Emergence of VHS in Europe. DIPNET Workshop ... - Revista AquaTIC
Emergence of VHS in Europe. DIPNET Workshop ... - Revista AquaTIC
Emergence of VHS in Europe. DIPNET Workshop ... - Revista AquaTIC
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<strong>Emergence</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>VHS</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>.<br />
Niels Jørgen Olesen, Helle Frank Skall and<br />
Ellen Ariel<br />
Danish Institute for Food- and Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Research<br />
<strong>DIPNET</strong> <strong>Workshop</strong><br />
Nantes 01.02.05
Topics<br />
• <strong>VHS</strong> the disease<br />
• <strong>VHS</strong> historical perspective<br />
• <strong>VHS</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Europe</strong><br />
• <strong>VHS</strong> transmission<br />
• Case stories <strong>of</strong> transfer<br />
Wild⇔Farmed<br />
• Conclusion
<strong>VHS</strong><br />
• Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia<br />
• Farmed Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout<br />
• Temperature 8-14 C<br />
• Fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g temperatures (spr<strong>in</strong>g)<br />
• Mortality up to 100%<br />
• Few reported cases <strong>of</strong> diseased wild fish/ freeliv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout
<strong>VHS</strong> udbrud på<br />
dambrug
<strong>VHS</strong>V history<br />
1938: First record <strong>of</strong> a disease with<br />
symptoms similar to <strong>VHS</strong>V<br />
1963: Virus was isolated from <strong>VHS</strong><br />
diseased fish<br />
1987: A rhabdovirus isolate from<br />
cod from the Baltic Sea was<br />
identified as <strong>VHS</strong>V<br />
1988: <strong>VHS</strong>V isolated from the first<br />
time <strong>in</strong> North America
1991: <strong>VHS</strong> outbreak <strong>in</strong> German turbot<br />
farm<br />
1993: Cod from the North Sea found<br />
<strong>in</strong>fected with <strong>VHS</strong>V<br />
1994: <strong>VHS</strong> outbreak <strong>in</strong> Scottish turbot<br />
farm<br />
1995: <strong>VHS</strong>V isolated from cod and<br />
haddock <strong>in</strong> the North Sea<br />
<strong>VHS</strong>V isolated from farmed<br />
Atlantic salmon <strong>in</strong> Canada<br />
(W.coast)
1996: <strong>VHS</strong>V isolated from<br />
herr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the English Channel<br />
1996: Isolations <strong>of</strong> <strong>VHS</strong>V from<br />
herr<strong>in</strong>g, sprat, cod and<br />
fourbeard rockl<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Baltic<br />
Sea<br />
1998: Outbreak <strong>in</strong> Irish turbot farm<br />
1999: Japanese flounder <strong>in</strong>fected<br />
with <strong>VHS</strong>V
Eradication/control <strong>of</strong> <strong>VHS</strong><br />
• ”Stamp<strong>in</strong>g-out” procedures<br />
• Remove all fish<br />
• Dis<strong>in</strong>fection <strong>of</strong> equipment and<br />
ponds<br />
• Fallow<strong>in</strong>g m<strong>in</strong>. 6 weeks <strong>in</strong><br />
periode between<br />
1. april and 1. october
Zone status<br />
<strong>VHS</strong>/IHN IHN Not approved<br />
2005
Norway, Denmark, Sweden, F<strong>in</strong>land,<br />
Faeroe, Iceland<br />
N o Farms: 1872<br />
Infected: 57<br />
Free: 1815<br />
Unknown: 0
Ireland and UK-England, Wales,<br />
Scotland, Northern Ireland<br />
N o Farms: 323<br />
Infected: 0<br />
Free: 323<br />
Unknown: 0
Holland, Belgium,<br />
Switzerland<br />
N o Farms: 96<br />
Infected: 10<br />
Free: 56<br />
Unknown: 30
France<br />
N o Farms:?<br />
Infected: ?<br />
Free: ?<br />
Unknown:?<br />
Italy<br />
N o Farms: 589<br />
Infected:87<br />
Free: 153<br />
Unknown: 429
Portugal and<br />
Spa<strong>in</strong><br />
N o Farms: 174<br />
Infected: 0<br />
Free: 174<br />
Unknown: 0??
