORT
THOUGHT [ECO]NOMY
SOUTH AFRICA’S JUST ENERGY TRANSITION INVESTMENT PLAN (JET IP) FOR THE INITIAL
PERIOD 2023-2027 | The Presidency Republic of South Africa | NDP 2030
The JET-IP focus on electricity, new energy vehicles and green hydrogen (GH2) is a deliberate strategic
decision, based on a clear understanding that as South Africa’s electricity sector decarbonises, there are
significant gains to be made by unlocking growth in these sectors at the same time.
greeneconomy/report recycle South Africa’s exports from “hard to abate” sectors and of ICE vehicles will be negatively affected by the
proposed border tax adjustments of some of the country’s main trading partners, if accelerated mitigation
measures in these sectors are not implemented. As the energy transition advances globally:
- More complex linkages between sectors will develop, as zero-carbon electricity use replaces the use of fossil
fuels in industry, transport and other sectors, and thus the benefits of an integrated energy policy approach,
which incorporates energy policy closely with other key policy areas such as industrial policy are significant.
- Technologies will become progressively cheaper through economies of scale and where policies mitigate investment risks and/or technological
breakthroughs. When they pass below the cost levels at which such technologies become pervasive, the technologies are described as “disruptive”
and are said to have passed “tipping points”. Sector coupling means that tipping points in different technologies reinforce each other.
- Clean energy investments scale up most rapidly when they experience certainty about demand for their production. Security of demand mitigates
investment risk.
- Investments in existing storage technologies such as pumped storage; emerging technologies which include utility-scale batteries at all scales;
thermal storage in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants and elsewhere; and other potential technologies such as GH2 will enable faster uptake of
renewable electricity generation in electricity systems and will become more and more important as the electricity system is decarbonised.
14

ENERGY
ENERGY
THE JUST ENERGY
TRANSITION – what it should be…
There has been a lot of press recently regarding the Just Energy Transition Partnership in South
Africa with links to international funds to facilitate this transition – but what exactly is a “just” energy
transition? First, we need to contextualise the problem and understand the solutions.
BY CHRIS WHYTE, ACEN*
Africa currently has a population of about 1.34-billion people,
and this is expected to rise to almost 2.5-billion by 2050.
Globally, there is a focus on understanding this dynamic
regarding sustainability, and climate change is a key component
of this focus. World leaders urge sustainability and achievement
of the UN Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). This vision
and reality are somewhat different for Africa. Africa currently faces
massive unemployment and poverty with its existing population.
Some 650-million people on the continent currently have no access
to electricity.
The key focus here is energy, and the simple reality is that Africa
will never be able to achieve the SDGs without energy. Everything
is reliant on energy: access to reticulated water, agriculture, foodsecurity,
agri-processing, manufacturing, transport, infrastructure,
tourism, mining, education, health and just about any other sector
you can name.
To put into perspective, Africa relies on around 700 000GWh electrical
16
consumption capacity. South Africa, as one of 54 countries on the
continent, supplies more than 30% of this. In 2018/19, South Africa
sold 208 319GWH of electricity for consumption which made up
close to 30% of the estimated 700 000GWh of electricity used in
Africa in 2018. To put this into a global perspective, South Korea
generated 530 000GWh at 0.33% the area of Africa and only 3.4%
of Africa’s population. The size of Africa is often underestimated
because of traditional Mercator projections on maps – the reality is
that we can fit all of Europe, USA, China and India into Africa with
space for many other countries. Africa is blessed with land and
resources, enough to supply the whole world, and needs to capitalise
on this but must follow a sustainable path. We have sunshine for solar,
water for hydro and wind for renewable capacity and an abundance
of biomass and waste that can be converted to energy.
What we need to do as a continent, is avoid the expensive and
unsustainable mistakes of the developed North and rather implement
scaled, sustainable and viable energy generation. Transmission in
traditional high-voltage lines is inefficient and the massive distances
needed to transmit power across the vast mass of Africa simply does
not make sense.
The intense capital required for this also excludes normal people
from benefitting from this abundance, so governments and global
corporates control energy and drive the equality gap even further.
The Gini index is a measure of the distribution of income across a
population, and South Africa had the highest inequality in income
distribution globally in 2021 with a Gini score of 63. This can be
changed, and all the technology and applications are available to
do this to ensure a just transition to energy access.
The focus needs to be changed to small-scale systems tied into
microgrids, where ordinary citizens can benefit from cheaper and
more reliable electricity, but importantly also be direct beneficiaries
of this (Power to the People!). Renewable and sustainable energy can
be scaled from the household to the village to the city:
• Scaled applications in solar energy can change the dynamic in
Africa, reducing the reliance on poor service delivery from the
public sector.
• Hydropower can be delivered at microturbine level from as small
as 1kW output without the need for billion-dollar hydroelectric
schemes that displace communities, create cross-border conflict
and destroy biodiversity and riverine ecology.
• Vertical and horizontal wind turbines can work at the household
or community level.
• Waste organics can be scaled to provide gas or electricity.
• Biomass can be grown or harvested to supply small-scale gasifiers,
avoiding the need for deforestation and charcoal production.
• The East African Rift Valley provides massive potential for clean
geothermal energy, untapped to date.
• Waste plastics (where there is no local circular market for
recycling) can be converted to fuel for generators or gasified
directly into electricity.
• Water can be reticulated for household or irrigation use using
ram-pumps that need no electricity.
Africa is blessed with land
and resources, enough to
supply the whole world.
17

ENERGY
The focus needs to be changed
to small-scale systems tied into
microgrids, where ordinary
citizens can benefit from cheaper
and more reliable electricity.
There literally is no need for massive hydro investments or fossil fuel
extraction that impact the land and the air and destroy biodiversity
and ecosystems. In South Africa, the biggest polluter by some margin
is our own debt-ridden Eskom. The Mpumalanga Highveld region has
12 coal-fired power stations, which have gained a reputation as being
the most toxic and polluting group in the world.
South Africa is the 12 th biggest emitter of sulphur, Nitrogen and
carbon dioxide in the world. Most of this comes from our 80% energy
dependence on coal and the US$8.94-billion concessional funding
pledged to us at CoP26 in Glasgow is intended to wean us off this
dependence. Not because we are a good investment destination,
but rather because we are globally recognised for literally killing
thousands of our own citizens every year from respiratory illnesses
considering the above rankings.
A just transition is not just about equitable economic distribution.
It is also about environmental and social justice to achieve a healthy
and safe South Africa for all our citizens. The remainder of Africa still
needs to attain energy independence, and it is essential that we
follow a just transition approach across the continent.
*African Circular Economy Network (ACEN)
18

WASTE
Waste minimisation programme
IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS in Limpopo
Waste management, inadequate diversion and the depletion of landfill space remains a challenge
in South Africa. However, there are opportunities to not only alleviate the waste but also create
jobs and positively impact livelihoods.
Invest in
Industrial Efficiency
• Long term sustainability through resource savings
• Economic growth
• Environmental compliance
• Contributes to social development
Services include:
Green skills development
National Cleaner
Production Centre
South Africa
A national industrial
support programme that
partners with industry to
drive the transition towards
a green economy and
save money.
BY NCPC-SA
A
recent event hosted by the Limpopo Department of Economic
Development, Environment and Tourism in collaboration
with the National Cleaner Production Centre of South
Africa (NCPC-SA) highlighted the impact made through a waste
minimisation programme in the province over the past three years.
Since taking off in 2019, the Industrial Symbiosis Programme or ISP
as it is more commonly known has successfully diverted 49 518 tons of
waste from landfills, saving 181 370 tons in CO 2 emissions and unlocked
economic opportunities in the province.
National programme manager, Victor Manavhela, says, “This event is
evidence that we can transition to a waste-free society and use waste
as a resource to change lives. We are looking to replicate this work in all
the provinces in the next few years.”
The ISP, facilitated by the NCPC-SA, has been a successful partnership
project in many provinces that aims to reduce waste to landfills and
encourage waste circularity or resource exchanges.
NATIONAL PROGRAMME, LOCAL IMPACT
A year after establishing the industrial symbiosis partnership,
Dziphathutshedzo Green Surfacing and PWK Waste Management
Recycling has already diverted 11 tons of waste from the landfill.
Dziphathutshedzo Green Surfacing recycled HDPE plastic that
was collected and stockpiled by PWK Waste Management and
manufactured it into eco-friendly and durable paving bricks and
stepping stones.
This is just one of the 40 IS success stories that were celebrated at
the Limpopo ISP impact and information-sharing workshop. The
The NCPC-SA team: Victor Manavhela, Annah Mothapo and Matimba Makhani.
We can transition to a waste-free
society and use waste as a resource
to change lives.
Industry and sector knowledge sharing
Company technical support
Contact us for a free assessment
www.ncpc.co.za
ncpc@csir.co.za
workshops demonstrated how Limpopo ISP assisted industry in the
surrounding area to recover and redirect residual resources for reuse by
employing IS principles.
The ISP is a free facilitation service that promotes the exchange of
one company’s residual resources (material, energy, water, waste,
assets, logistics and expertise, etc) with another that can benefit from
them.
Including Limpopo, the NCPC-SA implements the ISP in Gauteng,
KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and the Free State. The NCPC-SA is a
national industry support programme managed by the Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research on behalf of the Department of Trade,
Industry and Competition.
To find out more about the ISP and/or the work of the NCPC-SA,
please visit www.ncpc.co.za or email ncpc@csir.co.za.
THA 05-2023
Funded by the dtic, hosted by the CSIR
Victor Manavhela, NCPC-SA national programme manager at Limpopo ISP.
21

