Common Ground: School of Earth Technology - Pedro Tello

Common Ground

by Pedro Tello

Tutors: Adam Holloway | Elliot Rogosin | Elliot Mayer

DS2: New Digital Vernaculars, 2020-2021

Oxford School of Architecture

ABSTRACT

Vernacular design is often associated with lowtech

fabrication. However, this project is focused

on the use of vernacular knowledge using

digital technologies.

The projects aims to empower the character of

clay and set strategies to use clay in different

scenarios to design a diversity of buildings

typologies.

For the creation of a new digital vernacular that

captures the intelligence of the past and the

possibilities of the future.

[EARTH MANIFESTO]

I am eternal. I am as old as the earth itself for

I am what the earth is made of. I was formed

in the primordial soup and shaped by cosmic

powers. I started as stardust and as stardust I

will end. My very existence, like all things in the

universe, is transient in nature.

The method in which you work with me has not

changed very much throughout the years. You

shape me, stack me, ram me, plaster me, even

mix me with other materials to push my natural

limitations.

What has come to my attention is that you have

a new technology, a new way to play with me ...

Change is the only constant and that is

ingrained in my nature.

ETHOS of the project

Core set of values used to define the

project’s development.

People overconsume concrete and steel.

Common ground is the space for those

that advocate for a more sustainable

architecture.

*Graphic produced for MPL

module by the author

CONTENTS

Chapter 1: PROTO-VERNACULAR

-Initial Ideas

-Methodology

Chapter 2: MATERIAL EXPLORATION

-Clay Exploration

-Clay Exploration 2

-Timber Exploration

Chapter 3: MATERIAL TESTING

-Clay maximum span

Chapter 4: FABRICATION METHODS

-Timber Structure

-Wet Clay infill

Chapter 5: COMPONENT DESIGN

-Design Language

-Organization

Chapter 6: LANGUAGE APPLICATION

-Space of learning

-The Hidden dimension

-Design Proposal

Chapter 7: SITE ANALYSIS

-Grymsdyck Farm

-Context Reading

-Main Roads

-Historic Evolution

-Grymsdyck functionality

Chapter 8: SCHOOL OF EARTH TECHNOLOGY

-Study of cases

-Linking Architecture and Education

-Program Structure

Chapter 9: DESIGN PROPOSAL

-Master Plan

-Phasing of the project

-Proposed Buildings

-Detailed design of a Student accomodation module

Chapter 10: FURTHER EXPERIMENTATION

-Hybridization

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1

PROTO VERNACULAR

-Initial Ideas

-Case Study

-Methodology

INITIAL IDEAS

EARTH Architecture is:

Not Permanent

It requires continuous care, attention

and maintenance.

Structurally weak

Using just earth wont work. You will

always have to use it with other manmade

materials as a composite.

A primitive material

Used since ancient times

Vernacular design language is often

associated with low-tech fabrication

This project is focused on the use of

vernacular knowledge using digital

technologies.

Puruchuco, Lima-Peru

Source: https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/776985/clasicos-dearquitectura-complejo-arqueologico-de-puruchuco

12

NEW DIGITAL VERNACULARS | Common Ground | OSA DS213

CASE STUDY 1

Los Horcones de Tucume ( Lambayeque, Peru)

It stands out for its successful adaptation to the cultural environment and the contemporary reinterpretation of ancestral

construction techniques in adobe, wood and quincha (wattle and daub).

CASE STUDY 2

Mesh Mould Earth Construction

The corresponding investigations are a middle ground between traditional applications of natural reinforcement shaping

and digital fabrication methods.

Light-Lattice-Quincha

Solid-Mass-Adobe

Hotel Los Horcones de Tucume

Source: https://www.tripadvisor.co.nz/Hotel_Review-g1439308-d1439020-Reviews-Los_Horcones_de_Tucume-Tucume_Lambayeque_Region.html

MESH MOULD EARTH CONSTRUCTION ( ETH ZURICH Thesis 2020)

Earth + Concrete + Timber Fabrication of reinforced earthen structures of complex geometries

Source: https://www.archdaily.com/952445/the-master-of-advanced-studies-in-architecture-and-digital-fabrication-at-eth-zurich-unveils-its-latest-thesisachievements?ad_medium=gallery

14


METHODOLOGY

It starts with models and prototypes which

test criteria in material an process. After some

sketching ,this is digitally modeled in search

of a design language. Using scripting as an

extension of this language.

