FUTURED. ZAL Magazin 2023

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ZAL GMBH 40 THE FUTURE OF AVIATION IS ABOUT ACOUSTICS, TOO! CONTACT Dr.-Ing. Patrick Cordes patrick.cordes@zal.aero Cabin noise is a complex issue familiar to everyone who flies. Whether it’s the captain’s hard-to-understand voice, singing party travelers in the back row, noise from the galley or the lavatory door, the already colorful soundscape is overlaid with the loud drone of the engines. But how can cabin noise be tackled? ZAL GmbH’s acoustics expert, Patrick Cordes, explains how acoustic simulations ensure a smooth travel experience and what insights we can use from the development of VIP cabins for future hydrogen airplanes. When it comes to innovations in aviation, the topic of sustainability is omnipresent. The question arises as to whether acoustics will still play a role in the future? CORDES A very big one, actually! We are currently focusing on hydrogen to make aviation more sustainable. This means aircraft will have to change. Due to their higher efficiency, we are currently seeing the rise of short to mediumrange aircraft concepts using propellers. For instance, Airbus has introduced an open-rotor concept as part of their ZEROe strategy. These types of engines produce very different noise spectra than the current jet engines. Consequently, we must rethink acoustics and the design of noise control onboard. Why is acoustics important, isn’t it a secondary issue? CORDES Two points are crucial here. First, acoustics research not only makes aircraft cabins quieter but also lighter. We investigate which acoustic measures, used in which areas, achieve what effects. Thus, we can apply the measures more effectively. This has the potential to save weight and therefore fuel. A tangible effect for the overall sustainability of aviation. Secondly, the success of these new airplane concepts will be the acceptance among travelers. Noise level plays an important role, influencing the comfort
THE FUTURE OF AVIATION IS ABOUT ACOUSTICS, TOO “Would passengers choose to ‘fly hydrogen’ if these aircraft were significantly louder? And this is exactly where we can help.” Patrick Cordes, Head of Advanced Materials we experience during a flight. Would passengers choose to “fly hydrogen” if these aircraft were significantly louder and the conventional option was available? I doubt it. And this is exactly where we can help. How will modern acoustics research meet this challenge? CORDES Good cabin acoustics are the result of a long chain of various individual precautions, ranging from seat fastening to cabin lining. In acoustics, we speak of transfer paths, i. e., ways that a noise can take to get from its source into the cabin. Based on the type of transfer path, different measures need to be taken in order to yield a reduction of the transferred energy. These measures may be classical glass wool insulations, but also novel acoustic metamaterials, active noise control measures, or new vibration insulations may also play crucial parts in the future. How do you identify these transfer paths? CORDES To simplify, there are two ways that noise (we describe it as energy) can enter the cabin: through air and through vibration. It’s important to determine how noise is transferred and how much each path contributes to the overall noise level. We use a combination of experiments and simulations to do this. With simulations, we can test different solutions before the cabin is built, allowing us to take measures to reduce noise from the start. With new engines and presumably additional hydrogen tanks, a hydrogen aircraft might have a completely different cabin design. How do you simulate something unknown? CORDES We need flexible approaches for these challenges that can quickly adapt to new materials or aircraft designs. Currently, we are developing a simulation workflow based on VIP cabins. (Entirety Project, ZAL in collaboration with Lufthansa Technik and the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences). VIP cabins typically have unique customized designs and often include unusual components. One of the main challenges in developing VIP cabins is that they are typically built only once, which means that experimental validation can only take place after the cabin is completed. Consequently, an accurate simulation is crucial. Our methodology is to combine various sub-simulations at the material and component level, and ultimately to create a complete simulation of the cabin. Thus, simulation can help to accelerate any cabin development and to forecast the effect of new components on the cabin acoustics. And at the same time, it provides passengers with a pleasant travel experience – hopefully in hydrogen - powered aircraft soon, too. 41 A numerical model of a cabin sidewall used for acoustics simulation.
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