ENERGY
ENERGY
It’s time for
SOLAR
TO SHINE
Green Economy Journal
interviews the CEO of SAPVIA
SAPVIA CEO, Dr Rethabile Melamu, believes that the wide deployment of solar PV and broader
renewable energy technologies can support a resilient energy system in South Africa. Will the tax
relief programme anchor our green economy transition? The Journal caught up with Dr Melamu,
the illustrious leader at the coalface of it all.
Please tell us about your first year as CEO of SAPVIA.
It has been an incredible year. A year of immense growth, stretching
and learning. I inherited a good and a growing brand, with a lean but
supportive team and the Board. Leading a member-led organisation is
unique and it is like nothing I’ve done before. It is rewarding to be of
service, but is it not without its unique demands of attending to the
vastly different needs of 500+ members.
I hope to continue to meet and to add value to all members. This
year has been challenging for all South Africans, but together with our
members, we are providing an alternative and immensely sustainable
solution to the loadshedding and energy security challenges. Overall,
it is a privilege to work with and alongside those that are providing
solutions to the most pressing challenges.
Does government consult with SAPVIA for matters relating to the
development, regulation and promotion of solar PV in South Africa?
Most definitely, we have had good engagements with different spheres
of government, from national, provincial and to the local level. For
instance, we have supported the Department of Mineral Resources
and Energy (DMRE) as well as the Department of Trade, Industry
and Competition (the dtic) in the development of the South African
Renewable Energy Masterplan (SAREM).
22
We have contributed to Eskom’s grid planning and access processes
in partnership with our sister association, South African Wind Energy
Association (SAWEA) and we enjoy a great relationship with the
Independent Power Producers Office (IPPO).
That said, we have called on the powers that be for more involvement
in the decision-making that involves our sector and members. For
instance, we would have valued engagement in the design of tax
incentives for the solar PV sector. We have views on areas that needed
to be prioritised.
Please talk to us about policy certainty in this space.
There is generally a commitment to the transition towards a lowcarbon
energy mix. This is evident in government’s recent regulatory
reforms that removed the need for independent power producers
who develop private projects to hold a generation licence, which has
been touted a good move. This aims to speed up the addition of new
generation capacity to the grid. The results are beginning to show,
with 0.5 GW of utility scale projects registered with the National Energy
Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) in the first months of 2023.
The Integrated Resource Plan is being updated to comprehensively
address the current change and long-term planning. However, there
is more to be done to effectively enable the roll-out of embedded
generation projects and the development of grid infrastructure to
enable uptake of new generation capacity, in particular renewable
energy projects. That requires for Eskom and municipalities to
create rules, regulations and tariffs. A clearer articulation of Just Energy
Transition action as well as the envisaged role of the industry is needed.
A nationwide wheeling framework for private projects will further
enable ease of project developments.
How will a rapid growth in solar installations affect the market?
SAPVIA estimates that the installed solar PV capacity exceeded 1 GW
for the first time in 2022. We have seen substantial growth in private
projects registered with NERSA and not signed up. We are expecting
sustained growth, especially in the private sector where investment in
utility scale renewable energy projects both for direct consumption,
i.e. behind the meter or embedded generation, and for wheeling,
where generation and consumption are at two different sites.
Dr Melamu, do you have any reservations about the rooftop solar
PV tax incentives? If so, what are your concerns?
The individual tax incentive has prioritised middle to high-income
households who already have access to capital to invest in solar PV
systems. This completely leaves out low-income households, who are
not able to access instruments availed by financial institutions and
other industry players. The fact that incentives cover modules alone
while most households install hybrid systems (PV, inverter and battery
system) is a surprise. The administrative requirements for accessing
the tax incentive are confusing – mainly that only a certificate of
compliance is required for accessing the incentive, which covers the
part of the system that is not incentivised.
SAPVIA has indicated that the waiting period for the installation
of solar PV is increasing. Why is this?
There is a shortage of skilled installers with adequate experience and
training. Those reputable installers tend to be inundated. As such,
SAPVIA is working with various partners such as the Energy and Water
Sector Education Training Authority (EWSETA), the Small Enterprise
Finance Agency (SEFA) and the Small Enterprise Development Agency
(SEDA) to increase the pool of installers.
Please talk to us about the importance of economies of scales
and predictable demand for facilitating investments needed for
the manufacture of solar PV installation components.
This is mainly driven by increased demand for PV components,
exacerbated by the frequent episodes of loadshedding. First, there
needs to be an understanding of localisation potential, that’s why
SAPVIA developed a study to assess opportunities along the solar PV
THE RENEWABLE ENERGY TAX INCENTIVE
The tax incentive available for businesses to promote renewable
energy will have no thresholds on the size of the projects that
qualify and the incentive will be available for two years to
stimulate investment in the short term.
Businesses can deduct 50% of the costs in the first year, 30%
in the second and 20% in the third for qualifying investments in
wind, concentrated solar, hydropower below 30 MW, biomass and
PV projects above 1 MW. Investors in PV projects below 1 MW can
deduct 100% of the cost in the first year. Under the expanded
incentive, businesses will be able to claim a 125% deduction in
the first year for all renewable energy projects with no thresholds
on generation capacity.
The incentive will only be available for investments brought into
use for the first time between 1 March 2023 and 28 February 2025.
SOLAR TAX BREAKS
In the 2023 Budget Speech, a R9-billion tax relief programme
was introduced to support the clean energy transition. While
R4-billion is for households that install solar panels, R5-billion
will go to companies through an expansion of the renewable
energy incentive. The tax incentive available for businesses will be
temporarily expanded to encourage rapid private investment to
alleviate the energy crisis. The current incentive allows businesses
to deduct the costs of qualifying investments over a one- or threeyear
period.
Government’s proposed rooftop solar incentive for households
means that individuals will be able to receive a tax rebate to the
value of 25% of the cost of any new and unused solar PV panels.
To qualify, the solar panels must be purchased and installed at a
private residence and a certificate of compliance for the installation
must be issued from 1 March 2023 to 29 February 2024.
Solar-related loans for small and medium enterprises on a 20%
first-loss basis were confirmed by government.
There is a shortage of skilled
installers with adequate
experience and training.
23