Design as a language, a system of parts and

dynamic elements that could contribute in

culture value in the built environment

MAKING

DRAWING

DIGITAL MODELING

SCRIPTING

DESIGN LANGUAGE

16


CHAPTER 2

Material Exploration

— Clay Exploration

— Clay Exploration 2

— Timber Exploration

MATERIAL EXPLORATION

Clay Exploration

CLAY MIX

As part of the material exploration, three different

mixes of clay were tested to compare the

compactability, the shrinkage and whether they

get attached to the framework or not.

50

25

A

B

C

Mix composition in %

0

clay sand starch cement water

FRAMEWORK CLAY CASTING REMOVING FRAMEWORK

OUTCOME A B

C

Compactibility

Shrinkage

Adherence to formwork

Compactibility

Shrinkage


Compactibility

Shrinkage


20



Clay Exploration 2

REDUCTION OF SHRINKAGE CRACKS

“The shrinkage during drying depends

on water content, on the kind

and amount of clay mineral present,

and on the grain size distribution of

the agrregates.” ( Minke, 2013)

The shinkage could be also reduced

but eh incorporation of fibres, such a

straw.

For this mix, straw have been cutted

in pieces of no more than 1.5cm and

the water in the mix was also reduced

to a minimun.

EARTH

SAND

STRAW

WATER

Loam from the farm

1 2

22



Timber

Some Patterns were laser cutted in playwood of

3mm, to explore different geometries. Then, they

were infilled with wet clay and left to dry for a couple

of days.

TIMBER FRAMEWORK INFILLED WITH CLAY

FRAMEWORK

Double layer of plywood with inner reinforcements

Wet Clay infill

Dried clay after 1 week

24



Timber

Framework

Single layer of plywood

Model in progress

Wet Clay infill

26



Timber

Framework

Digital Model

28



Timber 1:1

INITIAL EXPLORATION

The sketches are part of the initial

exploration of the design of the joints

of a self suporting structure

DIGITAL MODEL

30


CHAPTER 3

MATERIAL TESTING

—Clay maximum span

MATERIAL TESTING

Clay

MAXIMUM SPAN

Several test were made, using the

same mix composition.

Some handmade bricks were

fabricated and let to dried onlys

supported on the ends.

variable

5cm

4cm

34


MIX COMPOSITION

For the mix it was used Loam from Grymsdyke

Farm. Loam is basically composed by Clay, silt,

sand, and gravel.

Since the composition and properties of loam

depends on local conditions, the results of this

explorations could not be extended to loam

from a different site.

In this exploration, straw was incorporated to

get better resistance to traction and to reduce

shrinkage when drying.

70

35

o/ 8mm

0

loam sand straw water

36


CHAPTER 4

Fabrication Methods

—Timber Structure

—Wet Clay infill

FABRICATION METHODS

Timber Structure

Material:

Softwood Timber

Screws

Tools:

Radial Arm Saw Band Saw Drill Chisel

40


Fabrication Process

Timber Framework

42


FABRICATION METHODS

Wet Clay infill

A timber framework with a maximun span of

20cm, is infilled with wet clayand was left to dry

as shown in the image on the right. It has been

in that position for a couple of months and there

is not noticeable span.

44


CHAPTER 5

COMPONENT DESIGN

—Design Laguage

—Construction Rules

DESIGN LANGUAGE

ABSTRACTION

The design language could be understood

as the arrangement of thre e main type of

cells.

Timber

Earth

Earth

Earth

Timber

Timber

Hand made Sketches

48


CONSTRUCTION RULES

Joints in corners of adobe walls

Source: GIZ (2011). Reconstruyendo hogares: Modelos de vivienda rural del proceso de

reconstrucción de la zona afectada por el sismo del 2007 en el Perú. Lima: Forma e Imagen

Horizontal and Vertical Reinforcerment of an adobe wall.