Austria<br />
N o Farms: 161<br />
Infected: 0<br />
Free: 7<br />
Germany<br />
N o Farms: 3778<br />
(maybe 10 000)<br />
Infected: 48<br />
Free: 561<br />
Unknown: at least<br />
3169<br />
Unknown: 154<br />
Czech Republic<br />
N o Farms: 21<br />
Infected: 0<br />
Free: 21<br />
Poland<br />
N o Farms: 150<br />
Infected: 7<br />
Free: ?<br />
Unknown: ?<br />
Unknown: 0
Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia<br />
N o Farms: ?<br />
Infected:?<br />
Free: ?<br />
Unknown:??
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary,<br />
Romania, Slovenia, Turkey<br />
N o Farms: at least 345 (1500 more realistic)<br />
Infected: ?<br />
Free: 66<br />
Unknown: ??
<strong>Europe</strong><br />
N o Farms: at least<br />
7 509 (12 000??)<br />
Infected: only 209<br />
reported<br />
Free: 3213<br />
Unknown: ??<br />
Estimated between<br />
4 087 and 8 000
Disease Transmission
Disease Transmission<br />
• Egg associated yes, but no true vertical<br />
transmission. Egg can be dis<strong>in</strong>fected or<br />
cleared <strong>in</strong> clean water<br />
• Trade especially <strong>of</strong> fish <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>cubation<br />
phase <strong>of</strong> the disease<br />
• Water catchment related human activities<br />
as river restoration, electr<strong>of</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g, sports<br />
fish<strong>in</strong>g, bait, water outled from fish<br />
transports, etc.
Disease Transmission<br />
• Up-stream migration <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>sects<br />
• Vector transfer by birds like<br />
comorans, herons, sea gulls and<br />
craws<br />
• Migration <strong>of</strong> wild fish and<br />
escaped fish
Case stories <strong>of</strong> transfer <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>VHS</strong> between wild and<br />
farmed fish<br />
1. Denmark- White fish (Coregonus)<br />
and case stories <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>teractions<br />
2. F<strong>in</strong>land- emergence <strong>of</strong> <strong>VHS</strong> <strong>in</strong> RT<br />
3. Sweden RT outbreak <strong>in</strong> sea farm<br />
4. UK/Ireland: Turbot<br />
5. France: Eel <strong>VHS</strong><br />
6. Italy: <strong>VHS</strong>V <strong>in</strong> perch
<strong>VHS</strong>V survey <strong>in</strong> wild white<br />
fish (Coregonus lavaretus)
Skjern Å systemet
Elektr<strong>of</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Skjern Å <strong>in</strong><br />
December 2000
Wild white fish<br />
• White fish are<br />
susceptible to <strong>VHS</strong><br />
with lower<br />
mortality than<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout but<br />
with higher carrier<br />
rate- no proven<br />
transfer but<br />
suspected
In 1990 large Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout<br />
(<strong>VHS</strong> survivors)from seawater<br />
were transfered to most<br />
downstreams farm at the<br />
Skjern Å catchment
Moribund ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout found on <strong>in</strong>led <strong>of</strong> <strong>VHS</strong> free<br />
farm<br />
-2 weeks later severe <strong>VHS</strong> outbreak<br />
-Cause: passage open for upstream migration
Wild⇔Farm <strong>in</strong>teraction<br />
• In DK: Several reports <strong>of</strong> VSV<br />
<strong>in</strong>fection caused by escaped ra<strong>in</strong>bow<br />
trout migrated upstream<br />
• No other fish, but strong suspicion<br />
• No obvious cases <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> seaor<br />
fresh water from mar<strong>in</strong>e fish<br />
species
Wild⇔Farm <strong>in</strong>teraction<br />
• In DK: Very few reports <strong>of</strong> cl<strong>in</strong>ical<br />
disease <strong>in</strong> wild FW fish or free liv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
fish (ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout)<br />
• No report <strong>of</strong> <strong>VHS</strong> <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
fish (<strong>in</strong> contrast to US)
<strong>VHS</strong> <strong>in</strong> F<strong>in</strong>land<br />
• In F<strong>in</strong>land: 4 <strong>VHS</strong><br />
outbreaks <strong>in</strong> 2000, 1<br />
at the Åland-islands<br />
and 3 at the SE<br />
coast. New<br />
outbreaks the<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g years.