ENERGY
value chain. With this better understood and with recommendation
from the advanced SAREM, there will be clarity on which aspect of the
value chain localisation should be pursued in the immediate, medium
and long term.
What stands in the way of the domestic market penetration of key
solar PV components?
There are a list of designated materials and components that should
be procured in South Africa, the extent to which that is implemented,
especially for private projects, is unclear.
Why does SAPVIA advocate for the incentivisation of domestic
systems to contribute to demand-side management efforts?
It reduces the national electricity demand during peak times, but it also
shields end users against the impact of loadshedding. Lastly, energy
efficiency and adoption of roof-top solar PV is the quickest and the
most cost-effective way to address current energy shortages.
What is your personal wish for the future of the solar industry?
My personal wish is properly aligned with SAPVIA’s: for solar PV to be
a significant and reliable contributor to the South African electricity
mix towards an energy secure country. Also, my wish is for the sector to
achieve policy and market alignment. Lastly, for solar PV to significantly
contribute to decarbonising the energy mix environmental and for the
sector to contribute towards economic development imperatives in
the country.
It is a privilege
to work with and
alongside those
that are providing
solutions to the most
pressing challenges.
BRIEF BIO
A chemical and environmental engineer by training, Dr Melamu
is renowned for her global expertise in the green economy and
energy sectors. She has leveraged both the theoretical and
practical to harness innovative smart technologies to mitigate
the impact of climate change in society with a dedicated focus
on African sustainable development.
Get 10% Off Energy Meter Purchases
Use Code: AcuGreen3
Valid From 1 April 2023 - 31 May 2023
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THOUGHT [ECO]NOMY
greeneconomy/report recycle
INSIGHTS INTO THE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC MANUFACTURING VALUE CHAIN IN SOUTH
AFRICA | Trade & Industrial Policies (TIPS) | WWF South Africa | Kate Rivett-Carnac | [August 2022]
The push for more electricity generation, particularly renewable energy generation, is showing a
significant increase in Solar PV projects across the country. This in turn drives demand for the components
and services.
While South African renewable energy stakeholders focus on building local capabilities, there are a range
of geopolitical and macroeconomic challenges beyond domestic borders that are likely to impact the work
and potential. This presents challenges and opportunities. For manufacturers supplying private Solar PV
projects that are outside of REI4P, there appears to be considerable opportunity for expansion, not just in
South Africa but also into the rest of the continent (and, indeed, South African firms are already doing so).
Plans for future solar PV manufacturing in South Africa will need to consider global shifts and future
volatility in renewable energy markets in addition to local conditions and industry potential.
24

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Small businesses
urged to
ECONOMY
GO SOLAR
If anything, the 2023 Budget Speech revealed that devising a targeted plan to solve South Africa’s
ongoing energy crisis remains the government’s top priority. The immediate future will see a
concerted and collective focus on bringing together the public and private sectors in a bid to fuel
the clean-energy transition and end loadshedding.
BY BUSINESS PARTNERS LIMITED
For small businesses looking to ride this wave on the path to
post-pandemic recovery, the key is to go solar. This is the
opinion of Jeremy Lang, chief investment officer at independent
small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) financier, Business
Partners Limited. Prior to the Budget Speech, Lang aired hopes
that “large-scale interventions” would be on the cards for the small
business sector in the form of much-needed relief measures.
In light of the almost single-minded focus on boosting embedded
generation efforts through various fiscal measures and policy reforms,
this year’s speech delivered little in the way of SME-specific relief. It did,
however, propose several measures that speak to the urgent need for
government to address the resounding impact that rolling blackouts
have had on small businesses.
On this, Lang suggests that South African small businesses review the
viability of installing solar energy systems to power their operations.
“Not only will this help to alleviate pressure on the national grid,
but it will also ensure business continuity – a vital factor given that
loadshedding will likely persist for a long while longer. This could also
bring good news for small businesses in the formal sector, who will
realise gains in the form of a 125% deduction in tax in the first year for
all renewable energy projects,” says Lang.
Further state-led interventions aimed at benefiting the SME sector
include the government’s proposal to provide solar-related loans for
SMEs on a 20% first-loss basis. “What this means essentially is that
going forward, small businesses will be able to secure loans from
finance providers where the National Treasury will assume 20% of the
initial loss. This will help to mitigate the total risk on behalf of lenders
and hopefully make these loans more accessible to a wider base,”
explains Lang.
For small businesses looking to
ride this wave on the path to post-pandemic
recovery, the key is to go solar.
This development will likely form part of the proposed Energy
Bounce Back Scheme, set to launch in April 2023 – an extension of
the Bounce Back scheme initiated during the pandemic years to assist
SMEs in recovering Covid-19-related losses. On the effectiveness of this
particular measure, Lang remains hopeful that the new solar-directed
slant of the scheme will attract more uptake than its predecessor
which saw only R140-million in loans being approved and R77-million
disbursed of the proposed R15-billion.
“This is where the cooperation of state entities, governmental
departments, private sector players and financiers will play a crucial role
Jeremy Lang, Chief
Investment Officer,
Business Partners.
in reaching out to the thousands of small businesses in need of relief,
facilitating a streamlined loan application process and deploying
funds efficiently,” says Lang.
Overall, government’s R5-billion investment into the expansion of
the renewable energy tax incentive is a welcomed development, in
tandem with the decision not to increase fuel levies.
Additionally, this year’s extended Budget Review revealed that
the Department of Small Business Development has been allocated
R2.8-billion as part of a fund to support 12 000 townships and rural
enterprises. The measures on which these funds will be spent remain
unclear, but as Lang asserts, “a meaningful impact on informal
SMEs and the economy can be made by funding a concerted effort
to formalise the many township and rural businesses that exist in
South Africa.
“In pushing the agenda to formalise these businesses, government
will achieve the dual purpose of ‘providing more support and
regulatory protection to small businesses, while expanding the
tax base.”
On this Lang believes the temporary diversion of focus to a more
consolidated effort to solve the energy crisis is well-warranted and
that a “solution that includes and benefits small businesses is a
solution that benefits all South Africans”.
As he concludes: “In light of the changes that are afoot in South
Africa’s tax regime, small business owners would do well to seek the
advice and guidance of tax professionals and remain informed, via
the available knowledge bases, to understand how they can make the
most of the tax-related benefits on offer for the foreseeable future,
this is where further relief will stem from.”
011 713 6600
enquiries@businesspartners.co.za
www.businesspartners.co.za
27

ENERGY
ENERGY
The future of
ONSHORE WIND
TURBINE SOURCING
Kearney Analysis
Figure 1. Turbine manufacturers are reporting sharp drops in their margins.
Three factors are triggering OEMs’ troubled performance. First,
the historically strong negotiating power of large utilities has been
upholding strong pressure to reduce the levelised cost of energy
(LCOE). Here, their relentless focus on capex reduction and a limited
view on the full potential of project optimisation decreased the
margin of turbine sales to a bare minimum. Second, OEMs are facing
protracted costs of quality issues caused by the high pressure on fast
innovation cycles. Third, the current supply chain issues and sharp
In times of uncertain supply,
setting up an even closer supplier
relationship – a strategic partnership – can
be very attractive for both parties.
rises in raw material costs cause severe troubles. Contracts with
long lead times and often limited contractual inflation clauses make
it difficult for OEMs to fully pass rising costs on to their customers,
pushing the companies into the red.
CHANGES LIE AHEAD
In an oligopolistic market structure, these losses are unsustainable
and limit investments in additional capacity. In a market with
fast-growing demand, this puts the sufficiency of wind turbine
supply in the short- to medium-term future at a heavy risk. Market
fundamentals will shift the negotiating power from the demand
side to turbines suppliers – a process that has already started.
This will impact costs and ultimately capacity access for utilities and
project developers:
• Suppliers will gain more pricing power, driving turbine prices up
beyond the already elevated level of more than 30% year-on-year.
• Suppliers will select their preferred customers, and ill-prepared
customers will find it difficult to place orders at all.
This new paradigm will require a strategic shift in wind turbine sourcing.
CLOSER COLLABORATION
In traditional sourcing approaches, turbines are procured project by
project in individual tenders, sometimes enhanced with bundling of
multiple projects to make use of the economy of scale. This approach
is best used in cases of very large, complex projects where the sheer
size of the projects is enough to entice the OEM to collaborate closer.
However, it fails to unleash the full potential to create value over the
complete pipeline.
Framework agreements create value by standardising procurement
processes across projects and by capturing scale advantages for
large pipelines. Best-in-class framework agreements contractually
stipulate a higher degree of collaboration by the OEM – and in exchange
offer the commitment of projects to be built with the participating
OEM’s turbines.
With bold decarbonisation targets, the demand for renewable energy will skyrocket with an
estimated 2 400GW of new capacity installed by 2030. The strong pressure to deliver against
these targets will escalate demand-side competition.
BY KEARNEY CONSULTING*
At the same time, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs)
for turbines are in financial trouble despite having full order
books and receiving record-level order intakes (see figure 1).
GE Renewables reported a sharp drop in their EBIT margin, from
-5% in the past few years to a devastating -26% in 2022 Q3. Siemens
Gamesa recently announced a layoff of roughly 2 900 employees,
and Nordex and Enercon have been facing financial troubles over
the past few years. Even Vestas, the only profitable large western
OEM up to now, has reported a -11.9% EBIT margin year-to-date.
28
29