Source: GIZ (2011). Reconstruyendo hogares: Modelos de vivienda rural del proceso de

reconstrucción de la zona afectada por el sismo del 2007 en el Perú. Lima: Forma e Imagen

50


CONSTRUCTION RULES

Suspended Infilled cells, grounded infilled cells

and empty cells

1. Earth grounded (compression structure)

2. Timber only (lattice structure)

Digital Model of physical model

previously tested

3. Earth suspended (compression down

through the timber stilts)

52


CONSTRUCTION RULES

Cells design

Timber only

Earth suspended

Earth grounded

50

47 25

38

54


Iterations of a set number of cells in a

limited plane ( Wireframe view)

1u

2u

4u

9u

56


Iterations of a set number of cells in a

limited plane ( Render view)

1u

2u

4u

9u

58


CHAPTER 6

Digital Making

—Digital models

DIGITAL MODELS

Square Grid

Design Rules

Script in Grasshopper in Rhinoceros 3D for the

generation of a rectangular grid structure

Script in Grasshopper in Rhinoceros 3D for the

generation of a ramdom arrangement of two

types of cells. ( infilled or empty)

62


Specular iterations

Axonometric views

64


External view

External view

66


External view

68


External view

70


CHAPTER 6

LANGUAGE APPLICATION

—Space of Learning

—The Hidden dimensions

—Design Proposal

SPACE OF LEARNING

Concept

Story telling is an ancient valuable form

of human expression.

This could be use to motivate students’

skills and competencies through

creativity and critical thinking.

74


Main Activities

Story Structure

Bonfire

Music/Singing

Puppetry

Multi-problem story structure

Story Reading

Speech

Performances

76


THE HIDDEN DIMENSIONS

Sense of Space

Personal

Social

Close phase

Far phase

Intimate

Personal

Public

Social

Ching, F. D. K. (1987) Interior design illustrated. New York: Wiley.

78


People in motion

Shoulder Breadth

Body Depth

Male Body buffer zone

Female Body buffer zone

Personal Space

Lateral passage

restricted

Body Elipse

Shoulder

Breadth

Limited lateral

circulation

Body

Depth

80

Panero, J. and Zelnik, M. (1979) Human dimension & interior space : a source book of design reference standards. New York: Whitney

Library of Design, an imprint of Watson-Guptill Publications.


Circulation Areas

Neufert, E., Neufert, P. and Kister, J. (2012) Architects’ data. 4th edn. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

82


People Sitting

Adittional Structural body dimensions

Low Density

Eye height sitting

Eye height

High Density

84


BONFIRE

Main Dimensions

In- Ground

Above Ground

https://pgavdestinations.com/2014/03/your-museum-has-wonderful-stories-to-tell-butdoes-it-have-wonderful-storytelling/

Fire Pit styles

Above Ground

In- Ground

86


STORY READING

Main Dimensions

http://jessicaschillingphotography.com/2012/07/10/los-angeles-special-events-photographer-pamela-ribon-book-signing/

Layout

88


DESIGN PROPOSAL

Initial ideas

90


DESIGN PROPOSAL

Sketches

3D Model

Circulation

92


Sketches

3D Model

External views - Entrance

94


Internal views - Main space

Internal views - Main space

Section- Main space

96


Sketches

3D Model

In order to obtain clay, some digging is required.

The resultant hole could also be used as part of the project.

External views - Courtyard

98




100


Sketches

3D Model

Using timber could be benefitial for the bonfire,

since it would generate some light effect night

102

External views - Bonfire area


Layout

Axonometric view

104


CHAPTER 7

Site Analysis

—Grymsdyck Farm

—Context Reading

—Main roads

—Historic Evolution

—Grymsdyck Functionality

GRYMSDYCK FARM

Grymsdyke Farm is a research facility, fabrication workshop and livingworking

space for architects, artists, designers and those interested in

materials and processes of making*.

It is located in Lace Green, Buckinghamshire.

The facilities are usually used for students site visits, since they have a

wood workshop, CNC, working area, laser cutter, a Zcorp 3D printer, a

robotic arm, and rooms for students.

Source: http://www.grymsdykefarm.com/index.php?/about/about-the-farm/

108


CONTEXT READING

Lacey Green

This village dates back to the

13th century

Source: The Village Design Statement for Lacey Green and Loosley Row

110


Methodists have worshipped in Lacey Green

for more than 150 years. The early meetings

were held in the open air or farm buildings.

The Parish Church of St. John the Evangelist

It was built 1823-1825 as a chapel of ease

attached to the Parish Church of St. Mary,

Princes Risborough. The church building was

constructed in traditional Chiltern flint

Lacey Green Windmill

The oldest surviving smock mill in the British

Isles crowns the summit of the hill on which the

villages stand. It is a Grade II* Listed Building and

undoubtedly makes a splendid landmark on the

skyline which can be seen from many miles around.