Fylogeni,<br />
G-genet<br />
II<br />
DK1P52<br />
DK1P53<br />
III<br />
0.005 substitutions/site<br />
FRL59X<br />
IRF130297<br />
DK4p168<br />
UKH17295UKH17593<br />
USMakah<br />
UKMLA986P<br />
DK4p101<br />
IV<br />
UK86094<br />
American/<br />
Japanese<br />
The F<strong>in</strong>nish isolates group with F1<br />
and old <strong>VHS</strong> isolates (<strong>in</strong>termediate<br />
pathogenicity)<br />
Baltic<br />
e<br />
c<br />
*<br />
b<br />
d<br />
I<br />
DKHededam<br />
DKF1<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong> + farmed<br />
turbot<br />
a<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong>bow c trout old<br />
isolates<br />
d DKHededam<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong>boe trout F<strong>in</strong>ish isolates<br />
First Danish isolates<br />
e<br />
*<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>e b +<br />
Björkö<br />
havbrug<br />
DKF1<br />
Farmed ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout and mar<strong>in</strong> <strong>VHS</strong>V<br />
E<strong>in</strong>er-Jensen et al. (2004) Jour Gen Vir 85, 1167-1179<br />
a<br />
Farmed<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong>bow<br />
trout most<br />
are very<br />
pathogenic<br />
for RT
Geno group 1 G-gene<br />
e<br />
c<br />
*<br />
Old <strong>VHS</strong> isolates<br />
b<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong><br />
+Swedish<br />
Björkö<br />
isolate<br />
d<br />
F<strong>in</strong>nish Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout isolates<br />
First Danish RT isolate<br />
DKHededam<br />
DKF1<br />
a<br />
Farmed ra<strong>in</strong>bow<br />
trout isolates<br />
most are very<br />
R.T.pathogenic
<strong>VHS</strong> <strong>in</strong> Sweden<br />
• In Sweden: <strong>VHS</strong><br />
outbreak <strong>in</strong> Ra<strong>in</strong>bow<br />
trout farm <strong>in</strong> Kattegat<br />
close to Gøteborg <strong>in</strong><br />
1998 and 2000
Geno group 1 G-gene<br />
The Swedish e<br />
isolates<br />
Group together<br />
with the<br />
1B mar<strong>in</strong>e isolates<br />
c<br />
*<br />
Old <strong>VHS</strong> isolates<br />
b<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong><br />
+Swedish<br />
Björkö<br />
isolate<br />
d<br />
F<strong>in</strong>nish Ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout isolates<br />
First Danish RT isolate<br />
DKHededam<br />
DKF1<br />
a<br />
Farmed ra<strong>in</strong>bow<br />
trout isolates<br />
most are very<br />
R.T.pathogenic
<strong>VHS</strong> <strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> Turbot<br />
Bleed<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> head region and f<strong>in</strong>n base
Fylogeni,<br />
G-genet<br />
DK1P52<br />
c<br />
DK1P53 mar<strong>in</strong>e isolates from wild fishd<br />
0.005 substitutions/site<br />
DK4p168<br />
UKH17295UKH17593<br />
USMakah<br />
I<br />
II isolates group <strong>in</strong> III together with<br />
III<br />
FRL59X<br />
IRF130297<br />
UKMLA986P<br />
DK4p101<br />
IV<br />
UK86094<br />
American/<br />
Japanese<br />
The UK and Irish Farmed Turbot<br />
Baltic<br />
e<br />
*<br />
b<br />
DKHededam<br />
DKF1<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong> + farmed<br />
turbot<br />
a<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong>bow c trout old<br />
isolates<br />
d DKHededam<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong>boe trout F<strong>in</strong>ish isolates<br />
First Danish isolates<br />
e<br />
*<br />
Mar<strong>in</strong>e b +<br />
Björkö<br />
havbrug<br />
DKF1<br />
Farmed ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout and mar<strong>in</strong> <strong>VHS</strong>V<br />
E<strong>in</strong>er-Jensen et al. (2004) Jour Gen Vir 85, 1167-1179<br />
a<br />
Farmed<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong>bow<br />
trout most<br />
are very<br />
pathogenic<br />
for RT
<strong>VHS</strong>V was <strong>in</strong> 1987 isolated<br />