ENERGY
ENERGY
In times of uncertain supply, setting up an even closer supplier
relationship – a strategic partnership – can be very attractive for both
parties (see figure 2). The utility company commits to equipping a large
share of its pipeline with wind turbines from one OEM. In return, the
utility receives preferential access to turbines, extended transparency
on costs and technical specifications, and most importantly, the OEM’s
support in the development phase to optimise the project.
Although there is no silver bullet and the contracting method
will need to fit the unique needs of the business, leading industry
players with broad pipelines have been turning to more collaborative
approaches. The goal is to establish successful long-term partnerships
to shift the dynamic to a more balanced and mutually-beneficial relation.
HOW TO WIN
Setting up a successful strategic partnership is not straightforward and
requires sound preparation. In our experience, there are three main
elements to sustainable win-win outcomes:
Securing a reliable and resilient project delivery. Enhancing the
reliability and resiliency of project delivery requires trust and extensive
two-way transparency between the utility and the OEM. Greater
visibility on the utility’s pipeline lengthens the planning horizon for
the OEM, which can consequently profit from enhanced operational
and strategic optimisation leeway. The utility, on the other hand,
can count on timely turbine deliveries and execute projects better
on time and on budget. In addition, extended transparency on
OEM-proprietary technical data, especially for upcoming turbine
types, can benefit both parties for joint first projects with the new
turbine generation.
Collaboratively optimising projects to enlarge the value pool.
By jointly optimising projects in early development phases, the OEM
and the utility can unlock value pools that would not be achievable
for the utility alone. Tackling the full envelope of cost and yield can
reduce LCOE by up to 30%. Without fair sharing of the additionally
generated value, the OEM would not optimise projects to their
full potential, but only to the point it is profitable for the OEM (for
example, up to a certain threshold value, such as target LCOE).
Important elements of joint optimisation include:
• Comprehensive optimisation of turbine selection and layout
in iterative workshops across the OEM’s and utility’s turbine,
electrical, and civil engineering. Configuration decisions and
power curve customisation are made on a component level,
based on net present value and LCOE impact.
• Transparent, bottom-up planning of operations and maintenance
costs over asset lifetime, leveraging OEM data and best practices.
• Lifetime operations and maintenance cost and yield optimisation,
enabled by access to anonymised turbine data beyond the own
fleet, such as historical failure rates.
Going beyond traditional partnerships. Best-in-class partnerships
go beyond joint LCOE reduction and supply security – pushing the
potential to create value even further.
Successful extended partnerships in the market include:
• Joint M&A activity. Combined market knowledge to identify
opportunities and exclusivity for a first call in M&A opportunities.
• Asset and liability pooling. Pooling assets and liabilities across
projects to enable portfolio-level benefits.
• Joint market-entry strategies. Entering new markets with
combined power and aligned interests.
• Equity stakes. Perfectly aligning long-term incentives, such as
with a joint venture or acquisition of an equity stake in a partner.
THE WAY FORWARD
So how can you find out if closer OEM collaboration and a
partnership approach are the right strategies for you? We suggest
starting with three steps:
• Review your project development approach and identify
the most pressing issues.
• Assess the robustness of your current procurement strategy
and your collaboration model with OEMs.
• Analyse your portfolio fit for a partnership and quantify the
potential joint value creation.
*Article written by Hanjo Arms, partner, Oskar Schmidt, principal and Jan Weber, consultant.
Framework agreements create
value by standardising procurement
processes across projects and by capturing
scale advantages for large pipelines.
Figure 2. Utilities and turbine suppliers can create win-win partnerships.
30
31

ENERGY
ENERGY
Wind energy’s
LEADING ROLE
in South Africa’s
ENERGY ACTION PLAN
SAWEA believes that for the country’s energy security challenges to be addressed, a holistic view of
available renewable energy sources should be considered. Not only does this provide consumers
and businesses with options; it will also enable a fertile economic environment.
BY SAWEA
Following the National Energy Crisis Committee’s six-month
progress update on implementation of the Energy Action
Plan (EAP), released earlier this year, the South African Wind
Energy Association (SAWEA) has commended the government’s
transparency and inclusion of the public on its progress towards
addressing energy security, and has welcomed the changes.
However, it has advised that there are a number of key focus areas
that require additional intervention and swift action within the five
objectives outlined in the plan, with a clearer scope of wind energy
integration, mainly infrastructure investment in wind projects.
Wind, as one of the most cost-effective renewable energy sources,
has significantly demonstrated its positive economic contribution
with a total procurement by wind IPPs during construction and
operations to date amounting to over R9-billion.
32
Accelerated procurement through the
REIPPP programmes and increased
private offtakes is what is needed to
resolve the energy crisis in the country.
Fundamentally, the Energy Action Plan is a tool that will hold
government accountable to ensure thorough deployment of the
identified objectives to ensure an energy secure future that includes
the integration of wind energy.
Unpacking these objectives and what the expectations for the
wind sector are, SAWEA’s chief communications officer, Morongoa
The wind sector is a driving
force of economic development
in South Africa.
Ramaboa, explains in relation to the EAP’s overall long-term objective
to achieve energy security, “We support the various interventions
and those that are in the pipeline. More so, we welcome the fact
that renewable energy is being embraced by government through
the Cabinet’s endorsement of the Just Energy Transition Investment
Plan, as well as the prioritisation of solar, wind, gas and storage
projects at nine of Eskom’s power stations. We believe that this will
ultimately support our urgent need for energy security, effectively
reducing loadshedding and the resulting detrimental impact on
our green economy.”
Furthermore, the Plan’s approach to accelerating private investment
in generation capacity, through the removal of the licensing requirement
for generation projects of any size, the reduction of timeframes for
regulatory approvals, as well as the establishment of a “One Stop
Shop” for energy projects through Invest SA, are interventions that
SAWEA welcomes.
However, SAWEA also values public procurement that allows a
baseline of investment and creates stability in a growing industry,
noting that there is room for both markets to ensure that energy
security is achieved across the entire value chain in both private and
public spheres. “The ideal is to create an environment that encourages
and accelerates investment injection into the economy, removing the
pressure from public fiscus, and to stimulate the private sector to invest
in their own energy supply and furthermore create new industries,”
adds Ramaboa.
SAWEA believes that the reduction of timeframes for regulatory
approvals based on the streamlining of environmental processes will
significantly accelerate the development of large-scale transmission
infrastructure. And, while it acknowledges that the state utility has
conceptualised various programmes that will allow for the procurement
of additional power when the grid is significantly constrained, it
expects government to maintain consistency in as far as the capacity
procurement is concerned.
While a step in the right direction, the Association warns that
accelerated procurement through the trusted REIPPP programmes
and increased private offtakes is what is needed to resolve the energy
crisis in the country. SAWEA reiterates that a clearly-defined queueing
system needs to be urgently implemented with a balanced view
between publicly and privately procured electricity. It additionally
advocates that Ministerial determination for over 18 000MW of new
generation capacity from wind, solar and battery storage be prioritised
since it was published in August last year.
The EAP’s intention to enable businesses and households to invest
in rooftop solar is viewed as a good start to providing reprieve
from the adverse effects of interrupted electricity. This requires the
development of a net billing framework for municipalities to enable
customers to feed electricity from rooftop solar installations onto the
grid by the utility.
“To complement this move, SAWEA is looking at investment
opportunities to integrate wind energy for the use of businesses and
households to supplement the use of PV panels, especially in areas that
prone to strong wind conditions,” continues Ramaboa.
SAWEA has welcomed the establishment of a National Energy Crisis
Committee (NECOM) as it demonstrates government’s willingness to
collaborate with a wide variety of expertise across different spectrums
within the energy mix. The Minister of Electricity’s role of coordination
and working with the Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy to
provide the solutions to transform the energy sector certainly inspire
confidence in the industry and amongst investors.
With the current energy insecurity, there’s a significant need for
South Africa to have an enabling policy environment that stimulates
economic growth and reliable energy supply, as well as one that
builds new human capital to meet the needs of a growing renewable
energy economy.
The ideal is to create an
environment that encourages and
accelerates investment injection
into the economy.
According to the Integrated Resource Plan 2019, the South African
power system includes 3.7GW from renewable energy, namely wind,
solar PV and concentrating solar power (CSP). This is viewed as an under
estimation given the movement in private offtake market. SAWEA has
noticed a trend of an increase in private offtakers sourcing renewable
energy, typically wind and solar PV. We believe that this will drive
a competitive market able to provide new generation capacity in a
cost-effective manner. This attests that the wind sector is a driving force
of economic development in South Africa.
“To realise our vision of becoming a thriving commercial wind
power industry that supports government in fulfilling its mandate
to secure energy for South Africa, we cannot afford to have a repeat
of the latest failed public procurement bid window (BW6), which has
resulted in the loss of investment and market confidence. Hence,
the current system for allocating grid access remains a pressure
point as it marginalises capable and willing organisations that can
contribute significantly to the supply of electricity. So, although
additional determinations are welcome, this cannot be in the absence
of a solution to increased grid capacity and to ensure fair access for
additional projects that are currently inactive,” concludes Niveshen
Govender, CEO of SAWEA.
33