Housing typology

Housing has evolved rather than been planned,

resulting in a mixture of style and sizes. Traditional

brick and flint cottages and houses predominate in

the older buildings.

More recent developments have tended to

follow the pattern suggested in the Chilterns

Buildings Design Guide, using traditional

red brick and flint walls,

Future developments

(Village design statement)

A significant feature of the village is that

each dwelling has its own well-maintained

and adequate surrounding space. This leads

to openness in the villages which is one of

their most attractive features. Overcrowding

development would destroy this and therefore

should be avoided.

Items to be avoided are repeated layouts,

symmetrical design, flat roofs, sand-faced

brickwork and non-traditional flint work high

ridge lines and cramming leading to lack of

amenity space and

parking

Source: The Village Design Statement for Lacey Green and Loosley Row

112


Projection: British National Grid

MAIN ROADS

Lacey Green

200

190

Main Road

Main Road

K ingsw ood House

180

170

New Road

Slad Ln

New Road

Lacey G reen

Main Road

P rom ised Land

Farm

The Shed

Slad Ln

GrymsDyck Farm

200

The Lodge

New Road

114

Scale 1:10000

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 m

Feb 08, 2022 11:56


HISTORIC EVOLUTION

1870

Scale 1:5000

1870

1890

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 m

jection: British National Grid

116

imap

p

© Landmark Information Group Ltd and Crown copyright 2022. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

1970

1920

igimap

Scale 1:5000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

1970

400 450 500 m

Feb 01, 2022 12:17

Projection: British National Grid

a

Feb 01, 2022 12:21


Road

Aerial view of GrymsDyck Farm in 2022

Source: Digimap

se rights 2022

118

Scale 1:2000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 m

Feb 08, 2022 10:24


GRYMSDYCK FARM FUNCTIONALITY

Robotic Arm

Students Room

(First floor)

CNC Room

Workshop

Laser Cutter

Entrance

Kitchen

Students Room

Library /

Presentation

Room

Identification of the main areas that are

open to public and the different activities

that take in place in the farm.

120


Workflow of different activities

Clay

Team

Steam

Team

Laser

Cutting

Team

Molds

Team

The first stage of the work was done in

the field. With an extensive use of tools

for the collection and mixing of the clay.

It was required to work outside of the

building because of the steaming box.

Additionally, there was a constant use of

water (from the kitchen or bathroom).

The initial stage was mainly at the library.

Some preparation of digital files was

required before doing some laser cutting.

Use of mainly all the indoor spaces.

Starting for the library, for the preparation

of digital files, and then some previous

work in the laser cut area to do some test

as well with the CNC machines.

122


Clay

Team

Steam

Team

Laser

Cutting

Team

Molds

Team

Superposition of the workflows of the

different activities that take place in

the farm.

124


CHAPTER 8

SCHOOL OF EARTH

TECHNOLOGY

—Study of cases

—Initial Planning

—Program Structure

CASE STUDY

SECMOL, India

Students’ Educational and Cultural Movement

of Ladakh (SECMOL) was founded in 1988 by a

group of Ladakhi college students who felt that

the education system needed great change. For

many years, SECMOL worked on reforming the

government school system. At the same time,

SECMOL Campus grew into a eco-village where

students, staff and volunteers live, work and

learn together. It’s not a conventional school,

but a place to pursue practical, environmental,

social and traditional knowledge, values and

skills. The Campus is solar powered and solar

heated; students learn ancient Ladakhi songs,

dance and history alongside modern academic

knowledge; and the students mainly manage,

run and maintain the campus.

TERRA Award winning SECMOL School building

in Leh (Ladakh) is virtually an epitome of

contemporary rammed-earth construction and

passive solar architecture.

128


CASE STUDY

Training Centre of the Auroville Earth Institute, India

The Auroville Earth Institute (AVEI) is a

non-profit organization specializing in

the research, development, promotion

and transfer of earth-based building

technologies, among the most cost

effective, low carbon, low embodied

energy solutions for sustainable

development.