from eel caught <strong>in</strong> Loire close<br />
to Nantes<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an eel<br />
(Anguilla<br />
anguilla)<br />
Family:<br />
Anguillidae
50<br />
13<br />
61<br />
58<br />
59<br />
14<br />
48<br />
56<br />
III<br />
62<br />
I<br />
IV<br />
49<br />
0.1<br />
38<br />
35<br />
2<br />
46<br />
47<br />
1<br />
G-gene (75 isolates)<br />
Neighbour-jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g distance<br />
The eel isolate belongs to<br />
type III together with<br />
UK mar<strong>in</strong>e isolates<br />
45<br />
24 19<br />
318<br />
32 30<br />
36<br />
57 7 54 60<br />
12 15 16 55<br />
52 53<br />
44<br />
28<br />
25<br />
23<br />
26<br />
20<br />
39 4140<br />
4<br />
51 42 43<br />
6<br />
5 17<br />
811<br />
27<br />
33<br />
29<br />
31 34 37<br />
21<br />
22<br />
II<br />
9<br />
10<br />
Bootstrapped parsimony &<br />
Neighbour-jo<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g distance<br />
854<br />
1000<br />
887<br />
0.1<br />
DK2000201-2000<br />
DK200149-2000<br />
DK200148-2000<br />
DK9995361-1999<br />
DK9795568-1997<br />
967<br />
DK9995007-1999<br />
964 DK9895093-1998<br />
DK9595168-1995<br />
DK7380-1994<br />
DK6045-1991<br />
1000<br />
DK6137-19991<br />
DK5151-1988<br />
DK7974-1995<br />
769<br />
999<br />
DK3946-1987<br />
DEFil3-1983<br />
DK3592B-1986<br />
FW<br />
DK3971-987<br />
DK9895024-1998<br />
DK9995174-1999<br />
DK9695377-1996<br />
DK5727-1989<br />
FR0284-1984<br />
AU895-1995<br />
CHFC262-1999<br />
DK9995144-1999<br />
DK200098-2000<br />
FR0771-1971<br />
FR1458-1990<br />
FR2375-1975<br />
DK6p403-1999<br />
SESVA29-2000<br />
SESVA30-2000<br />
UKMLA986H-1998<br />
931<br />
DK4p37-1997<br />
SESVA14-1998<br />
SESVA1033-2000<br />
DK5e59-1998<br />
UK9643-1996<br />
DK1p8-1996<br />
DK1p40-1996<br />
DK1p86-1996<br />
DKMrhabdo-1979<br />
DK5123-1988<br />
DK5131-1988<br />
DK2835-1982<br />
DKHededam-1972<br />
DKF1-1962<br />
FIka66-2000<br />
FIka422-2000<br />
NOA16368G-1968<br />
GE12-1981<br />
UKH17593-1993<br />
792<br />
UKMLA986P-1998<br />
UKH17295-1995<br />
DK4p168-1997<br />
962<br />
IRF130297-1997<br />
1000<br />
DK4p101-1997<br />
FRL59-1987<br />
UK86094-1994<br />
1000 DK1p52-1996<br />
DK1p53-1996<br />
844<br />
1000<br />
948<br />
765<br />
885<br />
760<br />
764<br />
707<br />
998<br />
976<br />
1000<br />
888<br />
998<br />
885<br />
737<br />
714<br />
1000<br />
994<br />
917<br />
969<br />
SW<br />
Mix:<br />
Recent brackish<br />
+ first FW<br />
I<br />
III<br />
II<br />
USMakah-1988 IV
<strong>VHS</strong>V isolated for the first time<br />
from perch <strong>in</strong> Italy.<br />
The isolate group together<br />
with 7 other Italian RT isolates<br />
<strong>in</strong> the genotype 1A<br />
– the RT pathogenic isolates
Conclusion<br />
1. <strong>VHS</strong> is still the most severe viral<br />
<strong>in</strong>fection <strong>in</strong> farmed ra<strong>in</strong>bow trout.<br />
2. Despite be<strong>in</strong>g a notifiable disease<br />
the exact spread <strong>of</strong> the disease is<br />
still unknown, but large part <strong>of</strong><br />
Cont<strong>in</strong>ental <strong>Europe</strong> is <strong>in</strong>fected
Conclusion (cont.)<br />
1. Several reports <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>fection from<br />
wild/free-liv<strong>in</strong>g fish to farmed fish.<br />
2. All genotype 1 isolates have the same<br />
ancestor. A genetic shift is very likely<br />
and few examples on suspected shifts<br />
were shown (F<strong>in</strong>land/ Sweden)<br />
3. The farmed Turbot isolates are<br />
genetically equivalent to the mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />
isolates- genotype 3
Acknowlegements<br />
• K. E<strong>in</strong>ar-Jensen, DFVF, for provid<strong>in</strong>g<br />
phylogenetic data and H. Korsholm,<br />
Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Services for field data and<br />
sampl<strong>in</strong>g.
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