DECARBONISATION
DECARBONISATION
CLIMATE IMPACT IMPERATIVES:
resilience and decarbonisation
Resilience and decarbonisation are two sides of the same coin for companies as
they evolve their strategies toward climate change, according to SRK associate
partner and principal scientist Philippa Burmeister.
BY SRK CONSULTING
decarbonisation is about limiting the company’s
impact on the environment, resilience is about
“While
being prepared for the environment’s impact on
the company’s operations,” says Burmeister. “Every responsible
organisation needs to be addressing both these imperatives – not
just one or the other.”
DECARBONISING THROUGH EFFICIENCY
Decarbonisation continues to be a strategic priority for mining
companies, with targets and achievements being reported in greater
detail as part of integrated reporting standards and requirements.
Among the more well-publicised of these efforts are new and relatively
unproven technologies that mines are still testing – such us hydrogen
trucks. However, SRK Consulting managing director, Andrew van Zyl,
points out that many improvements in mines’ carbon footprints have
been achieved over the years – but referred to simply as efficiencies.
“There are many costs in mining that are proxies for carbon footprint
– such as diesel consumption in mining trucks or energy consumed
in crushing and milling phases,” explains Van Zyl. “As engineering
consultants, we assist clients to reduce fuel consumption through
optimal design and slope of haul roads – all contributing to the
decarbonisation effort.
“The application of novel carbon-reducing technologies in mining
projects remains important, but it does have implications for new
projects’ bankability. If there is insufficient evidence of how well or
at what cost a key item of equipment will work, for instance, then it
will undermine the process of proving a reserve and establishing the
project’s profitability.”
Observed
data is critical to
understanding
both the
current and
future climate.
Philippa Burmeister.
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN
Van Zyl indicates that there is a strong imperative in mining and other
sectors to contribute to reducing carbon emissions, even though the
climate change trend is well under way.
“As good corporate citizens, it is incumbent on all stakeholders to
commit to a lower carbon future even if the positive results are many
decades in the future,” he says. It is critical that, while still undertaking
decarbonisation initiatives, organisations need to simultaneously
build resilience to prevent potential climatic changes affecting their
operations. In the mining industry, the relevance of climate change is
direct and explicit in tailings dam management.
IMPACT ON TAILINGS DAMS
“The Global Industry Standards on Tailings Management (GISTM) which
the mining sector has committed to, has made it mandatory that mines
build climate change into their forecasts and strategies,” says Burmeister.
At a recent SRK global climate action workshop, an SRK tailings
expert made it clear that climate change was already evident and the
GISTM now made it mandatory that tailings dam owners develop and
apply adaptation strategies in their design and management of these
structures. The workshop also looked at the various tools available
for adapting to climate change and developing more resilience.
“While a key focus was on tailings dams, these tools are applicable
to all types of adaptation – to try and understand what the future is
going to look like,” Burmeister adds. “They include models to predict
how climate patterns will change, so that companies can start adapting
their plans to suit changed conditions.”
The same tools also have value for industry and agriculture – as
they all need to adapt to potential climate extremes, increased
temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns.
FINDING THE RIGHT MODELS
Burmeister highlights that there is a vast amount of data available
on which models can be developed, but it is difficult to know which
models and data are most relevant to the site in question.
“An aspect that received extensive discussion at the workshop was
developing our own in-house capacity in climate change resilience
– a key area of which is the range of models available for climate
forecasting,” she adds. “Each model has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and we have to advise clients on which ones best suit
their location – and how to correct bias using observed data.”
An important aim of this work is to generate a selection of
scenarios based on data which comes with a relatively high level
of confidence. Building on SRK’s existing skills in this field, the
process is working towards every SRK project team having solid
insights into how the climate will change for the sites at which their
projects are based. This allows the engineers and scientists in each
team to reflect on the impact such changes are likely to have for the
activities of the project covered by their specific disciplines.
OBSERVABLE DATA
“If future rainfall figures can be to some extent quantified, then it
gives engineers a basis on which to assess possible impacts and
responses in the mine’s daily operations,” she says.
She emphasised the importance of confidence in data as a vital
starting point to building better climate change resilience. While
models are useful, they need to be tested and “trained” with the
READ REPORT
THOUGHT [ECO]NOMY
use of observable data from the site itself. This meant that mining,
industrial and agriculture sector players need to implement effective
monitoring systems for climate indicators such as temperature,
rainfall, humidity, evaporation and wind speeds.
“This on-site meteorological monitoring – when conducted
accurately – makes it possible to select the most appropriate models
for a site, and to improve the performance of those models over
time. Data confidence is the single biggest hurdle that we need to
overcome, and observed data is critical to understanding both the
current and future climate.”
RISK FROM EXTREMES
Climate change resilience is not just about understanding how
average temperatures and rainfall will change but also how historical
climatic patterns and extremes will change. Indeed, climate change
is expected to have a greater impact on extremes – meaning that
there may be even more rain in already rainy months or spikes in
temperature in the hottest times of year. It is these extremes that
pose some of the greatest risks to operations.
While this has implications for mining, it will similarly require
consideration from other industries that may need to carefully
consider the operating levels on equipment or storm water designs.
Potentially the greatest impact will be felt in agriculture, where
even a small shift in the timing of a dry or wet period could have a
devastating effect on crops.
“The focus will remain on decarbonisation as companies align with
growing expectations from investors, funders and other stakeholders,”
concludes van Zyl. “However, climate change adaptation to build
resilience will allow organisations to prevent disruptions, damage
and losses associated with current and future climate changes.”
THE FOURTH SOUTH AFRICAN CLIMATE CHANGE TRACKING REPORT | The Department of Forestry,
Fisheries and the Environment | [2021]
South Africa is undertaking a variety of actions to respond to the causes and effects of climate change.
South Africa’s response, through adaptation and mitigation actions, is guided by the National Climate
Response Policy (2011) and the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, and with international
greeneconomy/report recycle commitments as stipulated in the updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).
Consideration needs to be made to come up with smart indicators to be tracked overtime to inform policy
and decision-making. The development of relevant and strategic climate indicators requires taking a step
back from the siloed approach to to focus on the system approach that integrates environmental, social and
economic dimensions. The environment is intricately entwined within the wider societal and economic systems
which cannot and should not be treated as separate entities.
In recognising this complex interconnectedness, the approach to developing indicators to track South
Africa’s progress on the national response to climate change takes a systemic approach. This holds the promise of capturing much of the systemic
impact of climate change and of response measures. A systemic perspective is necessary to gain a deep insight into climate change and climate change
impacts and is important for mobilising strategic responses to climate change.
09 69 123 141 165
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realities
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34
35