Over the last 32 years, AVEI has become

one of the world’s top centers for

excellence in earthen architecture,

working in 36 countries to promote

and disseminate knowledge in the

construction of sustainable habitats. As

the Representative and Resource Centre

for Asia of the UNESCO Chair “Earthen

Architecture, Constructive Cultures and

Sustainable Development”, AVEI aims to

empower local stakeholders through an

international network of experts.

The work of the Earth Institute has

attempted to revive traditional skills

and to link vernacular traditions of

raw earth construction with modern

technologies of stabilised earth.

130


LINKING ARCHITECTURE AND EDUCATION

Using a curricular organizing system for school facility planning

As a previous step for the program structure,

there was some reflection about the type of

students that would go to Common Ground,

the School of Earth Technology.

Common Ground is a school for craftmen,

current students and professionals that

want to learn different earth techniques and

develop new ones. Experimentation is one of

the key components of the school.

Spetial consideration had been taken

towards the context, the content and the

learning processes in the educational space.

This settles a learner-centered basis for

Planning facilities (Taylor, 2008)

132


PROGRAM STRUCTURE

Common Areas- Additional Facilities-

Others

-Library

-Smart Classrooms

-Material Gallery

-Presentation Room

-Storage

-Toilets

-Photo Studio

-Canteen

-Student Housing

-Staff Housing

-Administration Area

134


The Common Ground as an interdisciplinary learning space

It functions as the main laboratory, while it is surrounded by the different

workshops, and advande technology facilities.

136


CHAPTER 9

Design Proposal

—Master Plan

—Phasing of the Project

—Proposed Buildings

— Detailed design of a Student

Accomodation module

MASTER PLAN

General Layout

Material Gallery

Ideation/Study

Rooms

Library

Student Housing

Seminar Rooms

Technology Lab

Presentation

Room

Hall/Admin

Earth Workshop

Crafts Workstations

Conservation

Workshop

Canteen/Shops

Earth Preparation

Timber Workshop

Bio Technology Labs

140


MASTER PLAN

Activities workflow

The Common Ground works as an integrating space.

Student Housing

Crafts Workstations

Earth Workshop

Technology

Lab

Conservation Workshop

Seminar Rooms

Ideation/

Study Rooms

Library

Material Gallery

Earth Preparation

Presentation

Room

COMMON GROUND

Canteen/Shops

Hall/Admin

Bio Technology Labs

Timber Workshop

Professional Development Center

Craft Technology Center

Technology for disaster Resistance

Common Areas

142


MASTER PLAN

Walking distance

The buildings are strategically placed

so the adjecency between them and its

conections are not affected.

Student Housing

Crafts Workstations

Earth Workshop

Ideation/

Study Rooms

Technology Lab

Seminar Rooms

Library

43m

33’’

Conservation Workshop

43m

33’’

Material Gallery

Earth Preparation

67m

51’’

130m

1’40’’

42m

32’’

23m

18’’

54m

42’’

Presentation Room

116m

1’30’’

75m

57’’

81m

1’02’’

Canteen/Shops

Hall/Admin

Bio Technology Labs

Timber Workshop

144


PHASING OF THE PROJECT STAGE 0

Existing Farm

Entrance

Abandoned

Barn

Workshop

Workshop /

Accomodation

Kitchen

Library

Accommodation

146


STAGE 1

New Use:

-Material Gallery

New Building:

-Student Accommodation

-Earth Preparation

Student

Accomodation

Entrance

Earth Preparation

Abandoned

Barn

Workshop

Material

Gallery

Workshop /

Accomodation

Kitchen

Library

Accommodation

148


STAGE 2

New Use:

-Presentation Room

New Building:


-Earth Workshop

-Timber Workshop

Student

Accomodation

Entrance

Earth Preparation

Workshop

Abandoned

Barn

Workshop

Material

Gallery

Workshop /

Accomodation

Kitchen

Library

Timber Workshop

Accommodation

150


STAGE 3

New Use:

-Canteen

-Library

New Building:


-Seminar Rooms

-Earth Workshop

-Timber Workshop

Student

Accomodation

Entrance

Earth Preparation

Seminar Room

Workshop

Workshop

Abandoned

Barn Library

Workshop

Material

Gallery

Workshop /

Accomodation

Kitchen

Library

Canteen

Timber Workshop

Accommodation

152


STAGE 4

New Building:


-Earth Workshop

-Ideation Rooms

Student

Accomodation

Workshop

Ideation Room

Entrance

Earth Preparation

Seminar Room

Workshop

Workshop

Abandoned

Barn Library

Workshop

Material

Gallery

Workshop /

Accomodation

Kitchen

Library

Canteen

Timber Workshop

Accommodation

154


STAGE 5

New Use:

-Hall Administration

New Building:


-Technology Lab

-Biotechnology Labs

Student

Accomodation

Workshop

Ideation Room

Entrance

Earth Preparation

Seminar Room

Workshop

Workshop

Technology Lab

Abandoned

Barn Library

Workshop

Material

Gallery

Workshop /

Accomodation

Kitchen

Library

Canteen

Hall

bio technology Lab

Timber Workshop

Accommodation

156


PROPOSED BUILDINGS

Entrance

External View

Existing

Proposed

158


PROPOSED BUILDINGS

Earth Preparation

160


PROPOSED BUILDINGS

Library - Seminar Rooms - Ideation Rooms

Sketch

External View

162


PROPOSED BUILDINGS

Workshops 1, 2, 3

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

1

3

3

1

2

3

3

1

2

Sketch

External View

164


PROPOSED BUILDINGS

Workshop 1

166


PROPOSED BUILDINGS

Advanced Technology Areas

168


PROPOSED BUILDINGS

Student Housing

170


MASTER PLAN VIDEO

Master Plan Video (draft)

https://youtu.be/FZnPx1PiVH4

172


STUDENT ACCOMODATION

Floorplans

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

174



Elevations

Front Elevation

Side Elevation

176



Elevations

SIde Elevation

Rear Elevation

178



Section

Section

180



Kitchen Detail

Cladding

Insulation

between

structure

Rafter

Roof joint

Integral Timber Structure

(Walls + Furniture)

Internal

finish

Plaster

Insulation

Earth

infilled

Timber

Framework

(Accoya Wood)

Bearing wall

Earth Floor

Joist

Damp proof

membrane

Concrete

Foundation

Gabion

Foundation

182



Dining Room Detail

Structural criteria

Integral Timber Structure

(Walls + Furniture)

Protection for intense

contact areas

Upholstered

panel

Exposed

earth

Upholstered panel

184



Bedroom Detail

Upholstered panels

Single Matress

MDF board

MDF pivot panel

Integrated timber structure

Storage space

MDF board

MDF pivot panel

Axonometric view Axonometric view Bed structure detail

186



External Views

188



External Views from a higher point

190



External View - Side elevation

192



Main entrance

194



Patio

196



Internal View - Living Room and Dining Room

198



Internal View - First floor Terrace

200


CHAPTER 10

FURTHER

EXPERIMENTATION

—Hybridization

HYBRIDIZATION

With 3D Priting

Ecosustainable 3D printed House

TECLA

HYBRIDIZATION

With Rammed earth

HYBRIDIZATION

With Rammed earth

With Bricks

APPENDIX

VIDEO MAKING

Storyboard Sketches

Mixing

Telling the story of the buidling from the material perspective.

Infilling

VIDEO MAKING

Storyboard Renders

Draft Video

https://youtu.be/QdxHCHvijPY

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Agarwal, A. (1981) Mud, mud : the potential of earth-based materials for third

world housing. London: International Institute for Environment and Development

(Earthscan publications).

Ching, F. D. K. (1987) Interior design illustrated. New York: Wiley.

Edwards, B. (2000) University architecture. London: Spon Press.

Friedman, Y. and Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporáneo (Seville, Spain) (2006)

Pro domo. Barcelona: Actar.

Friedman, Y. (2016) Villes imaginaires: città immaginarie = imaginary cities =

imaginären städte. Paris: Éditions de l’éclat.

Hurd, J., Gourley, B. and ICOMOS/UK (Organization). Earth Structures Committee

(2000) Terra britannica : a celebration of earthen structures in great britain and

ireland. London: James & James.

Klanten, R. et al. (2011) Visual storytelling : inspiring a new visual language. Berlin:

Gestalten.

Minke, G. (2013) Building with earth : design and technology of a sustainable architecture.

Third and revised edn. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser (Ingenieria de la

construccin̤ (E-libro--2014/09). doi: 10.1515/9783034608725.

Taylor, A. P. and Enggass, K. (2009) Linking architecture and education : sustainable

design for learning environments. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico

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