ENERGY
We are morally obliged to demand
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
BATTERIES to store RENEWABLE ENERGY
The energy crisis in South Africa has fundamentally changed how most people see electricity,
and it took a leap in the right direction when Finance Minister Enoch Godongwana announced
incentives for South Africans to invest in solar energy.
BY REVOV*
There’s always a tinge of irony that what should be an
environmentally conscious decision is forced by the inability
of the national power utility to produce enough electricity
and volatile fuel prices which make running internal combustion
generators exceedingly expensive – especially during prolonged
periods of loadshedding at higher stages.
Be that as it may, some would argue that it doesn’t matter how
one arrives at the correct destination, what matters is that they have
arrived. So, let’s talk solar. Very simply, as everyone reading this will
understand, solar panels convert sunlight into power that can be
used in homes and businesses.
However, anyone who watches the Eskom updates daily on power
usage will see that renewable energy is not fixed. There are periods
where more is produced, and periods where less is produced. This is
the nature of the environment. Either there is good sunlight or it is
overcast, either there is plenty of wind or there is not.
It’s here where many who have not yet seen the light – pun intended
– miss the point, and also why there comes a time in every national
dialogue that batteries and large battery installations come into the
spotlight. This is because batteries, configured correctly in a renewable
energy installation, can store the power being produced to provide a
constant, reliable and predictable flow of electricity.
Understanding this is the first step of an environmentally responsible
citizen. The second step is in appreciating that the battery you use
affects whether you are making the most of the clean power being
produced. Ask yourself: are you even aware of the carbon footprint of
the batteries stacked in your garage or warehouse.
Lithium iron phosphate batteries have proven, time and again, to be
the best chemistry for battery storage. Lithium iron phosphate is safe,
reliable, effective and enjoys a much longer lifespan than other battery
types such as gel or lead acid. However, not all lithium iron phosphate
batteries are the same.
Some, which are called LiFePO4, are made – at the outset – for storage
solutions. Minerals are mined, beneficiated and configured into batteries
for the storage market. This market competes with the electric vehicle
(EV) market, where increasing demand results in increasing prices.
Even worse, a new class is emerging. Class B storage cells, which
manufacturers and white labelers are now calling “cost effective”, with a
reduced warranty and cycle life. Watch out.
The batteries made for the EV market are engineered differently,
to withstand harsh operating conditions such as higher temperatures
and charge and discharge rates. Every EV needs to change its battery
when the weight is no longer justified by the output. However, within
these batteries that are removed are some perfectly sound individual
battery cells.
Instead of throwing the whole battery into a landfill somewhere and
poisoning the planet, environmentally conscious engineers take these
good battery cells and configure them into storage batteries, which
we call 2nd LiFe. These batteries have comparable lifespans to LiFePO4
batteries, with the added benefit of being able to withstand harsh
operating conditions.
Understanding this is crucial: the batteries are not secondhand –
they didn’t exist until now. Rather, their individual cells are made up
of the good cells that were retrieved from EV batteries and repurposed
into storage battery units.
It’s here where the homeowner and business owner can drive
positive change and a crucial environmentally conscious mindset
in South Africa’s revolution towards renewable energy: even if it
has been forced on them. The carbon cost of 2nd LiFe batteries has
already been paid. These batteries are as near to carbon neutral as
one can find, whereas the LiFePO4 batteries come at a significant
carbon cost that includes mining, shipping, beneficiation and
complex logistics all the way to installations near you.
Either there is good sunlight or
it is overcast, either there is
plenty of wind or there is not.
The 2nd LiFe battery cells paid their carbon dues in their first life
in EVs. Make no mistake, LiFePO4 batteries are still far better and
cleaner options than the archaic chemistry called lead acid. If you’re
undecided, always choose lithium over lead.
Customers can drive a mindset shift. It’s about time more people
look around and appreciate the immense damage we have caused to
the environment. Extreme weather events and entire ecosystems are
at risk. This means it is not only admirable but non-negotiable that we
put the planet front and centre in all investment decisions – especially
those that harness clean energy.
*Written by Lance Dickerson, MD, REVOV.
37

ENERGY
ENERGY
Bringing POWER back to LiFe
Green Economy Journal interviews CEO of REVOV
REVOV was founded by Lance Dickerson, former CTO of MTN, Ghana, and Felix von Bormann,
former engineering consultant for Sprint, USA. Both highly-skilled engineers bring a combined
50 years of experience to power up the energy storage space.
2nd-LiFe batteries are not
recycled batteries, and they are not
second-hand batteries. This is an
important distinction.
that the very technology required to support sustainable electricity
storage and mobility is extractive to the planet and comes with its
own carbon cost. This is why 2nd-LiFe batteries are a compelling
solution for those genuinely interested in “going green” and making
decisions that benefit the planet.
The carbon footprint of a 2nd-LiFe battery is as close to zero as
possible for a storage battery – precisely because it is utilising the
good cells of EV batteries and not relying on newly-mined and
beneficiated components. Besides some new cabling and shipping,
2nd-LiFe batteries are without a doubt the most carbon-friendly
storage solution.
THE SECOND-LIFE EV BATTERY MARKET
The second-life EV battery market is one of great importance
for many reasons. These include adding value to future
energy infrastructure, creating a circular economy for electric
vehicle (EV) batteries, and providing a lower levelied cost of
storage compared to new batteries. The new IDTechEx report,
“Second-life Electric Vehicle Batteries 2023-2033”, highlights
advancements in the second-life industry. IDTechEx forecasts
that the second-life EV battery market will reach US$7-billion in
value by 2033.
The bulk of EVs currently use Li-ion battery chemistries, and once
their eight-to-10-year initial lifetime has expired, they are usually
unsuitable for future EV use. Battery second use (B2U) extends the
lifetime of the EV battery. Depending on the State of Health (SOH)
and residual capacity of the battery, second-life batteries can be
further utilised in less demanding applications, such as stationary
energy storage and lower-power electromobility applications.
Stakeholders must make key decisions regarding the end-oflife
management of retired EV batteries. Second-life batteries
created through a remanufacturing process offer benefits of
maximising battery value and extending battery life, whereas
recycling results in batteries losing this value prematurely. If
remanufacturing is chosen, second-life BESS developers must make
further decisions to ensure that the creation of their second-life
systems is techno-economically feasible. Remanufacturers must
consider several process operations, such as battery procurement,
depth of disassembly, testing/grading, and reassembly procedures.
Please tell us about REVOV. What do you specialise in?
REVOV is an energy storage solutions company that sells lithium
iron phosphate batteries either as single units or in powerful
systems of multiple batteries, headquartered in Johannesburg with
branches in Cape Town and KwaZulu-Natal. REVOV is known for,
and specialises in, 2nd-LiFe lithium iron phosphate batteries for the
B2B market in South Africa and Southern African region. REVOV has
become renowned for its 1st and 2nd-LiFe batteries which provide
a compelling case to bring lithium-iron performance to the market
at a significantly reduced cost. Rand for rand, REVOV is the go-to for
value for money.
What are second-life batteries? Why recycle batteries?
This needs to be clarified at the start: 2nd-LiFe batteries are not
recycled batteries, and they are not second-hand batteries. This is an
important distinction. REVOV does not sell recycled or second-hand
batteries. REVOV sells 2nd-LiFe batteries which are batteries that are
built from repurposed cells of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. In other
words, when an EV battery is replaced, instead of being discarded,
it is taken apart by specialised teams, and individual cells which are
still in perfect working order are removed. In REVOV’s case, we have a
partnership with a world-leading EV battery company in China.
The individual cells taken from the EV battery are then configured
and built into 2nd-LiFe batteries with new casings, parts and battery
management systems. These 2nd-LiFe batteries have a comparable
lifespan to 1st LiFe batteries, and they can withstand harsher conditions
because they are made from the good cells of EV batteries, which are
designed for high temperatures as well as charge and discharge rates.
What are the main environmental impacts associated with electric
vehicle batteries?
From the extraction of the raw materials to cross-country logistics
to shipping and then beneficiation, all the way through to delivery,
batteries come at a significant carbon cost. It is perhaps a great irony
What are the advantages of REVOV’s 2nd-LiFe batteries?
Comparable performance to 1st LiFe batteries at a significantly
reduced cost because we are not affected by lithium supply chain
shortages. The company has full local technical support and design
and engineering teams, this is crucial. REVOV batteries have support
that is local.
IN POWER
Lance Dickerson, CEO of REVOV, in 2016
spent extensive time in the telecoms
industry, spending seven years in West
Africa working for MTN. It was during
this tenure that the the impact of a
failing electrical infrastructure was felt
while trying to keep the MTN networks
up and running. Dickerson investigated
and implemented various types of
backup and redundant electrical systems,
however, the technology at the time was
not sufficiently advanced to be able to
give a reliable and cost-effective solution. On his return to South
Africa in 2011, using the skills developed in the telecoms sector,
Dickerson decided to focus on battery backup systems, in an effort
to reduce reliability on failing grid infrastructure and the cost of
diesel-based backup systems. It was at this point REVOV Batteries
was born.
2nd-LiFe batteries are built from
repurposed cells of electric
vehicle batteries.
38
39

WOOD
FORESTRY:
a greener more
sustainable future
Forestry South Africa
The fact that the forestry industry operates in and depends significantly on natural and human
resources, means that to ensure the financial sustainability of its businesses, those businesses
also must ensure their social and environmental sustainability.
BY MICHAEL PETER, FORESTRY SA*
Forestry is fortunate in that it is a sector which can generate
its own green, renewable, recyclable and CO2-sequestering
feedstock and this can be done in perpetuity, if done in a
sustainable manner. As such, the South African forestry sector is
truly embedded in the green economy and is the very epitome of a
circular economy industry.
Our sector has an excellent track record in terms of environmental
conservation. An example of this is that on average only 70% of
forestry estates are under timber crops while the remaining 30% of the
estate is set aside primarily for the management and conservation of
biodiversity and to protect the country’s scarce water resources.
Independent assessments on the state of indigenous forests and
grasslands show that plantation forestry estates almost invariably,
have much higher levels of biodiversity than any other land uses,
including in many cases, even when compared to formally protected
nature reserves. This is on account of the strong management and
stewardship practices which are implemented by timber growers in
South Africa.
Forestry products are the
products of the future.
While there are pervasive myths surrounding the industry’s water
use, the forestry sector only uses around 5% of the total water used by
the irrigated agricultural sector alone, but it returns 27% of agricultural
GDP and about the same percentage of jobs. Add to this the major
open areas which the industry maintains around water courses and
riparian zones, and the picture of the sector’s actual water use and
associated environmental practices changes dramatically.
When one considers further that plantations are not irrigated and so
they cost the taxpayer next to nothing compared to other water users,
as they do not require dams, canals, pipelines, irrigation schemes or
purification plants and it becomes difficult for an informed person to
conclude that plantations are bad for the country’s water resources in
terms of the relative economic, social and environmental returns which
the plantation industry’s water produces for the country.
If that isn’t enough to convince most well-informed people, then
one should also consider that compared to most other agricultural
practices, the forestry industry tills the soil and applies fertilisers and
pesticides (the biggest causes of pollution of South Africa’s water
resources) at a small fraction of the rate and frequency of that of
most other crops, most of which employ these practices every year.
So, water quality coming out of plantations is better both in terms of
siltation and the presence of pollutants compared to almost every
other land use in the country.
In terms of social sustainability, our industry is found in rural areas
where some of the worst poverty exists. To have a sector that provides
employment and a myriad of other social returns through Corporate
Social Investment (CSI) initiatives that fund education, food security,
health care, infrastructure, enterprise creation and social upliftment,
etc, is fantastic and something we are very proud of.
Besides the massive CSI programmes, there are innumerable
examples of small and medium-scale timber growers and processors,
who have opted to continue to use manual inputs in processes, which
could be performed far more efficiently through mechanisation and
automation, simply because they wish to continue to support the
communities in which their businesses operate.
As a country with one of the highest unemployment rates in the
world, we should be putting in place mechanisms to incentivise
businesses to keep putting people ahead of profits, as without such
support, many businesses may not be able to sustain themselves
in financial terms, unless they embrace further mechanisation
and automation.
In a world where economic recovery is on everyone’s lips, the focus
needs to be on the activities that can be truly called green. These will
not only drive a more sustainable economic recovery, but also limit our
effect on the planet. Sectors, like ours, that place a strong focus on the
sustainable use of a renewable natural resource, whose end-products
are reusable and recyclable, will provide a blueprint for a green, circular
economy going forward.
Globally, people are looking for solutions that will reduce, if not
eradicate, our reliance on the extraction of finite resources from our
planet. They want a renewable feedstock that can be replenished
and repurposed into a myriad of end-products, some which are
already replacing everyday non-renewables like plastics and other
fossil fuel derivatives.
Forestry products are the products of the future. Be it paper
packaging, wood-based fabrics, bio-plastics, timber-based buildings or
futuristic green fuels, these forest products capture carbon while they
grow and store it while they are in use.
The rapid adoption by the rest of the world of forest products as
preferred alternatives to fossil-based products, is proof positive that
the entire world sees the value in the circular forestry industry and
foresters are proud to be such a key part of the solution to the world’s
most critical challenges.
*Michael Peter is an executive director at Forestry SA.
41

THOUGHT LEADERSHIP
THOUGHT LEADERSHIP
QUO VADIS
Infrastructure Development
Infrastructure performance, or lack thereof, has become a central topic in news and social media
reports of late. Calls persist from economists, captains of industry and the construction sector for
the state to increase its capital expenditure allocation to infrastructure development, claiming
that this plays a pivotal role in economic development.
BY LLEWELLYN VAN WYK, B. ARCH; MSC (APPLIED), URBAN ANALYST
The author notes that despite the speed with which solar and wind
power plants could be built, the grid itself does not have the capacity
to distribute that power. The power lines he notes, are running at full
capacity. This absence of transmission capacity has resulted in the
slots for a further 3.2GW of wind capacity not being allocated begging
the question of how South Africa can progress with upcoming bid
windows 6.5 and 7, as well as the 6GW of renewable generation and
1GW of battery storage that South Africa must procure each year3.
To further exacerbate this constraint, the sites for optimum solar
power plants are poorly serviced by transmission lines. However, the
delivery of solar power plants is a bit easier since the resource is linear
throughout most of South Africa and can be utilised locally.
Media reports are also highlighting the interdependencies within
the infrastructure ecosystem. For example, seven municipalities in
KwaZulu-Natal face crippling water cuts due to loadshedding with
reportedly hundreds and thousands of local residents likely to be
without running water as electricity-powered engines are unable to
pump water because of loadshedding 4 .
The time required to execute
essential infrastructure projects
to upgrade Eskom’s power grid
would result, it is claimed, in
another 10 years of loadshedding.
The connection is quite stark: power supply cut-offs can last for up to
six hours per day, and when the power is restored, it can take at least
an hour for the supply mechanisms, both in the bulk and reticulation
networks, to return to full functionality. In the interim, the little
remaining storage empties out and there is no replenishment resulting
in supply interruptions to consumers. The ramifications go beyond this
however, as power-cuts impact on water-treatment plants as well so
that water cannot be pumped because it is not treated.
South Africans can be forgiven for blaming government for this
failure, and there is good reason to do so. After all, government itself
recognises its failures in this regard. However, it would be a mistake to
equate infrastructure failure as an exclusively third world problem.
New Zealand
Auckland’s beaches have been overwhelmed this summer by faecal
bacteria after the recent bout of heavy rain 5 . The cause of this has
been put down to wastewater overflows that occur when sewage
spills out from gully traps, manholes, engineered overflow points or
Regrettably, I have not seen evidence of sustained economic
development arising out of increased state capital over the 20
years and more of research into this topic. Despite decades of
greater infrastructure investment allocations, infrastructure quality
continues to deteriorate.
BACKGROUND
South Africa
In South Africa, Eskom is probably the cause of most of the focus on
infrastructure and its failure. This is not surprising: the country faces
one of its worst energy crises since 2008. It is estimated that the failure
of energy infrastructure cost South Africa around R560-billion in 2022
excluding costs such as lost opportunities, cost to businesses and
households and other loadshedding mitigation measures 1 .
However, the focus for increased expenditure is in and of itself not
enough to solve the problem. For example, and in the case of Eskom,
the time required to execute essential infrastructure projects to
upgrade Eskom’s power grid would result, it is claimed, in another 10
years of loadshedding 2 .
The funding for infrastructure
is not getting translated
to actual projects.
42
43

THOUGHT LEADERSHIP
THOUGHT LEADERSHIP
pump stations. From there it flows into backyards or waterways or
the sea.
The floods highlight another systemic failure – the ability to
survive major weather events. Suzanne Wilkinson, professor of
construction management at Massey University, writes that “after
years of neglect, Auckland’s roads and water systems were simply
unable to cope with the unprecedented rainfall and flooding seen
in January” 6 . Just before the floods it was revealed that Wellington
had not had fluoride in its water for months. Furthermore, some
of the pipes in Wellington that carry wastewater away are literally
120 years old, but because they cannot be seen, they have not been
invested in properly 7 .
The United States
The United States of America – still the world’s richest country – is
also not immune from a failing infrastructure. The American Society
of Civil Engineers published a report card in March 2021, assessing
the overall infrastructure condition as a C-, stating that there was a
$2.59-trillion investment gap. The US has never received a higher
grade than C- since the report card was launched in 1998 – some
25 years ago 8 . As Joseph Kane from the Brookings Institute notes,
Americans are familiar with its infrastructure challenge “from clogged
roads to unsafe pipes to limited broadband access 9 .”
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FAILURE
The possible causes of infrastructure failure and consequently the
remedial actions identified for South Africa are many, although the
same culprits appear consistently in international reports.
The most cited one is under-investment despite government
increasing its infrastructure investment budget. In a headline titled,
“Construction industry encouraged by infrastructure development
progress”, it is noted that President Cyril Ramaphosa announced in
February 2023 that “by January, projects worth R232-billion were
under construction and projects worth nearly R4-billion had been
completed 10 .” The article goes on to cite the president as stating, “This
investment will substantially benefit the construction industry and
enable large-scale job creation, skills development and poverty relief.”
This is not much different from the announcement by the
then Minister of Finance, Tito Mboweni, back in February 2021,
that R93.1-billion had been earmarked for economic regulation
and infrastructure from consolidated government expenditure of
R2.02-trillion each year over the medium term 11 . This announcement
also recognised that much of the country’s infrastructure needed
repair or replacement and that government had committed to a
R791.2-billion infrastructure drive to address this.
However, investment spending remains below the levels that
preceded the pandemic, and 2020 marked the third consecutive year
of decline. Yet there is a flip side to this coin: in 2021 National Treasury
noted that fiscal reserves were insufficient [the emphasis is mine] to
meet infrastructure development needs 12 .
This message is also not new: In February 2005, then President Mbeki
issued a directive that “we must make a determined effort to educate
our population that our country does not have the resources [the
emphasis is mine] immediately to meet, simultaneously, all the urgent
needs of our people, especially the poor 13 .”
Under-investment and inadequate investment are not new.
In a landmark ruling, the High Court in South Africa ruled that the
Makana Local Municipality be dissolved for failing to promote a
healthy and sustainable environment for the community 14 . The crisis in
Makana had been in the making for almost a decade, when, in 2001,
it became apparent that the municipality had cashflow problems,
and by 2013 it became clear the municipality was in financial distress.
Despite a political intervention in 2014, the situation never improved:
financial vulnerability, failure to maintain critical infrastructure and a
dysfunctional billing system continued. The delivery of basic services,
such as clean water, gradually ground to a complete halt.
Makana Municipality is also not unique: in 2017/18 only 18 of
South Africa’s 257 municipalities received a clean audit from the
Auditor-General 15 .
Deteriorating infrastructure has a long history. Don Ross, who at the
time of writing was a professor of economics at the University of Cape
Town and University of Alabama, Birmingham, wrote in 2007 that
South Africa had allowed its infrastructure to seriously deteriorate
during two decades of under-investment in its maintenance and
expansion. That would take us back to 1987!
In a piece titled On getting our money’s worth from infrastructure
spending, he notes that government had at last committed funds
on a level sufficient to reverse the neglect [the emphasis is mine] 16 . He
adds that then President Mbeki had made repeated public remarks
on how massive new infrastructure investment was the cornerstone
of the government’s poverty alleviation campaign, and then Finance
Minister, Trevor Manuel, attached specific numbers to this commitment,
totalling some R121.8-billion.
Government also set certain objectives to this commitment, one of
which was to ensure that infrastructure was adequate to allow South
Africa’s economic growth to keep pace with its potential. Professor Ross
says that at previous investment levels this was not true for the road
network, rail network, energy sector or ports.
However, Professor Ross goes on to record how the funding for
infrastructure is not getting translated to actual projects. At the time
of writing, four provinces had spent less than 75% of their budget due
to capacity constraints. In addition, he argues that there were serious
problems in the awarding and management of procurement tenders.
Of particular interest to this piece, is that he argues then that strategic
planning had been relatively absent from infrastructure development
implementation in South Africa for about 20 years.
Some of the solutions for solving the energy crisis in South Africa
include, as one author has argued, the need for deep change [the
emphasis is mine], citing political and leadership changes at the
departments of mineral resources and energy and public enterprises as
part of the required changes 17 .
In 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa, acknowledged the lack of
technical skills and project management capacity as one of the main
obstacles to South Africa's infrastructure investment 18 . State-owned
companies attribute contractions in investment to, among other,
Covid-19-related restrictions in the construction sector, long-standing
project delays and credit rating downgrades 19 . Numerous calls are
made for increased investment, with the South African Institute for
Consulting Engineers (SAICE) calling for an improvement from 13.7%
of GDP as it was in 2020 to at least 30% by 2030 20 .”
REFERENCES
1 Vermeulen, J. 2023. Big problem with Eskom’s grid – South Africa faces 10 more years of power cuts.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Dayimani, M., 2022. “Durban among several KZN areas facing water crisis as load shedding downs infrastructure.”
5 Palmer, S. 2022. “Auckland beaches overwhelmed by faecal bacteria after heavy rain.”
6 Wilkinson, S. 2023. “Flood warning: NZ’s critical infrastructure is too important to fail – greater resilience is urgently needed. In The Conversation, February 13, 2023.
7 Venuto, D. 2022. “The front page: floods, wastewater overflow and missing fluoride: what will it take to fix NZ water?” - NZ Herald.
8 McFarland, M. 2021. “2021: When infrastructure got its due.” In CNN Business.
9 Kane, J. 2019. “Aging and in need of attention: America’s infrastructure and its 17-million workers.” In Brookings Institute, April 16, 2019.
10 Cokayne, R., 2023. “Construction industry encouraged by infrastructure development progress.”
11 Bulbulia, T., 2021. “Government commits to improving infrastructure spending.”
12 Bulbulia, T., 2021. “Government commits to improving infrastructure spending.”
13 Ross, D., 2007. “On getting our money’s worth from Infrastructure Spending”. Retrieved from: http://www.sibita.co.za/
14 Kotze, J., 2020. “Landmark court ruling highlights crisis in SA’s cities and towns.
15 Kotze, J., 2020. “Landmark court ruling highlights crisis in SA’s cities and towns.“
16 Ross, D. 2007. “On getting our money’s worth from Infrastructure Spending”. Retrieved from: http://www.sibita.co.za/
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Bulbulia, T., 2021. “Government commits to improving infrastructure spending.
20 Cokayne, R., 2023. “Construction industry encouraged by infrastructure development progress.”
OTHER REMEDIES
• Reducing habitual underspending of infrastructure budgets
by public service providers.
• Introduction of revised procurement regulations to minimise
recurring revenue management failures.
• Sensitising government infrastructure departments and stateowned
companies to the importance of economic and social
infrastructure and the negative consequences of infrastructure
neglect when renewal or replacement is delayed.
• Teaching decision-makers and their support teams the importance
of maintenance and lifecycle planning.
• Encouraging decision-makers to enhance capacity within their
departments by highlighting the role of the civil engineer
in service delivery through infrastructural planning, design,
construction, operation and maintenance.
• Strategic coordination at the level of local projects across
infrastructure sectors (roads, power, hydro, housing, etc) with
respect to kinds of objectives.
CONCLUSION
Popular news articles and social media are hardly a source that can
be used for developing major theories. Nonetheless, they do offer an
immediate snapshot in time of infrastructure failures and possible
causes. But can it really be that in all these country’s facing infrastructure
challenges, under-investment, under-spending, lack of awareness,
poor project management and corruption, among others, is the cause?
To unpack this further, more in-depth studies need to be reviewed.
For the next think-piece, I will analyse studies and other peer-reviewed
research to determine whether there is substantiated evidence from
which a theory for infrastructure failure can be developed.
44
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Contact Alexis Knipe: alexis@greeneconomy.media
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